Sustainability Doctoral Thesis Inventory

2024 Doctoral Sustainability Thesis Inventory

The Sustainability Doctoral Thesis Inventory was developed by the Committee on the Environment, Climate Change, and Sustainability (CECCS). It gathers information about all doctoral theses with sustainability content at the University of Toronto since 2009. It includes 4,234 sustainability-oriented doctoral theses, representing approximately 32% of 13,088 doctoral theses since 2009. The purpose of the sustainability thesis inventory is to increase the visibility of such work, making it more accessible for the U of T community to access sustainability related scholarly work.

The approach to sustainability we take here addresses both human and environmental wellbeing (instead of simply focusing on reducing environmental damage), in accordance with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs were chosen as a basis for the inventory due to their comprehensiveness and widespread usage in the sustainability field. The inventory was created based on keywords from the SDGs, as shown in this table.

These SDG-related keywords, also used to develop the Sustainability Undergraduate Course Inventory, were developed in 2017 by the Expanded Student Engagement (ESE) Project in consultation with CECCS. SDG 17, “Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the goal partnership for sustainable development,” was excluded from the methodology, as it encompasses the act of achieving the other goals rather than bringing a new perspective to sustainability.

Using these keywords, titles and abstracts of doctoral theses were searched. Since 2009, the School of Graduate Studies (SGS) requires doctoral and masters graduates to submit a thesis to TSpace, a free research repository hosted by the U of T Libraries to disseminate and preserve the scholarly record of U of T faculty and graduate student research. SGS intends to house all available digitized Doctoral and Masters theses by U of T graduate students on TSpace. The thesis metadata was exported by a TSpace administrator and shared with CECCS in August 2024.

The following information was documented in the inventory: Author, Advisor/Supervisor, Title, Department, Date Issued, Abstract, Degree and the SDG(s) to which the thesis is related.

If you are an author or supervisor at the University of Toronto and think that a thesis should be included in or removed from the inventory, please contact ayako.ariga@utoronto.ca.

Author	Advisor	Title	Department	Date issued	Abstract	Degree	Keyword(s)	SDG(s) covered
Abawi, Zuhra Elizabeth	Wane, Njoki N||Lopez, Ann E	Troubling the Teacher Diversity Gap: The Perpetuation of Whiteness Through Practices of Bias Free Hiring in Ontario School Boards	Social Justice Education	2018-03	Teaching staff in Ontario schools do not reflect the increasing diversity of the students who occupy Ontario classrooms today. School boards across Ontario have come under considerable scrutiny regarding the lack of diverse teacher representation that adequately reflects Ontario’s demographic composition (Childs et al., 2010; Ryan, et al., 2009; Turner, 2015). This thesis addresses the Ontario teacher diversity gap (James Turner, 2017; Turner 2015; Turner, 2014; Ryan, et al., 2009) in relation to provincial equity and inclusive educational policies, which have been created to address the dominance of white teachers in publicly-funded education in Ontario. However, findings from the research indicate that these policies have not had the desired results, and in some ways have contributed to perpetuating the status quo, and the ongoing overrepresentation of white teachers in schools. The thesis furthermore addressed the notion of bias-free hiring (Fine Handlesman, 2012; Hassouneh, 2013) practices through narratives of Ontario teachers themselves. The predominant assumption of bias-free hiring is that one can divorce themselves from their unconscious biases and preconceptions of groups who are dissimilar to them in order to recruit the so-called “most qualified applicant”. The narrative of the “most qualified applicant” is a term invoked when racialized people seek access to employment opportunities. School administrators have great influence on who is hired; therefore it is important for administrators to interrogate their own social locations and positions of power, and unconscious bias in terms of how they recruit teachers. Findings from the research indicate that teachers from racialized groups have different experiences when seeking employment as teachers in publicly-funded school boards in Ontario. In response to this the EHT Equity Hiring Toolkit for Ontario School Administrators has been developed to support school administrators to recruit more diverse teachers. The EHT provides a framework for school administrators to engage in antiracist praxis and action, by examining their social location, and ways that their positionality impacts the hiring decisions they make. School administrators can use the creation of the Toolkit based on the findings of the data that emerged from the research as a Creative Professional Activity (CPA). I consider this to be my contribution to the field of social justice education and leadership.	Ed.D.	educat, inclusive, employment, justice,	4, 8, 16
Abbarin, Nastaran	Ganss, Bernhard	The Role of Enamel Matrix Protein Amelotin on Biomineralization	Dentistry	2015-11	Dental caries is one of the most common chronic diseases of people worldwide. Despite recent advances in oral health care and restorative dentistry, the problem of dental caries and erosion remains unresolved due to the lack of knowledge of the natural biomineralization process of tooth tissues. Dental enamel plays a crucial role in preventing the tooth from destruction. However, if damaged or lost, it cannot be regenerated. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind formation of enamel would not only make restoration of the tissue possible, but would also provide new insights for optimum design of calcium phosphate based biomaterials for dental and orthopedic applications. Amelotin (AMTN) is a recently discovered protein that is primarily expressed during the maturation stage of enamel formation and is localized at the cell-mineral interface on the surface enamel layer. In vivo studies using transgenic mice suggest a direct regulatory function for AMTN in enamel biomineralization. The aim of this PhD project was to test this hypothesis using different in vitro model systems of mineralization. I first showed that recombinant human (rh) AMTN accelerates hydroxyapatite mineralization in a dose-dependent manner when dissolved in the mineralization SBF buffer. Inactivation of a conserved SSEEL motif resulted in significant reduction in the mineralizing ability of the full-length molecule. I also evaluated the importance of phosphorylation in mineralization by testing a synthetic peptide containing a short sequence of AMTN including phosphorylated SSEEL in the crystallization assay and showed that it promoted mineralization albeit to a lesser degree than rh-AMTN. Detailed characterization of secretory enamel matrix in overexpressor mice showed rapid and uncontrolled mineralization. I also tested the mineralizing ability of AMTN in an established osteoblast cell line and demonstrated that AMTN transfected or introduced in the culture media in the recombinant form both accelerate the formation of mineralized nodules. AMTN molecules embedded in collagen gel matrix were also able to mineralize the collagen material in the SBF buffer within a few hours. The findings of this PhD project provide solid evidence that AMTN is a promoter of hydroxyapatite mineralization and likely a key player in the establishment of surface enamel layer.	Ph.D.	health	3
Abbey, Melissa Sarah	Reaume, Geoffrey	Madness and Poverty in Toronto: A Narrative Analysis.	Social Justice Education	2018-11	This research is a culmination of my experience with Madness and its presence in the world. I question what it means to experience mental health ‘trouble’ in a world that seeks to live under the guise of normalcy. Trouble, as I can most clearly navigate it, happens when something steps outside of the boundaries of normalcy. When life is experienced by an individual as something outside of social convention, the individual becomes ‘marked’ with difference based on a shared perspective of what is correct. My doctoral research therefore examines this phenomenon to understand how one lives a ‘spoiled identity’ in a world that seems to be in defiance of it. I carry out a narrative analysis of textual data to question the unquestioned and ubiquitous presence of mental health narratives within contemporary Western culture. I have not lived in poverty but I take up its narrative in connection to Madness as an intrinsic precursor to something amiss in our society. In addressing these social inequalities, I utilize key conceptual tools such as stigma/spoiled identity, narrative prosthesis, and the interplay between ‘I’ and ‘We’ narratives. As an Interpretive Sociologist, I use the lenses of ethnomethodology and phenomenology to engage in this discussion. The data collected explores and combines the individual and social experience, with Madness and poverty being the phenomena that depict this understanding. My data comes from present- day Toronto newspapers and mental healthcare programming information packages collected from four research sites in Toronto. I utilize newspapers as an object of my research because of their powerful role in narrating public and dominant views. I couple these narratives with an analysis of mental healthcare programming information packages to see where these dominant views appear within society-at-large.	Ph.D.	health, poverty	1, 3
Abboud, Rida	Neysmith, Sheila	The Social Organization of the Lives of 'Semi-skilled' International Migrant Workers in Alberta: Political Rationalities, Administrative Logic and Actual Behaviours	Social Work	2013-06	This institutional ethnography is an inquiry into the particular migrant category of International Migrant Workers (IMW) in Canada (otherwise known as Temporary Foreign Workers). It looks at how the daily lives of IMWs who have been deemed as ‘semi-skilled’ by the National Occupational Classification (NOC) system are organized by their immigration and job status in Canada. These IMWs are working primarily in the food service, hotel or retail industries in front-line and often precarious employment in Southern and Western Alberta. The data was collected through a literature review, interviews, observations, and textual analysis. The participants that informed this inquiry are IMWs, service providers in the immigrant sector, representatives from the Alberta Government, and an immigrant recruiter/consultant. This study uses an ‘ideological circle’ (Yan, 2003), which maps out the process through which governmental ideology is filtered down to all levels of society via a set of ideas, knowledge, procedures and methods about people and processes. It provides a vehicle to identify the specific social relations that organize people in different sites. It becomes apparent through this mapping that along with the political rationalities of neoliberal criteria and the logic of globalization, and market civilization and citizenship, certain administrative logic and technologies of government such as situating IMWs as economic units in the Canadian nation-state, processes of skill codification, and devolution of immigration policies and programs, become the foundations for the ways that IMWs live their lives in Canada. In particular, we can see how and why they ‘work’ for permanent residency, how and why they become vulnerable to precarious employment in their workplace and in other ways, and how and why they become isolated through family separation. The thesis ends with a look into how social workers and social service organizations are managing ‘professional’ relationships with migrant populations whose lives are organized in the above ways, and questions whether it’s possible at all to move beyond supporting ‘bare life’ (Agamben, 1998).	PhD	employment, worker	8
Abdel-Qadir, Husam	Anderson, Geoffrey M	The Spectrum, Impact, and Management of Cardiovascular Disease in Ontario Women with Early Stage Breast Cancer	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2018-06	Background: There are limited data about the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease after early stage breast cancer. Methods: We conducted four cohort studies utilizing data from Ontario women diagnosed with early stage breast cancer between 1998 and 2015. The first study describes causes of death after breast cancer, with a focus on patient strata where death from cardiovascular causes may exceed that from breast cancer. The second study examines hospital presentations for different categories of cardiovascular disease, and their temporal relationship to heart failure, comparing early stage breast cancer cases to age-matched women without cancer. The third study develops a score for predicting cardiovascular risk after early stage breast cancer. The final study examines 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme-A reductase inhibitor (also known as statins) use after early stage breast cancer as a marker of cardiovascular preventative therapy, with comparison to cancer-free women of similar cardiovascular risk. Results: Breast cancer was the most common cause of death. Among patients with prior cardiovascular disease, the risks of death from breast cancer and cardiovascular disease were equivalent for the first five years, after which death from cardiovascular causes was more frequent. For women aged ≥66 years who survived ≥5 years after diagnosis, cardiovascular disease exceeded breast cancer as the leading cause of death at ten years post-diagnosis. The 10-year cumulative incidence of cardiovascular hospitalization was 11.7% after early stage breast cancer and 10.6% in controls. The ratio of cardiovascular disease rates between the cohorts increased with time. 76% of cardiovascular hospitalizations were for diagnoses other than heart failure. 36% of first heart failure presentations were preceded by hospital presentation with another cardiovascular disease. We developed a score to predict the risk of death or hospitalization from cardiovascular disease. Model calibration and discrimination were good. The c-index in the validation cohort was 81.3% at 5 years. Finally, we observed that women with early stage breast cancer were less likely to dispense statins compared to cancer-free women, though the differences were small. Relevance: These data provide useful insights into the importance of cardiovascular disease and how its management can be improved in women with early stage breast cancer.	Ph.D.	women	5
Abji, Nadeem Nasir	Leon-Garcia, Alberto	Robust and Energy Efficient Service Provider Networks	Electrical and Computer Engineering	2015-11	This thesis focuses on the energy efficiency of service provider networks. It examines methodologies for reducing the energy consumption as well as greening the operation of the network through the integration of renewable energy systems. It studies the impact of these techniques on network performance and robustness. In order to reduce energy consumption we focus on the problem of energy-aware network planning and traffic engineering. Utilizing the network criticality metric, from network science, and an optimization formulation we quantify the energy-robustness trade-off of green traffic flow assignments. We also develop a robust, dynamic lightpath assignment algorithm, which provides energy savings at low loads and an order of magnitude better blocking performance at high loads. We then examine the challenge of integrating renewable energy in core networks to minimize cost and emissions. We show that renewable energy systems can compromise network robustness and increase disruptions in the network because usage must 'follow the sun'. We study the integration of energy storage systems to mitigate these concerns and quantify the potential savings in energy and cost. We develop a distributed, energy management algorithm to make energy storage charging/discharging decisions as well as electricity purchases for a service provider. Finally we examine the problem of content caching in service provider networks. We study the energy consumption of a caching scheme designed for performance and propose energy-aware modifications. We conclude by studying the impact of over-the-top video-on-demand services like Youtube and Netflix on service provider access networks and propose methods to reduce energy consumption and network congestion.	Ph.D.	energy; renewable, consum	7, 12
Abji, Salina	Korteweg, Anna C.	Emerging Logics of Citizenship: Activism in Response to Precarious Migration and Gendered Violence in an Era of Securitization	Sociology	2017-06	Postnationalism is a theory of citizenship that emerged in the 1990s, which rejected national membership as an exclusionary or limited way of organizing rights and belonging, and sought instead to re-imagine citizenship beyond the nation-state. The approach was largely discredited at the time for underestimating the persistent influence of nationalism and for lacking empirical evidence. In this project, I join a small group of scholars who argue for a reconsideration of postnationalism, particularly for scholarship examining the production of illegality and securitization of borders across countries in the global north. I add to this scholarship by offering an extended case analysis of postnational activism in Toronto, in response to major restructuring of Canada’s refugee and immigration system and expanded deportation regime between 2006 to 2015. Using ethnographic fieldwork, qualitative interviews, and discourse analysis, I show how some activists used postnational human rights frames to restrict immigration authorities from entering schools, women’s shelters, and other city spaces for the purposes of investigating and deporting non-status migrants. Theorized as postnational acts of citizenship, such approaches were useful for exposing the structural violence produced through state regulation of borders and citizenship, leading to the articulation of a ‘no borders’ politics. However, as a social movement strategy, postnational claims were also limited in their capacity to imagine alternatives to state protection, particularly for non-status women in situations of gender-based violence. My findings also point to the erosion of citizenship for a group of activists working as service providers within state-funded institutions, where processes of securitization altered their working conditions and produced feelings of fear, despair, and even terror in how they interpreted the actions of the Conservative party in power at the time. Overall, this research draws attention to the increased salience of postnationalism for studies of social inequality in the contemporary immigration context.	Ph.D.	gender, women, equality, institution	5, 16
Abou-Beih, Mahmoud Osman	Abdulhai, Baher	Semantic Web Based Multi-agent Framework for Real-time Freeway Traffic Incident Management System	Civil Engineering	2012-06	Recurring traffic congestion is attributable to steadily increasing travel demand coupled with constrained space and financial resources for infrastructure expansion. Another major source of congestion is non-recurrent incidents that disrupt the normal operation of the infrastructure. Aiming to optimize the utilization of the transportation infrastructure, innovative infrastructure management techniques that incorporate on edge technological equipment and information systems need to be adopted to manage recurrent and non-recurrent congestion and reduce their adverse externalities. The framework presented in this thesis lays the foundation for multi-disciplinary semantic web based incident management. During traffic incident response, involved stakeholders will share their knowledge and resources, forming an ad-hoc framework within which each party will focus on its core competencies and cooperate to achieve a coherent incident management process. Negotiation between various response agencies operators is performed using intelligent software agents, alleviating the coordination and synchronization burden of the massive information flow during the incident response. The software agents provide a decision support to human operators based on the reasoning provided from the underlying system knowledge models. Ontological engineering is used to lay the foundation of the knowledge models, which are coded in a web based ontology language, allowing a decentralized access to various elements of the system. The whole system communication infrastructure is based on the Semantic Web technologies. The semantic web facilitates the use of, in an enhanced manner, the already existing web technologies as the communication infrastructure of the proposed system. Its semantic capabilities help to resolve the information and data interoperability issues among various parties. The web services concepts combined with the semantic web allow the direct exploration and access of knowledge models, resources, and data repertories held by various parties. The developed ontology along with the developed software system were tested and evaluated by domain experts and targeted system users. Based on the conducted evaluation, both the ontology and the software system were found to be promising tools in developing pervasive, collaborative and multi-disciplinary traffic incident management systems	PhD	infrastructure	9
Abou-Tabickh, Lilian	Williams, Melissa S.	Al-'Asabiyya in Context: Choice and Historical Continuity in Al-Muqaddima of Ibn Khaldūn	Political Science	2019-11	The purpose of this dissertation is to understand the meaning of the term Al-'Aṣabiyya in Al-Muqaddima of Ibn Khaldūn in context. In Al-Muqaddima, he constructs a method for the scientific study of history, the subject matter of which is human association. Human association is necessary for human beings, but by its nature, it requires political authority and economic organization. By order of existence, political authority is acquired only by al-‘aṣabiyya. Therefore, al-‘aṣabiyya is an “essential condition” in the world, and it can be perceived by the senses and the intellect. It is a power that “secures” political victory, and as such, it becomes the source that enables protection and the preservation of human life, the development of urban culture through the management of economic cooperation, and social harmony. In this study, I use a linguistic-contextual method to show that the form of al-'aṣabiyya that secures political authority is not natural, irrational, or aggressive. Rather, it is the fruit of the labour of unity and agreement between individuals and groups (‘aṣabiyyāt). It is a power that individuals manufacture intentionally either by way of descent, alliance, or allegiance to gain political authority. They are ahl al-‘aṣabiyya who achieve their goal “in the ordinary way,” that is, by overcoming others by their power of unity, and praiseworthy qualities. This study also shows that there is no organic connection between al-‘aṣabiyya and the form or quality of rulership. In fact, Ibn Khaldūn’s rejection of hereditary rule, condemnation of tyranny, and argument against the necessity of prophecy show that rational politics suffices for the management of human association. His statement on the science of physics, the use of the term “matter” in an economic sense to mean money, and the connection between injustice and economic policies show that the decline of the polity is not natural but a matter of choice between moderation and excessiveness. The detailed exposition of these various elements shows that the pattern of history in Al-Muqaddima is not cyclical. Instead, history is a narrative about cultural transmission, political and historical continuity, the expansion of one power, and the contraction of another.	Ph.D.	institution	16
Aboudina, Aya	Abdulhai, Baher	Optimized Time-dependent Congestion Pricing System for Large Networks: Integrating Distributed Optimization, Departure Time Choice, and Dynamic Traffic Assignment in the Greater Toronto Area	Civil Engineering	2016-11	Congestion pricing is one of the most widely contemplated methods to manage traffic congestion. The purpose of congestion pricing is to manage traffic demand generation and supply allocation by charging fees (i.e., tolling) for the use of certain roads in order to distribute traffic demand more evenly over time and space. This study presents a system for large-scale optimal time-varying congestion pricing policy determination and evaluation. The proposed system integrates a theoretical model of dynamic congestion pricing, a distributed optimization algorithm, a departure time choice model, and a dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) simulation platform, creating a unified optimal (location- and time-specific) congestion pricing system. The system determines and evaluates the impact of optimal tolling on road traffic congestion (supply side) and travellers’ behavioural choices, including departure time and route choices (demand side). For the system’s large-scale nature and the consequent computational challenges, the optimization algorithm is executed concurrently on a parallel cluster. The system is applied to simulation-based case studies of tolling major highways in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) while capturing the regional effects of tolling. The models are developed and calibrated using regional household travel survey data that reflect travellers’ heterogeneity. The DTA model is calibrated using actual traffic counts from the Ontario Ministry of Transportation and the City of Toronto. The main results indicate that: (1) more benefits are attained from variable tolling due to departure time rescheduling as opposed to mostly re-routing only in the case of flat tolling, (2) widespread spatial and temporal re-distributions of traffic are observed across the regional network in response to tolling significant – yet limited – highways in the region, (3) optimal variable pricing mirrors congestion patterns and induces departure time re-scheduling and rerouting patterns, resulting in improved average travel times and schedule delays at all scales, (4) tolled routes have different sensitivities to identical toll changes, (5) the start times of longer trips are more sensitive (elastic) to variable distance-based tolling policies compared to shorter trips, (6) optimal tolls intended to manage traffic demand are significantly lower than those intended to maximize toll revenues, (7) toll payers benefit from tolling even before toll revenues are spent, and (8) the optimal tolling policies determined offer a win-win solution in which travel times are improved while also raising funds to invest in sustainable transportation infrastructure.	Ph.D.	infrastructure	9
Abrahamyan, Lusine	Feldman, Brian M.	Designing Randomized Clinical Trials for Rare Diseases	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2010-11	Objectives: 1) To evaluate the quality of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in rare diseases using Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) as an example, 2) to evaluate the time to treatment response in patients with rheumatic diseases, 3) to evaluate the power of the Randomized Placebo-Phase Design (RPPD) under various response time distributions, and 4) to examine the use of Value of Information (VOI) methodology in the optimal design of clinical trials for rare disease using hemophilia prophylaxis with factor VIII as an example. Methods. The methods include a systematic review, a secondary analysis of data from an RCT and from a patient registry, a computer simulation study, and an evaluation of hypothetical RCT scenarios with VOI methodology. Results. The quality of RCTs in JIA based on selected quality indicators was poor with some positive changes over time. In the data sets used for the assessment of hazard distributions, the response times followed mostly generalized gamma or lognormal distributions. The impact of time-to-event distribution on the power of RCTs was assessed in computer simulations. Based on the simulation results, the highest sample sizes were observed for response times following the exponential distribution. In most scenarios, the parallel groups RCT design had higher power than the RPPD. The conclusion of the VOI analyses indicated that at threshold values lower than 400,000 the current evidence supported the use of on-demand therapy. Threshold values higher than 1,000,000 supported the use of tailored or alternate day prophylaxis. At threshold values between 400,000 - 1,000,000 the optimal decision varied from on-demand to prophylaxis therapies. Conclusions. New, more powerful and acceptable designs should be developed for rare diseases. When time-to-event outcomes are used, investigators should use various sources of information to evaluate response time distributions before the new trial is designed, and consider this information in sample size calculation and analysis. VOI methodology should be used in the planning stage of studies to determine the relevant costs and benefits of future research, and to determine the optimal trial parameters that maximize the cost-benefit trade-off.	PhD	health	3
Abramovich, Ilona Alex	Burstow, Bonnie	Young, Queer and Trans, Homeless, and Besieged: A Critical Action Research Study of How Policy and Culture Create Oppressive Conditions for LGBTQ Youth in Toronto's Shelter System	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2014-06	This dissertation is about lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, transsexual, and queer (LGBTQ) youth and the shelter system. This work focuses on the denial of home and safety to queer and trans youth. Over approximately two years, different groups of people came together to discuss what is holding up and sustaining the homophobia and transphobia in the shelter system, how homophobia and transphobia occurs and is managed in the shelter system, and how broader policy issues serve to create oppressive contexts for LGBTQ youth. This is a Critical Action Research study that was informed by Critical Ethnography and Institutional Ethnography. In order to investigate what disjunctures occur for LGBTQ youth in the shelter system and how those disjunctures come about, this dissertation draws upon one-on-one interviews with LGBTQ youth experiencing homelessness, shelter Executive Directors, City of Toronto management, and training facilitators; focus groups with frontline shelter staff; and training observations. This study suggests that it is both the excessive bureaucratic regulation and the lack of necessary bureaucratic regulation in highly significant areas, that play a key role in creating the disjunctures that occur for queer and trans youth in the shelter system. This dissertation describes the findings of this study in five major themes, which include: Homophobia and Transphobia in the Shelter System, LGBTQ Youth Invisibility, Inadequate, Invasive and Otherwise Problematic Rules, Lack of Knowledge, and Inconsistent Conformity to Formal Rules. A Digital Storytelling project was created with one youth and was used as a Knowledge Mobilization strategy for this study. The film helped generate extensive media attention and facilitated change in the shelter system, at the City of Toronto, and at a policy level. This research study has made it possible for the voices of LGBTQ homeless youth to be heard in the context of a critical public health and social justice problem. Detailed policy and practice recommendations and changes to the Toronto Shelter Standards are provided at the end of this dissertation and are meant to help Toronto's shelter system become safe, accessible, and supportive of LGBTQ youth.	Ph.D.	justice, gender, queer, institution	5, 16
Abu Jayyab, A Khaled	Reichel, Clemens	Nomads in Late Chalcolithic Northern Mesopotamia: Mobility and Social Change in the 5th and 4th Millennium BC	Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations	2019-06	Due to the nature of their lifestyle and inherent mobility nomadic groups of the past have left little if any discernible imprint in excavated archaeological records. This is regrettable since most regions of the world that saw the emergence of complex societies were shaped by pastoralism as much as by agriculture, requiring us to study the modes in which nomadic and sedentary populations interacted with each other. My study addresses the transformative impact that nomadic groups had on Northern Syria and Northern Mesopotamia during the Early Late Chalcolithic period (4500 – 3800 BC), a crucial time span of social and technological innovations that foreshadowed the “Urban Revolution” of the 4th millennium BC. Using chaîne opératoire as underlying analytical tool I studied material assemblages from surveys and excavations across southeastern Turkey, Northern Syria, northern Iraq and Western Iran to identify items of material culture that can be associated with non-sedentary populations and their seasonal movements within this greater region. This study was complemented by detailed petrographic analyses of ceramics from key sites that had seen extensive excavation. My study not only contributes to a better regional understanding of Late Chalcolithic societies (notably the social and economic relationships between settlements and hinterland) but also provides a template for how to enhance the visibility of the “invisible nomad” within the archaeological record.	Ph.D.	urban	11
Abughanm, Saad	Katz, Ariel	The Protection of Pharmaceutical Patents and Data under TRIPS and US-Jordan FTA: Exploring the Limits of Obligations and Flexibilities: A Study of the Impacts on the Pharmaceutical Sector in Jordan	Law	2012-06	In 2000, Jordan signed the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (the TRIPS Agreement) and a free trade agreement with the US (USJFTA). Both commitments have required Jordan to comply with various obligations, including full compliance with the minimum standards for the protection of intellectual property rights (IPRs) under the TRIPS Agreement and TRIPS-Plus IP standards set out under the terms of the USJFTA. Enticed by views that strong IP protection would create prosperity in the Kingdom by promoting technological innovation and inducing transfer and dissemination of technology to Jordanians, Jordan implemented the provisions of TRIPS and the USJFTA to the letter. However, Jordan focused little attention on important “TRIPS flexibilities”. In particular, Jordan has qualified parallel importation and limited the grounds of compulsory licenses. In addition, Jordan provides pharmaceutical testing data with data exclusivity. This thesis focuses on the Jordanian experience in the pharmaceutical sector. It argues that strong patent protection has not been conducive to the promotion of technological innovation and the transfer and dissemination of technology. Moreover, this protection has resulted in adverse outcomes such as increased drug prices, unavailability of essential medicines in some public hospitals for serious diseases, and a dwindling local pharmaceutical industry, in part, as a consequence of its inability to access advanced, patented technology on reasonable commercial terms. The thesis also investigates the legitimacy of establishing certain grounds of compulsory licensing by Jordan, even in light of the TRIPS-Plus obligations under the USJFTA. It advocates that such grounds contribute to the promotion of technical innovation, lead to the transfer of advanced technology, and above all improve access to affordable medicines. Finally, the thesis explores Jordan’s obligations to protect pharmaceutical testing data under TRIPS and USFTA arguing that neither of these two instruments requires data exclusivity as claimed by Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) and some developed countries.	SJD	rights; trade; industr; innovation	9, 10, 16
Acuna, Maria Virginia	Clark, Caryl||Munjic, Sanda	The Spanish Lamento: Discourses of Love, Power, and Gender in the Musical Theatre (1696-1718)	Music	2016-06	Weeping male characters dominated lamenting scenes in the mythological zarzuela during the tumultuous years surrounding the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14). Always played by a woman en travesti, the lamenting male became a stock character in this musical genre, entertaining audiences while allegorically reflecting Madrid’s elite at the turn of the eighteenth century. This dissertation uncovers an as yet unexplored proliferation of male laments in staged drama of the period while addressing a cross-dressing phenomenon in the zarzuela, an aspect that has until now received little attention. Extant zarzuelas from the period 1696–1718 form the core of the dissertation. I explore lamenting traditions in this repertory in relation to contemporary cross-dressing practices, and to contemporary philosophical, literary, gender, and medical discourses. Among the numerous male laments occurring in this repertory, I identify two types: Cupid’s laments, and their allegorical representation of the Spanish monarch and of his struggle for power, and male amorous complaints as a manifestation of philosophical perceptions about love. Finally, discourses of gender inequality are revealed in the analysis of the few female laments appearing in the genre. I suggest that a proliferation of male lamentos during this period is symptomatic of the political tensions felt at court. Moreover, I contend that the male lyrical voice that had long dominated the tradition of amorous suffering found a safe conduit for theatrical and lamenting expression in the female performer. Women’s voices and bodies softened the dangerous overtones of feminization carried in the male lamento, thus allowing the lamenting male to become widely accepted. An examination of the zarzuela and its laments helps bring a rich literary, theatrical, and musical tradition into the mainstream while illuminating an under-explored period in the history of Spanish music.	Ph.D.	gender, women, equality	5
Adam, Simon	Burstow, Bonnie	Crazy making: The reproduction of psychiatry by nursing education	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2017-06	This is a study of how psychiatric discourse linguistically and institutionally figures in nursing education in Ontario. Correspondingly, it is a study of ‘mental health’ nursing education in undergraduate nursing programs, specifically, those offered by college-university partnerships. It is likewise an investigation of how psychiatry has come to colonize nursing by way of the nursing academy. A mixed qualitative methodology study, its analysis draws on the author’s experience as a nursing student and faculty member, with data also coming from student and faculty interviews, observation periods, and a number of curriculum and institutional documents. Two primary approaches are employed–critical discourse analysis and institutional ethnography. Critical discourse analysis is used to unearth how the structure and function of language play a role in the reproduction of ‘mental illness.’ The language of nursing mental health literature is examined as a producer of psychiatrically-colonized constitutions of ‘mental health.’ What is demonstrated is how nursing linguistically downloads psychiatric discourse, thereby reproducing an ideologically biomedical framing of ‘the patient.’ With institutional ethnography, the thesis makes visible the operational complex of the relations that comprise the nursing program under study. Beginning in the everyday world, the author traces the institutional processes which embed and maintain a problematic construction of the ‘mentally ill,’ in the process, maintaining a perpetual state of psychiatric ruling. Reinforcing this psychiatric reproduction are ‘disciplinary’ practices–those docility-producing teaching practices which are common to university professional education. These too are examined as an arm of the institution, as inscribers of psychiatric discourse, effectively perpetuating a problematic understanding of ‘mental health’ for nursing. The thesis ends with a discussion of implications for critical thinking and directions for nursing.	Ph.D.	health	3
Adams, Eric Michael	Schneiderman, David	The Idea of Constitutional Rights and the Transformation of Canadian Constitutional Law, 1930-1960	Law	2009-11	This dissertation argues that the idea of constitutional rights transformed Canadian constitutional law well before the entrenchment of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Specifically, it locates the origins of Canada’s twentieth-century rights revolution in the constitutional thinking of scholars, lawyers, judges, and politicians at mid-century (1930-1960). Drawing on archival documents, personal papers, government reports, parliamentary debates, case law, and legal scholarship, this work traces the constitutional thought and culture that first propelled human rights and fundamental freedoms to the forefront of the Canadian legal imagination. As a work of legal history, it also seeks to revive the dormant spirit of constitutional history that once pervaded the discipline of Canadian constitutional law. The Introduction situates the chapters that follow within the emerging Canadian historiography of rights. Chapter Two traces the origins of Frank Scott’s advocacy for constitutional rights to the newer constitutional law, an approach to constitutional scholarship sparked by the social and political upheavals of the Depression, and the influence of Roscoe Pound’s sociological jurisprudence. Chapter Three explores the varied dimensions of the Second World War’s influence on the nascent idea of Canadian constitutional rights. In particular, the rapid rise of the wartime administrative state produced a rights discourse that tended to reflect the interests of property while ignoring the civil liberties of unpopular minorities. Chapter Four examines the rise of a politics and scholarship of rights in the years immediately following the war. In response to international rights ideals and continuing domestic rights controversies, scholars and lawyers sought to produce a theory of Canadian constitutional law that could accommodate the addition of judicially-enforced individual rights. If not entirely successful, their efforts nonetheless further reoriented the fundamental tenets of Canadian constitutional law. Chapter Five reveals the influence of Canada’s emerging constitutional culture of rights on the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of Canada, particularly Justice Ivan Rand and his conception of an implied bill of rights. Together, these chapters demonstrate the confluence of ideology, circumstance, and personality – the constitutional history – that altered the future of Canadian constitutional law.	SJD	rights, justice	16
Adamson, Nancey	Katharine, Janzen	Millennial Employees' Expectations of the Workplace: A Case Study of Humber College	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2014-11	The purpose of this study was to explore and describe whether what the Millennial employees (employees born between January 1, 1981 and December 31, 2000) who participated in the study wanted in the workplace aligned with what is currently offered in the Ontario Colleges of Applied Arts Technology (CAAT) system. More specifically, the study examined if the Millennials who currently worked at the CAAT that was the site of this study (Humber College Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning), felt the current "terms and conditions" of employment met their needs, and if not, what were their suggestions on changes that might be made to better meet their expectations.I used a convergent parallel mixed methodology research design for this study with the intention to provide Humber leaders with the perspectives of their youngest employees on the current "terms and conditions" of employment and provide recommendations on if and/or how changes could be made to better meet these employees' needs. By including the perspectives from three key sources of information in this study, that is, Millennial employees, Human Resources leaders, and document analysis, the findings provided a deeper understanding of the issues explored.The conclusions and recommendations drawn from this study suggest that there are many opportunities for college leaders to re-examine policies and practices that are currently in place for college employees. Many suggestions and recommendations were made in each of the five main categories measured: Financial Rewards; Recognition; Skill Development; Career Development; and Quality of Work/Life.The study findings may inform policy and practice that will create an environment that is conducive to attracting and retaining the best faculty, support staff and administrators so that the Ontario Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology can meet the mandate set out for them by the provincial government.	Ph.D.	employment	8
Adebajo, Sylvia Bolanle	Myers, Ted	Prevalence and Correlates of HIV, Syphilis, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C Infections and Sexual Behaviours of Men who have Sex with Men in Two Cities in Nigeria	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2014-06	Globally, men who have sex with men (MSM) continue to be disproportionately affected by the HIV pandemic. However, prior to this study, very little was known about the magnitude and factors that heighten MSM's vulnerabilities to HIV and other STIs in Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey was administered to 1,125 consenting MSM in Lagos and Ibadan recruited through modified respondent driven strategy. Sero-prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV) and syphilis and levels of unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) were determined using data adjusted for network size and unweighted data for the pooled sample. Correlates of HIV, HBV, HCV and UAI were examined using multiple logistic regression analyses. Results revealed relatively young sexually active men who engaged in multiple concurrent sexual relationships with both men and women. More than half of the men self-identified as bisexual, and 44.4% as homosexual. High levels of risky sexual behaviours were demonstrated with over two-thirds of MSM in Ibadan (65.5%) and Lagos (69.7%) reporting UAI with their male partners in the previous 6 months. Correlates of URAI included homosexual identity, older age, lack of social support, and douching. Prevalence of previously undiagnosed HIV infection were four times higher in Lagos 12.7% (95% CI 10.6-15.0), and Ibadan 11.2% (95% CI 5.7-16.2) than the national HIV prevalence among Nigerian men. Prevalence of HBV (10.1% and 18.0%); HCV (2.8% and 4.3%) and current active syphilis (0.03%) infections in Lagos and Ibadan respectively were also high. Correlates of HIV were URAI and UIAI with men and women, condom breakage, homosexual identity, increasing age, employment, sexual activities with non-African white men and internalized homophobia. Bisexual identity, UIAI with male sex partners, and low self-esteem were associated with HBV infection. Correlates of HCV were URAI and reported sex with men who had lower educational status. This study confirms the existence of MSM who engage in risky behaviours with very limited access to appropriate HIV and STI prevention services.	Ph.D.	gender, health	3, 5
Adefarakan, Elizabeth Temitope	Dei, George Jerry Sefa	Yoruba Indigenous Knowledges in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power and the Politics of Indigenous Spirituality	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2011-06	This study investigates how Yoruba migrants make meaning of Yoruba Indigenous knowledges in the African Diaspora, specifically within the geopolitical space of dominant Canadian culture. This research is informed by the lived experiences of 16 Africans of Yoruba descent now living in Toronto, Canada, and explores how these first and second generation migrants construct the spiritual and linguistic dimensions of Yoruba Indigenous identities in their everyday lives. While Canada is often imagined as a sanctuary for progressive politics, it nonetheless is also a hegemonic space where inequities continue to shape the social engagements of everyday life. Hence, this dissertation situates the historical and contemporary realities of colonialism and imperialism, by beginning with the premise that people in diasporic Yoruba communities are continuously affected by the complicated interplay of various forms of oppression such as racism, and inequities based on language, gender and religion. This study is situated within a socio–historical and cosmological context to effectively examine colonialism’s impact on Yoruba Indigenous knowledges. Yet, inversely, this study also involves discussion of how these knowledges are utilized as decolonizing tools of navigation, subversion and resistance. The central focus of this research is the articulation of colonial oppression and how it has reconfigured Yoruba Indigenous identities even within a purportedly ‘multicultural’ space. First, the historical dis/continuities of the Yoruba language in Yorubaland are investigated. This strand of the research considers British colonization, and more specifically, the Church Missionary Society’s (CMS) efforts at translating the Bible into Yoruba as pivotal in the colonial project. What kinds of categories does missionary education create that differ from pre-colonial categories of Yoruba Indigenous identity? How are these new identities shaped along lines of race and gender? In other words, what happens when Yoruba cosmology encounters colonialism? The second strand of this research investigates how these historical colonialisms have set the framework for enduring contemporary colonialisms that continue to fracture Yoruba Indigenous knowledges. This dissertation offers insights relevant to diversity and equitable pedagogy through careful consideration of the complicated strategies used by participants in their negotiations of Yoruba identities within a context of social inequity and colonialism.	PhD	equitable, gender	4, 5
Affifi, Ramsey Rasheed	Bredo, Eric	Educating in a Multispecies World	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2015-11	The widespread deterioration of our planet's life support system is a global challenge facing humanity. This dissertation is based on the premise that changing course requires fundamentally reconstructing how we think about humans and the rest of nature. If a sustainable course requires that we see ourselves as members of an ever-evolving biotic community, then we will have to abandon ways of thinking and acting that distort a sense of continuity between our species and others, replacing kinship with radical separation. Insofar as education is concerned with human learning processes while considering learning in other species as irrelevant or nonexistent, it institutionalizes and perpetuates attitudes that prevent us from reintegrating back into our web of relations. These attitudes are no longer biologically, philosophically, or ethically warranted. They do not keep up with the extent of our empirical and theoretical progress beyond thinking in terms of metaphysical dualisms. To evolve a better discipline, I claim that we must ecologize education; we must dare to imagine and enact an interspecies pedagogy. In the seven papers that follow, I draw from various philosophical, scientific and pedagogical sources to trace pathways into interspecies pedagogy and I try to overcome some of the ways my culturally-informed biases have blocked me from taking the concept seriously. The papers are diverse but they also overlap, showing the process by which I have worked to develop a theoretical alternative that erases the line between education and biology. As such, this publication fits within the larger "posthumanist" shift occurring variously throughout the university. My partial solutions and explorations are admittedly situated and contextual. However, I hope that they can help those who suffer similar blockages as I do to feel more viscerally that the world around them is responsive, attentive, and worthy of pedagogical consideration, and that the range of human affairs treating the biological world as but scenery set behind the great human story is as miseducative for other species as it is for us, and in need of a swift dismantling.	Ph.D.	educat	4
Afridi, Momina	Bascia, Nina	UNDERSTANDING THE WORK OF FEMALE TEACHERS IN LOW FEE PRIVATE SCHOOLS IN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2017-11	While Low Fee Private Schools (LFPSs) and Public Private Partnership (PPPs) initiatives have been widely promoted in various contexts including Pakistan, they have seldom been viewed through the lens of the teacher’s life and work. To understand the work of female teachers in LFPSs, I apply a conceptual framework that demonstrates the interconnectedness of teachers’ career and working conditions, gender and teacher labour markets in looking at the work of teachers. Specifically I ask, how female teachers perceive and experience their careers, working conditions and gendered labour in LFPSs with regards to the occupational labour market for teachers in Punjab, Pakistan. My qualitative study is based on interviews and focus group discussions with teachers and principals in LFPSs located in Punjab. In addition, NGO fieldworkers and civil society members who work on education were also interviewed to gain a better understanding of the context. Findings from my study point to how haphazard recruitment, lack of career paths and the diminishing social image and status of teachers negatively affect the work and motivation of female teachers in LFPSs in Punjab. A crucial argument that emerges from my study is that while teachers in LFPS themselves are willing to learn and improve their performance, they do not have enough opportunities for in-service training in challenging areas such as multi-grade teaching, subject specialisation, changing syllabus and dealing with students who have very poor learning levels. While for young, single and female teachers a major reason for leaving employment in LFPSs was their inability to work after getting married, many teachers argued that a low salary and tough working conditions, often caused women to move to other jobs. The study affirms the observation that female teachers in LFPS are paid lower wages and are increasingly being hired in private schools due to their gender. Women in LFPSs face much different working conditions, management attitudes and salary as compared to male teachers. Findings show that women’s work in LFPSs teaching in Pakistan takes place in a social, economic and political environment that constrains women’s labour force participation.	Ph.D.	educat, gender, women, employment, labour, worker, wage	4, 5, 2008
Agha Beigi, Hossein	Christopoulos, Constantin||Sullivan, Tim	Retrofit of Soft Storey Buildings Using Gapped Inclined Brace Systems	Civil Engineering	2014	Although a soft storey mechanism is generally undesirable for the seismic response of building structures, it could provide potential benefits due to the isolating effect it produces. This thesis proposes a retrofit strategy for buildings that are expected to develop soft storey mechanisms, taking advantage of the positive aspects of the soft storey response while mitigating the negative ones. After a review of traditional considerations that are made for soft storey structures, the work starts by comparing the behaviour of an RC frame building with two infill configurations; in the first configuration, it is assumed that masonry infills are distributed over all storeys uniformly, while in the next step and in order to consider soft storey effects, it is assumed that masonry infills are not present at the ground storey. Results of incremental dynamic analyses indicate that structures with uniform infill are less likely to collapse. However, if the displacement demands at the first level of soft storeys could be sustained, their overall performance would be significantly improved. Following this initial study, a gapped inclined brace (GIB) system is proposed with the aim of significantly reducing the likelihood of collapse whilst ensuring that the seismic damage concentrates at this single level, protecting the rest of the structure located above. The GIB system achieves these aims by reducing P-Delta effects at the first floor of soft storey buildings without significantly increasing their lateral resistance. The mechanics of the proposed system are defined and a systematic design procedure is explained and illustrated. The theoretical relations that are derived for GIB systems are verified through numerical analyses. Results of cyclic static and incremental dynamic analyses demonstrate that the overall seismic performance of soft storey buildings retrofitted using a GIB system is greatly improved, indicating that the GIB system produces an efficient and intelligent soft storey mechanism at the first level of such buildings, which provides several advantages over conventional approaches. The last part of the thesis discusses various uncertainties that remain about the potential of GIB systems, including the best likely connection details for GIB systems, which should be investigated as part of future research.	Ph.D.	buildings	9
Agou, Shoroog	Locker, David ||Tompson, Bryan ||Streiner, David	Oral Health Related Quality of Life Outcomes of Orthodontics in Children	Dentistry	2009-11	Contemporary conceptual models of health emphasize the importance of patient-based outcomes and recognize the complexity involved in their assessment. Various health conditions, personal, social, and environmental factors, are all thought to contribute to individual’s quality of life. However, the impact of orthodontic treatment on Oral Health-related Quality of Life (OH-QOL) outcomes in children has not yet been systematically studied. Hence, this research was planned to assess the effect orthodontic treatment has on pediatric OH-QOL outcomes. Further, the important moderational role of children’s psychological assets on OH-QOL reports is explored. Following completion of a preliminary study to confirm the psychometric properties of the Child Perception Questionnaire (CPQl1-14), the current two-phase study was undertaken. This consisted of a cross-sectional study examining the relationship among Self-Esteem (SE), malocclusion, and OH-QOL, and a longitudinal study examining the influence of orthodontics and children’s Psychological Wellbeing (PWB) on OH-QOL reports. This PhD dissertation is presented in the “Publishable Style”. The journals which hold the copyrights for the papers published from this thesis have given permission for the reproduction of the text and figures for this dissertation. The preliminary data confirmed that the CPQ11-14 is sensitive to change when used with children receiving orthodontic treatment. Our cross-sectional findings indicated that the impact of malocclusion on OH-QOL is substantial in children with low SE and identified SE as a salient determinant of OH-QOL in children seeking orthodontic treatment. Longitudinal data, on the other hand, detected significant improvement of OH-QOL outcomes after orthodontic treatment. As postulated, these improvements were most evident for the social and emotional domains of OH-QOL. However, covariate analysis emphasized the important role psychological factors play in moderating OH-QOL reports, as children with better PWB were more likely to report better OH-QOL regardless of their orthodontic treatment status. These results substantiate the validity of contemporary models of patient-based outcomes linking biological, personal, social, and environmental factors. Researchers and clinicians are encouraged to adopt this forward thinking approach when dealing with children with oro-facial conditions. Further studies with larger samples and longer follow-ups would be of value to expand on these findings.	PhD	health	3
Agyepong, Rosina	Dei, George Jerry Sefa	Black Focused Schools in Toronto: What do African-Canadian Parents Say?	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2010-11	Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine how parents of African descent understand the African-centered school concept as an alternative education to the mainstream public school in Toronto. While we cannot ignore the success stories of some Black students in the school system, the reality remains that the academic performance of some shows a downward trend. Hence, concerned educators and members of the African-Canadian community suggest the need for the establishment of a Black focused or African-centered school as an alternative to the mainstream public school. This will allow students to learn more effectively because they are culturally grounded and will be able to link issues of individual or group identities with what goes on at school. This qualitative research relied principally on in-depth interviews with twenty African-Canadian parents who have children in the mainstream public schools in Toronto. It assumes that parents are important stakeholders in their children’s education so their views on problems and the need for an alternative form of schooling have significant implications for the academic performance of Black youth. The data from my study and available literature make it evident that despite the introduction of African heritage and multicultural programs and anti-racist education, profound problems still exist for Black youth in the mainstream public schools. The findings indicate that out of twenty, a majority of seventeen African-Canadian parents support the establishment of African-centered schools as an alternative to the mainstream public school. All participants interviewed agree that discrimination, prejudice and stereotyping in mainstream public schools are major problems for their children. The parents’ narratives show that the establishment of an African-centered school as an alternative to the mainstream public school is a way to combat the discrimination and prejudice Black youth encounter at school. The parents believe Black focused schools should be a major preoccupation of educational personnel, school boards and policy makers. Finally the implications of establishing an African-centered school to address the needs of Black youth and directions for future research are discussed.	PhD	educat	4
Aharonson, Barak Simcha	Silverman, Brian S.	The Technological Landscape: Competition and Opportunity	Management	2008-11	Technological position is a dimension along which organizations can either differentiate from or mimic the behavior of other organizations in the technological landscape. This paper is aimed at providing empirical evidence of the specific ways in which an organization’s technological position choice is impacted by the tension that arises from technological co-location; the information available to the focal firm; and the focal firm’s usage of such information. In this dissertation I examine the factors influencing technological agglomerations in technological positions in the technological landscape. I further examine how the organization’s experience impacts its strategic positioning choice while facing the tradeoff between the expected derivatives of co-location - opportunities and competition. I argue and find that an organization strategically positions itself in the technological landscape based not only on the information it has gathered on its technological environment but also using its own experience and information. Further, my findings show that the organization’s technological positioning choice reflects the tension between opportunity and competition, which questions the notion of isomorphism.	PhD	innovation, industr	9
Ahmed, Abdelsalam E	Zu, Jean	Design, Modelling and Analysis of Triboelectric Nanogenerators	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2018-06	In today’s world, energy storage has become a critical issue in energy generation and harvesting technologies. As a result, research efforts in the sustainable energy discipline have consistently focused on the generation of energy from environmentally-friendly sources. Recently, a fundamentally new technology, triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), has been demonstrated for its unique merits that include considerable output power, high efficiency, and cost-effective materials. There is a significant body of research focusing on designing TENG; however, there are no guidelines for developing improved TENG designs and structures. To address this challenge, this work introduces TENG design guidelines experimental and computational designs. Furthermore, this dissertation has two primary objectives: (1) to develop accurate 3D multi-physics finite element model (FEA) and (2) to perform a detailed techno-economic life cycle assessment. The developed FEA is used to determine appropriate TENG geometries offering an optimal efficiency for such a design. Experimentally, different case studies are developed for water wave, and wind energy harvesting. Regarding water wave energy, a duck-shaped TENG is proposed to achieve an instantaneous output power up to 1.366 W.m-2. As for wind energy, TENG and Darrieus conventional turbines are compared, with results predicting the unique advantages offered by TENG at low rotation speed. Moreover, inspired by the hummingbird-wing structure, we proposed a TENG design that attained 1.5 W m-2 peak electrical output. In addition, an 11 life cycle environmental metrics are determined. The environmental impact of the selected TENGs is lower compared to traditional photovoltaics technologies. Moreover, The Levelized Cost of Electricity of selected TENGs is also very sensitive to the module efficiency and is expected to be lower than that of other energy technologies if the modules’ efficiencies and lifetimes exceed 25% and 15 years, respectively.	Ph.D.	water, environment, wind, energy	6, 7, 13
AHMED, KHALID	Teichman, Judith	The Impact of Geopolitical Interests on Peace Negotiations: A Critical Analysis of the Role of Third-Party Mediation in the Horn of Africa – The Case of Sudan	Political Science	2018-11	As a greater number of sub-national groups demand secession, the theory of mediation finds itself without concrete principles with which to respond. This research endeavors to introduce a critical theory discourse in mediation literature on the role of superpower intervention. I explore two shortcomings in mediation literature. First, unlike critiques available elsewhere, superpower participation in peace mediation is not considered a form of superpower hegemony. My research suggests that superpowers utilize mediation to serve their interests while ostensibly appearing to be ‘assisting’ the locals, out of humanitarian impulse, to restore ‘peace’ and ‘prosperity’. Second, despite the intricate nature of secessionist wars, they are not accorded appropriate consideration. In secessionist wars, separatist groups actively enlist the support of superpowers sympathetic to their cause. This research is guided by two questions: does mediation literature address how superpowers mediate secessionist conflicts in which they are sympathetic to the cause of separatist groups? And, if such analysis exists, does it attempt to deconstruct critically how superpowers enlist regional and local allies to influence the outcome of negotiations in favour of their own interests in secession? Using two case studies in Sudan, my findings illustrate that the negative role of superpower hegemony in mediation processes has been neglected and depoliticized in mediation literature. I argue that mediation literature should not rely on superpower leverage to mediate an end to secessionist wars ― embodied in the form of state-led Track I diplomacy processes ― since it only provides ready-made resolutions and legitimizes foreign intervention and exploitation. Therefore, I further argue that for mediation theory to be more relevant and useful in fostering an indigenous end to secessionist wars they are better off utilizing non-state actors ― as in the form of Track II diplomacy ― to mediate secessionist wars. Non-state actors, void of state interests, have the capacity to facilitate greater inter-elite negotiations, which, in turn, will strengthen local ownership of peace processes and foster consensus on indigenous resolutions.	Ph.D.	peace	16
Ahmed, Mavra	L'Abbe, Mary R	Assessments of Dietary Intakes of Canadian Armed Forces Consuming Field Rations	Nutritional Sciences	2017-11	Military personnel frequently encounter metabolically challenging training or deployment conditions and are known to not eat enough during these field operations. Such conditions also make it challenging to collect accurate dietary intake data using traditional dietary assessment methods. The specific objectives of this thesis were to assess energy and nutrient intakes of a convenience sample of CAF personnel consuming: 1a) home diets and; 1b) ad libitum field rations at home; 2) ad libitum field rations under different temperature conditions with strenuous activities vs. sedentary in a laboratory setting; and 3) field rations during a 5-day winter weather field exercise. Additionally, 4) a mobile tablet application for dietary assessment of military personnel was evaluated. Energy intakes were similar between home diets and from ad libitum consumption of field rations at home but CAF participantsâ had less than recommended intakes of some micronutrients. In a temperature and humidity-controlled chamber with simulated military-type tasks, energy intakes were similar between treatments of varying temperatures with strenuous physical activity in comparison with the sedentary treatment. Energy consumption did not increase during the rest of the day upon completion of the treatments. During the winter weather field exercise, participants had insufficient energy intakes in relation to their measured energy expenditures, resulting in a significant weight loss. An electronic tablet application was found to be a valid method of assessing dietary intakes from field rations. Overall, this thesis characterized home diets of a sample of CAF personnel and demonstrated that reduced energy intake is not due to ration palatability, time to prepare or eat the food in an acute setting. Using the best available dietary assessment methodologies, this thesis demonstrated that energy intakes did not increase in harsh environmental temperatures with strenuous physical activities even with ample time to eat and food prepared on request and showed that during a winter weather field exercise, participants exhibited â voluntary anorexiaâ (under-consumption of food) and weight loss, which has implications for potential impairments in performance and health of CAF personnel during longer duration deployments. Additionally, the use of mobile technology enables accurate dietary intake assessments of military personnel.	Ph.D.	food	2
Airia, Parisa	Eyssen, Gail	From Education to Tumour Characteristics in Colorectal Cancer: An Analysis of the Pathways.	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2013-11	Background: Genetic and environmental factors have been associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. However, their association with prognosis has been less studied. Methods: Path analysis was employed to examine causal pathways from education to environmental (diet, alcohol, smoking, physical activity) and personal factors (screening), and then to obesity and ultimately to tumour characteristics (stage, grade, microsatellite instability (MSI), and site) that are associated with CRC prognosis. Data came from the Ontario Familial Colon Cancer Registry. Pathways were evaluated for effect modification by sex and two indicators of CRC genetic susceptibility (Bethesda criteria and newly identified familial cancer clusters). Results: Four food patterns (healthy foods, high-fat foods, sweet and processed foods, and oriental foods) and four nutrient patterns (total macronutrient, fat vs. carbohydrate, and micronutrients from supplements and from foods) were identified. Education was associated positively with healthy lifestyle factors (e.g. healthy foods factor) and negatively with unhealthy factors (e.g. smoking). As expected, high body mass index (BMI) was associated with lower physical activity and higher fat vs. carbohydrate factor. Unexpectedly, BMI was positively associated with the healthy foods factor among Bethesda positive patients and men. An association between education and BMI was mediated by the healthy foods factor and by physical activity. Important poor prognostic factors, higher grade and stage, were associated with smoking and not being screened. However, unexpected associations included a positive association of physical activity with tumour grade among Bethesda positive patients and a positive association of healthy foods with stage among Bethesda negative patients. Patients with right-sided tumours were more likely to receive micronutrients from supplements, and screening and less likely to smoke, and for men, to have a high BMI, high fat diet and healthy food diet. Conclusion: Some unhealthy lifestyle factors, such as smoking and a high fat food dietary pattern, are associated with adverse CRC tumour characteristics and so may affect the prognosis. Family history may modify some associations though the findings require independent confirmation.	PhD	food, health	2, 3
Aitken, Madison	Martinussen, Rhonda	School-based Screening for Mental Health Difficulties in Primary Grade Children: Psychometrics, Incremental Validity, and Patterns of Co-occurring Difficulties	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2016-11	The demand for childrenâ s mental health services in Ontario exceeds available resources and, as a result, alternative approaches such as delivering mental health services in the school system may be needed. Within the school system, universal screening has been recommended as a method of identifying mental health difficulties early and beginning to provide intervention. If schools are to implement such screening programs, they must select appropriate screening measures and informants and be prepared to meet the needs of the children identified as at-risk. This process is complicated by high rates of co-occurrence among mental health difficulties, social and academic difficulties. The overall goal of this dissertation is to contribute to knowledge in the area of school-based mental health screening in terms of instruments, informants and the predominant patterns of co-occurring difficulties in elementary school children. Three studies will be presented, all of which involve the same community sample of 501 children in Grades 1 to 3. In the first study, confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the construct validity of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), a potentially useful screening measure that has received little research attention in Canada. The results support the five-factor structure of parent and teacher SDQ ratings. Adequate internal consistency and inter-rater agreement were also found. The second study used negative binomial regression to test the hypothesis that parent ratings of symptoms as well as parent and teacher ratings of impairment contribute to more accurate screening than teacher symptom ratings alone. The results suggest that the most useful combination of screening data includes teacher symptom and impairment ratings and parent impairment ratings. The third study used latent class analysis to identify patterns of co-occurrence among some of the most common childhood difficulties: internalizing, externalizing, inattention/hyperactivity, social, and reading difficulties. The results indicate that a significant number of non-referred elementary school children experience difficulties in two or more important aspects of functioning. Collectively, these findings provide an important foundation that may guide future research on and implementation of school-based mental health screening in terms of selecting measures and informants and anticipating potential patterns of need in young children.	Ph.D.	health	3
Ajandi, Jennifer	Eichler, Margrit	Overcoming Barriers and Finding Strengths: The Lives of Single Mother Students in University	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2011-06	The impetus for this study came from my own history of being a single mother while completing my undergraduate degree and the struggles that entailed. The research uncovers both the barriers and facilitators experienced by single mothers in undergraduate programs in a Canadian context and utilizes a framework of access and equity in education. The co-participants belonged to diverse social and political identities in terms of age, race and ethnicity, sexuality, (dis)ability, and countries of birth. All the women attended universities in Southern Ontario. Twenty-five women agreed to be interviewed in either a group or individual interview. Co-participants were encouraged to contribute to the design and analysis of the study wherever possible. Previous research based in the United States conceptualized single mother students as social assistance recipients and explored their difficulties within this context. This study suggests using a wider lens to include other experiences identified by co-participants and the literature review. The study locates barriers both within the university as well as in the larger society such as interpersonal violence, stress, financial insecurity, racism and other forms of discrimination. However, it also identifies supports and strengths single mothers encountered such as family, friends, children as motivation, professors, on-campus supports, and critical pedagogy, all of which were largely missing from previous research. Many women challenged the often pathologizing dominant discourse and instead described single motherhood as empowering, independent, and liberating as compared to being a part of a traditional nuclear family. Co-participants also identified feeling isolated, discussions around which engendered a social group outside of the research project. By creating awareness of the needs of diverse single mother students, this project aims to disrupt the still-prevalent notion of the “traditional student” and accompanying policies and practices in institutions of education and the wider community. While much has been documented in Canada about the need for access, equity, and inclusive schooling, single mothers in particular have not been a main focus and included among other intersections of identity. The findings from this study address this gap and contribute to the literature.	PhD	educat, inclusive, gender, women	4, 5
Ajodhia-Andrews, Amanda Devi	Gérin-Lajoie, Diane	Bridging Understandings of Differences, Learning and Inclusion: Voices of Minoritized Students	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2013-11	Many Canadian children from minority status groups experience long-term academic complexities, influencing their sense of school belonging and engagement (Willms, 2003; Willms & Flanagan, 2007). Research demonstrates children with intersecting differences of race, ethnicity, language, and disability, and those in their middle years (10-13 years old), undergo heightened academic challenges (Blanchett, Klingner, & Harry, 2009; Cobbold, 2005). Within Toronto, one of the most diverse Canadian cities, this study explores the narratives of 6 middle years children with intersecting differences of race, ethnicity, language, and disabilities. The narratives highlight participants’ understandings of differences, learning, and inclusion. Specifically, what are marginalized children’s personal schooling experiences, and how may these insights support inclusive learning, teaching, and sense of belonging? Underpinned by conceptual lenses of (a) critical theory, from which stems critical pedagogy and critical multicultural education, and (b) the “new sociology of childhood” (Greene & Hogan, 2005), which includes social constructivist and participatory frames, this study employed qualitative narrative and critical discourse analysis research methods throughout 7 research sessions over a 4 month period. Accessing children’s multiple views, data collection included a “mosaic” (Clark & Moss, 2001) multi-method approach, such as semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions, writing activities, imaginative story games, photography, and drawings. The children’s narratives are re-presented as portrait narrative summaries within this paper. Surfacing findings include two predominant themes: (a) Participants’ conceptualizations of differences, race, ethnicity, language, culture, disability, and autism. Participants’ views relate to theories of denying differences, colour blindness, White discourse, and Othering; and (b) Interconnecting factors of inclusive and exclusive elements contributing to participants’ overall sense of school belonging. Additionally this theme highlights matters of meritocracy, individualization, and the “good” student. Underscoring both themes are notions of normalcy, and deficit and deficient-based discourses. Inviting student voice into educational conversations and research processes, this study demonstrates the importance of listening to voices of children with intersecting differences, as they may adeptly advance areas of inclusion and diversity.	PhD	cities, inclusive, educat	4, 11
Akbari, Saidal	Nurul Habib, Khandker M	Land-use and Transportation Interactions through the Lenses of Two-Worker Households, Rising Commuting Costs and Transit-Oriented Development	Civil Engineering	2018-06	Integrated land-use and transportation planning is critical for dealing with the challenges of urbanization and for ensuring the social, economic and environmental sustainability of our cities. Effective planning requires a proper understanding of land-use and transportation interactions. To improve this understanding, the research conducted in this dissertation includes empirical studies to examine interactions in the contexts of two-worker households, rising commuting costs and transit-oriented development. First, econometric models are developed to examine the relationship between factors related to the transportation network and the land-use configuration of two-worker households. Geometrical variables are utilized as descriptors of the land-use configuration and are used to draw relationships with commuting modal accessibility and commuting trade-offs. Second, discrete choice models are developed to examine household choices concerning land-use configuration in the event of significant increases in commuting costs. A discrete choice model is also developed to examine the direction of home location choice relative to the workplace. Framing the model in this manner enables the identification of factors that may contribute to urban sprawl. Third, empirical models are developed to examine travel behaviour in the context of transit-oriented development. Trip generation models for rail trips with walk access/egress are developed to identify the influence of station-level attributes and characteristics of the surrounding environment. The Living Near Transit survey is then designed to collect disaggregate household-level data from households who reside within a walking catchment area of GO Transit rail stations. The collected data is used to develop a behavioural model that identifies specific demographic factors and transit-oriented development characteristics that influence mode choices. The empirical studies in this dissertation contribute to the existing body of literature by revealing new findings of land-use and transportation interactions in the three noted contexts and have corresponding policy implications.	Ph.D.	cities, urban, environment	11, 13
AKENA, Adyanga Francis	Wane, Nathani Njoki	Integrating African Indigenous Science into the Faculties of Higher Education Curriculum in Uganda	Humanities, Social Sciences and Social Justice Education	2014-06	This study examines African Indigenous Science (AIS) in higher education in Uganda. To achieve this, I use anticolonial theory and Indigenous knowledge discursive frameworks to situate the subjugation of Indigenous science from the education system within a colonial historical context. These theories allow for a critical examination of the intersection of power relations rooted in the politics of knowledge production, validation, and dissemination, and how this process has become a systemic and complex method of subjugating one knowledge system over the other. I also employ qualitative and autoethnographic research methodologies. Using a qualitative research method, I interviewed 10 students and 10 professors from two universities in Uganda. My research was guided by the following key questions: What is African Indigenous Science? What methodology would help us to indigenize science education in Uganda? How can we work with Indigenous knowledge and anticolonial theoretical discursive frameworks to understand and challenge the dominance of Eurocentric knowledge in mainstream education?My research findings revealed that AIS can be defined in multiple ways, in other words, there is no universal definition of AIS. However, there were some common elements that my participants talked about such as: (a) knowledge by Indigenous communities developed over a long period of time through a trial and error approach to respond to the social, economic and political challenges of their society. The science practices are generational and synergistic with other disciplines such as history, spirituality, sociology, anthropology, geography, and trade among others, (b) a cumulative practice of the use, interactions with and of biotic and abiotic organism in everyday life for the continued existence of a community in its' totality. The research findings also indicate that Indigenous science is largely lacking from Uganda's education curriculum because of the influence of colonial and post-colonial education. Graduates of the colonial education system who are manning education in the country have themselves come to disdain Indigenous knowledge. The major findings from the study were: 1) participants' articulation of Indigenous science; 2) influence of organized religion on African Indigenous Science; 3) dominance of professors' foreign experiences in determining curriculum content; 4) protection of intellectual property rights for Indigenous science; and 5) collaborative research between Indigenous and Western scholars to enhance attitude change toward Indigenous science.	Ph.D.	rights, inclusive	4, 16
Akers, Joshua	Hackworth, Jason	Decline Industry: The Market Production of Detroit	Geography	2013-11	Declining cities are active sites of capital accumulation. Spaces of decline mark a shift in accumulation strategies rather than a withdrawal of capital. These practices are extended through the deployment of law and policy that privilege private markets and embed market logics in urban governance. The production of urban decline is deepened and extended in the relationship of capital and the state through law and policy. Fundamental to these activities is a conception of private property as the driving force in creating stability and growth within urban areas. The ideological power invested and manifested in private property has driven many of the policy responses to urban decline over the past two decades. The centering of private property as the foundation of urban growth generates policy approaches that appear incapable of addressing the deepening social inequalities of urban life and the uneven development of cities in North America. Declining cities are frequent sites of market-based intervention, yet the outcomes of policies that have entrenched and deepened decline are attributed to the absence or withdrawal of capital rather than the active practices of accumulation. The development and deployment of laws and policies that conceptualize property as merely a stabilizing force, obscures the practices of property, and allow destructive forces of speculative and predatory investment to persist and expand. This work identifies shifting accumulation strategies in spaces of decline. It is a study of activity rather than absence or loss. This allows three interventions in urbanization more broadly and declining cities specifically. First, it integrates declining cities into broader discussions on urbanization and neoliberalization. Second, by exploring declining cities as active sites, the cases both unsettle and expand current understandings of disinvestment, the reach of financialization, and the sites targeted for policy development and transfer. Finally, given the current trajectory of urban austerity, the downloading of crisis to the local level, spaces of decline demonstrate possible trajectories and outcomes as austerity is an already ongoing process in these cities. It also demonstrates how these policies and practice are multi-directional and multi-scalar.	PhD	cities, urban, production, governance	11, 12, 16
Akhavan, Tina	Anderson, G. Harvey	The Effect of Whey Protein on Short-term Food Intake and Post-meal Glycemic Regulation in Young Adults	Nutritional Sciences	2012-06	The hypothesis that consumption of whey protein (WP) prior to a meal suppresses short-term food intake and reduces post-meal glycemia by insulin-dependent and -independent mechanisms in healthy young adults was explored in three studies. Study one investigated the effect of solid vs. liquid forms of WP (50 g) and sucrose (75 g) on food intake at 1 h. Whey protein, whether in solid or liquid form, suppressed food intake more than sucrose. Study two examined the effect of WP (10-40 g) consumed 30 min prior to a meal on food intake, and pre- and post-meal blood concentrations of glucose and insulin. Whey protein reduced food intake and post-meal glycemia in a dose-dependent manner without increased blood insulin concentrations. In the third study, glycemic control after WP was compared with glucose, at doses of 10 and 20 g. Both pre-meal WP and glucose consumption reduced post-meal glycemia similarly. However, WP resulted in lower pre-meal blood glucose and delayed gastric emptying, lower pre-and post-meal and overall insulin secretion and concentrations and higher GLP-1 and PYY concentrations compared with glucose. Thus, the results of this research support the hypothesis that consumption of WP prior to a meal suppresses short-term food intake and reduces post-meal glycemia by insulin-dependent and -independent mechanisms in healthy young adults.	PhD	food	2
Akhtar, Umme Salma	Evans, Greg J||Scott, Jeremy A	In vitro Toxicological Study of Particulate Matter and the Relationship with Physicochemical Properties of Particles	Chemical Engineering Applied Chemistry	2015-06	Numerous epidemiological and toxicological studies have reported substantial evidence linking airborne particulate matter (PM) exposure to adverse health effects. PM-initiated oxidative stress at the cellular level is considered a potential mechanism contributing the pathogenesis of cardiopulmonary diseases. However, there remain major gaps in knowledge about the relationship between toxicity and the physicochemical properties of PM. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different source-related and size-fractionated ambient PM on cellular responses to identify relevant physicochemical properties (e.g., size, composition, and redox activity) of particles that could be responsible for the effects. Another objective was to evaluate whether progressive oxidative stress-induced cellular responses (i.e., activation of antioxidant defence at lower level of oxidative stress, followed by inflammatory response, and ultimately cell death as the stress level increases) represent a potential biological mechanism affecting cells in all size fractions. For this purpose, different source-related Standard Reference Materials (industrial, urban, and diesel PM), and size-fractionated ambient coarse, fine, and ultrafine PM (collected from Toronto, Canada) were tested. A549 cells were exposed to different PM doses for certain duration. After exposure, the cells were analyzed for different biological responses and the responses were then compared with available physicochemical properties of the PM. This study demonstrated that exposure to PM can initiate mass-dependent antioxidant, proinflammatory, and cytotoxic responses. Among the different source and size-related PM, transition metal-enriched industrial and coarse PM exhibited the greatest cytotoxic effect, whereas organic compound-enriched ultrafine PM caused significant induction of antioxidant defence. Correlation analyses with chemical constituents suggested transition metals and organic compounds were associated with the observed biological responses. However, the observed biological responses could not be explained by particle size or composition alone. Both of these properties should be considered when explaining the observed PM toxicity. This study also showed that ultrafine PM initiated the hypothesized progressive biological responses, whereas different biological pathways might be involved in coarse and fine PM. Overall, this study demonstrated that the cellular responses varied substantially after in vitro exposure to PM from different sources and ultrafine PM could be as potent as coarse and fine PM.	Ph.D.	health	3
Akl, Ahmad	Mihailidis, Alex	Automatic Detection of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults Using Unobtrusive Sensing Technologies	Biomedical Engineering	2016-06	The public health implications of growing numbers of older adults at risk for dementia place pressure on identifying dementia at its earliest stages so as to develop proactive management plans. However, this capability of early detection is very challenging with the contemporary detection process in the form of conventional clinician visits, which are typically not sensitive to detecting mild cognitive or functional decline. Fortunately, some studies have documented that changes in motor capabilities precede and may be indicative of cognitive impairment. A major motivation for this thesis was: can we utilize changes in motor capabilities and activity patterns to automatically predict the onset of dementia in older adults through continuous monitoring using unobtrusive sensors? Many studies have demonstrated that the prodromal dementia phase commonly identified as mild cognitive impairment is an important target for this early detection of impending dementia amenable to treatment. Consequently, in this thesis we explored different approaches for the automatic detection of mild cognitive impairment using unobtrusive sensing technologies. We started off by exploring the feasibility of detecting mild cognitive impairment in older adults using a number of predefined measures associated with their in-home walking speed. We were able to achieve this goal with an area under the ROC curve and an area under the precision-recall curve of 0.97 and 0.93, respectively, using a time frame of 24 weeks. We were also very interested in exploring the feasibility of detecting mild cognitive impairment in older adults using changes in their activity patterns. We used inhomogeneous Poisson processes to build generalized linear models of older adults' activity that would model their presence in different rooms throughout the day. Using these models, we extracted very interesting insights and visualized significant changes in older adults' activity patterns as they started experiencing cognitive impairment. Finally, we devised a method for automatic detection of mild cognitive impairment using changes in older adults' activity models, and we achieved this goal with an F0.5 score of 85.6 percent. We also investigated the two subtypes of mild cognitive impairment, namely the amnestic and the non-amnestic subtypes, and made very interesting observations.	Ph.D.	health	3
Akram, Saadia	Moodley, Roy	A Qualitative Study of the Process of Acculturation and Coping for South Asian Muslim Immigrants Living in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA)	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2012-06	The present study explores the nature of coping mechanisms among South Asian Muslim immigrants living in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) who have been living in Canada between three to five years and experienced acculturation challenges and depression. Thirteen immigrants (seven females and six males) were interviewed to share their stories of personal experiences of settlement and acculturation in Canada. These interviews were analyzed using the grounded theory approach to develop themes and sub-themes to understand and interpret the data. The findings reveal that the research participants experienced a number of acculturation challenges (feeling different, feeling excluded, disruption in the family and material differences) which led to depression. During the course of their depression participants experienced certain events which became turning points in their lives, subsequently motivating them to change the way in which they live. They sought out particular kinds of support and coping mechanisms which helped them to settle, integrate and belong to the Canadian culture. The midlevel grounded theory that has emerged from participants’ responses is discussed. Recommendations are made to inform mental health professionals to incorporate these coping mechanisms in delivering culturally sensitive services to the target population. Study implications for theory, psychotherapy, counselling and other mental health practices and future research in the area of settlement and adaption of newcomers in Canada are discussed.	EDD	health	3
Akrong, Alberta O.	Akrong, Alberta O.||Wane, Njoki N.	Non-Formal Literacy Education For Rural Women's Empowerment in Ghana: A Micro Level Analysis	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2014-11	Much as knowledge is rationally perceived as power with ability to construct identity, and facilitate social interaction, most women in rural areas in Ghana are unable to read or write in a local language as they missed out on schooling for socio-cultural and structural reasons. Yet, literacy is discounted as an element of personal transformation as well as a skill to possibly and cogently bridge the gender-parity gap in education through empowerment projects. The reason being; non-formal education programmes which engender acquisition of literacy skills is disparaged as an alternative form of learning in education planning at the detriment of marginalized populations and women in particular. But how can one read the world without the word (Freire Macedo, 1987)? This study primarily identifies the linkage between literacy and women's empowerment; interrogates the prognosis between literacy and personal transformation; and examines the methods employed by Non Formal Education Division to systematise learning to achieve this goal in Ghana. It is an empirical qualitative multi-sited research conducted in four rural locations in Accra to critically investigate how non-formal education is represented in social development. The study's analytical framework is set within a feminist methodology and grounded theory, and draws on transformative learning Mezirow (2000) and empowerment Stromquist (1995) as conceptual frameworks to explore the epistemology and subjective change respectively. The findings report: interest in literacy is dynamic but implicates government indifference with respect to non-formal education as it identifies, that instable governance, funding and state bureaucracy encumber institution and programme effectiveness and this deprive citizens their right to education. Learner interest has equally shifted from gender-role reinforcement literacy to that of empowered literacy to include: income-generating and employable skills, multi-language learning, women's co-operative formation, and micro credit opportunities. The study concludes with a five-frame proposal for NFED institutional strengthening for effective governance, public engagement and fundraising towards sustainable literacy for development.	Ph.D.	educat, gender, women, rural, institution, governance	4, 5, 11, 16
Akseer, Nadia	Bhutta, Zulfiqar A	Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition in Afghanistan	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2018-11	Afghanistan is an impoverished conflict-prone nation with some of the worst documented maternal and child health and survival indicators worldwide. Entering a period of relative stability after the 2001 US-led upheaval of Taliban governance, Afghanistan had, for the first time in decades, an opportunity for redevelopment and growth. Government, along with development partners, funders, civil society, NGOs and the global community, came together to rapidly expand basic infrastructure, strengthen the health care system, and to scale-up health services throughout the overwhelmingly rural population. This dissertation’s aim was to systematically document progress and determinants of maternal and child health intervention utilization and nutrition during the 2001 to 2014 time period, and to identify remaining geographical and socioeconomic inequalities. First, I examine determinants of improvements in two critical markers of maternal and newborn health and survival (skilled birth attendance and institutional deliveries) from 2003 to 2011 using nationally-representative survey data. Next, a thorough assessment of the socioeconomic and regional inequalities in essential reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health (RMNCH) interventions in Afghanistan is presented. Finally, I conduct modeling exercises of the basic, underlying and immediate determinants of undernutrition among children (	Ph.D.	governance, institution, rural, infrastructure, health, nutrition. Socioeconomic	1, 2, 3, 9, 11, 16
Akseer, Spogmai	Magnusson, Jamie-Lynn	Learning in a Militarized Context: Exploring Afghan Women’s Experiences of Higher Education in ‘Post-Conflict’ Afghanistan	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2015-11	This study examines the repercussions of the war on terror and subsequent occupation of Afghanistan, on the daily (gendered) life experiences of Afghan women. I argue that such wars are markers of the shifts in global capitalist accumulation processes, from exporting ‘goods’ to the Global South, to now exporting capitalism. Specifically, the war on terror is the latest manifestation of monopoly finance capitalism, which leverages wars and insecurity in the Global South as lucrative sites for accumulating profits and (re)investments. Democratic ideals provide a ‘moral’ justification for mass militarism, human rights violations, torture and erosion of existing social and economic inequalities. Notions of freedom, equality or classlessness, which are important objectives of formal democracy, as well, colonialist and racist ideologies of Others have become effective mechanisms for capitalism to sustain and reproduce capitalist class relations. Education is an important site for socializing citizens toward accepting and participating as human capital in monopoly finance capitalism. Through the World Bank, higher education reforms in Afghanistan are endorsing neoliberal policies, even as these policies continue to contradict and exacerbate existing inequalities. Specifically, female education has become a key strategy in continued militarization and occupation in the country. In this study, I examine the contradictory ways in which female university students navigate through an increasingly militarized, violent and patriarchal terrain. Guided by a transnational feminist approach and a dialectical historical materialist framework, 19 female university students from 5 public and private universities were interviewed in Afghanistan. Findings suggest that the university is a contradictory site where participants mobilize new and old strategies for addressing gendered constraints in their lives, while simultaneously creating new ones. The implications of these findings suggest a need for extensive institutional and ideological support for women’s learning, and also improving home-school connections. The participants’ desire to learn and their concerns over increasing violence and insecurity, reveal the militarized nature of their learning, as well, the possibility for critical and transformative learning against imperialism, patriarchy and class relations.	Ph.D.	educat, gender, women, equality, institution, rights	4, 5, 16
Al Abdullatif, Awatif Mohamed	MacKeigan, Linda	The Provision of Pharmaceutical Care in Oman: Practice and Perceived Facilitators and Barriers to Implementation	Pharmaceutical Sciences	2014-06	Objectives: The study purpose was to determine the extent of the implementation of pharmaceutical care (PC) in Oman and factors affecting its implementation. Methods: A cross-sectional mail survey of all practicing pharmacists in Oman based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was conducted. The survey instrument was informed by a focus group study to identify behavioral, normative, and control beliefs amongst pharmacists in three practice settings. Results: The survey useable response rate was 61.2%. Participants provided PC activities between `sometimes' and `most of the time'; however, provision of advanced PC activities was limited. Provision of PC did not significantly differ across inpatient, outpatient, and community settings. Clinical knowledge, communication skills, pharmacist time, and adequate staffing were common facilitators across practice settings; worry about responsibility and culturally-based gender issues regarding patient care were common barriers. While having a private counseling area, and access to patient records and to drug information databases were facilitators identified in the public sector, their absence was a barrier in community pharmacies. Reimbursement was the main barrier in the private sector. Country of origin was significantly related to pharmacists' beliefs about providing PC; specifically, Omani pharmacists had significantly different behavioral, normative, and control beliefs than their South Asian counterparts. All constructs of the TPB (attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control) were significant predictors of intention to provide PC, but the added construct--past behavior recency was not. The overall variance explained in intention was 43%. Of the two predictors of behavior in the TPB model, only perceived behavioral control was significant; intention was not. The explained variance in PC behavior was 13.0%. Conclusions: This is the first study to examine the implementation of PC in Oman. The findings of this study will inform the development of strategies for advancing PC practice, a mandate of Ministry of Health and the pharmacy profession in Oman. The TPB was useful for explaining pharmacists' intention to provide PC; however, a longitudinal study is recommended to test its predictive validity for PC behavior.	Ph.D.	health	3
Al-Bader, Sara	Singer, Peter A.	Science-based Health Innovation in Sub-Saharan Africa	Medical Science	2011-11	Policy making bodies are increasingly highlighting the important role innovation can play in African development─not only to spur economic growth but also to deliver locally relevant, affordable products and services to African populations. The health sector is one area where innovation is most needed; however, we know very little about the capacity of African countries to innovate in this area. At the same time, a range of conceptual questions have arisen in the academic literature as to the very definition of innovation in an African context, and specifically, the applicability of the National Innovation System (NIS) to African countries. Through detailed case study research of science-based health firms in South Africa, of the NIS health system of Ghana, and by comparing these data with data collected in Uganda and Tanzania, I shed light on these questions from an empirical perspective. I find that science-based health innovation is a complex field, and whilst institutions can help or hinder its viability, the current state of health innovation in SSA can be attributed primarily to individual entrepreneurs with strong networks, who are taking risks in a largely non-enabling environment. I find that, more important for innovation, is the ability to access global knowledge–through appropriate policies and strong partnerships–and the capacity to apply it locally. For this, tacit knowledge, or “learning-by-doing,”’ to respond to consumer demand and achieve regional product penetration, is vital. My results show that the traditional focus on knowledge - or science-heavy innovation - will simply not capture the true extent of health innovation in SSA countries. Furthermore, science-based health innovation is clearly not one thing, and it is, for example, important to understand how plant medicine innovation fit in. The aims, intentions, and impacts of African health research on the countries themselves are rather vague, which constrains innovation at all levels.	PhD	health, economic growth, innovation, consum, institution	3, 8, 12, 16
Alali, Abdulaziz	Nathens, B. Avery	Process of Care and Outcome of Critically Ill Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2014-06	This thesis used clinical epidemiology methods to examine the relationship between process of care and outcome of critically ill patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). First, I evaluated the association between intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring use and mortality after severe TBI at the patient-level and at the hospital-level. ICP monitoring use was associated with lower mortality at the patient-level [adjusted odds ratio (OR) was 0.44; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.31-0.63] and at the hospital-level (adjusted OR for death in the quartile of hospitals with highest use compared to the lowest was 0.52; 95% CI: 0.35-0.78). The main implication is that wider utilization of ICP monitoring in managing severe TBI appears warranted pending further studies. Second, I evaluated whether decompressive craniectomy or barbiturate coma provides better value, in terms of health effects and costs, for the management of refractory intracranial hypertension following TBI. Decompressive craniectomy resulted in greater quality-adjusted life expectancy relative to barbiturate coma [average gain was 1.5 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs)] but at higher costs (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was $9,565/QALY gained). The main implication is that decompressive craniectomy, for this indication, is a more attractive strategy relative to barbiturate coma at commonly accepted willingness-to-pay thresholds. Third, I examined the relationship between tracheostomy timing and outcomes of TBI patients. Early tracheostomy (	Ph.D.	health	3
Alavi, Sina	Mostaghimi, Javad	New Approaches to High Efficiency Inductively Coupled Plasma Analytical Atomic Spectrometry	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2018-06	Two new strategies have been proposed for reducing the gas and energy consumption of ICP sources, in the first place, and improving their analytical performance, in the second place, for analytical atomic spectrometry. In the first strategy, a system was designed to collect the exhaust argon from the interface of an ICP-MS system, purify it, and recycle it back to the ICP torch. The experiments showed that the argon collection system was capable of withstanding the extreme temperatures of the plasma and collect most of the exhaust gas without disturbing the plasma. In the first stage of purifying the gas, a metal-foam heat exchanger coupled with a Peltier cooler was used to freeze the water content of the exhaust gas. In the second stage, a titanium-based heated filter was used to capture the other contaminants. The purification system was shown to be capable of purifying the exhaust argon for several hours of operation. In the second strategy, a new ICP torch was developed with significant reduction in gas and power consumption, but better analytical performance. Computer simulations were used extensively to design and optimize the torch based on the flow patterns, heat transfer, and electromagnetic field. This approach led to a new generation of ICP torches with a “conical” geometry. The new torch could work with up to 70% reduction in gas/energy consumption, at least 4 times higher power density, and a more stable plasma in comparison with the conventional “cylindrical” torches. Based on spectroscopic measurements, in comparison with the common Fassel-type torches, the new torch exhibited 1000–1700 K higher excitation/rotational temperature, 3 times higher robustness, 5 times higher electron density, less interference from easily-ionizable elements, and equal/better detection limits in multi-element analysis. It was further demonstrated that the whole vaporization/atomization/ionization of sample species could be completed in a shorter time using the new torch. Analyzing metal-tagged beads/cells with a commercial CyTOF2 mass cytometer showed that 50% reduction in event length and 2 times higher sensitivity could be achieved using the new torch. These improvements can potentially lead to higher sample throughput and shorter time of analysis per sample.	Ph.D.	energy	7
Alavy Ghahfarrokhy, Seyed Masih	Siegel, Jeffrey A	In-situ Measurement of Ventilation and Impacts of Filtration on IEQ and Energy use of Residential Buildings	Civil Engineering	2019-11	Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) impacts of filters in residential HVAC systems is a strong function of many HVAC system- and building-specific parameters. Furthermore, the energy consequences of filters can be important, and the magnitude and the sign of these energy impacts are system-specific as well. These system- and building-specific parameters can vary not only over different residential buildings, but also over the lifetime of a filter in a given building. A primary building-specific parameter that varies greatly over time is outdoor ventilation air change rate (ACR). ACR is not only an important particle removal mechanism, and a source of variations in filter IEQ performance, but it also is an important contributor to energy use in buildings. This work first critically reviews the existing literature on filtration and then presents an integrated evaluation of the overall IEQ and energy performance of higher efficiency residential filters. It also further develops the understanding of how ACR varies over time and how it influences filtration performance in residences. Yearlong measurement results from particle removal performance analysis of four different high efficiency filters placed in 21 residences in Toronto, Ontario showed that there was more variation in filter performance between the same filter in different homes than there was between different filters in the same home. In addition, increasing system runtime (ontime fraction) could also lead to higher particle removal impacts of filters. Study of energy consequences of the same filters in the same homes showed that fan energy consequences of high efficiency filters are negligible and because HVAC runtimes were generally low (median = 9.6%) in this sample of homes, the difference between energy consumption of different types of motor fans at typical runtimes was small (less than 10 kWh per month). Yearlong ACR measurements showed that ACR is a temporally dynamic parameter with timescales of minutes that varies considerably over long-term periods (e.g., geometric mean = 0.47/h, geometric standard deviation = 3.44 in one of the residences studied). Overall, this dissertation provides new methods and data for assessing the ventilation performance and impacts of filtration on IEQ and energy use of residential buildings.	Ph.D.	, buildings. Energy	7, 9
Albert, Alonso E. Gomez	Melino, Angelo	Essays in Market Integrations, and Economic Forecasting	Economics	2012-11	In this thesis I study two fields of empirical finance: market integration and economic forecasting. The first two chapters focus on studying regional integration of Mexican and U.S. equity markets. In the third chapter, I propose the use of the daily term structure of interest rates to forecast inflation. Each chapter is a free-standing essay that constitutes a contribution to the field of empirical finance and economic forecasting. In Chapter 1, I study the ability of multi-factor asset pricing models to explain the unconditional and conditional cross-section of expected returns in Mexico. Two sets of factors, local and foreign factors, are evaluated consistent with the hypotheses of segmentation and of integration of the international finance literature. Only one variable, the Mexican U.S. exchange rate, appears in the list of both foreign and local factors. Empirical evidence suggests that the foreign factors do a better job explaining the cross-section of returns in Mexico in both the unconditional and conditional versions of the model. This evidence provides some suggestive support for the hypothesis of integration of the Mexican stock exchange to the U.S. market. In Chapter 2, I study further the integration between Mexico and U.S. equity markets. Based on the result from chapter 1, I assume that the Fama and French factors are the mimicking portfolios of the underlying risk factors in both countries. Market integration implies the same prices of risk in both countries. I evaluate the performance of the asset pricing model under the hypothesis of segmentation (country dependent risk rewards) and integration over the 1990-2004 period. The results indicate a higher degree of integration at the end of the sample period. However, the degree of integration exhibits wide swings that are related to both local and global events. At the same time, the limitations that arise in empirical asset pricing methodologies with emerging market data are evident. The data set is short in length, has missing observations, and includes data from thinly traded securities. Finally, Chapter 3, coauthored with John Maheu and Alex Maynard, studies the ability of daily spreads at different maturities to forecast inflation. Many pricing models imply that nominal interest rates contain information on inflation expectations. This has lead to a large empirical literature that investigates the use of interest rates as predictors of future inflation. Most of these focus on the Fisher hypothesis in which the interest rate maturity matches the inflation horizon. In general, forecast improvements have been modest. Rather than use only monthly interest rates that match the maturity of inflation, this chapter advocates using the whole term structure of daily interest rates and their lagged values to forecast monthly inflation. Principle component methods are employed to combine information from interest rates across both the term structure and time series dimensions. Robust forecasting improvements are found as compared to the Fisher hypothesis and autoregressive benchmarks.	PhD	trade	10
Alcantara, Christopher	White, Graham	Deal? Or No Deal? Explaining Comprehensive Land Claims Negotiation Outcomes in Canada	Political Science	2008-11	In 1973, the Canadian government created the federal comprehensive land claims process to negotiate modern treaties with Aboriginal peoples in Canada. Despite 35 years of negotiations, many Aboriginal groups have failed to complete modern treaties. This dissertation explains why some Aboriginal groups have been able to complete modern treaties and why some have not. After examining four sets of negotiations in Newfoundland and Labrador and the Yukon Territory, I argue that scholars need to pay greater attention to the institutional framework governing treaty negotiations and to a number of factors relative to the Aboriginal groups.	PhD	institution	16
Aldughpassi, Ahmed	Wolever, Thomas M. S.	Physiological Effects of Barley: Examining the Effects of Cultivar, Processing and Food Form on Glycemia, Glycemic Index, Satiety and the Physico-chemical Properties of β-glucan	Nutritional Sciences	2013-11	Barley has been receiving increased attention as a human food due to the health benefits associated with β-glucan fiber and its potential as a low glycemic index (GI) functional food. Research has shown a relationship between the physico-chemical properties of β-glucan and the physiological effects, which may be altered by processing. However, it is not known if the physiological effects of consuming barley are affected by variations in chemical composition among cultivars or by common processing methods such as pearling or milling. The primary objective of this thesis was to characterize the effects of differences in cultivar starch and fibre content, level of pearling and milling on the GI, satiety and the physico-chemical properties of β-glucan. Nine barley cultivars varying in starch-type and β-glucan content were studied in three experiments in separate groups of ten healthy participants. Blood glucose and satiety ratings were measured and the GI was calculated. Total starch, total fibre, β-glucan, molecular weight (MW), solubility and β-glucan viscosity were determined in vitro. Results showed that GI varied by cultivar (CDC-Fibar, 26 ± 3 vs. AC-Parkhill, 35 ± 4, P < 0.05) and pearling (WG, 26 ± 4 vs. WP 35 ± 3, P < 0.05). When two cultivars were milled and processed to wet pasta the GI increased by 184% (P < 0.05). The pearled wet pasta had a significantly lower GI compared to the whole grain (P < 0.05). Boiled barley kernels tended to elicit greater satiety than white bread, but the difference was not significant. In both the boiled barley kernels and the wet pasta, pearling did not affect the MW, viscosity and solubility. MW did not significantly differ between cultivars but solubility and viscosity did (P < 0.05). The wet pasta had significantly lower MW, solubility, viscosity but not β-glucan content than the boiled barley kernels (P < 0.05). In conclusion, pearling did not have an effect but milling and extruding resulted in significant reduction in MW, solubility and viscosity. The GI of barley is influenced significantly by cultivar, pearling and milling. Further studies are required to determine the effect on satiety.	PhD	food, health, consum	2, 3, 12
Aleks, Rachel	Gunderson, Morley	Union Strategies and Potential Targets for New-Member Organizing in the United States	Industrial Relations and Human Resources	2014-11	This dissertation focuses on attempts by labor unions in the United States to prioritize new-member organizing as a means of reversing the decline in union density. In three papers, I look at strategic organizing efforts and opportunities at three distinct levels of analysis: the federation level, the national and local-union levels, and the level of the individual potential member. In the first paper, I look at efforts by seven unions that split from the AFL-CIO in 2005 to form a new union federation, Change to Win. I estimate the effect of Change to Win policies on whether the union won the certification election and the number and percentage of workers successfully organized, using data from the National Labor Relations Board and the National Mediation Board from September 2000 through September 2010 and a difference-in-difference estimator. The results indicate no statistically significant difference in organizing success, following Change to Win's formation and implementation of new organizing strategies and practices, relative to the AFL-CIO. The second paper of my dissertation analyzes recent attempts to organize the growing number of professional workers into historically blue-collar unions using a combination of data from the National Labor Relations Board and data from a national survey that I designed and administered to national and local unions throughout the country. Using a series of interactions, I test whether the effect of key strategies and tactics differ across professional-worker status. My results show that the effect of some typical union and employer strategies and characteristics does differ for professionals versus nonprofessionals. Finally, the third paper examines youth attitudes towards unions, since young workers are underrepresented in union membership. I examine how youth attitudes towards unions have changed over time using a generational approach and data from the 1976-2010 nationally representative Monitoring the Future survey of twelfth graders. I find that beginning with the Baby Boomers, each generation (i.e., Gen X and Gen Y) has had more favorable attitudes towards unions than the previous generation. Furthermore, I find that the antecedents of youth attitudes towards unions, including work values, socio-political beliefs, background, and employment history and expectations, have changed over each generation.	Ph.D.	worker, employment	8
Alene, Nebiyu Baye	Maclaren, Virginia	Politicizing Waste Collection and Discipling Waste Collectors: A critical Analysis of Waste Management Practice in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (2003 - 2012)	Geography	2015-11	This dissertation investigates the unique approach the Addis Ababa city government (AACG) put in place to address the city’s waste collection problem. To solve the garbage problem AACG introduced major waste management reforms in 2003 and 2009. The two waste management reforms basically strived (1) to create employment opportunities for unemployed urban residents through mobilizing them to form government-initiated micro-enterprises (CMEs) and engage in door-to-door waste collection, and (2) to discipline waste in order to create a clean and livable city through increasing waste collection efficiency. The main focus of this dissertation is unpacking how the different techniques and rationalities waste governing institutions employed to discipline waste as a material politicized waste collection, define power relation between the city government and waste collectors, and disciplined waste collectors. I explore these issues through examining the specific spaces of engagement between waste collectors (formal and informal) and city government’s representatives by paying close attention to the everyday practices of waste collection between 2003 and 2012. Primary data collected included a questionnaire survey (n=423) and key informants’ interviews (n=28). Secondary data were also consulted. I use the concept of governance, everyday state, and the notion of governmentality as analytical frameworks. Empirical findings reveal that the city government’s objective of creating clean city between 2003 and 2009 was marred by the city government’s effort to tackle unemployment by securing waste collection activities for government-initiated CMEs. It is also shown that the different governing technologies the city government employed to discipline waste as a material were in fact aimed at disciplining waste collectors through reconfiguring the power relationship between waste governing institutions and waste collectors. The research also highlights the way the city government forms partnership with CMEs in the 2009 waste management reform. The research suggests that the city’s government favour of a specific arrangement of partnership that sits in the middle of the public-private spectrum where it is neither the full-scale privatization of services nor the kind of public service delivery that was prevalent before 2009. Moreover, the research raises important questions about the involvement of cooperative micro-enterprises in waste management.	Ph.D.	employment, urban, waste, institution, governance	8, 11, 12, 16
Alghamdi, Dalia Jamal	Kooy, Mary	EFL Teaching in University Classrooms in Saudi Arabia: A Case Study of Instructors and Curriculum and Implementation for Language Learning	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2017-03	Literature has extensively documented the traditional conceptions of viewing teaching, learning, curriculum and implementation and recommends changing these traditional views for better teaching and learning outcomes. However; still some teachers view curriculum as a rigid document, learning as static, unalterable, and measurable by tests and teaching as transmitting knowledge and teachers as transmitter of prescribed knowledge. This thesis presents a case study of nine EFL instructors explaining the ways participating English as a Foreign Language (EFL) instructors understand and implement the foundation year EFL university curriculum in Saudi Arabia and how their understanding impacts their implementation and language learning. This case study explains the factors affecting studentsâ learning through the eyes of the participating EFL instructors, the ways these EFL instructors re-imagine teaching and learning in the EFL curriculum at university, and the support needed for EFL instructors that would facilitate improved English teaching and learning. The rigid, hierarchical educational system and its effects on EFL in the foundation year as a result of its top-down organization, fixed curriculum, limited time, and poor outcomes were highlighted as factors that contribute to EFL teaching, learning, curriculum and implementation at university. The findings reveal that policy and power, voice and choice, culture, motivation, teacher learning, and resources are major factors that need reconsideration for improved EFL teaching and learning. One of the emerging considerations from this research is that participating EFL instructors need to rethink traditional, conventional conceptions of EFL curriculum, teaching, and learning at the university level in Saudi Arabia for improved teaching and learning outcomes.	Ph.D.	educat	4
Alharbi, Ohood	El-Sohemy, Ahmed	Genetic Variation Predicting Lactose Intolerance (LCT -13910C>T), Dairy Intake, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Risk of Cardiometabolic Disease	Nutritional Sciences	2018-06	Background: The LCT-13910C>T variant is associated with lactose intolerance (LI) in >70 ethnic populations. In Canada, the prevalence of the LCT -13910C>T variant is not known. Individuals with LI might avoid dairy, which is a rich source of calcium and vitamin D. Dairy has been associated with increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases, but findings have been equivocal. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of LI risk genotypes in major ethnic groups living in Canada and their association with 25(OH)D levels and biomarkers of cardiometabolic disease, and to determine food predictors of calcium and vitamin D in different LCT genotypes. Methods: A total of 1,495 participants from the Toronto Nutrigenomics and Health (TNH) study were used for the present study. Fasting blood samples were obtained for genotyping, 25(OH)D, biomarkers of cardiometabolic disease, and plasma proteomics. Dairy intake was assessed using a 196-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Results: Approximately 32% of Caucasians, 99% of East Asians, 74% of South Asians, and 59% of those with other ethnicities had the CC genotype associated with LI. In Caucasians, compared to the TT genotype, those with the CC genotype had lower dairy intake, and plasma 25(OH)D levels. The CT and CC genotypes were associated with lower calcium intake and increased risk of suboptimal (	Ph.D.	health	3
Alhashme, Mohamed	Ashgriz, Nasser	A virtual thermostat for local temperature control	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2017-06	This thesis presents design and operation of a newly developed virtual thermostat to control any desired local temperature in an HVAC controlled space. Conventional HVAC thermostats use a single point temperature sensor at one fixed location in a controlled space to control the temperature of the whole space. The single point temperature sensor does not represent the entire controlled domain. In addition, in most applications only a small zone in the controlled space needs to be controlled (for example where the people are located). Heating and cooling of the unnecessary zones lead to extra energy consumption that can be saved if only the required zones are controlled. Such a control system requires knowledge of the temperature distribution in the whole zone at all times. In this work, we have used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to determine the distributive temperature inside the controlled space at all times and turn the HVAC system ON and OFF based on the temperature of the desired zone in the space. In this study, we have determined the energy savings by comparing the energy consumption of a conventional thermostat controlled system with a locally controlled one. Several cases with different heat losses, and different inlet air velocities and directions are studied. Energy savings of up to 22% is realized for the cases studied here. In addition, the study showed the effect of personâ s location on the energy saving using the local control. One of the main problems with such a control system is that the CFD calculations may take a long time (10- 24 hours depending on the complexity of the problem), which is not practical for real-time temperature control. In order to reduce the computational times and simulate various operating conditions quickly, an artificial neural network (ANN) model is used to train the temperature control system. This resulted in reduction of the computational times to few seconds, making this system practical. This thesis, presents various elements of the newly developed virtual thermostat and its operating principals.	Ph.D.	energy, consum	7, 12
Ali, Ayesha	Benjamin, Dwayne||Bobonis, Gustavo J	The Impact of Electricity Outages on Households	Economics	2016-11	Electricity outages are a common occurrence in developing countries and can have a substantial impact on household welfare. In this dissertation, I assemble a unique data set with a district level measure of outages, electricity generation prices, and labour market outcomes to examine the effect of outages on employment and earnings. I also develop an analytical framework that can be used to measure the welfare impact of outages on households arising from disruption of electricity used in the home. In chapter 1, I construct a district level measure of outages in Pakistan using the intra-annual variability in night lights observed in meteorological satellite data. I estimate the elasticity between variability and reported outages, and use household electricity consumption data to show that electricity consumption declines as variability increases within districts. These findings establish that night lights variability is a valid measure of outages that can be used in empirical applications where subnational data on outages is not available. In chapter 2, I estimate the effect of outages on labour market outcomes of adult males in Pakistan. To address the problem of measurement error and potential endogeneity in night lights variability, I use exogenous variation in the price of energy used to generate electricity at thermal plants near a district, as an instrument. I find that outages have a significant negative effect on employment, days worked, earnings and productivity. A larger effect on districts with a greater reliance on electricity intensive industries and more educated workers suggests labour demand driven reduction in productivity. In chapter 3, I develop an analytical framework to measure the welfare impact of electricity outages on households. The welfare effect or the willingness to pay for a reduction in outages is larger the greater is the impact on home produced services affected by outages. It is also larger the smaller is the observed change in grid electricity expenditures. I find that the elasticity of grid electricity consumption to outages is smaller the more outward shifted is the demand for electricity, suggesting that households with a high value for electricity adapt by rescheduling activities or acquiring off-grid supply.	Ph.D.	consum, industr, worker, labour, employment, energy, educat	4, 7, 8, 9, 12
Ali, Noaman G	Kasturi, Malavika||Kingston, Paul	The Hashtnagar Peasant Movement: Agrarian Class Struggle, Hegemony and State Formation in Northwestern Pakistan, 1947–1986	Political Science	2019-06	This study examines how peasant movements led by revolutionaries impacted state formation, or more broadly the institutional configuration of power, in post-colonial Pakistan’s North-West Frontier Province (NWFP). The study asks, first, how did a movement of lower classes, specifically tenant farmers and landless labourers, win concessions from landed elites and also shape the direction and institutionalization of state power in the 1970s? Second, why did revolutionary politics in Pakistan decline and fade away, diverging from its counterparts in other parts of South Asia? Based on archival research, oral history, and participant observation, the study divides a narrative of nearly forty years of events into three critical conjunctures, comparing and contrasting the inter-actions of radical organizers, rural classes, the political organizations representing exploiting propertied classes, and the state. The first conjuncture concerns the late 1940s, when the Communist Party of Pakistan’s inadequate preparation and organization of peasants led to an ultimately failed movement in the northern Hashtnagar area. The second conjuncture covers the period from the late 1960s to the early 1970s in which the communists formed the Mazdoor Kisan Party. The party’s organizational work contributed to the comparative success of 1970s peasant struggles in the form of de facto land and tenancy reforms and the decline of institutions of landlord power in villages, alongside the generation of new and renewed institutions of peasant power. Peasant organization compelled the state apparatus to intervene in favour of tenants. The third conjuncture concerns the denouement of the peasant movement in the latter 1970s and 1980s. As tenants became de facto proprietors of land their involvement in the movement and party organization declined, leaving them unable to mount a significant challenge to a military regime that restored some of the power of landed elites. Nevertheless, tenants largely preserved the gains they had made. Ultimately, the institutional configuration of power inside and outside of the apparatus of the state was determined by the balance of power between different classes. Moreover, strategic choices that revolutionary organizers made about confronting the state frontally as opposed to lowkey organizing increased or decreased their own organizational capacity and longevity.	Ph.D.	labour, rural, institution	8, 11, 16
Allan, Billie	Sakamoto, Izumi	Rupture, Defragmentation and Reconciliation: Re-visioning the Health of Urban Indigenous Women in Toronto	Social Work	2013-11	This doctoral research seeks to advance understanding about what impacts the health and well-being of urban Indigenous women in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is grounded in the goal of centering Indigenous women’s knowledge and revitalizing recognition of Indigenous women as leaders in the care of health knowledge, who continue to carry roles and responsibilities as knowledge and vision keepers, healers, helpers and caregivers despite the mass devastation caused by colonization. Utilizing an Indigenous research method, research circles and interviews were used to gather knowledge with twenty-three Indigenous women asking the following questions: 1) What helps you to be healthy and well here in the city? 2) What gets in the way of your health and well-being? and 3) What do you envision as needed to support your health and well-being and that of Indigenous women generally here in Toronto? The findings of the research highlight the ways in which women seek wholeness and (w)holistic health care and services in attending to their health and well-being. The stories shared speak to the rupture and fragmentation caused by colonization as experienced by the participants, specifically the disconnection and dislocation that they faced due to child welfare apprehension, adoption or violence, while emphasizing the ways in which they have or are presently navigating these challenges in relation to their health and well-being – a process of defragmentation. This thesis is also, in part, the story of how I am learning my role as a caretaker of knowledge (as I would describe the role of researcher), learning how to gather it, care for it and share it back in a good way. It is the story of what I know now, a knowledge that will continue to grow over time, with more experience to better understand the full beauty and depth of what has been shared. This thesis is a knowledge bundle of stories gathered with urban Indigenous women in the city of Toronto to help better understand what impacts their health and well-being, and what they see as needed moving forward. It is woven together with my own story of who I am, where I come from and why I came looking for this knowledge.	PhD	health, women, urban	3, 5, 11
Allan, Katherine Sarah	Dorian, Paul	The Family Study: Assessment of the Incidence, Etiology, Circumstances and Familial Risk for Sudden Cardiac Death and Aborted Sudden Cardiac Death in Young Individuals	Medical Science	2016-06	Background: Recent reviews have highlighted our lack of information on the incidence etiology and circumstances of sudden death (SD) in the young, particularly the distribution of underlying disorders, preventable triggers, and identifiable familial predisposition to fatal arrhythmias. Methods: This study had 3 parts: (1) the development and (2) implementation of a novel, comprehensive methodology to capture all SDs and aborted SDs (both cardiac and non-cardiac) in a defined geographic area, (3) followed by a feasibility study with a case control design. We utilized a prospectively collected, population-based registry of all out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs) in the Greater Toronto Area, to identify patients from 2009-2012. The retrospective study included cases that were OHCAs ages 2-45, treated or untreated, died or survived and we reviewed all available data for each case and adjudicated an etiology. In the feasibility study, included cases were presumed cardiac, treated OHCAs ages 18-65. Two relatives per patient were interviewed regarding symptoms prior to the arrest, cardiac history, and family history of sudden cardiac death (SCD). Two sets of control patients were administered the same questionnaire as cases. Results: We identified 656 SCDs ages 2-45 over a 4 year period, with an overall annual incidence rate of 3.97 per 100,000 persons. We report a high autopsy rate, with a shift towards ischemic heart disease as the predominant underlying etiology in adults ages 35-45, from structural heart disease and sudden unexplained deaths in children. Adults experienced their SCDs more frequently at home and at rest than did children, and most reported new symptoms in the day preceding their event. Our feasibility studies demonstrated that it is viable to obtain a reliable family history of SCD and major cardiac risk factors from both cases and controls using a self-developed survey. Conclusions: By using a validated comprehensive population based registry of consecutive cases to identify all eligible patients, in combination with a novel classification methodology, large sample size, and multiple sources of data, we were able to better describe the nature and scope of the problem of sudden cardiac death within a young, urban Canadian population.	Ph.D.	health	3
Allan, Kori Louise	McElhinny, Bonnie	Learning how to "Skill" the Self: Citizenship and Immigrant Integration in Toronto, Canada	Anthropology	2014-11	The underemployment of foreign-trained professional immigrants became an intense focus of Canadian immigration policy and integration programs in the 2000s, particularly in Toronto, which receives more immigrants than any other Canadian city. This thesis examines how government conceived of this `skilled immigrant underemployment problem' and in turn promoted particular solutions to address it. Rather than viewing the role of government as needing to intervene in the labour market, it largely focused on reforming individual immigrants. In particular, integration programs tended to focus on "soft skills" training, which construed individual immigrants as skills deficient and as requiring training in "Canadian workplace culture". This dissertation thereby examines the ways in which immigrants were urged to sell the self, and how they were asked to become particular kinds of Canadian workers and citizens. I argue that these integration programs largely did not ameliorate un(der)employment, for they did not address the systemic discrimination new immigrants faced. Rather, I show how they increased the regulation of the un(der)employed and attempted to shape subjectivities in line with values dubbed "Canadian", which were integral to post-Fordist forms of labour and (neo)liberal rationalities of government. More specifically, I demonstrate how immaterial labour is deeply assimilatory. Rather than merely produce material products, workers must embody a brand/product, affectively and effectively, in ways that are deeply classed, racialized and gendered. These behavioural dispositions, however, were rendered technical and thus governable through a skills discourse. Additionally, I argue that these interventions reproduced a transition industry that facilitated and contributed to the cycling of new immigrants through endless job fairs and other training programs, a process through which they became flexible and entrepreneurial citizens who accepted responsibility for their own "employability". These programs thus constituted a means of rationalizing and managing (un)employment insecurity and of reproducing and regulating flexible labor.	Ph.D.	gender, employment, labour, worker, industr	5, 8, 2009
Alleson, Richard	Birn, Anne-Emanuelle	Contested Environmental Illness in the Negev/al-Naqab: A Narrative Analysis of lLcal Knowledge and Organizational Struggle	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2011-11	In 2003, the Israeli government announced plans to transfer a large army base from the centre of the country to the Negev (al-Naqab in Arabic), 8 kilometers downwind from the Ramat Hovav industrial zone and national hazardous waste treatment site. Since its creation in 1975, Ramat Hovav has been a major centre for bio-chemical production, hazardous waste treatment and consequently, pollution. For decades, Bedouin residents from Wadi Naam had been living adjacent to the industrial zone, their concerns and protests remaining unheard. However, when the health of Israeli soldiers serving at the prospective site was at stake, local environmental disputes shifted into the national spotlight. The decision to move the army base was a catalyst for a prolonged struggle over conflicting interpretations of environmental health risks. Using a narrative-based case study methodology, this research examines both the local environmental knowledge and the organizational strategies that inform the contested environmental illness struggles that took place at the Ramat Hovav industrial zone between 1997 and 2011. It illustrates how environmental organizations, policymakers, and industrial representatives, through protracted challenges and counter-challenges, found an interim approach for addressing pollution, thereby clearing the way for the construction of the army base. It also illuminates the differential treatment of contested environmental illness by state, municipal, and organizational actors when the subjects at risk are Jewish Israeli youth, as opposed to Bedouin residents, thus uncovering institutionalized environmental discrimination toward the Bedouin of Wadi Naam that is symptomatic of prejudicial public policies dating back to the establishment of the state. The first formal study of contested environmental illness in the Middle East, this case contributes broader insight into the institutional dynamics of environmental injustice, the relationship between local knowledge and political pressure, and the organizational tactics underlying environmental risk management.	PhD	health, wind, industr, production, waste, environment, pollut, institution, justice	3, 7, 9, 13, 16
Almas, Andrew David	Conway, Tenley M.	Native Trees, Urban Forest Management Planning, and Residents: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Actions	Geography	2017-06	In the past decade, municipalities across North America have increased investment in their urban forests in an effort to maintain and enhance the numerous benefits provided by them. Some municipalities have drafted long-term urban forest management plans (UFMPs) that emphasize the planting of native trees to improve ecological integrity, and participation of residents, since the majority of urban trees are typically located on residential property. Yet it is unclear if municipal foresters are mindful of UFMP goals or what residentsâ level of knowledge, attitudes, and actions are regarding native trees and urban forestry goals. Through a case study of southern Ontario municipalities, I administered interviews with municipal foresters and a survey exploring residentsâ ability to identify the native status of common tree species, as well as their attitudes and actions regarding urban forest issues. The results indicate that all municipalities with management plans emphasize native species, and many justify their planting as a way to increase ecological integrity. However, only a fraction of species native to the region are available through nursery stock, meaning many are not planted by municipalities. The results of the survey indicate that residents are better able to identify common native trees than non-native trees, although knowledge-levels are low, and there are failures of resident outreach within the case study municipalities. Although residents generally have positive attitudes towards native trees, few are interested in planting native species if they create a hazard or increase costs. These positive attitudes do not translate into emphasizing native species when actually selecting tree species to plant. This dissertation adds to existing research surrounding native species management in urban ecosystems, and understandings about how urban forestry policy influences residents and municipal actors. Future research is needed to determine species suitability for urban plantings and meaningful ways of engaging with new residents.	Ph.D.	forest, urban	9, 15
Alon, Pnina	Macklem, Patrick	The Aging Workforce: Addressing its Challenges Through Development of a Dignified Lives Approach to Equality	Law	2010-03	Against the background of the global demographic shift towards an aging workforce and its impacts on the labour market and the economy in industrialized societies, this dissertation pinpoints six salient challenges for future litigation and policy-making in the area of labour and employment discrimination law. These include the global tendency towards abolishing mandatory retirement and increasing the eligibility age for pension benefits; legislative age-based distinctions; cost as a justification for age discrimination; performance appraisals of senior workers; and the duty to accommodate senior workers. At the core of each challenge lies a normative question regarding our conception of senior workers’ right to age equality, its importance and relative weight compared with other rights and interests. The aim of this dissertation is therefore to critically review the current understanding of this right and its moral and economic underpinning. Most notably, the dissertation contends that the prevailing conception of equality assessment (the Complete Lives Approach to equality), according to which equality should be assessed based on a comparison of the total share of resources obtained by individuals over a lifetime, has substantial implications for age discrimination discourse. As it uncovers the numerous difficulties with the complete lives approach, the dissertation develops an alternative: the Dignified Lives Approach to equality, according to which an individual should be treated with equal concern and respect, at any particular time and regardless of any comparison. The dissertation then articulates five essential principles founded in Dworkin’s notion of equal concern and respect: the principle of individual assessment, the principle of equal influence, the principle of sufficiency, the principle of social inclusion, and the principle of autonomy. When one of these principles is not respected at any particular time, a wrong is done, and the right to equality is violated. Next, the dissertation elucidates when and why unequal treatment of senior workers based on age does not respect each of these five principles and therefore constitutes unjust age discrimination. It demonstrates that senior workers’ right to age equality is a fundamental human right. Finally, it examines the above-mentioned challenges through the lens of the new Dignified Lives approach.	SJD	rights, industr, worker, labour, employment, equality	8, 9, 16
Alschech, Jonathan	Regehr, Cheryl	Predictors of Violence, Traumatic Stress, and Burnout in Sex Work	Social Work	2019-11	This dissertation reports and discusses the findings of an online survey of 339 sex workers in Canada and the United States concerning their experiences of traumatic stress, burnout, and violence by clients, their working conditions and environment, and their perceptions and experiences of their clients. The survey was designed to collect data on the prevalence of harm and distress among sex workers across the various contexts and locations in which sex work is bought, as well as on how harm and distress in sex work relate to client behaviours and characteristics, structural factors such as sex work stigma and racial or ethnic identity, and protective factors such as working conditions and social cohesion. The 339 sex workers surveyed reported very high levels of traumatic stress, with at least half the respondents reporting levels of traumatic stress consistent with a post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis. Respondents also reported a very high prevalence of violent clients, as nearly half of the clients were reported to be violent. The prevalence of violence by clients was somewhat lower, with half of respondents experiencing violence occasionally and 25% of respondents reporting violence as a rare occurrence. Burnout levels among the surveyed workers were also high; half the sample reported levels of burnout above the accepted threshold for detecting burnt-out workers. A higher prevalence of clients perceived as adhering to hegemonic masculinity norms significantly predicted higher levels of traumatic stress as well as a higher prevalence of violent clients. Also, a higher prevalence of clients motivated by their inability to access non-commercial sex due to a physical or mental disability or lack of social skills significantly predicted higher levels of violence by clients and higher prevalence of violent clients. More control over working conditions significantly predicted lower levels of traumatic stress, and higher levels of social cohesion significantly predicted lower levels of burnout. Sex work stigma significantly predicted variation in the prevalence of violence by clients, prevalence of violent clients, levels of traumatic stress, and levels of burnout in the surveyed sex workers.	Ph.D.	worker	8
Alshaer, Hisham	Fernie, Geoff R ||Bradley, T Douglas	A Single-Channel Acoustic Method for Portable Diagnosis of Sleep Apnea	Biomedical Engineering	2014-11	Background: Sleep apnea is a very common disease with serious health consequences. It affects approximately 85% of adults, most of whom remain undiagnosed, which puts them at risk of car accidents, because of sleepiness, and hypertension, heart failure, and stroke. The objective of this thesis was to develop a single-channel device for portable monitoring of sleep apnea that uses breath sounds collected via a microphone placed in front of the nose and mouth. Methods: Project 1: Frequency characterization was used to identify the basic components of the respiratory cycle, i.e., inspiration and expiration. Project 2: Inspiratory sounds were used to determine upper airway narrowing by means of Linear Predictive Coding (LPC), which was validated against objective measures of upper airway resistance. Project 3: An algorithm to calculate the frequency of apneas and hypopneas per hour (apnea-hypopnea index or AHI) was developed and validated against polysomnography in 50 subjects during sleep. Project 4: Finally, a self contained device was then developed and evaluated in 49 subjects in the home setting, 11 of whom used the device on 2 different nights. Results: Project 1: Inspiratory and expiratory phases had characteristically different spectra that allowed them to be distinguished with up to 97% correct classification. Project 2: LPC coefficients were found to be modulated by the ensuing of upper airway narrowing. Project 3: AHI determined by acoustic analysis showed up to 94% correlation with PSG and up to 90% diagnostics accuracy. Project 4: In the home unattended setting, the overall rating for ease-of-use was excellent and the success rate of independent use was 94%. The portable device showed excellent performance with very high signal-to-noise ratio of 31.7 dB. The intra-subject 2-night AHI scores were reproducible in 9 out of 11 (82%) home subjects, which is well within reported inter-night variability. Conclusion: Acoustic analysis of breath sounds is a powerful tool for characterization of respiratory patterns including upper airway narrowing and accurate identification of apneas and hypopneas as compared with the current gold standard. This technology can be packaged in a compact device that can be used independently and reliably in the home environment.	PhD	health	3
Alshalalfah, Baha Waheed Yousef	Shalaby, Amer Saïd	Planning, Design and Scheduling of Flex-route Transit Service	Civil Engineering	2009-11	The rapid expansion of low-density suburban areas in North America has led to new travel patterns that require transit services to be more flexible. Flex-Route transit service, which combines fixed-route transit service with elements of demand-responsive transit service, has emerged as a viable transit option to address the travel needs of the residents of these areas. Existing literature in this field, however, is limited and lacks any comprehensive analysis of Flex-Route planning, design and scheduling. This research aims at exploring Flex-Route transit service to provide detailed guidelines for the planning and design of the service, as well as developing a new scheduling system for this type of unique service. Accordingly, the objectives of this research are: assessing the practicality of Flex-Route transit service in serving low-density suburban areas; identifying essential Flex-Route planning steps and design parameters; determining the feasibility and cost of replacing fixed-route transit with Flex-Route service; and developing a Flex-Route-specific dynamic scheduling system that relies on recent developments in computer and communication technologies. In this regard, we develop an analytical model that addresses several design parameters and provide a detailed analysis that includes, among other parameters, finding optimal values for Flex-Route service area and slack time. Furthermore, the analytical model includes a feasibility and cost analysis that estimates the cost incurred by several stakeholders if Flex-Route service is chosen to replace fixed-route service. The core of the scheduling system is a new developed algorithm – the Constrained-Insertion Algorithm- that exploits the powerful search techniques of Constraint Programming. The scheduling system can handle the daily operations of Flex-Route transit services; it accepts daily (or dynamic) inputs and, in minimal time, produces very cost-effective and reliable schedules. Moreover, the scheduling system has the ability to be used as simulation tool to allow transit operators to assess the feasibility and performance of proposed Flex-Route transit services before implementation. The applicability of the analytical model as well as the performance of the scheduling system were subsequently evaluated and validated through process that included testing on a case study in the City of Oakville, Canada.	PhD	urban	11
Amernic, Heidi	Boon, Heather	Exploring Patient-centred Primary Care in Family Health Teams	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2016-11	Background: Family Health Teams (FHTs) are primary care models established to provide comprehensive, patient-centred care to Ontarians through an interprofessional team approach. However, little is known about how patient-centred interprofessional team care is operationalized in a FHT, specifically regarding the workflow processes employed across diverse clinical contexts. Objectives: To (1) define patient-centred care in an interprofessional primary health care team context; (2) to identify factors that act as either enablers or barriers to operationalizing patient-centred care; and (3) propose a framework of patient-centred interprofessional team care. Design: Qualitative approach Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 patient and 24 provider participants from three Family Health Teams in Ontario, Canada. Participants were asked to describe experiences defining aspects of patient-centred care and how contextual factors influenced their experiences. Interview questions were guided by the Patient Centred Clinical Method (Stewart et al. 2003). Transcripts were coded by two independent investigators using a content analysis approach, followed by discussion to reach consensus. Data analysis was guided by the qualitative analysis framework defined by Miles and Huberman (1994): data reduction, data display and conclusion drawing/verification. Results: Patient-centred care is provided by the “wider provider”, defined by participants as a patient’s interprofessional primary health care team. The wider provider is formed through referrals and may adjust in response to patient needs. Members of the wider provider leverage information collected by one another to address scope appropriate patient needs. Participants described contextual factors (such as co-location status of providers and access to electronic patient records); and individual factors (such as physician referral practices) that act as either intentional or unintentional workflow “blocks” on the functioning of the “wider provider”. These “blocks” encourage alternate patterns of workflow, or “workarounds”, which impact both the patient and provider experience. Conclusion: In an interprofessional primary health care team context, a patient-centred experience is defined by factors beyond just the patient’s relationship and interaction with an individual provider. This study presents a novel framework of patient-centred care in an interprofessional primary health care team context.	Ph.D.	health	3
Amir, Eitan	Tannock, Ian	Optimizing the Tailored Treatment of Breast Cancer	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2012-11	Background: Breast cancer is a diverse disease. Over the past 3 decades it has been increasingly appreciated that therapy should be targeted to specific patient and tumour characteristics. In recent years the evaluation of tailored therapy has been dominated by the development of new drug therapy which when successful has been marketed at a high price. There have been few successful attempts to optimize currently available therapies. This thesis explores the optimization of currently available therapies in three domains: efficacy, toxicity and supportive care. Methods: Three independent studies were undertaken. First, a prospective cohort study was conducted to assess the impact of re-biopsy of recurrent breast cancer on physician choice of therapy and on patient satisfaction. The second study comprised a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials exploring toxicities associated with different endocrine therapy options for early breast cancer with the aim of identification of patients who may be harmed by certain drugs. Finally, a randomized feasibility study was conducted to evaluate de-escalated intravenous bisphosphonates in women with low-risk metastatic breast cancer to bone. Results: All studies met their objectives in showing that the tailored use of available therapies can be optimized. The prospective study of the impact of re-biopsy showed that treatment decisions were modified in 14% of women. Patient satisfaction with the process of re-biopsy was high. The meta-analysis of toxicities of endocrine therapy identified cardiovascular disease as a statistically significant toxicity of aromatase inhibitors, thereby suggesting that those with established cardiovascular disease or risk factors thereof should reduce their exposure to these drugs. Finally, the randomized feasibility study showed that it is possible to conduct randomized trials of de-escalated bisphosphonates in women with low-risk breast cancer and there was no signal that reducing the frequency of treatment was associated with untoward outcomes. Conclusions: It is possible to optimize the tailored therapy of breast cancer using currently available treatments. This may lead to improved patient outcome while using existing resources. Further studies assessing the optimization of other treatments are warranted.	PhD	health	3
Amiri, Touraj	Stermac, Lana	Occupational Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Latent Structure and Risk Pathways	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2018-11	Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) as a sequela of work-related incidents is associated with significant health and socioeconomic burden. The current study examined the latent structure of PTSD symptoms, their moderators and predictors, and explored a risk pathway model in a sample of trauma-exposed workers (N = 440). Six models, ranging from 1 to 5 factors, representing 17 PTSD symptoms described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) and assessed by the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-IV (CAPS-DX; Blake et al., 1995), were tested using confirmatory factor analysis. The dysphoria model (Simms et al., 2002) had adequate fit, provided a parsimonious structure over competing models, and evidenced differential correlation patterns with symptoms of depression, anxiety and pain. Measurement invariance across gender and interpersonal violence was obtained for the dysphoria model. Differences due to gender and interpersonal violence in severity of the hyperarousal factor were found. Subsequently, the social cognitive theory of posttraumatic recovery (Benight Bandura, 2004) and epidemiological literature guided conceptualization of a risk pathway model using structural equation modeling. The model supported self-efficacy as a proximal predictor of PTSD. Further, it highlighted the role of trauma type (interpersonal violence), vulnerability (family psychiatric history, female gender, childhood adversity), and protective (education and social support) factors. While historical predictors or their impact may be difficult to change, coping self-efficacy is known to be amenable to psychological intervention with promising results (Benight Bandura, 2004). Coping self-efficacy may be an important target of psychological assessment and intervention.	Ph.D.	socioeconomic, health, educat, gender, worker	1, 3, 4, 5, 8
Amirjamshidi, Glareh	Roorda, Matthew J.	Assessment of Commercial Vehicle Emissions and Vehicle Routing of Fleets using Simulated Driving Cycles	Civil Engineering	2015-06	Growing concern over greenhouse gas emissions has prompted research on identifying means to control and reduce these emissions. In transportation, vehicle emissions are strongly correlated with driver behaviour. Research relating driving behaviour with emissions uses driving cycles that are assumed to be constant regardless of vehicle type for a specific area. Using a single driving cycle, however, is simplistic for emission estimation purposes as there is significant variance in the driving behaviour of different vehicle types on various road types. In this research, microsimulation models are used to generate road and vehicle specific driving cycles to improve emission estimation. Typically, the calibration of microsimulation models are carried out using vehicle counts and average speed of vehicles. A genetic algorithm is used to show that calibrating these models against acceleration data in addition to average speed and vehicle count would provide a more accurate representation of driver behaviour. This claim is validated by comparing simulation results with observed values of different parameters related to driving behaviour. The model is then used to create improved driving cycles for various types of vehicles on different types of roads. Use of simulation allows data to be collected under consistent traffic conditions for all vehicle and road types. It is also shown that using simulated driving cycles produces emission factors that are closer to the observed compared to the average speed model. Finally, as a demonstration of the application of these driving cycles, a green routing problem has been used as a test case. The test case uses the developed driving cycles to optimize the routes of a hypothetical delivery company to minimize their emissions and costs under various circumstances incorporating the effect of vehicle load in estimating emissions. Results show statistically significant differences in total distance travelled, driving time, and CO2-eq emitted as the result of different minimization criteria of distance-, time-, and emissions optimal. It is also shown that by using the proposed approach, insightful analysis of emissions under various policies of cap-and-trade vs. carbon taxing can be conducted with good accuracy without requiring technology changes or other investments, which may be expensive.	Ph.D.	greenhouse gas, trade	10, 13
Ampleman-Tremblay, Sandrine	Stewart, Hamish	Prosecuting and Sentencing Police Sexual Assaults: A Canadian Perspective	Law	2018-11	This thesis is intended to provide a first normative review of the justice system and Canadian criminal courts’ handling of police sexual assaults. To achieve this purpose, the author, after having described the phenomenon of police sexual misconduct and the implications of the legal concept of sexual assault (s. 271 Criminal Code), outlines the main barriers to prosecution and the sentencing framework that was generally applied in Canadian police sexual assault cases. The analysis is based on twelve cases heard before Canadian courts, but excludes ethics and professional misconduct cases from institutions such as the Special Investigation Unit in Ontario. Finally, the thesis concludes with a chapter dedicated to possible solutions. This last segment is divided into three subsections: before trial, at trial, and at the sentencing phase. Solutions suggested include not only legal reforms, but also educational changes in law schools. Ce mémoire analyse les cas d’agressions sexuelles commises par des policiers au Canada. Le phénomène d’inconduite sexuelle policière et le concept d’agression sexuelle (a. 271 du Code criminel) sont d’abord décrits. Puis, les principaux obstacles inhérents à la judiciarisation de ces cas et les principes de détermination de la peine qui s’appliquent sont précisés. Cette première étude en droit canadien est basée sur douze jugements rendus par des cours canadiennes, excluant cependant toutes décisions de comités de déontologie, et toutes inconduites professionnelles traitées par des institutions telles que l’unité des enquêtes spéciales de l’Ontario. Finalement, diverses solutions légales et éducationnelles (c.-à-d. préliminaires au procès, durant son cours et lors de la détermination de la peine) sont proposées pour remédier à ce problème sociétal.	LL.M.	institution, justice	16
An, Sofiya	Chambon, Adrienne	Multiple Institutional Logics within the (Trans)National Welfare Diamond: Child Welfare Transformation in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan	Social Work	2014-06	For over two post-Soviet decades, Kazakhstan has experienced multiple transformations, big and small, visible and invisible, recognized and unnoticed. Focusing on child welfare transformation in post-Soviet Kazakhstan, this thesis pursues two research questions: (1) How have child welfare institutions changed in Kazakhstan in the post-Soviet period? (2) What was the role of (trans)national institutional factors (i.e., legal and regulatory environments, organizational policies and practices, and interorganizational relationships) and Soviet institutional legacies in shaping institutions of child welfare provision in Kazakhstan?Using an integrated multidimensional theoretical framework built upon the welfare diamond, a transnational approach, and historical institutionalism, I examine a mix of national and transnational organizations involved in child welfare reform, conceptualizing them as interconnected policy actors embedded in the historically contingent (trans)national institutional (legal and regulatory) environment. Using qualitative case study methodology for social policy analysis, this thesis draws upon data collected through interviews with key informants, conducted between June and September 2012, and textual documents (policy and legal documents, organizational and program documents, research reports, and media reports). The thesis develops two main arguments. The first argument concerns institutional factors that shape child welfare institutions. The transformation of the child welfare system was a function of relations among (trans)national organizational actors whose behaviors were constrained and enabled by the wider (trans)national legal/regulatory environment. The institutional environment and the child welfare diamond were characterized by multiple, competing, and shifting institutional logics. My second argument concerns the effects of the institutional and organizational environment on child welfare institutions. Multiple institutional logics, I argue, have accounted for the development of hybrid child welfare institutions, which encompass core Soviet-type child welfare institutions, maintained and reproduced, along with multiple layers of new institutions introduced over the past twenty years. This analysis indicates that the post-Soviet change in welfare provision consisted of numerous incremental and multidirectional institutional adjustments.	Ph.D.	environment, institution	13, 16
Anderson, Helen Marie	Ford, Maureen	Mastering the Story/Storying the Master: Philosophy of Education Discourse and Empire	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2011-11	This dissertation is an exploration of the role of Euro-North American Philosophy of Education discourse in the genealogy of race struggle. I examine how the reliable narration of Philosophy of Education functions as a project of racial rule premised on moral/temporal/spatial notions of (White) civility and respectability. Tracing the history of race war from the 17th century to present day, I look at how racism has shifted from sovereign power to disciplinary power to biopower as a mode of population management, operating not only through race but through gender and class distinctions as well. I analyze the racialized narrative conventions of liberal modern Enlightenment philosophy and the role these conventions continue to play in the creation and maintenance of a violent racial state. Drawing upon Critical Race Theory, feminist epistemologies, narrative theory, and the work of Michel Foucault, I look at what reliable narration does for philosophers, educators, and students, examining what we/they might have invested in maintaining a distinction between ‘reliability’ and ‘unreliability.’ I ask: How is reliable narration used as a tool by philosophers, educators, and ultimately, the state to distinguish between the civil and uncivil, between those worthy and unworthy of moral consideration, political engagement, and basic human rights? How do the impartiality, univocality, universality, and dispassion of reliable narratives become tied to race and the management of racialized bodies? My aim is to examine the ways in which race as a method of governance acts on a text, its author(s), and its audience. “How are racialized subjectivities constituted through and constitutive of language and knowledge,” I ask, “and to what effect?” I want to trace the social and civil relations mapped out by particular narrative conventions and examine the consequences of failing to adhere to such conventions. I suggest that by questioning the function of reliable narration in philosophical and pedagogical practice, educators, scholars, and students can intervene in the operation of race as a mode of discipline, creating the possibility of a more equitable society in which all have the opportunity to flourish.	PhD	equitable, gender, governance, rights	5, 6, 16
Anderson, Laura	Sellen, Daniel	The Immigrant Experience, Child Feeding and Care: An Examination of the Determinants of Children's Health and Nutrition in Newcomer Families	Anthropology	2014-06	This study aims to examine how the migration experience influences newcomer mothers’ young child feeding and care practices and their children’s overall health. The thesis comprises three separate manuscripts, each of which examines one of the three intermediate determinants of the nutritional status of young children (UNICEF 1990): access to healthcare, household food insecurity, and child feeding and care practices. The research was conducted in Toronto’s Jane-Finch neighbourhood, a suburban neighbourhood home to a high density of newcomers. Thirty-two participants (16 Sri Lankan Tamil and 16 Latin American) who had migrated to Canada within the past five years as refugee claimants or family sponsored immigrants participated in the study. Data collection consisted of semi-structured interviews with women from low-income households who had a child between the ages of 1 and 5 years. Spanish and Tamil speaking interviewers interviewed each participant two or three times. Data was analyzed using a mid-level approach in which broad analytical themes are determined prior to analysis and specific themes were then generated based on participants’ perspectives and are grounded in the data. The first manuscript examines newcomer mothers’ experiences accessing physicians for their children and identifies the major gaps between mothers’ expectations and their actual experiences that lead to barriers in communication and overall patient dissatisfaction. The second manuscript demonstrates that mothers’ past experiences with food insecurity affect two aspects of the construct of food insecurity: its managed aspect and its temporal nature. This finding has implications for the measurement of food insecurity in newcomer populations. The third manuscript reveals that newcomer mothers are exposed to several parallel and often conflicting systems of knowledge concerning health and nutrition for their children, and that their utilization of Canada’s Food Guide is impeded by its failure to acknowledge alternate parallel knowledge systems. These findings can be applied to the development of social and health policy aimed at improving cultural competency in healthcare and nutrition education and at ameliorating the income constraints leading to household food insecurity.	PhD	food, nutrition, health, educat, women, urban	1, 3, 4, 5, 11
Andres, Heather	Peltier, W. R.	Northern High Latitude Climate Variability of the Last Millenium	Physics	2016-03	This work explores the causes of northern high-latitude climate variations over the last millennium, and industrial and future periods. Attribution studies are performed on a suite of global climate simulations, and four historical reconstructions of Greenland surface temperatures and precipitation (two of which are new to this work). The simulations followed the protocols of the Palaeoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project 3 and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5. At least half of the multi-decadal variability in simulated Greenland climate variations over the last millennium is reproduced by a linear, empirically-generated model including terms for volcanic emissions, solar insolation changes (including total solar irradiance and orbital components) and an index associated with latitudinal shifts in the North Atlantic jet. Empirical model parameters are obtained by regressing simulated Greenland temperatures and precipitation against time series for each of the response variables. Greenhouse gas radiative forcing changes are unimportant to simulated Greenland conditions over the last millennium, although they dominate after the mid-20th century. Most of the historical Greenland climate reconstructions are restricted to the industrial period, due to a lack of spatially-comprehensive climate records. They exhibit substantial differences in the timing, phasing and amplitudes of past climate variations, due to regional sensitivities in the source data and the reconstruction methodologies. Reconstructions indicate that Greenland temperatures did not begin to follow hemispheric greenhouse gas warming patterns until the mid-1990s. This discrepancy indicates either that the warming hiatus was associated with internal climate variability, or that the simulations are missing processes important to Greenland climate. For example, indirect effects of anthropogenic aerosols are not captured in the climate model employed here. All of the external climate forcings included in the empirical models initiate significant simulated climate responses in a number of northern hemispheric regions over the last millennium. These forcing responses are not independent, however, except in Tropical regions. Particularly in the Arctic and North Atlantic, nonlinear interactions between the forcings work together to generate the transition between the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age. Internal variability also plays an important role, even on hemispheric averages.	Ph.D.	solar, industr, climate, greenhouse gas	7, 9, 13
Anger, Gregory John	Piquette-Miller, Micheline	Impact of Diabetes on Drug Disposition Mechanisms in Pregnancy	Pharmaceutical Sciences	2011-11	Over 220 million people worldwide are diagnosed with diabetes and rising prevalence is reported in nearly all surveyed populations. Accordingly, the percentage of pregnancies affected by pre-existing type 1 or 2 diabetes or by diabetes that develops during pregnancy, called gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), is also on the rise. Today, approximately 8% of all pregnancies are complicated by diabetes. Diabetes alters drug disposition mechanisms in non-pregnant subjects but the impact of diabetes on drug disposition in pregnancy has not been properly evaluated. Atypical drug disposition in pregnancy has implications for maternal and fetal health. Because liver tissue from pregnant women is not readily available, this thesis investigated drug disposition mechanisms primarily in a rat model of experimental GDM. This model consisted of administering streptozotocin, a diabetogenic toxin, to pregnant rats on gestational day 6. One key finding was that elevated circulating lipids in GDM rats competed with drugs (e.g., glyburide and saquinavir) for plasma protein binding so as to increase free drug concentrations. Another key finding was that important hepatic drug efflux transporters (e.g., Mdr1a/b) and metabolic enzymes (e.g., Cyp3a2 and Ugt1a1) were upregulated in GDM as a consequence of, most likely, enhanced nuclear receptor activity (e.g., pregnane X receptor upregulation). Upregulation of hepatic drug efflux transporters and metabolic enzymes, coupled with larger unbound drug fractions, would be expected to increase the hepatic clearance of many drugs. Consistent with this, in GDM, maternal and fetal exposure to the Mdr1 and Cyp3a2 substrate lopinavir was substantially lower than controls post-administration and data supporting enhanced lopinavir metabolite formation were obtained. Placental drug efflux transporters were also examined in this lopinavir study. Elevated placental Mdr1b and Bcrp expression was observed in GDM, which was associated with decreased fetal exposure to lopinavir (even after correcting for maternal unbound concentrations). Taken together, this thesis demonstrates that experimental GDM can significantly impact drug disposition by altering key drug disposition mechanisms. If confirmed in humans, this drug-disease interaction would need to be considered when atypical therapeutic outcomes occur in diabetic pregnancies. Data from experiments with human placentas, obtained from pregnancies complicated by insulin-managed diabetes, is included/discussed.	PhD	health	3
Angod, Leila	Razack, Sherene	Behind and Beyond the Ivy: How Schools Produce Elites Through the Bodies of Racial Others	Social Justice Education	2015-06	This is a study of how the elite subject is made at Canadian secondary schools. I show how the bodies of racial others are crucial to this making. This dissertation analyzes encounters with racial others both behind and beyond elite schools' ivy-covered walls. These encounters are linked through a racial process of becoming in which whiteness and elite status are inextricable. This new Canadian elite subject is the gendered global citizen of our intensified neoliberal and racially structured world. I theorize two encounters that consolidate this subject. The first is a multicultural encounter with East Asian international students behind the ivy at three southwestern Ontario elite schools. I conduct a document analysis of archival material to consider how anxiety about increasing numbers of students of color coincided with a shift to co-education. Second, I theorize a humanitarian encounter beyond the ivy between girls of an elite private school and the South African children and staff of a school they visited for the purpose of volunteering abroad. The analysis of the multicultural encounter suggests that schools are compelled to seek further encounters with difference abroad. The analysis of the humanitarian encounter reveals the micropractices that constitute the elite subject in the making, in this case, high school girls. These historical and empirical analyses are considered together with contextual information on ten elite schools in southwestern Ontario. My approach is to track the continuities and shifts that characterize elite school encounters. I do this by following routes to elite subjectivity. I theorize moral distinction as a route to elite status, and the rhetorical, discursive, and emotional structures that facilitate this process of becoming. This is a gendered process, and I am particularly interested in the making of elite femininities. This study offers three main findings. First, the processes of becoming elite both behind and beyond the ivy share a racial logic. Second, elite schools sell whiteness. Third, the volunteer abroad encounter, as part of the business of selling whiteness, reinforces students' sense of elite, racial and moral superiority.	Ph.D.	educat	4
Annau, Marion	Hadfield, Gillian	Innovation and Commercial Information: A Delicate Balance	Law	2020-03	Canadian law concerning trade secrets and confidential information fosters innovation by achieving a delicate balance between employer and employee interests. The rich doctrinal landscape allows for a flexible approach to the scope of protection together with a thoughtful analysis of the underlying relational expectations of the parties. The balance of interests achieved fosters innovation by protecting commercial information while concurrently facilitating labour mobility. Criminal legislation, which transfers the cost of prosecution to the state, eliminates some subtleties of case law and threatens severe sanctions, would dampen innovation by upsetting the balance of interests in favour of employer-plaintiffs. This effect has been illustrated by empirical studies of the impact of fluctuating American legal protection of commercial information on employee mobility and innovation. Until such time as there is clear evidence that civil remedies are inadequate to protect the socio-economic order of Canada, the urge to invoke criminal sanctions should be rejected.	LL.M.	labour, innovation	8, 9
Antonelli, Fabrizio	Livingstone, David W.	Workplace Learning in Secondary Schools: An Examination of Ontario's Venture into Formal Career Education	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2010-11	Employing Gramsci’s theory of hegemony, this study will examine the origins, creation, and implementation of Ontario’s Career Studies course as it relates to existing economic and workplace practices. Specifically, two broad aspects of the course will be addressed. First, the expectations for the course will be examined to determine the general approach to workplace education as outlined in course curriculum documents and approved-for-use textbooks. Also included in this analysis will be the ways Career Studies teachers interpret and deliver course material. Secondly, this study will uncover the opportunities students have to control and empower themselves in their career development. This includes an exploration of the alternatives to current workplace and economic practices as presented in the course materials, as well as the strategies emphasized for students to adopt in their career planning. At the moment Career Studies, like other career education and guidance programs in Canada, presents current neo-liberal market and labour trends as permanent and outside the control of human agency. In response to these trends, students are expected to improve their marketability for employment through individual and competitive career-development practices, in effect distancing themselves from others through formal credential attainment and attitudinal adjustments that best suit employers. Opportunities for students to experience collective empowerment through alternative workplace and economic practices are noticeably absent from the course. This study wishes to shed light on some of the shortcomings of career education in Ontario and to propose recommendations that truly situate students as architects of their career planning. Employing Hyslop-Margison and Graham’s (2003) Principles for Democratic Learning (PDL), this study concludes that opportunities for students to critically examine and question current workplace practices, explore alternatives to the status quo, and, most importantly, understand the social elements behind current workplace and economic conditions, will better position students to control their future work lives.	PhD	employment, labour	8
Antonini, Enrico	Amon, Cristina H	CFD-based Methodology for Wind Farm Layout Optimization	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2018-11	Driven by concerns on climate change and global warming, increasing oil prices, government support and public receptiveness, wind energy harvesting is emerging as one of the fastest growing renewable energy technologies. Most wind energy is nowadays produced by wind farms, which consist of hundreds of turbines to take advantage of economies of scale. Wind farm performance is however affected by the wakes generated by the turbines which can significantly diminish their annual energy production. Accurate wake effect predictions and reliable wind farm layout design become therefore critical aspects to the economic success of a wind farm project. The present research project aims therefore to define an innovative design framework that integrates accurate wake effect predictions for the development of the next generation wind farms as part of the strategy for promoting the transition to a renewable energy generation. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) provides a unique tool to simulate wind turbine wakes because of its capability to provide a complete solution for the flow field in complex configurations. Nevertheless, CFD simulations are strongly influenced by the choice of the turbulence model used to close the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. We therefore conducted an analysis of different turbulence models and their influence on the results of CFD wind turbine simulations to suggest the most suitable for such applications. Even though proper turbulence modeling is adopted, several studies showed however that the effectiveness of RANS models in wind farm simulations has not always been consistent. We therefore hypothesized this limitation to arise from uncertainties generated by the wind direction variability and proposed a modeling framework that, by accounting for such uncertainties, consistently improved the agreement of the CFD predictions with the experimental observations. To integrate the CFD models in a design methodology, we developed an innovative continuous adjoint formulation for gradient calculations within the framework of a gradient-based wind farm layout optimization. By testing this optimization methodology under different wind farm configurations, wind resource distributions and terrain topography, we showed that this unique CFD-based design framework effectively improved the annual energy production of a proposed wind farm by optimally siting its turbines.	Ph.D.	energy, renewable, wind, production, climate, global warming	7, 12, 13
Antoniou, Maria C.	Piran, Niva	Food, Eating and the Body: An Account of Women's Lived Experiences Across the Lifespan	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2009-11	The purpose of this study was to explore women’s subjective food and eating experiences from childhood through to adulthood and the ways in which these experiences either connected or disconnected them from their appetites for food and eating. The present study used a qualitative life history methodology, the goal of which is to assess individuals’ lived experiences to construct broader contextual meaning. In-depth interviews were used to investigate food and eating experiences among twelve women between ages 25 and 44, representing diverse social and cultural backgrounds as well as current and past eating problems. Participants took part in an open-ended interview, using a series of guided questions about their food and eating experiences from childhood through to adulthood. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed for themes using the constant comparison method. Two models emerged from the data in this study that described the social factors that connected and disconnected women from their appetites and eating. The Regulating Discourses Model which outlines current ways women negotiate appetite and desire through food and eating experiences, and the Socialization through Food and Eating Model which delineates socialization processes related to food and eating during women’s development. This research may be useful for counselors, health care professionals, as well as the larger community to increase awareness on ways to maintain girls’ and women’s connection to their bodily appetites and desires throughout the lifespan.	PhD	food	2
Antoniou, Tony	Glazier, Richard H.	Health Services Utilization among Persons Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Ontario	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2012-11	The goals of this dissertation were to investigate aspects of the health services utilization of marginalized persons living with HIV (PLWH), including women, recent immigrants, heterosexual men and individuals living in low income neighborhoods. In the first study, an algorithm of three physician claims for HIV-infection within a three-year period was validated for case-ascertainment of PLWH in administrative databases. The sensitivity and specificity of the algorithm were 96.2% [95% confidence intervals (CI) 95.2% to 97.9%] and 99.6% (95% CI 99.1% to 99.8%), respectively. The algorithm was used to conduct a population-based study examining rates of hospitalization among all PLWH receiving care in Ontario. The introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy was associated with more pronounced reductions in rates of total (-89.9 vs. -60.5 per 1000 PLWH; p = 0.003) and HIV-related hospitalizations (- 56.9 vs. -36.3 per 1000 PLWH; p < 0.001) among men relative to women. Between 2002 and 2008, higher rates of total hospitalization were associated with female sex [adjusted relative rate (aRR) 1.15; 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.27] and low socioeconomic status (aRR 1.21; 95% CI: 1.14 to 1.29). Higher rates of HIV-related hospitalizations were associated with low socioeconomic status (aRR 1.30; 95% CI: 1.17 to 1.45). Recent immigrants had lower rates of both total (aRR 0.70; 95% CI 0.61 to 0.80) and HIV-related hospitalizations (aRR 0.77; 95% CI 0.61 to 0.96). Finally, a theoretically-informed qualitative study was conducted to characterize the help-seeking experiences of heterosexual men living with HIV. The results indicate that without the symbolic appeal of women and the social connections of gay men, heterosexual men lack the composition of capital required to benefit fully from or improve their positions within the existing HIV health and social service fields. The findings of this dissertation illustrate important disparities in health services utilization among PLWH in Ontario.	PhD	women, health, socioeconomic	1, 3, 2005
Antony-Newman, Max	Gérin-Lajoie, Diane	Parental involvement of Eastern European immigrant parents of elementary school students in Ontario	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2018-11	This study focuses on the parental involvement among Eastern European immigrant parents of elementary school students in Ontario. Immigrant parents are shaped by their own educational experiences in home countries and face particular challenges to be involved in the education of their children who attend schools in the immigrant-receiving nations due to language barriers and low familiarity with the new school system. I collected my data through interviews with parents and the analysis of parental involvement documents in Ontario. The analysis was informed by the concepts of social and cultural capital developed by Pierre Bourdieu. I found that Eastern European immigrant parents see their role supporting children mainly in the home by emphasizing academic achievement and extracurricular activities. Interviewed parents grew up in countries with strict boundaries between school and family, as a result they often do not see volunteering and taking part in decision making in Ontario schools as meaningful for them. Although most parents possess high levels of cultural capital there was a variation in the amount of social capital available to immigrant parents. Those who managed to recreate rich social networks in the new country communicated with teachers more successfully and were satisfied with school. The critical analysis of policy documents showed that despite the shift towards acknowledging different types of involvement more value is still given to school-based activities, which makes the immigrant parental involvement less visible. The results of the study will enable educators and policy makers to pay more nuanced attention to the involvement among immigrant parents for better achievement and well-being of all children in Ontario classrooms.	Ph.D.	inclusive	4
Aoyama, Kazuyoshi	Fowler, Robert A	Maternal Critical Illness in Canada: temporal and geographic trends, predictors of outcome, and an examination of the variability in provision of critical care	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2018-11	Objectives: (1) To identify the most appropriate models for use in predicting maternal mortality in pregnant and postpartum women; (2) to establish temporal and geographic trends in maternal morbidity, mortality and admission to intensive care in Canada; (3) to identify factors associated with maternal morbidity and death in Canada; and (4) to explore variation in admission to intensive care among Canadian hospitals for pregnant and postpartum women. Methods: For the first objective, we performed a systematic review of risk prediction models. Objectives two through four were addressed within a series of nationwide population-based observational studies using the database from the Canadian Institute for Health Information. Estimated annual percent change of maternal morbidity, mortality and admission to intensive care were computed with negative-binomial regression models. Multi-level logistic regression models were employed to investigate factors associated with the outcomes. Median odds ratios was used to describe variation in admission to intensive care. Results: The systematic review revealed the Collaborative Integrated Pregnancy High-dependency Estimate of Risk (CIPHER) model and the Maternal Severity Index had very good discrimination and calibration for predicting maternal mortality. The national population-based study identified a stable maternal mortality rate of 6.2 per 100,000 deliveries, but increasing rates of severe maternal morbidity and admission to intensive care with estimated annual percent changes, 1.32% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.60 – 2.04) and 1.83% (95% CI 0.68 – 2.98), respectively. Severe maternal morbidity varied across Canadian regions but was highest in the northern Territories at 22.8 per 1000 deliveries. Extremes of maternal age were associated with severe maternal morbidity and mortality. For two pregnant women with similar characteristics at different hospitals, the median odds of being admitted to ICU was 1.92 in one hospital compared to another, indicating substantial variability in admission patterns to intensive care for pregnant and postpartum women in Canadian hospitals. Conclusions: In Canada, while maternal mortality appears stable, maternal age is increasing over time and is independently associated with severe maternal morbidity. There is substantial regional variation in maternal morbidity and mortality. Finally, there is wide variability in maternal admission to intensive care among hospitals and among provinces in Canada.	Ph.D.	health, innovation	3, 9
Appolloni, Simon	Scharper, B Stephen	Convergent Knowing: Explorations of a Sustained - and 'Sustainable' - Theological Reflection on Science, Environment, and Liberation	Religion, Study of	2014-06	Since the last half of the twentieth century, Christian theorists, theologians, biblical scholars, philosophers and ethicists have been struggling, in varying degrees, with the increasingly pressing issues that have arisen from a planetary environmental crisis and a growing inequality and persistent poverty afflicting the majority of human beings. They have tried to reconcile these emergences with discoveries from science about how our world functions, and traditional affirmations of their faith. The struggle has been daunting, marked by a litany of concerned voices that argue that one or more of the issues or facets of the debate require greater attention. In this dissertation, I investigate the writings of four Christian thinkers: Rosemary Radford Ruether, Leonardo Boff, Diarmuid O'Murchu and Thomas Berry. These authors attempt to integrate, to varying extents, environmental concerns, liberation thought, scientific discovery and traditional precepts of their faith. These thinkers, I argue, are greatly facilitated in their integration of all these aspects by the particular epistemic framework they employ when engaging their faith and science in a communal conversation. I label this framework "convergent knowing," characterized by a close and seemingly continuous relationship between these two significant ways of knowing. I suggest that "convergent knowing" could serve as a model for other Christian thinkers who are currently struggling to integrate ecology, justice, science and their faith. Evidence for this is found within the collective work of the four authors I examine, which reveals an emerging ethical vision that seeks liberation for the human and the other-than-human. I further argue that "convergent knowing" adds a new and important dimension to the religion-science debate, one that does not seem to be adequately represented by current leading typologies representing the religion-science nexus. The dissertation concludes by suggesting that there might be a larger civilizational paradigm shift occurring that underlies a growing convergence of Christianity and science. Characterized by relationality, this new paradigm is shaping how scholars currently approach science, ecology, ethics and religion.	Ph.D.	justice, ecology, environment, inequality, equality, poverty	1, 5, 10, 13, 16
Arevalo-Quintero, Olga Lucia	Kesler, Olivera	Development of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Metal Supports and Intermediate-Temperature Direct Hydrocarbon Anodes	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2018-11	Direct hydrocarbon (DH) solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have the potential to play a role in the transition from high-polluting to cleaner and sustainable electricity generation systems. Moreover, metal-supported DH SOFCs have several advantages that could potentially increase the overall competitiveness of the technology. In this study, bi-layer metal-supported cells were developed using suspension plasma spraying (SPS). The cells were fabricated on bi-layer supports fabricated by powder metallurgy, with microstructures designed to provide a suitable surface morphology for uniform anode deposition. An open circuit voltage (OCV) of 1.105 V at 750 °C in 3% humidified hydrogen was obtained, which deviates from the Nernst potential by only 5 mV. Therefore, the bi-layer support has the potential to minimize cell defects that are known to be detrimental to cell performance. Metal-supported SOFCs containing Cu-Ni-samaria doped ceria (SDC) composites with or without additions of Co or CeO₂, were evaluated for stability against interdiffusion in H₂ at 850 °C. The interdiffusion of Fe, Cr, and Ni was studied, and three protective strategies to prevent the diffusion of Fe and Cr into the Cu-based anodes were evaluated: pre-oxidation of the metal support, application of a protective LaCrO₃ coating to the metal supports, and addition of an SDC interlayer between the metal support and anode. It was found that the most effective stand-alone method to diminish the diffusion of Fe into the anodes containing Co and Ni was the addition of an SDC interlayer between the anode and the metal support. An assessment of the feasibility of using BaTiO₃ as a catalyst for DH SOFC anodes was also performed. The microstructure and electrochemical performance of metal-supported Cu-SDC-Ni-based anodes with or without the addition of CeO₂ and/or BaTiO₃ were evaluated. Metal-supported SOFC anodes were fabricated by a hybrid suspension and solution precursor plasma spraying (SPS/SPPS) process and by SPPS. SPPS Cu-based anodes were found to have better resistance to coarsening than SPS/SPPS Cu-based anodes. The highest power density in this study was obtained for an SPPS Cu-SDC-Ni-BaTiO₃ anode, with peak power densities at 750 °C of 624 mW/cm² and 266 mW/cm² in H₂ and in CH₄, respectively.	Ph.D.	pollut	13
Arnillas Merino, Carlos Alberto	Cadotte, Marc W	Determinism vs. Stochasticity in Community Assembly Processes: The Role of Species Phylogeny and Dominance	Physical and Environmental Sciences	2019-06	The deterministic or stochastic nature of the rules that regulate which species co-exist in a community has been long debated in ecology. This thesis aims to answer (1) if understanding the degree of determinism in the co-existence of species is more or less informative than other sources of uncertainty affecting regional biodiversity, (2) if biodiversity is important to understand ecosystem processes, and (3) if dominance and determinism are correlated. Using a landscape model I show that the degree of determinism or stochasticity (1) controls regional species richness, and (2) causes more uncertainty on species richness than land use change or climate change in the Tropical Andes. In herbaceous communities around the world, diversity is important to improve predictions of biomass productivity and litter accumulation mostly when the diversity and biomass descriptors of the communities were partitioned into legumes, forbs and graminoids. Graminoids, grasses and Carex, and one forb lineage were more likely to be dominant species than non-dominant, while more than a dozen forb lineages were more likely to be non-dominant species. The environment affected the dominant plants the most, increasing the role of habitat filtering, with a less common effect of limiting similarity; in contrast, non-dominant plants were mostly affected by limiting similarity among the non-dominants, but with no signal of habitat filtering. This pattern was observed in herbaceous systems using a local dominant removal experiment and a global observational dataset. The results show that dominant species are a more deterministic subset of species that converge towards a predictable optimum constrained by environmental conditions. In contrast, non-dominant species are better described as a diverging group of species, potentially with multiple optimums, and therefore with a less predictable response. Understanding the differences between dominant and non-dominants can improve models of ecosystem services that rely either on biomass accumulation or on diversity.	Ph.D.	climate, enviornment, biodiversity, ecology	13, 15
Arora, Paul	Jha, Prabhat	Epidemiologic Characterization of the Heterosexual Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and other Sexually Transmitted Infections in India	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2013-11	India houses the world’s third largest population of people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) who constitute about 6% of the global HIV burden. In about 2008-9, an estimated 1.9 million [95%CI: 1.5 to 2.5] adults were living with HIV in India. The four southern Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu account for about 60% of estimated HIV infections, although they house only 30% of the adult population. I report that most HIV infections in infected couples in the general population of India (85.4% (95%CI: 80.0, 90.7)) were introduced by the male partner. The per-partnership transmission probability of HIV in the general population was low 29.1% (95%CI: 22.5, 35.7) compared to what has been reported for other STIs. Important theoretical facilitating factors for HIV transmission were associated with HIV infection with nearly equal effect sizes in both genders and across HIV–risk settings (multiple partnerships (OR: 2.46 (95%CI: 1.98, 3.06) and STIs (ORHSV-2: 5.60 (95%CI: 3.37, 9.33); ORSyphilis: 4.12 (95%CI: 2.35, 7.25)). The strength of association of STIs with HIV was consistent. Intervention spending on, or coverage of, STI treatment-focused sex work interventions (per 1000 total district population) was associated with a reduced annual risk of either HIV (- 1.7%, 95%CI: -3.3, -0.10) or syphilis (-10.9%, 95%CI: -15.9, -5.8) infection in young pregnant women in the high-burden southern states. A decreased annual risk of syphilis iii among young pregnant women attending public prenatal clinics in the high-burden southern states was associated with a unit increase (per 1000 total district population) of intervention spending (-0.009%, 95%CI: -0.014, -0.004), number of STIs treated (-10.9%, 95%CI: -15.9, -5.8), FSWs reached (-3.0%, 95%CI: -5.2, -0.7) and condoms distributed (-0.034%, 95%CI: - 0.053, -0.015). Male sexual behaviour (non-regular partnerships and use of female sex work) is the dominant driver of HIV transmission in the general population of south India. Ulcerative STIs were strongly associated with HIV infection in south India and interventions aimed at treating STIs and promoting safer sex practices for FSWs and their clients have resulted in reductions in HIV and syphilis incidence and prevalence in the general population of south India.	PhD	health	3
Arrandale, Victoria Helen	Holness, Dorothy Linn	Occupational Exposures and the Co-occurrence of Work-related Skin and Respiratory Symptoms	Medical Science	2012-06	Occupational skin and respiratory symptoms, and disease, are common problems. Workers can develop new disease or aggravate existing disease as a result of exposures at work. Many workers are exposed to chemicals that can cause both respiratory and skin responses and there is evidence that some workers experience symptoms in both systems. There is also evidence that skin exposure may lead to sensitization and the development of respiratory disease. There is very little research that has examined both airborne and skin exposures together with lung and skin outcomes. The purpose of this thesis was to further investigate the relationships between occupational exposures, skin symptoms and disease, and respiratory symptoms and disease. Four studies were undertaken to improve our understanding of these complex relationships. Results from a study of clinical patch test data determined that seven of the ten most common occupational contact allergens are also capable of causing occupational asthma and that these common occupational exposures may not be recognized as sensitizers in common reference materials. Exposure-response relationships for skin symptoms were modeled in bakery workers and auto body shop workers using historical data; significant exposure-response relationships were found for auto body workers. In two separate studies of concurrent skin and respiratory symptoms, workers did report concurrent skin and respiratory symptoms. In predictive models, subjects reporting a history of eczema were more likely to report concurrent skin and respiratory symptoms. Overall, the results from this thesis provide more evidence that the skin and respiratory systems are associated. This body of work suggests that: (1) several common occupational exposures can cause disease in both the skin and respiratory system; (2) a portion of workers report both skin and respiratory symptoms; and (3) exposure-response relationships do exist for skin symptoms, both work-related and non-work-related. Future studies need to gather detailed information about exposure and response in both systems in order to better determine the role of exposure(s) in the development of skin and respiratory symptoms. Improved understanding of these relationships will allow for more targeted and effective exposure prevention strategies and will ultimately reduce the burden of occupational disease.	PhD	worker, health	3, 8
Arviv, Tamir	Mahtani, Minelle||Leslie, Deborah	The Diverse Geographies of Jewishness: Exploring the Intersections between Race, Religion, and Citizenship among Israeli Migrants in Toronto	Geography	2016-06	In this dissertation, I explore how Jewish migrants who have relocated from Israel, but who are now living in the Greater Toronto Area understand, negotiate and perform their identities, belongings, and citizenship upon migration, both individually and collectively. Working from a series of forty-eight interviews and a set of participant observations at public events, I discuss how the discourses and material realities of life in Israel and in Toronto inform their attachments, identities, and claims of belonging. I illustrate the ways in which their hybrid and transnational identities, attachments, and claims of belonging challenge Euro-Zionism's homogenizing project - opening up potential for new revitalized spaces for conversations about Israel/Palestine. The empirical chapters in this study focus on the themes of diaspora, whiteness, and citizenship in an attempt to foreground the multi-dimensional and diverse nature of Jewish identity and Jewish multiculturality and multiraciality in Canada (and in Israel). Theoretically, this opens up opportunities to consider scaffolding that describes the complex multiplicity within cultures. Case studies are used to address the formation and re-formation of racial, religious, and national identities after migration, providing theoretical insights into the complex relations of multiple local racial formations to global racial formations, both historically and in the contemporary period, and their interconnectivity with other axes of difference, such as religion. In particular, I emphasize the intersection of racial formation and religious identity by foregrounding the immense diversity of Jewish identities, cultures, and racial connections. Doing so, I begin to map previously unexplored intersections between Jewish studies and critical theories of race in order to illuminate spaces for potential critical geographical analyses of these fields. This study, therefore, opens up new questions not only for future research on the "Israeli diaspora" , but also for studies of race, religion, migration, and urban space in social and cultural geography.	Ph.D.	urban	11
ARYEE, EDNA	Schneider, Margaret||Wane, Njoki	Implications of Sexual Risk Assessment for HIV Intervention Planning: The Utility of the Expanded AIDS Risk Reduction MODEL among Young Ghanaian Women	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2014-11	ID: 10997Background Study Objective(s): Increasing HIV/AIDS knowledge alone does not stem the spread of HIV among young Ghanaian women. Rather, the solution lies in enhancing the individual's appreciation of her own risk and self-efficacy for reducing risky behaviours (Sallar, 2001). The current dissertation aims to understand the factors related to HIV/AIDS sexual risk behaviour among young Ghanaian women. In an expansion of the AIDS Risk Reduction Model (ARRM; Catania, 1990), psychological (sexual assertiveness and self-esteem), interpersonal (resiliency), and cultural variables (spirituality, cultural mistrust, gender roles, childhood sexual abuse, social health, and Africentrism) were identified to assist in the prediction of stage-specific variables at each stage (i.e., Labeling, Commitment, and Enactment) of the ARRM. Sexual risk behaviour was further examined in relationship to diverse demographic variables. Methods: Using quantitative exploratory survey and convenience sampling methods, two hundred (N=200) female participants were recruited at three institutions in Accra, Ghana. Results: Labeling: Labeling was positively related to Peer Norm. However, Labeling was negatively related HIV/AIDS Risk Knowledge and Susceptibility to HIV. Further, there was a positive relationship between Labeling and HIV Testing (at the Commitment Stage). The overall regression for the expanded predictors model on Labeling was not statistically significant. Education and age accounted for the bulk of the explained variance at this stage. Commitment: HIV testing intention was negatively related to age and marital status. However, it was positively related to education. Overall, neither the ARRM nor the expanded ARRM variables predicted Commitment. However, there was a positive relationship between Self- esteem and Commitment. Enactment: Condom Use Self-efficacy was positively related to age. Education was positively related to Enactment. For the expanded predictors, Perception of Sexual Enjoyment, Sexual Communication, Spirituality and Self-Esteem were negatively related to Enactment. There was also a positive relationship between Sexual Assertiveness and Enactment. Conclusion: Together, findings validated the Expanded ARRM as a fairly reliable model that helped in the coherent understanding of psychosocial and cultural issues that increase sexual vulnerability in young Ghanaian women. Overall, this study contributes to efforts to promote the use of culturally appropriate strategies in HIV prevention in Ghana.	Ph.D.	health, gender, women	3, 5
Asakura, Kenta	Newman, Peter A	Theorizing Pathways to Resilience among LGBTQ Youth: A Grounded Theory Study	Social Work	2015-11	This three-paper dissertation seeks to advance the conceptual understanding of resilience among lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and queer (LGBTQ) youth. Interviews with service-providers (n = 16) and LGBTQ youth (n = 19) were conducted and analyzed, using Grounded Theory (GT) methodologies. The first paper conceptualizes how participants understand the construct of resilience and the associated concepts (i.e., adversity, positive adaptation). Three relevant categories are reported: (1) facing adversities across contexts, (2) growing up in the age of marriage equality, and (3) “doing well” while still in pain. Provided extensive adversities LGBTQ youth experience, participants endorsed a context-dependent understanding of “doing well” (e.g., “battling through”) rather than using normative criteria of health and wellbeing (e.g., absence of psychopathologies, presence of socially desirable outcomes). The second paper reports a substantive theory of resilience emerged in the GT study. The core category, paving pathways through the pain, suggests that youth build on their experiences of marginalization and the concomitant emotional pain to carve out personalized pathways to resilience. All youth employed the following five processes: (1) navigating safety across contexts, (2) asserting personal agency, (3) seeking and cultivating meaningful relationships, (4) un-silencing social identities, and (5) engaging in collective healing and action. While the degree of which and the ways in which youth made use of these resilience processes varied, youth focused their attention to the areas of their individual life circumstances that inflicted emotional pain and engaged more deliberately in one or more of the resilience processes related to the origins of pain. In the third paper, results of the GT study, along with other relevant literature, inform the application of a social ecological framework of resilience in working with LGBTQ youth. This framework conceptualizes that the role of social workers is to promote not only the internal capacity of LGBTQ youth but also the capacity of their social ecologies to better support them. A youth case is discussed to inform interventions across the micro, mezzo, and macro levels of practice. Discussion sections for each paper and the dissertation conclusion summarize study results, limitations, and implications for social work and further research.	Ph.D.	equality, queer	5
Ashworth, Melody Kelly	Joseph, M Ducharme	Teacher Training in a Proactive Classroom Management Approach for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2014-11	As the prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) increases, more children with ASD present for services in public school classrooms. Due to the unique social and communication difficulties that characterize this population, these children often exhibit challenging behaviours such as non-compliance, verbal and physical aggression and high levels of off-task responses. Compounding these concerns, teachers and classroom support staff are typically inadequately trained in evidence-based behavioural intervention strategies for such children, particularly those suited for class-wide intervention that are easy to implement and fit within a school setting.The current study addressed these concerns by examining the effectiveness of Errorless Classroom Management (ECM), a proactive classroom management teacher training package, in three self-contained classrooms and a total of 7 students ranging from Grade 1 to Grade 8. In a multiple baseline across classrooms design, teachers and classroom support staff were taught a range of proactive skills that included use of moderating support strategies, reinforcement of prosocial student behaviours, and systematic fading of supports and reinforcement. Teachers and classroom support staff were also trained in how to use these classroom management strategies to build four core student skills: compliance, acquiescence, on-task behaviour, and communication skills. After training, classroom staff showed increased use of proactive classroom management strategies and reduction in use of reactive disciplinary strategies. Results also indicated moderate improvements in student compliance, on-task skills and prosocial behaviours, as well as covariant reductions in challenging behaviours. Improvements in staff and student behaviour were maintained at the 5 month follow-up. Most staff members indicated satisfaction with the training and showed an overall moderate reduction in stress levels related to classroom management. The outcomes of the current study are encouraging and suggest that ECM is suitable as a proactive classroom management approach for self-contained ASD special education classrooms and may fit well as a curriculum within a school wide positive behaviour support framework. The in-service training was completely non-aversive, inexpensive, and brief, making it a positive and cost-efficient approach to classroom management. Teacher training in ECM could potentially decrease the number of students with ASD who require intensive supports in the school system.	Ph.D.	educat	4
Aubrecht, Catherine (Katie)	Titchkosky, Tanya	Surviving Success, Reconciling Resilience: A Critical Analysis of the Appearance of Student ‘Mental Life’ at one Canadian University	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2012-11	This dissertation addresses the university student as a figure of mental health and illness. Drawing on the methods and theories of disability studies, interpretive sociology, critical, feminist and queer theory, as well as hermeneutically oriented phenomenology, my work explores the social production of this student figure or type – variously depicted as ‘ invisible’, ‘maladjusted’, ‘stressed’, ‘difficult’, sensitive’, ‘resilient’, ‘narcissistic’, and extraordinarily ‘ordinary’. This figure is addressed as a means of revealing contradictory understandings of the relationship between success and survival, as this relationship appears in the ordinary daily life of the University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The social and historical significance of the contemporary University’s Student Life Programs and Services is analyzed with a view to reveal the Western cultural values and practices which organize consciousness of success as a necessary condition of contemporary existence. Special attention is paid to the cultural production of knowledge concerning university student ‘mental life’, the appearance of which is located at the interstices of colonialism, global health policy, institutional ‘best practices’, cultural mores and folkways, and embodied experiences. I dwell with this appearance as an occasion to engage the materiality of Western mythologies of resilience, and with them the meaning of human agency under neoliberal governance. This engagement examines the productive power of the disciplinary and institutionalized ‘language of mental illness’ through a genealogy of the University of Toronto, a textual analyses of the University’s Student Life Programs and Services literature, and a discursive analysis of open-ended interviews with student services representatives which seeks both to understand and transgress conventional interpretations of the structure of Student Life. I demonstrate how University presentations of student bodies, minds and senses perceived to be lacking in ‘ordinary order’, can be reconceived as sites to reflect on the paramount presence of psychiatric knowledge in interpretations and responses to embodied difference within the university setting. Overall, this dissertation seeks to disrupt unexamined relations to the meaning of student types; and in the process, display how normative relations to the student as a figure of mental health and illness needs is currently and historically organized and socially achieved.	PhD	health, gender	3, 5
August, Martine Jade	Walks, Alan	Speculating Social Housing: Mixed-Iicome Public Housing Redevelopment in Toronto's Regent Park and Don Mount Court	Geography	2014-06	This dissertation develops a multi-dimensional critique of the globally popular "socially mixed" public housing redevelopment approach, drawing on tenant experiences in Toronto's Regent Park and Don Mount Court communities. Socially mixed redevelopment involves the demolition of modernist public housing and its replacement with mixed-income, mixed-use communities; usually redesigned in a neo-traditional style and achieved via public-private partnership. This dissertation addresses three research questions and goals. First, it examines the impacts of redevelopment on tenants, who benefit from much-needed investment but endure hardship associated with relocation, gentrification, and displacement. Second, it critically examines core theoretical and planning ideas (`deconcentration' and `social mix') that serve to justify mixed-income redevelopment. These discourses rest on problematic core assumptions, and promote policies that - as I discover in a meta-analysis of nearly 200 empirical studies - do not deliver on their promises. Third, this research offers a political-economic critique of the significance and future impacts of redevelopment, placing tenant experiences in the context of local, state, and global economic restructuring. Redevelopment is presented as an example of what I call "speculative social welfare," a new and increasingly popular approach for financing former welfare state provisions in the context of global neoliberalism. Speculative social welfare replaces state expenditure with profits derived from gentrification and real estate speculation, relies on the market to allocate former welfare state provisions, entails reduced investment, and intensifies existing patterns of socio-spatial polarization. This research is based on qualitative methods, including in-depth interviews, ethnographic participant observation, and textual analysis. My analysis of redevelopment in Toronto reveals that financial motivations drive policy, trumping loftier planning, design, and equity-oriented goals. From pre-move tenant interviews, I develop a counter-narrative that challenges stigmatizing pro-revitalization rhetoric, and highlights `real' problems in Regent Park that redevelopment is ill-suited to address. Post-move interviews reveal that `old' problems are being reproduced in the mixed community, and highlight the negative political and social impacts of gentrification and displacement. My analysis of Don Mount Court points to the paradoxical outcomes of "New Urbanist" design, and challenges the `myth' of the benevolent middle class in a landscape marked by deeply uneven power relations.	Ph.D.	urban	11
Avendano, Carlos Enrique	Cowling, Sharon A. ||Finkelstein, Sarah A.	Natural and Cultural Landscape Evolution during the Late Holocene in North Central Guatemalan Lowlands and Highlands	Geography	2012-06	Paleoecology has been only in recent decades applied to Mesoamerica; this thesis provides new records of paleoenvironmental changes in Guatemala. Paleoecological reconstructions are developed based mainly on pollen in the Lachuá lowlands and Purulhá highlands of the Las Verapaces Region. For the first time, quantitative vegetation and climate analyses are developed, and plant indicator taxa from vegetation belts are identified. Changes in vegetation are explained partially by elevation and climatic parameters, topography, drainage divides, and biogeography. Pollen rain and indicator plant taxa from vegetation belts were linked through a first modern pollen rain analysis based on bryophyte polsters and surface sediments. The latter contain fewer forest-interior plant taxa in both locations, and in the highlands, they contain higher local pollen content than in the lowlands. These calibrations aided vegetation reconstructions based on fossil pollen in sediment records from the Lachuá and Purulhá regions. Reconstructions for the last ~2000 years before present (BP) were developed based on fossil pollen from cores P-4 on a floodplain in Purulhá, and L-3, a wetland in Lachuá. Core P-4 suggests that Mayan populations developed a system of agricultural terraces in a former paleolake-swamp environment, which was abandoned at the time of the Spanish Conquest (~400 BP). Core L-3 indicates the abandonment of Mayan “Forest Gardens” at the time of the early Postclassic. These gardens likely prevailed during the Classic period (~300-1100 yrs BP) at the outskirts of the ancient city of Salinas de los Nueve Cerros. Following abandonment, forest recovery took place for about 800 yrs. Cultural factors are found to be more important in determining vegetation dynamics in this region, since no clear evidence of climate forcing was found. The P-4 and L-3 cores provide likely evidence that Mayan populations were, contrary to other evidence, innovative landscape managers. Scenarios in the Las Verapaces Region have been drastically modified in recent times (e.g. after the European Conquest), as suggested by pollen evidence in the top of both P-4 and L-3 cores, possibly due mostly to modern large scale natural resources exploitation, which represent environmental threats greater than any seen in the last ca. 2000 years.	PhD	natural resources, environment, forest, ecology	12, 13, 15
Axler, Renata Emily	Miller, Fiona A	Commercialization, Collaboration and Conflict of Interest: An Institutional Work Analysis of Academic Entrepreneurship in Canada	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2015-06	Recent health research and innovation policies have encouraged academic biomedical scientists to engage research commercialization and collaborations with the health products industry. These activities of `academic entrepreneurship' have been valued for their ability to produce social, economic, and health impacts. However, these initiatives have also been met with concern for their potential to create conflicts of interest. This study examines how publicly-funded academic biomedical scientists in Canada value the activities of academic entrepreneurship and manage conflict of interest concerns. Drawing on neo-institutional theories, this research explores the institutional logic of entrepreneurial science, and the micro-level negotiations of `institutional work' conducted by academic entrepreneurs in legitimizing entrepreneurial initiatives. This mixed-methods study draws from a national survey of publicly-funded biomedical researchers (n = 1,618), and in-depth interviews with 24 academic entrepreneurs and 14 trainees. Analyses indicate that the institutional logic of entrepreneurial science tends to be positioned as distinct to academic science, though this logic is heterogeneous. Exploring entrepreneurial scientists' institutional work in valuing and navigating entrepreneurial activities, normative value is generated in these activities through proposals of their contributions to scientific processes and downstream clinical and societal impacts. Entrepreneurial scientists simultaneously claim adherence to academic norms, and use these to legitimize their entrepreneurial engagements. In navigating entrepreneurial activities, entrepreneurial scientists engage in strategies to maintain academic activities alongside entrepreneurial ones, and claim to avoid conflicts of interest. In an environment of overall skepticism and uncertainty about academic entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial scientists engage in institutional work processes of change-through-maintenance, where appeals to the maintenance of academic norms serve to legitimize entrepreneurial activities. As entrepreneurial initiatives proceed in academic biomedical science and are legitimized by entrepreneurial scientists, this study calls for a need to scrutinize and regulate these initiatives, especially as potential conflicts of interest and their impacts tend to be obfuscated.	Ph.D.	health, innovation, industr	3, 9
Ayerst, Stephen	Restuccia, Diego	Essays in Macroeconomic Growth	Economics	2020-06	The innovation of new technologies is fundamental for driving aggregate economic growth. The spread (or lack of) of these technologies across countries helps explain growth in developing countries and why large productivity gaps persist. My thesis studies the contribution of technological progress and diffusion for explaining cross-country productivity gaps and aggregate growth. The first chapter studies how the diffusion of new technologies affects growth. I develop a model of endogenous growth, in which firms decide how to invest in the adoption of a new technology and innovation. Knowledge embodied in products is more complementary to future innovations using the same technology. Consequently, as firms adopt the new technology it becomes harder to innovate with the old technology. I calibrate to empirical evidence using patent data on the diffusion of information-communication technology (ICT). Diffusion is driven by adoption early on (about 1/3) and innovation later (about 2/3). Despite large firm-level gains from adoption, aggregate growth falls by 15% over the transition because firms scale back innovation. The second chapter studies how institutional distortions prolong the adoption of new technologies in developing countries. I build a model in which firms choose technology and resource inputs given their underlying productivity and exposure to the institutional environment. I calibrate to US data on the distribution of employment and adoption pattern of new technologies. Increasing distortions to be consistent with low-income countries increases the adoption lag of new technologies by 19 years (43% of the data) and decreases productivity by 65%. The third chapter (with Faisal Ibrahim, Gaelan MacKenzie and Swapnika Rachapalli) studies the role of knowledge embodied within traded products for diffusion. We use patent data to construct a measure of embodied technology. Using this measure, we find that increases in high-knowledge traded goods are associated with higher productivity and R\ growth. To quantify the importance of this channel, we develop an endogenous growth model with trade and knowledge links. We find that a large fraction of long-run growth is attributable to spillovers with developing countries benefiting relatively more.	Ph.D.	innovation, industr, economic growth, employment	8, 9
Ayyavoo, Gabriel Roman	Pedretti, Erminia	Using Online Pedagogy to Explore Student Experiences of Science-technology-society-environment (STSE) Issues in a Secondary Science Classroom	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2013-06	With the proliferation of 21st century educational technologies, science teaching and learning with digitally acclimatized learners in secondary science education can be realized through an online Science-Technology-Society-Environment (STSE)-based issues approach. STSE-based programs can be interpreted as the exploration of socially-embedded initiatives in science (e.g., use of genetically modified foods) to promote the development of critical cognitive processes and to empower learners with responsible decision-making skills. This dissertation presents a case study examining the online environment of a grade 11 physics class in an all-girls’ school, and the outcomes from those online discursive opportunities with STSE materials. The limited in-class discussion opportunities are often perceived as low-quality discussions in traditional classrooms because they originate from an inadequate introduction and facilitation of socially relevant issues in science programs. Hence, this research suggests that the science curriculum should be inclusive of STSE-based issue discussions. This study also examines the nature of students’ online discourse and, their perceived benefits and challenges of learning about STSE-based issues through an online environment. Analysis of interviews, offline classroom events and online threaded discussion transcripts draws from the theoretical foundations of critical reflective thinking delineated in the Practical Inquiry (P.I.) Model. The PI model of Cognitive Presence is situated within the Community of Inquiry framework,encompassing two other core elements, Teacher Presence and Social Presence. In studying Cognitive Presence, the online STSE-based discourses were examined according to the four phases of the P.I. Model. The online discussions were measured at macro-levels to reveal patterns in student STSE-based discussions and content analysis of threaded discussions. These analyses indicated that 87% of the students participated in higher quality STSE-based discussions via an online forum as compared to in-class. The micro-level analysis revealed students to attain higher cognitive interactions with STSE issues. Sixteen percent of the students’ threaded postings were identified in the Resolution Phase 4 when the teacher intervened with a focused teaching strategy. This research provides a significant theoretical and pedagogical contribution to blended approach to STSE-based secondary science education. It presents a framework for teachers to facilitate students’ online discussions and to support learners in exploring STSE-based topics.	PhD	innovation	9
Azimi, Yaldah	Farnood, Ramin ||Allen, Grant	The Effect of Physicochemical Properties of Secondary Treated Wastewater Flocs on UV Disinfection	Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry	2013-11	The microbial aggregates (flocs) formed during secondary biological treatment of wastewater shield microbes from exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, and decrease the efficiency of disinfection, causing the tailing phenomena. This thesis investigates whether the formation of compact cores within flocs induces higher levels of UV resistance. Moreover, it investigates the effect of secondary treatment conditions on the physicochemical properties of flocs’, effluent quality, and UV disinfection performance. Compact cores were isolated from the flocs using hydrodynamic shearing. The UV dose response curves (DRC) were constructed for flocs and cores, and the 53-63 μm cores showed 0.5 log less disinfectability, compared to flocs of similar size. Based on a structural model developed for the UV disinfection of flocs, floc disinfection kinetics was sensitive to the core’s relative volume, their density, and viability. The UV disinfection and floc properties of a conventional activated sludge (CAS) system, and a biological nutrient removal (BNR-UCT) system, including both biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal, was compared. The 32-53 μm flocs and the final effluent from the BNR-UCT reactor showed 0.5 log and 1 log improvement in UV disinfectability, respectively, compared to those from the CAS reactor. The BNR-UCT flocs were more irregular in structure, and accumulated polyphosphates through enhanced biological phosphorus removal. Polyphosphates were found to be capable of producing hydroxyl radicals under UV irradiation, causing the photoreactive disinfection of microorganisms embedded within the BNR-UCT flocs, accelerating their UV disinfection. Comparing the UV disinfection performance and floc properties at various operating conditions showed that increasing the operating temperature from 12 ºC to 22 ºC, improved the UV disinfection of effluent by 0.5 log. P-Starved condition, i.e. COD:N:P of 100:10:0.03, decreased the average floc size and sphericity, both by 50%. Despite the higher effluent turbidity of the P-Starved reactor, the final effluent’s UV disinfection improved by at least 1 log compared to the P-Normal and P-Limited conditions. The improvement in the floc and effluent disinfectability were accompanied by a decrease in floc sphericity and a decrease in the number of larger flocs in the effluent, respectively.	PhD	waste	12
Azzopardi, Corry	Allagia, Ramona	The Discursive Construction of Gendered Attributions of Blame for Child Sexual Abuse: A Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis of Maternal Failure to Protect in Child Welfare Policy and Practice	Social Work	2015-11	Nonoffending mothers of children who have been sexually victimized have historically borne the burden of blame in professional and public discourse. Notwithstanding strong empirical evidence to the contrary, attributions of maternal culpability for the inception and maintenance of abuse dynamics have been socially manufactured through hegemonic paradigms of deficient mothering. While insinuations of conscious or unconscious maternal collusion may have dissipated since early psychoanalytic and family systems eras, the legacy of mother-blame lives on in present day child welfare policies and practices through the ideologically- and institutionally-entrenched doctrine of failure to protect. With the intent of unearthing gender-based power asymmetries in contemporary child welfare system responses to child sexual abuse, this doctoral study applied feminist critical discourse analysis to investigate discursive constructions of blame and failure to protect, as enacted, reinforced, and resisted through the powerful language of child welfare policy and practice texts. In this multimodal, problem-oriented, social advocatory approach to critical social science research, descriptive, interpretive, and explanatory analyses of semiotic data were conducted to expose transparent and opaque orders of discourse that legitimize particular relations of power and authority in child welfare operating to the detriment of women and children. Anchored in neoliberal modes of governing, child-centric notions of best interests, and hierarchical structures of power, this study uncovered dominant ideologies of gender and motherhood that function to construct women as the embodiment of sexual abuse risk, target of scrutiny and blame, and primary agent of change. Judged against naturalized schemas of good mothering in isolation of subjective lived experiences, social locations, and material conditions, failure to protect standards have an inherently disproportionate and troubling effect on women, particularly marginalized women who endure intersecting sources of oppression and adversity. Consequent formulations of child sexual abuse as a corollary of maternal inadequacies and defective instincts wrongly, albeit effectually, deflect the gaze away from sexual abuse perpetrators, nonoffending fathers, unresponsive institutions, and profound social injustices. Mothers are fundamental to the collective goal of promoting children’s safety and recovery in the aftermath of sexual abuse. Prevailing child welfare narratives that blame and shame paradoxically impede maternal capacities for support and protection and, thus, compromise children’s best interests. Gendered child welfare discourse has proven itself to be remarkably impervious to change. This study effectively problematized and destabilized its stronghold on child welfare policy and practice by unmasking and denaturalizing the ideological content of textually mediated discourses, building a persuasive case for social and institutional reform grounded in a solid epistemic and evidentiary foundation, and proposing progressive avenues for discursive resistance, negotiation, and transformation.	Ph.D.	women, gender, institution	5, 16
Bachmann, Christian	Roorda, Matthew J||Kennedy, Chris	Analyzing the Effects of Changing Global Trade Patterns on Domestic Freight Systems	Civil Engineering	2015-12	Global trade patterns are continuously changing as economies and trade policies develop and interact. Recent developments and forecasts suggest changes in such patterns are likely to continue. Global trade patterns ultimately manifest themselves in freight flows on global and domestic transportation systems, but the translation of economic flows into transportation patterns is not straightforward. Moreover, while countries may benefit from global trade, the transportation impacts are felt locally, as passenger and freight movements compete for domestic infrastructure capacity.This thesis introduces a joint transportation and trade modelling framework to analyze the effects of changing global trade patterns on domestic freight operations. A unique multi-scale modelling framework confronts the notion that it is convenient but unrealistic to draw a geographic boundary around the economy and freight transportation system. Innovative harmonization, transformation, estimation, and optimization-based methods are developed to jointly model trade at the global, national, and regional levels. Multinomial logit (MNL) models are used to include the influence of transportation disutility in global trade choice behaviours, extending the multi-scale model into the domain of random-utility-based multi-regional input-output (RUBMRIO) models, which are first comprehensively introduced and reviewed.To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach, a Canada-centric model was developed that includes forty-eight countries, Canada's ten provinces and three territories, and Ontario's eleven economic regions. Validation results show that it is possible to link spatial scales with a reasonable degree of accuracy. And while Canada's industrial outputs are the sum of its provincial and regional outputs, individual provinces and regions are not just microcosms of the larger country's behaviour. Example applications of food and paper product demand shocks from the United States, as well as doubling and halving of global transportation costs, demonstrate that the economic impacts from scenarios related to global trade and their implications for freight demand and traffic patterns differ for each province of Canada and region of Ontario.	Ph.D.	trade, industr, infrastructure	9, 10
Badali, MattheW Anthony	Zilman, Anton	Extinction, Fixation, and Invasion in an Ecological Niche	Physics	2019-11	The competitive exclusion principle postulates that due to abiotic constraints, resource usage, inter-species interactions, and other factors, ecosystems can be divided into ecological niches, with each niche supporting only one species in steady state. Seemingly in conflict with this principle, remarkable biodiversity exists in biomes such as the human microbiome, the ocean surface, and every speck of soil. Despite their importance in human health and conservation biology, the long term dynamics, diversity, and stability of communities of multiple interacting species that occupy similar niches are still not fully understood. Biodiversity decreases as species go extinct and increases as new species establish themselves, and both extinction and invasion are moderated by interactions with other species. Classically, the theory of niches describes biodiversity, as relatively static. More recently popular, neutral theory models biodiversity as a balance of successive extinctions and invasions. Stochastic fluctuations allow mathematical models, like the neutral Moran model, to exhibit extinction. Stochasticity also connects neutral and niche theories, with Moran dynamics being one limit of a Lotka-Volterra model. The extinction times in the neutral and niche limits are qualitatively different, indicative respectively of exclusion and coexistence of two species, yet the transition between these limits has not been fully investigated. I identify the nature of the transition by calculating the mean extinction time with an arbitrarily accurate technique, discovering that competing species can coexist unless their ecological niches entirely overlap, which implies that extinction and loss of biodiversity is less common than predicted by neutral models. Biodiversity is also maintained by new species entering the system, a process I represent with a single invader in the Lotka-Volterra model and repeated immigrants into the Moran model. I demonstrate that greater niche overlap leads to longer invasion times, and less likelihood of success of an invasion attempt. With the Moran model I find the critical immigration rate at which immigrants are likely to maintain their presence in the system.	Ph.D.	biodiversity	15
Badr, Mario Jean	Enright Jerger, Natalie	New Tools for Evaluating Parallel and Heterogeneous Architectures	Electrical and Computer Engineering	2020-06	Computer architecture is entering its second golden age. The number of servers worldwide is estimated to be ten million. The number of mobile devices in the world now exceeds two billion. But with the decline of technology scaling, performance improvements from shrinking transistors has dwindled. The world now turns to innovations in computer architecture for increased performance. A fundamental aspect of computer architecture is evaluating tradeoffs between design points. Evaluating these trade-offs is becoming more difficult due to the increased complexity of the hardware and applications. Traditional methods for evaluation are useful but limiting. In this dissertation, we propose to remove these limitations by complementing traditional tools with two new ones: Rhythm and Mocktails. The traditional method of simulating parallel systems is limiting for two main reasons. First, only a small sample of a workload’s execution is considered. Second, the input to the application has been reduced in size by orders of magnitude. Rhythm removes these limitations by modeling only the key interactions between the application, system software, and hardware, producing performance estimates in seconds or minutes for full runs of a benchmark with realistic inputs. We validate the fidelity of Rhythm’s estimates to measurements of workloads running on two real systems. Rhythm helps architects gain valuable insights on the performance of parallel architectures in the early stages of design, guiding them toward the design points that should be evaluated in more detail. The rapid evolution of mobile computing has led to a significant degree of heterogeneity in the hardware. The heterogeneity stems from domain-specific accelerators, which limits academic research because these accelerators (and their workloads) are proprietary. Mocktails removes this limitation for architects exploring the memory hierarchy by statistically modeling the memory access behaviour of compute devices without making assumptions about the hardware or workload. We validate the fidelity of Mocktails experimentally for caches and main memory. Architects can use Mocktails in their simulations to mimic the behaviour of a compute device, making the tool a useful conduit between industry and academia.	Ph.D.	innovation	9
Badwall, Harjeet	Razack, Sherene	Can I Be a Good Social Worker? Racialized Workers Narrate their Experiences with Racism in Every Day Practice	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2013-06	Social work imagines itself as a site of goodness and justice. My thesis illustrates the ways in which commitments to the profession’s social justice-oriented ideals are ruptured when racialized social workers name the operation of racism within everyday sites of professional practice. I show how colonial and imperial constructions of helping (moral superiority and goodness) continue to shape the hegemonic scripts about the role and practices of social work, reinscribing white dominance in social work knowledge production. Historically, racialized bodies have been constituted as Others, subjects to be regulated, controlled and ‘saved’ within the colonial project. I examine the dilemmas that emerge when racialized Others become the helpers and attempt to perform a normative identity that is constructed through white dominance. In this study, I provide a detailed analysis of twenty-three semi-structured interviews with racialized social workers. I trace the production of the profession’s values and notions of good practice within their narratives. I specifically explore the moments in which ‘good’ practice and commitments to the values of the profession break down in everyday work with clients and co-workers. Racist encounters with clients appear as overwhelming occurrences within workers’ narratives, and a complex paradox is revealed: the discursive arrangements within social work that constitute good, social justice-oriented practice, are the very same discourses that disavow the operation of racism. Within these moments workers are left questioning whether or not they can be ‘good social workers’ because the act of naming racism appears to be incompatible with their commitments to the values that shape what is recognized as good social work practice. The narratives presented in this thesis point to the trespasses, erasures and individualizing discourses that secure whiteness at the exact moments in which race is made invisible. I contend that, when workers name racism, their very presence is destabilizing to a social work profession that needs to construct an image of itself as a site of goodness. Social work must examine the colonial continuities that construct contemporary practices, and to make visible the ways in which hegemonic scripts shaping justice and goodness reinstall whiteness and collude with racism.	PhD	justice, worker	8, 16
Baergen, Alyson	Donaldson, D J	Illuminating Urban Grime: The Atmospheric Impact of Urban Grime Photochemistry	Chemistry	2016-11	Deposition and subsequent processing of atmospheric species on impervious surfaces leads to the formation of surface films. Most abundant in urban environments, these films, sometimes referred to as â urban grimeâ , are thought to mediate environmental processing of species through adding an additional compartment into which species can partition, facilitating transfer of atmospheric species into surface water and promoting heterogeneous reactions. In this thesis, real urban grime samples are collected and used to investigate composition, growth characteristics, and reactivity of the less studied inorganic fraction of the film. Some of the reactions that we propose include the photochemical formation of nitrogen oxides, the formation of ClNO2 from grime chloride and the re-emission of ammonia from grime. The particular focus is urban grime photochemistry as a possible daytime source of HONO to the atmosphere. While surface nitrate/HNO3 photolysis has been previously suggested as a HONO source, it has not been previously studied using real environmental surfaces. Using a combination of laboratory and field photochemical experiments it has been found that grime nitrate undergoes photolysis to form gas phase nitrogen oxides at a rate faster than has previously been reported for aqueous nitrate, gas-phase HNO3 and surface deposited HNO3 on clean glass. This chemistry is dependent on relative humidity and only involves a fraction of extractable grime nitrate. Based on these studies, urban grime photochemistry was explored as a source of HONO using a box model. The magnitude and temporal variation of this HONO source depend on the photochemical properties of the precursor including rate constant and wavelength dependence of its absorption cross-section, the source and rate of accumulation of the precursor as well as other factors such as latitude, season.	Ph.D.	urban	11
Bagha, Shaheen	Sage, Tammy	The Impact of Chronic High Temperatures on Anther and Pollen Development in Cultivated Oryza Species	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2014-03	Rice is the leading staple for half the world’s population. Climate change, expanding populations and loss of agricultural land are projected to reduce rice yields by upwards of 30%. Significantly, rice yields decline by 10% for every 1°C increase in temperature. Temperatures ≥ 32°C can cause failure in male reproductive development and eliminate yields in some cultivars. This dissertation determined the developmental features and mechanisms associated with failure in male reproduction at temperatures of 32 °C and 36 °C in temperature tolerant and sensitive cultivars of O. sativa and O. glaberrima. Temperatures of 32 °C impaired anther dehiscence in the temperature sensitive cultivar of O. sativa by preventing septum cell wall degradation, which is essential for pollen dispersal. Temperatures of 36 °C induced abortion in pollen development either during meiosis primarily in O. sativa or at the uninucleate stage in O. glaberrima. Abortion during meiosis was associated with autophagic programmed cell death, whereas failure at the uninucleate stage of pollen development was associated with features of necrosis such as cytoplasmic shrinkage and cell wall collapse. Increased hydrogen peroxide production was detected in aborting meiocytes and uninucleate microspores at 36 °C, indicating that this reactive oxygen species may contribute to the failure of male reproductive development in rice during high temperature stress. Identification of the timing of failure in male reproductive development, and the cellular features associated with these processes in rice, form the basis for the identification of molecular mechanisms that control yield responses to high temperature stress.	PhD	production, climate, agriculture	2, 12, 13
Bagherzadeh Namazi, Azadeh	Jia, Charles||Allen, Grant	Microwave-assisted Production of Activated Carbon from Pulp Mill Sludge with White Liquor	Chemical Engineering Applied Chemistry	2014-11	This work establishes the technical feasibility of producing a value added product ,activated carbon, from a waste stream, pulp mill sludge, using white liquor as the activating agent and microwaves as the energy source. The work also demonstrates the potential of the sludge-derived activated carbon in removing bioactive compounds in pulp mill effluents that affect fish production. Readily available at Kraft mills, white liquor is able to convert sludge into activated carbon with a specific surface area (SSA) of 650 m2/g. While NaOH in white liquor creates pores in the carbon from sludge, other two components of white liquor, Na2S and Na2CO3, inhibit the activation process. Porosities of activated carbon produced with microwave oven and conventional furnace are comparable. The use of microwaves reduces the activation time from hours to minutes. However, strong microwave absorbers, such as NaOH and KOH, are needed for pyrolysis and activation, since pulp mill sludge and wood polymers are weak microwave absorbers with tan δ	Ph.D.	waste	12
Bahry, Stephen	Cummins, James	Perspectives on Quality in Minority Education in China: The Case of Sunan Yughur Autonomous County, Gansu	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2009-11	This exploratory multiple embedded case study investigates perspectives on education reform under conditions of minority language endangerment in Sunan Yughur Autonomous County, a minority-district in northwest China. The study included three school sites: a Yughur minority urban school; a Yughur minority rural district school, and a Yughur majority rural district school and four embedded cases: school administrators, teachers, parents and students, of Yughur, other minority, or Han nationality. Adult stakeholders were interviewed on what is important to learn in “education for quality”, and what aspects of Yughur knowledge, culture and language should be included in school curriculum as part of education for quality, while students were asked what they enjoyed studying and whether they would enjoy learning stories, poems and songs in Yughur in school. Findings include strong support among parents and students regardless of ethnicity or school site for Yughur language and culture as “essential qualities” to foster in Sunan County school curriculum, with moderate to weak support among educators ranges with some variation among sites. Three parallel visions emerge from the study of what it means today for Chinese minority student to be an educated person in contemporary China: (a) regular Chinese-medium education; (b) multicultural Chinese-medium education; and (c) maintenance bilingual education in Yughur and Chinese. The third vision envisions developing additive bilinguals who know the heritage of their minority as well as the national curriculum in Mandarin. A vision of balanced bilingualism and multiculturalism that sees heritage languages and Mandarin as “resources” is shared by the large majority of parents and students, most teachers and some administrators. Holders of other visions for local minority education largely share a “Language as Problem” orientation towards minority languages. One aim of devolution of school-based curriculum authority is to develop schools’ individuality. This study reveals three divergent models of local schooling that have developed in one minority school district: one that centres on a monolingual model of national culture, one monolingual, multicultural model, and one bilingual, multicultural model, with the latter model corresponding more closely to minority stakeholder perspectives that schools should play a stronger role in the maintenance and revitalization of their cultural and linguistic heritage.	EDD	educat, urban, rural	4, 11
Bajestani, Maliheh Aramon	Beck, J. Christopher	Integrating Maintenance Planning and Production Scheduling: Making Operational Decisions with a Strategic Perspective	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2014-06	In today's competitive environment, the importance of continuous production, quality improvement, and fast delivery has forced production and delivery processes to become highly reliable. Keeping equipment in good condition through maintenance activities can ensure a more reliable system. However, maintenance leads to temporary reduction in capacity that could otherwise be utilized for production. Therefore, the coordination of maintenance and production is important to guarantee good system performance. The central thesis of this dissertation is that integrating maintenance and production decisions increases efficiency by ensuring high quality production, effective resource utilization, and on-time deliveries. Firstly, we study the problem of integrated maintenance and production planning where machines are preventively maintained in the context of a periodic review production system with uncertain yield. Our goal is to provide insight into the optimal maintenance policy, increasing the number of finished products. Specifically, we prove the conditions that guarantee the optimal maintenance policy has a threshold type. Secondly, we address the problem of integrated maintenance planning and production scheduling where machines are correctively maintained in the context of a dynamic aircraft repair shop. To solve the problem, we view the dynamic repair shop as successive static repair scheduling sub-problems over shorter periods. Our results show that the approach that uses logic-based Benders decomposition to solve the static sub-problems, schedules over longer horizon, and quickly adjusts the schedule increases the utilization of aircraft in the long term. Finally, we tackle the problem of integrated maintenance planning and production scheduling where machines are preventively maintained in the context of a multi-machine production system. Depending on the deterioration process of machines, we design decomposed techniques that deal with the stochastic and combinatorial challenges in different, coupled stages. Our results demonstrate that the integrated approaches decrease the total maintenance and lost production cost, maximizing the on-time deliveries. We also prove sufficient conditions that guarantee the monotonicity of the optimal maintenance policy in both machine state and the number of customer orders. Within these three contexts, this dissertation demonstrates that the integrated maintenance and production decision-making increases the process efficiency to produce high quality products in a timely manner.	PhD	production	12
Baker, Jayne	Welsh, Sandy	Girl Power, Boy Power, Class Power: Class and Gender Reproduction in Elite Single-gender Private Schools	Sociology	2013-11	This dissertation contributes to our understanding of the role of elite single-gender schools in the reproduction of class and gender inequalities. This is an ethnographic study of an all-boys and all-girls school in the Toronto area, combining participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and web and print school documents. I focused especially on students in their final year of high school, when the potential advantages embedded within a private school are most likely to be capitalized on. The data provide an opportunity highlight three mechanisms of class and gender reproduction. First, I explore the teacher/student relationship as a source of advantage for students and show how teachers are complicit in these negotiations. I make sense of this in the context of the schools’ belief in the importance of educating the whole child, including traits like leadership, and the university prep focus of these schools. Second, I focus on how school personnel understand their students as gendered subjects and the contradiction this presents at the all-girls school, where administrators are keen on students defying stereotypes but draw on many of those stereotypes to develop best practices at the school. Third, I analyze the university choice process of these students, noting especially how they construct distinctions between Canadian universities despite Canada not having a steep and well-known hierarchy between institutions, and how they use the established hierarchies in other countries. I bring together theories on the correspondence between the economic structure and the education system and the role of culture in reproduction, staying mindful of how these educational settings are structured and what is happening in the classroom, including how students shape their educational experiences through their actions and their interactions with others, especially teachers.	PhD	educat, gender, equality	4, 5
Baker, Leroy	Titchkosky, Tanya	Normalizing Marginality: A Critical Analysis of Blackness and Disability in Higher Education	Social Justice Education	2019-06	This dissertation examines the experiences of Black undergraduate and graduate students with disabilities enrolled at the University of Toronto, Canada. The study employs an intersectional framework to explore the experiences of twelve Black students in relation to interpretive categories of Blackness and disability in this university setting. Using interpretive sociology, critical Black and disability studies theories, my study illuminates the ways students navigate the everyday complexities of Blackness and disability in University life. In employing qualitative methodology, this study investigates the University of Toronto’s disability accommodation policies, practices and procedures that organize the lives of Black disabled students. In essence, my study addresses marginalization by mapping the University’s bureaucratic practices influencing students’ academic progress. In relation to this mapping, the dissertation explores how Black disabled students navigate their experiences in accessing the bureaucratic ordering of accommodation and how this influences their academic endeavours. This critical analysis reveals that the University of Toronto is failing Black disabled students through its disability accommodation policies and practices. It also indicates that the marginalization of Black disabled students is normalized through the routine orders of accommodation processes. Ultimately, this study shows how categories of “Blackness” and “disability” act to circumscribe educational opportunities for students with disabilities. These categories are typically informed by anti-Blackness and the bio-medical versions of disability generating “individual lack,” which conceals the complex ways hierarchies of power are enabled by the social construction of normalcy. My aim is to raise a collective awareness of anti-Blackness in negotiating equity in educational opportunities in universities for students with disabilities. The study concludes by discussing how the impact of colonialism and structural inequities within accounts of Blackness and disability continue to produce injustice in university settings.	Ph.D.	educat	4
Baliunas, Dalia Ona	Rehm, Jürgen	A Comparison of Two Methods of Adjusted Attributable Fraction Estimation as Applied to the Four Major Smoking Related Causes of Death, in Canada, in 2005	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2011-11	The main objective of the thesis was to compare two methods of calculating adjusted attributable fractions and deaths as applied to smoking exposure and four health outcomes, lung cancer, ischaemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cerebrovascular disease, for Canadians 30 years or older in the year 2005. An additional objective was to calculate variance estimates for the evaluation of precision. Such estimates have not been published for Canada to date. Attributable fractions were calculated using the fully adjusted method and the partial adjustment method. This method requires confounder strata specific (stratified) estimates of relative risk, along with accompanying estimates of variance. These estimates have not previously been published, and were derived from the Cancer Prevention Study II cohort. Estimates of the prevalence of smoking in Canada were obtained from the Canadian Community Health Survey 2005. Variance estimates were calculated using a Monte Carlo simulation. The fully adjusted method produced smaller attributable fractions in each of the eight disease-sex-specific categories than the partially adjusted method. This suggests an upwards bias when using the partial adjustment method in the attributable fraction for the relationship between cigarette smoking and cause-specific mortality in Canadian men and women. Summed across both sexes and the four smoking related causes of death, the number of deaths attributable to smoking was estimated to be 25,684 using the fully adjusted method and 28,466 using the partial adjustment method, an upward bias of over ten percent, or 2,782 deaths. It is desirable, theoretically, to use methods which can fully adjust for the effect of confounding and effect modification. Given the large datasets required and access to original data, using these methods may not be feasible for some who would wish to do so.	PhD	health	3
Ballantyne, Marilyn	Stevens, Bonnie	Maternal-infant Predictors of Attendance at Neonatal Follow-up Programs	Doctor of Medicine/Doctor of Philosophy	2010-06	Attendance at Neonatal Follow-up (NFU) programs is crucial for parents to gain access to timely diagnostic expertise, psychosocial support, and referral to needed services for their infants. Although NFU programs are considered beneficial, up to 50% of parents do not attend these programs with their infants. Non-attending infants have poorer outcomes (e.g., higher rates of disabilities and less access to required services) as compared to attenders. The purpose was to determine factors that predicted attendance at NFU. Naturally occurring attendance was monitored and maternal-infant factors including predisposing, enabling, and needs factors were investigated, guided by the Socio-Behavioral Model of Health Services Use. A prospective two-phase multi-site descriptive cohort study was conducted in 3 Canadian Neonatal Intensive Care Units that refer to 2 NFU programs. In Phase 1, standardized questionnaires were completed by 357 mothers (66% response rate) prior to their infant’s (N= 400 infants) NICU discharge. In Phase 2, attendance patterns at NFU were followed for 12 months. Higher maternal stress at the time of the infant’s NICU hospitalization was predictive of attendance at NFU. Parenting alone, more worry about maternal alcohol or drug use, and greater distance to NFU were predictive of non-attendance at NFU. Attendance at NFU decreased over time from 84% at the first appointment to 74% by 12 months. Two distinct attendance patterns emerged: no or minimal attendance (18.5%) and attendance at all or the majority of scheduled appointments (81.5%). The most frequent point of withdrawal from NFU occurred between NICU discharge and the first scheduled appointment; followed by drop-out following the first NFU appointment. These results provide new insight into patterns of attendance and the maternal-infant factors that characterize attenders/non-attenders at NFU and serve as the critical first step in developing interventions targeted at improving attendance, infant outcomes, and reporting of developmental sequelae.	PhD	health	3
Ballon, Anna	Berta, Whitney	Entrepreneurship in Publicly Funded Hospitals: A Multi-case Study of Privately Funded Rehabilitation in Ontario Hospitals	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2014-11	Ontario hospital spending represents the largest portion of the health care budget. Consequently, governments and publicly funded hospitals have implemented policies and strategies to decrease health care costs on the one hand, and on the other hand, to increase revenues from non-governmental sources. For hospitals, one revenue-generating opportunity includes partnering with privately funded rehabilitation companies or creating hospital-owned privately funded rehabilitation departments. The presence of parallel funding streams (public and private) for health care services departs from the political and organizational norms for Canadian hospitals. The primary objectives of this research are to characterize the organizational relationships between publicly funded hospitals and privately funded rehabilitation departments and companies, examine their effectiveness, and understand the benefits and/or disadvantages that these relationships afford hospitals beyond those originally anticipated. This study used mixed research methods within multiple case studies. Study results indicated that Ontario hospitals have employed numerous entrepreneurial strategies to increase revenues in addition to government funding. The relationships between hospitals and privately funded rehabilitation companies/departments allowed the relationship partners to achieve mutually beneficial goals by exploring and exploiting new and existing material and non-material resources. Nevertheless, hospital leaders have encountered political, social, and organizational tensions when related to the presence of privately funded health care services in hospitals. This study contributes to organization and management science by examining the utility of these relationships and the factors that hinder or facilitate relationship success. From a practical perspective, the findings of this study are of value to organizational leaders who may wish to establish and maintain effective relationships between publicly and privately funded companies in the context of the Canadian health care system.	Ph.D.	health	3
Balogh, Robert Stephen	Colantonio, Angela	Hospitalizations for Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions among Persons with an Intellectual Disability, Manitoba, 1999-2003	Rehabilitation Science	2010-06	This thesis examines hospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions among persons with an intellectual disability living in Manitoba from 1999 to 2003. Hospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions are considered an indicator of access to, and the quality of, primary care. Intellectual disability can be defined as a disability originating before age 18 characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behaviour as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills. Between 1 and 3% of the population has an intellectual disability. This thesis addressed three objectives: 1) To identify ambulatory care sensitive conditions that are applicable to persons with an intellectual disability; 2) To compare hospitalization rates for ambulatory care sensitive conditions between persons with and without an intellectual disability in Manitoba; 3) To identify factors associated with hospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions among adults with an intellectual disability living in Manitoba. An online survey of primary care providers with experience working with persons with an intellectual disability found consensus on fifteen ambulatory care sensitive conditions applicable to persons with an intellectual disability. Large discrepancies in hospitalization rates for these conditions were found between persons with and without an intellectual disability. Controlling for age, year, sex, and region, persons with an intellectual disability were 6 times more likely to be hospitalized for an ambulatory care sensitive condition. Future research should investigate reasons for the large discrepancy in rates between persons with and without an intellectual disability. Among adults with an intellectual disability, living in a rural area (odds ratio 1.3; 95% CI=1.0, 1.8), living in an area with a high proportion of First Nations people (odds ratio 2.3; 95% CI=1.3, 4.1), and experiencing higher levels of comorbidity (odds ratio 25.2; 95% CI=11.9, 53.0) were all associated with a higher likelihood of being hospitalized for an ambulatory care sensitive condition. Dwelling in higher income areas had a protective effect (odds ratio 0.56; CI=0.37, 0.85). The results suggest that addressing the socioeconomic problems of poorer areas and specifically areas densely populated by First Nations people would likely have an impact on hospitalizations for ACS conditions for persons with an intellectual disability.	PhD	socioeconomic, rural	1, 11
Balyuk, Tetyana	Davydenko, Sergei	Three Essays in Lending	Management	2017-11	This Thesis studies whether financial technology (fintech) innovation and loans provided by corporate insiders can mitigate financing frictions and correct market failures in markets with asymmetric information and adverse selection. It consists of five chapters. Chapter 1 outlines the research questions examined in the Thesis and highlights its main findings. Chapter 2 studies the effect of borrowing from peer-to-peer (P2P) lending platforms, a recent fintech innovation in lending, on the supply of credit by traditional credit intermediaries, such as banks, and the demand for credit from banks by consumers. It provides evidence suggesting that this innovation in lending affects the information environment in the credit market and increases access to credit by consumers. Chapter 3 examines loan selection by investors and loan returns in P2P markets. It demonstrates the dominating role of institutional investors in P2P lending, contrasts the loan-picking skill of institutional and retail investors, and discusses the ability of fintech lenders to accurately price and screen loan applications. Chapter 4 studies whether information-intensive debt can benefit corporations by investigating loans provided by corporate insiders, so-called related-party lending, from the perspective of corporate borrowers. It documents characteristics of these loans and shows that they are taken when the information asymmetry between borrowers and external capital providers is likely high. The findings also suggest that other debt providers regard relating-party lending as a signal of credit quality of borrowers. Chapter 5 concludes and discusses avenues for future research.	Ph.D.	innovation	9
Bance, Sheena	Stermac, Lana	Intimate Partner Violence in South Asian University Students	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2019-06	Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a substantial problem affecting women of all social, economic, and cultural backgrounds. Although women worldwide are affected by IPV, research suggests that belief systems justifying violence against women or adherence to traditional gender roles may place some women at particularly high risk. Moreover, although women are exposed to IPV at high rates, many choose not to disclose to formal support (e.g., law enforcement) or informal supports (friends, family) due to numerous barriers. Experiences of disclosure are essential to understand since the response received after IPV disclosure is important to psychological functioning. The current study adopted an intersectional framework to examine the experience of IPV from the perspective of young, female South Asian students. Based on a mixed methods approach, the overall results indicated that women were frequently affected by psychological/emotional forms of IPV and that some of these forms of IPV were particularly meaningful within the South Asian culture. Similar to women of the majority culture, more than half of participants disclosed to informal supports while very few disclosed formally. A substantial barrier to disclosure were cultural norms about dating. Finally, while psychological health was qualitatively related to the experience of IPV, statistical analyses did not support a relationship between the response received after disclosure and psychological health.	Ph.D.	women	5
Banerjee, Kiran Meisan	Carens, Joseph||Bertoldi, Nancy	Rethinking Membership: Statelessness, Domination, and the Limits of Contemporary Citizenship	Political Science	2016-11	This dissertation examines the politics and ethics of forced migration from both a conceptual and normative perspective. The dissertation does so by focusing on the phenomenon of what Hannah Arendt referred to as ‘statelessness’—a term which is deployed in this project in an extended sense that includes all persons who might be in need of international protection because their own state is unable or unwilling to effectively secure their human rights. In approaching statelessness from the perspective of political theory, the primary task of my dissertation is to offer a novel conceptual account of the harm that is done by statelessness or the de facto loss of membership within a political community and what this entails for how we ought to respond to the global reality of forced displacement. In doing so, this project challenges conventional approaches and intuitions regarding our ethical responsibilities to refugees and others categories of displaced persons. The goal of this critical reconstruction is to recast the nature of our responsibilities as obligations of justice, as opposed to those of humanitarian assistance. At the same time, this account also foregrounds the importance of constructing fair and effective responses to these forms of exclusion that attend to the role of agency in remedying the loss of membership.	Ph.D.	rights, justice	16
Bani-Fatemi, Ali	De Luca, Vincenzo	Genetics and Epigenetics of Suicidal Behavior	Medical Science	2018-11	According to the latest World Health Organization report (2012), suicide was the second leading cause of death among people. Approximately 90% of suicide victims or suicide attempters are diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder. Schizophrenia patients have been shown to be at an increased risk for suicide. Although many risk factors have been identified, few of these factors have a significant clinical impact on predicting suicide. Whether genetic and epigenetic alterations are potential risk factors for suicidal behavior in schizophrenia has yet to be investigated. A well-characterized sample of schizophrenia patients with a distinct suicide attempt history was recruited to evaluate the influence of genetic and epigenetic alterations as potential risk factors for suicidal behavior. Sociocultural and clinical variables were also examined. Selected genes were genotyped to test whether independently or combined, specific clinical variables and DNA variants can accurately predict suicidal behavior. Our study found no evidence that genetic or epigenetic factors have a significant influence on the risk for suicidal behavior in schizophrenia.	Ph.D.	health	3
Banwell, Jenessa	Kerr, Gretchen	An exploration of the Role of Mentorship in Advancing Women in Coaching	Exercise Sciences	2020-06	Women coaches continue to be underrepresented in the coaching domain (LaVoi, McGarry, Fisher, 2019) despite the growth and advancement of women in non-sport fields (Statistics Canada, 2017). A notable strategy used to develop and advance women in non-sport sectors is mentorship and while mentorship initiatives currently exist for women in the coaching domain, we know little about women coaches’ experiences of mentorship, what they learn and how they develop through mentorship, and how they can be better supported through mentorship to facilitate career advancement. The purpose of this dissertation, therefore, is to explore the role of mentorship in the advancement of women in coaching. A mixed methods approach was used in this study, which led to the production of three manuscripts: 1) Towards a process for advancing women in coaching through mentorship; 2) Benefits of a Female Coach Mentorship Program on women coaches’ development: An ecological perspective; and 3) Key considerations for advancing women in coaching. The findings from these studies provide much needed empirical data on the role of mentorship in women coaches’ growth and advancement, and more specifically, on the importance of process-driven and group-based mentorship for women coaches, the need for greater organizational involvement and macro-level changes in mentoring women coaches, and the need to shift to sponsorship to help advance women in coaching.	Ph.D.	women	5
Bapat, Priya	Ito, Shinya	Placental Pharmacology -- Implications for Therapy in Pregnancy	Pharmacology	2016-11	Medication use during pregnancy requires a balance between treating a condition in the mother, and minimizing potential risks in the fetus. In recent years, it has been estimated that between 50 and 70% of pregnant women in North America will take at least one prescription medication during their pregnancy. The decision to begin or continue treatment during pregnancy relies heavily on evaluating the risk-benefit ratio, and an important determinant in this risk assessment is estimating fetal drug exposure. The use of medications in pregnant women can be especially challenging, as there is very limited safety data in pregnancy. Recently, novel oral anticoagulants have been developed and approved for clinical use. However, the information regarding their fetal safety and placental transfer in humans is unknown. We used the ex vivo placenta perfusion model to investigate anticoagulant (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban) transfer across the human placenta. Rivaroxaban and apixaban rapidly crossed the term human placenta, while dabigatran crossed the placenta to a lesser extent. The placenta perfusion results were adjusted to account for protein binding and pH differences between the mother and fetus. We also developed a pharmacokinetic model that adequately described the transplacental transfer of anticoagulants by using data from our experiments. While the placenta perfusion model can be technically challenging, its results strongly correlate with in vivo placental transfer data. By evaluating the success rate of the perfusion model in our laboratory, we determined that establishing the fetal circulation is an important stage of the protocol. This information can be used to create a focused training program to help increase the overall success rate of this model and productivity of the lab. Drug use in pregnancy is multifactorial, and placental transfer data is important in assessing which drugs can be used to treat the mother while protecting the unborn.	Ph.D.	women	5
Baptiste, Laurelle Jno	Joshee, Reva	Stories of Racialized Internationally Trained Post-secondary Educators Re-entering their Professions	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2013-06	This research project investigates the job search experiences of racialized internationally trained educators seeking to re-enter their professions in Canada. Previous studies have made extensive headway in understanding the job-search experiences of racialized immigrants. Specifically, some studies have demonstrated that racism is endemic to the Canadian labour-market, while others have concluded that work experience and credentials obtained in some countries are systematically undervalued in the Canadian labour-market. Further, studies have demonstrated that factors such as non English sounding names and accents can greatly limit some individuals’ job opportunities. Despite this widespread consensus, narrative accounts of job search experiences are almost entirely absent from present research. Hence, in distinction from the quantitative methods of the majority of recent studies of the subject, this work relies on the narratives of racialized immigrant educators for its principal empirical evidence. The counter narratives assembled in this work provide a unique and unprecedented insight into the experience of racialized immigrant educators in the Canadian job-market. Through interviews with racialized immigrant educators from various educational, racial and political backgrounds, this study seeks to explore the challenges that are faced by some racialized immigrants in Canada. The results of this study confirm the consensus in the existing literature, but also demonstrate that discrimination against racialized immigrants has often been greatly under-stated. The narratives suggest that racialized immigrant educators experience significant discrimination during the job search process and in Canadian society in general. Further, this study reveals the extent to which the discrimination faced by racialized Canadian immigrants is not the result of single factors—such as race, accent, non English names and culture—but is rather the cumulative and overlapping result of multiple factors of discrimination. The consequences of this discrimination lead to alienation from Canadian society, family breakdown, disenchantment, loss of self-worth and identity. Subsequently the effects can extend from one immigrant generation to the next. These results are mostly unheard and unexplored in existing literature and dominant discourse.	EDD	labour	8
Barbera, Jennifer	Chen, Charles	A Qualitative Examination of Career Resiliency in Professional Immigrants	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2013-11	This qualitative study endeavored to interview professional immigrants in order to better understand the adjustment and career-related challenges that professional immigrants encounter when they immigrate to Canada and pursue educational retraining. The main purpose of the study was to explore retraining decisions and outcomes and uncover the factors that influence career resiliency amongst professional immigrants. It was discovered that most professional immigrants have a desirable pre-immigration career and come to Canada to provide a better standard of living for themselves and/or their children. Professional immigrants often expect that they will be able to continue in their vocational field after arriving in Canada with little or no retraining. Unfortunately, most professional immigrants encounter significant initial career barriers such as discrimination, a lack of social networks, and non-recognition of foreign education and work experience. These barriers often lead to issues such as unemployment, under-employment, unfair treatment, psychological distress and a reduced standard of living. To help cope with these difficulties, most professional immigrants rely on social support and personal actions. In particular, encountered career challenges often prompt professional immigrants to adopt educational retraining as a career-enhancing strategy. The specific retraining experiences and career outcomes of participants were explored and discussed in detail. In summary, some participants were able to re-establish a career in Canada that was as satisfying as their pre-immigration career, however, most participants were unable to establish a career that is equivalent to their pre-Canadian career status. A number of participants even found themselves’ unemployed or grossly under-employed despite living in Canada for at least six years and having completed retraining. Overall, participants in this study represented a wide range of experiences which served to guide the formation of a new theoretical model for career resiliency. In addition to accounting for the influence of individual, relational and contextual factors, the newly presented Relative Encompassment Model of Career Resiliency accounts for the influence of relative comparisons, which were found to influence participant’s attitudes, perceptions and coping abilities. The important implications for theory, policy and practice are discussed. Suggestions for future research on career resiliency are also made.	PhD	employment	8
Barclay, Arlis Lynne	Barclay, Arlis	Sex and Influence: The Gendered Nature of Canadian Political Culture During The Aberdeen Years, 1893-1898	Social Justice Education	2015-06	This dissertation investigates the links between social and political life in Canada at the close of the nineteenth century through an exploration of the lived experience of four very different political wives. Building upon the important work of historians such as Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall, who successfully argued that women played key, if informal, roles in the world of nineteenth century politics and society, it generates new perspectives on the role of women and their influence on Canadian political culture. Drawing on personal letters, journals, newspaper articles and columns, as well as on memoirs, reminiscences, autobiographies, biographies and popular histories, this micro-historical study adds to our understanding of the subtle, varied and idiosyncratic ways that patriarchy and liberalism made an impact on the gendered experience of their everyday lives. If these political wives played an important role in the political life of late nineteenth century Canada, politics also played an important role in the creation of the synergistic friendships that developed among these women, friendships that in turn encouraged and directed their political activity. As this dissertation will argue, the ideology of separate spheres both enhanced and constrained the ability of these women to influence political culture, not by breaking down the boundaries of gender hierarchy but by working within them, reverencing separate spheres ideology and by sometimes astutely maneuvering accepted gender paradigms to achieve a measure of political influenceThe dissertation begins with an overview of the emblematic ceremonial representation of gender and politics, provides a detailed examination of the micro-politics of social and married life to argue that women played a significant part in the construction andconsolidation of political culture in late nineteenth century Canada	Ph.D.	gender, women	5
Barnes, Dean Spencer	Bickmore, Kathy	Restorative Peacemaking Circles and other Conflict Management Efforts in Three Ontario High Schools	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2015-06	Violence is pervasive in many schools, and current punitive conflict management approaches in schools tend to be ineffective and disproportionately harmful to marginalized students. Restorative peacemaking circles, also known as conferences, are an alternative for managing conflict designed to improve communication, help people resolve conflicts, and help repair and build relationships among individuals in schools (Morrison, 2007; Pranis, 2005). This thesis is based on theory that such relationship-building and dialogic conflict resolution practices will contribute to reductions in school violence. This qualitative, multiple-case study of the implementation and interpretation of restorative practices at three Ontario high schools analyzed student, teacher, and administrator interviews, school documents, and participant observations. Results indicate that interview participants perceived restorative peacemaking circles (and related peacemaking practices) to be inclusive and fair processes that helped to strengthen participating students' relationships with peers and adults, contributing to reducing violence. Key factors facilitating implementation of restorative peacemaking circles and peacebuilding approaches included leadership and committed staff, quality training, and implementing responsive and proactive practices. In two schools, external facilitation resulted in limited implementation of restorative practices. This reliance on external facilitators constitutes one way schools can implement restorative practices. However, external facilitation of restorative practices by only non-school staff depended on outside funding and expertise that could become unavailable at any time, without leaving behind in-school capacity. Conflict management policies in the three schools were largely constrained by a punitive regulatory framework (e.g., suspensions and expulsions), which limited these schools' adoption of restorative initiatives. Although theorists and researchers advocate whole-school proactive initiatives and conflict-learning opportunities for diverse students, sparse evidence indicated that only one (and, even less so, one other) of the three schools had implemented any proactive peacebuilding approaches. These school-based findings will help administrators, policymakers, and scholars understand how certain restorative practices can be feasibly implemented, and used to strengthen relationships (developing social capital) and reduce school violence.	Ph.D.	educat	4
Barton, Deborah	Bergen, Doris	Writing for Dictatorship, Refashioning for Democracy: German Women Journalists in the Nazi and Post-war Press	History	2015-06	This dissertation investigates how women journalists acted as professional functionaries in support of the National Socialist dictatorship, and later, a democratic West Germany. As a project that examines the intersections between the press, politics and gender, this study makes three contributions to the study of German history. The first is for the understanding the expansiveness and malleability of what constituted politics in the Third Reich and the nature of consensus between the regime and the population. Nazi gender ideology proclaimed that women belonged only in the private sphere. Correspondingly, Nazi press authorities dictated that women write only about topics pertaining to this area. The regime labeled such news apolitical. However, soft news from a cheerful perspective was an indispensible part of Nazi media policy: it provided the façade of normalcy and morale building under Hitler. In return for their support, the state offered women journalists a status not open to most women. The study of women journalists further unravels the draw of National Socialism for those Germans the regime deemed politically, socially and racially acceptable: increased possibilities and social prestige. The second contribution relates to the study of women in the professions, which has often been overlooked. This project demonstrates that the National Socialist regime needed female journalists and thereby emphasizes women's roles in major events. Not an insignificant number of women built diverse and influential careers in journalism both within and outside of Nazi gender parameters, often with the expressed desire of Nazi press officials. The third contribution is for understanding the cultural interchanges that affected the relationship between the Western Allies, international audiences, and West Germany in the post-war years and the ways in which gender and the experiences of women in Third Reich helped Germany move forward. In the decades after the war, women presented their professional experiences during the Third Reich in a manner that served to distance not only themselves but also the press and Germany as a whole from Nazism. By repressing, reimagining and remembering the Nazi past, the women's personal writing became a vehicle that helped West Germany build and maintain a stable democracy.	Ph.D.	gender, women, institution	5, 16
Barykina, Natallia	Ruddick, Susan	Socialist Constructions: Modern Urban Housing and Social Practice	Geography	2015-11	My dissertation, “Socialist Constructions: Modern Urban Housing and Social Practice,” investigates the modernist production of living space by focusing on housing reform in Weimar Germany’s Berlin and Frankfurt am Main as well as on the subsequent projects of German modernist architects working in the USSR in the early 1930s. Broadly, my work addresses questions of urban politics (primarily in Germany and Soviet Union), ownership, modernist urban visions, and everyday living practices. I take as a starting point the claim that home was central to the production of modern subjectivity, and, more specifically, that suburban public housing was instrumental in the production of Weimar modernity. By surveying a range of constitutive material and discursive elements for these new forms of settlement (including new technologies and construction methods, state and civic managerial bureaucracies, struggles over finance policies, discursive, aesthetic, and propagandistic legitimizing strategies, etc.), I look at how suburban, large scale, and publicly funded housing estates (Großsiedlung) were organized, constructed, and inhabited. Informed by a conceptual model of “coproduction,” I aim to articulate how domesticity and public housing figured in the production of modern subjects and sensibilities and to re-connect discussions of policies to understandings of the sphere of the home as a site of everyday life, paying close attention to spaces that shape and produce—and are produced by—complex networks of social practices in the modern city. I investigate the ways in which different actors (Social Democratic government, city planners, municipal authorities, housewife associations, residents) involved themselves in the construction, legitimation and provision of emerging modern organizations of space. My case studies target specific and resonant sites of coproduction of the modern home: Martin Wagner’s and Bruno Taut’s housing estate Hufeisensiedlung in Berlin; the International Congress of Modern Architecture (CIAM) in Frankfurt, which introduced the notion of “minimal dwelling”; such minimalist innovations as Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky’s Frankfurt kitchen; and the new industrial cities of the USSR, where German architects worked to adapt concepts of “minimal living” into a different cultural context.	Ph.D.	urban, cities, industr	9, 11
BĂŠdard Rubin, Jean-Christophe	Schneiderman, David	Precedents in Canadian and American Constitutional Culture: A Comparative Essay	Law	2016-11	This thesis explores the place of constitutional precedents in contemporary Canadian and American constitutional culture. The author identifies four elements that explain the relative indifference in Canada to the problem of stability and change in the interpretation of constitutional rights and freedoms: the lack of a historical constitutional narrative in Canadian constitutional culture, the lack of meaningful â super precedentsâ , the structure of the proportionality analysis under the Oakes test and the adherence to a less formalist and more openly political conception of constitutional adjudication. These elements are contrasted with the American experience in which precedents are central to any constitutional discourse. The comparison tries to make explicit how these differences are linked to different assumptions and expectations about the rule of law and the role of the judiciary in adapting the legal traditions of these two Common Law countries to the challenges of written constitutionalism.	LL.M.	rights	16
Bashir, Naazish	Ungar, Wendy J.	The Economic Evaluation of Early Intervention with Anti-TNF-α Treatments in Pediatric Crohn’s Disease	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2019-06	BACKGROUND: Crohn’s disease is a chronic disorder in which sections of the gastrointestinal tract become inflamed and ulcerated through an abnormal immune response. Costly anti-TNF-α treatments are indicated only after other treatments have not worked. However, anti-TNF-α treatments have been proposed as first line therapy due to their effectiveness. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective was to assess the incremental cost-effectiveness of early intervention with anti-TNF-α treatment vs. conventional step-up strategy at improving the number of steroid-free remission weeks gained from public healthcare payer and societal perspectives. METHODS: A two-dimensional probabilistic microsimulation Markov model with seven health states was constructed for children with moderate to severe Crohn’s disease. Newly-diagnosed children with Crohn’s disease aged 4-17 years who received anti-TNF-α treatment and other concomitant treatments, such as steroids and immunomodulators, within the first three months of diagnosis were compared to children with newly-diagnosed Crohn’s disease who received standard care of steroids and/or immunomodulators with the possibility of anti-TNF-α treatment only after three months of diagnosis. The outcome measure was weeks in steroid-free remission. The time horizon was three years. A scenario analysis examined variation in costs of anti-TNF-α treatment. A North American multi-centre, observational study of children with Crohn’s disease provided input into clinical outcomes and health care resource use. To reduce selection bias, propensity score analysis was used. RESULT: From a public healthcare payer perspective, early intervention with anti-TNF-α treatment was more costly with an incremental cost of $31,112 (95% CI: 2,939, 91,715) and more effective with 11.3 more weeks in steroid-free remission (95% CI: 10.6, 11.6) compared to standard care, resulting in an incremental cost per steroid-free remission week gained of $2,756. From a societal perspective, the incremental cost per steroid-free remission week gained for early anti-TNF-α treatment was $2,968. CONCLUSION: While unknown, if a willingness-to-pay threshold was assumed to be $2,500 per week in steroid-free remission, early intervention with anti-TNF-α would not be cost-effective. However, there is considerable uncertainty in the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio and many patients escalate to anti-TNF-α eventually. Therefore, restrictive policies on anti-TNF-α treatment access for pediatric Crohn’s patients may want to be re-visited by decision makers.	Ph.D.	health	3
Bassil, Katherine	Cole, Donald	The Relationship Between Temperature and 911 Medical Dispatch Data for Heat-Related Illness in Toronto, 2002-2005: An Application of Syndromic Surveillance	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2008-11	Heat-related illness (HRI) is of growing public health importance, particularly with climate change and an anticipated increased frequency of heat waves. A syndromic surveillance system for HRI could provide new information on the population impact of excessive heat and thus be of value for public health planning. This study describes the association between 911 medical dispatch calls for HRI and temperature in Toronto, Ontario during the summers of 2002-2005. A combination of methodological approaches was used to understand both the temporal trend and spatial pattern in the relationship between 911 medical dispatch data and temperature. A case definition for HRI was developed using clinical and empirical assessments. Generalized Additive Models (GAM) and Zero inflated Poisson regression (ZIP) were used to determine the association between 911 calls and mean and maximum temperature. The validity of the HRI case definition was investigated by making comparisons with emergency department visits for HRI. Descriptive, aberration detection, and cross-correlation methods were applied to explore the timing and volume of HRI calls in relation to these visits, and the declaration of heat alerts. Finally, the existence of neighbourhood level spatial variation in 911 calls for HRI was analyzed using geospatial methods. This is the first study to demonstrate an association between daily 911 medical dispatch calls specifically for HRI and temperature. On average, 911 calls for HRI increased up to a maximum of 36% (p<.0001) (median 29%) for each 1°C increase in temperature. The temporal trend of 911 calls for HRI was similar to emergency department visits for HRI and heat alerts, improving confidence in the validity of this data source. Heterogeneity in the spatial pattern of calls across neighbourhoods was also apparent, with recreational areas near the waterfront demonstrating the highest percentage increase in calls. Monitoring 911 medical dispatch data for HRI could assist public health units carrying out both temporal and geospatial surveillance, particularly in areas where synoptic based mortality prediction algorithms are not being utilized. This previously untapped data source should be further explored for its applications in understanding the relationship between heat and human health and more appropriately targeting public health interventions.	PhD	health	3
Basta, Karlo	Kopstein, Jeffrey	Accommodative Capacity of Multinational States	Political Science	2012-06	This dissertation explains the extent and durability of the institutions of territorial autonomy in multinational states. Its main argument is that the viability of territorial autonomy hinges on the relative economic importance of the minority-inhabited region for the central government. If the fiscal resources of the minority-inhabited region are critical for the funding of the central government’s policy objectives, autonomy is likely to be limited and short lived. If those resources are not as crucial for the governability of the entire state, autonomy is likely to be more extensive and durable. The importance of the minority-inhabited region depends on two sets of factors. The first is the relative level of economic development of majority and minority-inhabited areas. The second is the strategy of governance adopted by the central state elites. Strategies of governance determine the extent of the fiscal burden that the central government will place on the population of the state, thereby exerting significant influence on accommodative outcomes. The theoretical framework developed in this dissertation refers to statist (high spending) and laissez-faire (low spending) strategies of governance. The framework is tested in four multinational states: the former Yugoslavia, the former Czechoslovakia, Canada and Spain. The empirical chapters combine structured-focused comparison with longitudinal case study analysis. The cases largely bear out the hypotheses presented in the dissertation. However, analysis of the cases also demonstrates the importance of minority-group influence at the central state level in accounting for accommodative outcomes. In cases where minority elites have extensive influence at the centre, attempts at limiting the autonomy of minority-inhabited regions tend to be unsuccessful. This thesis contributes to a greater understanding of the design and durability of the institutions of territorial autonomy, which have important consequences for the stability and viability of multinational states.	PhD	governance, institution	16
Bastedo, Heather	Fletcher, Joseph F.	They Don't Stand for Me: Generational Difference in Voter Motivation and the Importance of Symbolic Representation in Youth Voter Turnout	Political Science	2012-06	Building from Hannah Pitkin’s work on forms of representative democracy, this thesis demonstrates how differing generational expectations of political representation affect participation in electoral politics. Consistent with earlier work, it confirms that youth voting decreases when young people are less educated, less interested, or when they lack a sense of responsibility. However these factors only explain part—and not necessarily the most important part—of the younger generation’s motivations for voting. The analysis also shows that youth are markedly less likely to vote when young people feel that their values are not aligned with those of political leaders. The relationship between values—or symbolic representation—and voting remains significant and strong for young people even when the classic predictors of voting are included in the model. In fact, symbolic representation is a stronger predictor of voting than such factors as education, political interest, or the sense of responsibility to vote. This new variable is therefore important in understanding why the most recent decline in voting occurs predominantly among youth. Issue campaigns are less likely to move young people one way or another with respect to voting, as the majority of issues do not affect young people directly, if at all. As a consequence youth are left to rely on their own understanding of what political leaders actually stand for to pull them in or entice them to vote. But if the values that young people care about are not symbolically represented by political leaders and their electoral platforms, then youth will have less to vote for, and will likely just stay home and ignore elections altogether. Conversely, if political leaders make modest changes to their campaign strategies that also appeal to values—rather than strictly to interests—we could also see an increase in turnout among youth, and therefore an increase in democratic legitimacy.	PhD	institution	16
Batacharya, Sheila	Ng, Roxana	Life in a Body: Counter Hegemonic Understandings of Violence, Oppression, Healing and Embodiment among Young South Asian Women	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2010-11	This study is an investigation of embodiment. It is informed by the experiences and understandings of health, healing, violence and oppression among 15 young South Asian women living in Toronto, Canada. Their articulation of the importance of, and difficulties associated with, health and healing in contexts of social inequity contribute to understandings of embodiment as co-constituted by sentient and social experience. In my reading of their contributions, embodied learning – that is, an ongoing attunement to sentient-social embodiment – is a counter hegemonic healing strategy that they use. Their experiences and insights support the increasingly accepted claim that social inequity is a primary determinant of health that disproportionately disadvantages subordinated people. Furthermore, participants affirm that recovery and resistance to violence and oppression and its consequences must address sentient-social components of embodiment simultaneously. In this study, Yoga teachings provide a framework and practice to investigate embodiment and embodied learning. Following 12 Yoga workshops addressing health, healing, violence and oppression, I conducted individual interviews with 15 workshop participants, 3 Yoga teachers and 2 counsellor / social workers. Participants discuss Yoga as a resource for addressing mental, physical, emotional and spiritual consequences of violence and oppression. They resist New Age interpretations of Yoga in terms of individualism and cultural appropriation; they also challenge both New Age and Western biomedicine for a lack of attention to the consequences of social inequity for health and healing. This study considers embodied learning as an important healing resource and form of resistance to violence and oppression. Scholarship addressing embodiment in sociology, health research, anti-racism, feminism, anti-colonialism, decolonization and Indigenous knowledges are drawn upon to contextualize the interviews. This study offers insights relevant to health promotion and adult education discourse and policy through a careful consideration of the embodied strategies used by the participants in their nuanced negotiations of social inequity and pursuits of health and healing.	PhD	health, women	3, 5
Bavel, Jay Van	Cunningham, William	Novel Self-categorization Overrides Racial Bias: A Multi-level Approach to Intergroup Perception and Evaluation	Psychology	2008-11	People engage in a constant and reflexive process of categorizing others according to their race, gender, age or other salient social category. Decades of research have shown that social categorization often elicits stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination. Social perception is complicated by the fact that people have multiple social identities and self-categorization with these identities can shift from one situation to another, coloring perceptions and evaluations of the self and others. This dissertation provides evidence that self-categorization with a novel group can override ostensible stable and pervasive racial biases in memory and evaluation and examines the neural substrates that mediate these processes. Experiment 1 shows that self-categorization with a novel mixed-race group elicited liking for ingroup members, regardless of race. This preference for ingroup members was mediated by the orbitofrontal cortex – a region of the brain linked to subjective valuation. Participants in novel groups also had greater fusiform and amygdala activity to novel ingroup members, suggesting that these regions are sensitive to the current self-categorization rather than features associated with race. Experiment 2 shows that preferences for ingroup members are evoked rapidly and spontaneously, regardless of race, indicating that ingroup bias can override automatic racial bias. Experiment 3 provides evidence that preferences for ingroup members are driven by ingroup bias rather than outgroup derogation. Experiment 4 shows that self-categorization increases memory for ingroup members eliminating the own-race memory bias. Experiment 5 provides direct evidence that fusiform activity to ingroup members is associated with superior memory for ingroup members. This study also shows greater amygdala activity to Black than White faces who are unaffiliated with either the ingroup or outgroup, suggesting that social categorization is flexible, shifting from group membership to race within a given social context. These five experiments illustrate that social perception and evaluation are sensitive to the current self-categorization – however minimal – and characterized by ingroup bias. This research also offers a relatively simple approach for erasing several pervasive racial biases. This multi-level approach extends several theories of intergroup perception and evaluation by making explicit links between self-categorization, neural processes, and social perception and evaluation.	PhD	gender	5
Baxan, Victorina	Gagné, Antoinette	Uncovering Roots of Diversity Conceptions in Teacher Candidates in a Concurrent Teacher Education Program: A Case Study of Teaching and Learning about Diversity	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2015-06	With the increasing diversity of students in Canadian schools (Egbo, 2011; Gérin-Lajoie, 2008; Solomon, Portelli, Daniel Campbell, 2005), teachers are expected to have an understanding, knowledge and skills related to diversity to be effective teachers of students with often multiple and intersecting diversities. Teacher education is ever more concerned with developing programs where future teachers can develop critical understandings and knowledge of the nature of diversity and the ability to readjust and respond to the diversity dynamics in schools (Childs, Broad, Gallagher-MacKay, Sher, Escayg McGrath, 2010; Gambhir, Broad, Evans Gaskell, 2008; Gagné, 2009). This case study investigated aspects of teaching and learning about diversity in a concurrent teacher education program with a focus on the sources and influences on diversity conceptions of teacher candidates. Findings revealed multiple tensions within the teacher education program, as well as within and among teacher candidates as they learned about diversity. At the programmatic level, there was tension caused by the differences in the way the teacher education curriculum was planned, delivered and experienced. At the level of the learner, individual characteristics appeared to influence developing conceptions of diversity to the point where these overshadowed the careful design features intended to support the development of socially just and inclusive educators. Two main lenses were used to analyse findings and highlight these tensions: the conceptual change lens (Posner et al., 1982; Hewson Lemberger, 2000; Larkin, 2010, 2012) and the liberal theory (Moosa-Mitha, 2005; McLaren, 1995; Fleras, 2002). The findings suggest that in addition to the model of teacher knowledge (Shulman, 1987) and conceptual change approach (Posner et al., 1982; Larkin 2010), other concepts and theories are important to understand teacher candidates' evolving conceptions of diversity as members of a society where liberal multicultural notions of diversity are promoted through public discourses and policies. These include what Fuller (1969) calls the stages of concerns of beginning teachers; King and Kitchener's (2004) reflective judgment model of development of epistemic assumptions in early adulthood or what Dewey (1904) calls "mental movement" of a student.	Ph.D.	inclusive	4
Baxter, Joshua	Kawashima, Ken C.	Capital-nation-state: A Genealogy of Yasukuni Shrine	East Asian Studies	2016-11	Japanâ s militaristic past continues to haunt the present and often at the center of these debates is the site that commemorates the war dead, Yasukuni Shrine. This dissertation seeks to address the political economy of the shrine and argues that this issue cannot be transcended if the history of the development of capitalism in Japan continues to be bracketed off in favor of narrating the shrine strictly through the discourse of the nation and the state. This claim derives from the observation that Yasukuni Shrine and the development of capitalism in Japan emerge at the same historical moment and thus they must also share an underlying logic. By adding capital to the equation, it becomes evident that the shrine is at the nexus of the operation of Capital-Nation-State and thus played a role in producing the very idea of modern Japan. Using a variety of primary sources, from state documents to personal diaries and newspaper reports, the archival research reveals how the shrine, as a state institution, was shaped by economic interactions just as much as it was by state ideology. In each chapter a different aspect of how the history of capitalism intersects with the space of the shrine is examined through the themes of everyday life, commodity exchange, urban planning, and universal conscription. Key to all of these themes is the relation of political economy to space. Whether it was facilitating commodity exchange on the shrine grounds or making land transactions, Yasukuni Shrine was an active agent in shaping not only the immediate space around it, but also in forming a national space. By examining the political economy of Yasukuni, it becomes evident that the shrine played an important role in propagating various types of exchanges (whether economic, religious or political) that were essential to forming this space. Thus, the results of this project show that Yasukuni was more than just a state institution that fostered the creation of national subjects; it was a space that brought together the three social forms, Capital-Nation-State, which characterizes and dominates our current socio-political landscape.	Ph.D.	urban, institution	11, 16
Beange, Pauline E.	White, Graham	Canadian Campaign Finance in Comparative Perspective 2000-2011: A Failed Paradigm or Just a Cautionary Tale?	Political Science	2012-06	This thesis compares the public policies of campaign finance in Canada with those in the U.S. and the U.K. in the period 2000-2011. The majority of the Canadian literature on party finance demonstrates a belief in the efficacy and necessity of the enterprise. This dissertation suspends this disposition and offers a critical approach to the regulation of money in Canadian elections. This thesis situates the discussion of party finance regulation in the context of contending models of democracy. Campaign finance rule changes are conceptualized within a new institutionalist framework. Changes in campaign finance rules are seen as changes in incentives and are seen to work in configurations, that is, interacting with existing formal and informal constraints. New institutionalism provides the avenue of inquiry into the position of political parties on the boundary of the public and private spheres and how campaign finance regulation may shift that boundary. This thesis adopts a mixed-method approach, incorporating the results of 65 semi-structured interviews with academics and political practitioners with primary document research. This thesis demonstrates that campaign finance rule changes interact with other electoral rules, types of parties and the nation’s historic institutions. The need to meld Quebec’s statist and civil-code traditions with Westminster democratic traditions, the introduction of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the role of subsequent court decisions, and the role of Elections Canada in its political finance oversight capacity, constitute major catalysts for Canadian party finance rule changes and for understanding the impact of rule changes. Contrary to the majority of literature on campaign finance reform, this thesis demonstrates that there may be diminishing marginal returns to additional campaign finance regulations, at least in a mature democracy such as Canada. Campaign finance rules reveal preferences for different models of democracy. As such, they must be carefully monitored.	PhD	financial market	10
Beattie, Robert Graham	McMillan, Robert	Essays on the Economics of Media Coverage of Climate Change	Economics	2016-11	For the majority of people, media coverage is the primary source of information about important issues of the day. I explore media coverage, particularly in relation to climate change, in the three chapters of this thesis. The first chapter analyzes the divergence between the views of the scientific community and the public through the lens of media capture. I develop an objective measure of the tone of climate change coverage by creating an index which uses phrase frequency analysis to compare newspaper text with the UNâ s IPCC reports and the Heartland Instituteâ s skeptical response. The index captures the extent to which newspaper text aligns with each report, classifying text that shares more language with the IPCC report as being more environmental. Using the index and panel data on advertising spending, I implement an instrumental variables strategy and find that advertising from carbon-emitting industries increases the prevalence of skepticism and lowers the quantity of coverage of climate change in US newspapers. The second chapter proposes a model that explores the issue of media bias. The model complements the literature that discusses demand-driven (Gentzkow and Shapiro, 2006) and supply-driven (Baron, 2006) bias by showing that biased coverage can arise when neither media outlets nor consumers are biased. Instead, the bias in the model I present evolves from the premise that information is costly for media outlets to acquire. The third chapter presents an empirical analysis of competition among newspapers. Newspapers compete by taking a homogeneous input -- the news that is available to report on -- and producing a differentiated output: the coverage they provide. I study the mechanics of this process by analyzing coverage of climate change in British newspapers during the period 2006-2015. Using Latent Dirichlet Allocation to classify newspaper articles by topic, I compare the prevalence of topics across newspapers. Newspapers tend to cover the similar topics at a given time, but are able to differentiate themselves based on which topics they cover most. If a newspaper usually provides extensive coverage of a topic related to climate change, it will increase coverage more in response to a news story involving that topic.	Ph.D.	environment, climate	13
Beaujot, Ariel	Loeb, Lori	The Material Culture of Women's Accessories: Middle-class Performance, Race Formation and Feminine Display, 1830-1920	History	2007-11	This dissertation investigates the cultural meaning ascribed to feminine fashionable objects such as gloves, fans, parasols and vanity sets. I pay particular attention to issues of middle-class formation, the performance of gender, and the materiality of race, empire and colonialism. While these issues lie at the heart of British historiography, this project is written from a unique perspective which privileges cultural artifacts through material culture analysis. While the emergence of the middle class is typically studied as a masculine/public phenomenon, this project corrects the overemphasis on male activity by showing that middle-class women created a distinctive ‘look’ for their class via the consumption of specific goods and through participation in daily beauty rituals. Adding to these ideas, I argue that Victorian women performed a distinct type of femininity represented as passivity, asexuality, innocence, and leisure. By studying the repetitive gestures, poses and consumption practices of middle-class women, I show that certain corporeal acts helped to create Victorian femininity. This work also suggests that women participated in the British colonial project by consuming objects that were represented in the Victorian imagination as imperial spoils. As such, I argue that imperialism penetrated the everyday lives of Britons through several everyday objects. Empire building also created anxieties surrounding questions of race. Women’s accessories, such as gloves and parasols, helped British women to maintain their whiteness, an important way of distinguishing the ‘civilized’ Britons from the ‘uncivilized’ tanned colonial peoples. Overall this project showed that within the everyday objects consumed by women we can identify the anxieties, hopes and dreams of Victorians.	PhD	gender	5
Becerra, Flor Yunuen Garcia	Acosta, Edgar ||Allen, D. Grant	Recovery of Surface Active Material from Municipal Wastewater Activated Sludge	Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry	2010-11	Wastewater activated sludge is produced during the biological treatment of wastewater. After treating the sewage, the sludge is allowed to settle. Part of the settled material is returned to the treatment process as return activated sludge (RAS) and the excess is removed as waste activated sludge (WAS). The handling and disposal of the sludge are energy and capital-intensive treatments, with a significant environmental impact. This work studies the possibility to utilize RAS (an example of wastewater sludge) as a source of surface active agents. The results indicate that higly surface active materials can be extracted from RAS, and that the RAS extract has potential applications as a detergent and wood adhesive. The results also suggest that recovering a suite of products from RAS, a biological heterogenous source, can be technically feasible. An effective alkaline treatment was developed (at pH>12) that can extract up to 75% of the sludge’s organic matter, a yield higher than previously reported. Increasing the extraction pH increased the extract surface activity, which is linked to increasing the amount of higher molecular weight molecules and the presence of phospholipids. Increasing the extraction pH beyond 11 was also related to extensive cell lysis, increasing significantly the amount of recovered material and the surface activity of the extract. The alkaline extract has properties comparable to commercial detergents. Without further purification, the extract has a low surface tension (37 mN/m on average) and performs similarly to synthetic detergents. Further assessment of the RAS extract (insensitivity to pH, surface tension, interfacial tension) suggests that it may be suitable for commercial applications. The RAS extract can also be formulated into wood adhesives using glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker. The extract fraction with 10-50 kDa constituents at pH 9 achieves high adhesive shear strengths (4.5 MPa on average, at 30% relative humidity and 25°C) with 40% of wood failure. The adhesive strength of RAS-based adhesives is strongly correlated to its protein content.	PhD	waste	12
Beglaubter, Judith	Fox, Bonnie	Negotiating Fathers’ Care: Canadian Fathers’ Leave-taking as Conformity and Change	Sociology	2019-06	Despite some changes to the ways contemporary families are handling the allocation of paid and unpaid work, the path of least resistance still tends be maternal caregiving with mothers more likely than fathers to cut back on their employment or drop out of the workforce entirely. Because men typically maintain, and may even strengthen, their ties to the labour market at the transition to parenthood, offering them paid parental leave is thought to provide an important opportunity for fathers to develop the skills and sense of responsibility that are characteristic of mothers’ parenting, ultimately reducing gender inequality in families. Although leave schemes that specifically target fathers are praised for their high usage rates, there has been little research into the quality of men’s time at home. This dissertation addresses this gap in the literature by probing the time-bounded and gender-laden circumstances of early parenthood to consider the ways in which fathers’ early involvement might set the stage for their greater participation in domestic life. I do so by examining how Canadian fathers come to use, experience, and act in response to their time on parental leave. The men in this study waxed enthusiastically about the parenting skills and emotional bonds they developed while on leave. Many were so moved by the experience that they came to incorporate the values and practices of care into their identities. Yet at the same time, the allocation of leave time and couple’s subsequent divisions of housework and domestic responsibility remained gendered. Couples had to engage with gendered cultural expectations that took men’s employment for granted but allowed them greater leeway than women when it came to meeting parenting standards. Nevertheless, I argue that the transformative potential of fathers’ leave-taking should not be dismissed – even small changes to couples’ gendered roles and fathers’ identities are important in undoing gender inequality.	Ph.D.	gender, equality, empkoyment	5, 8
Behman, Ramy	Nathens, Avery B||Karanicolas, Paul J	The Management of Adhesive Small Bowel Obstruction: A Population-based Analysis of Practices and Outcomes	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2019-03	Background Adhesive small bowel obstruction (aSBO) is a common surgical illness that is characterized by its high likelihood for recurrence. We sought to compare different management strategies during the first admission for aSBO to characterize how early management strategies effect short- and long-term outcomes associated with aSBO. Methods We developed an algorithm to identify patients admitted to hospital for their first episode of aSBO using administrative data collected by the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care of Ontario. We compared operative management to non-operative management with respect to the cumulative incidence of recurrence and overall survival; we also performed a cost-utility analysis comparing early operative management to a trial of non-operative management; finally, we evaluated the impact of laparoscopic surgery for aSBO on the incidence of bowel injury and peri-operative morbidity and mortality. A variety of quasi-experimental methods were used to estimate causal effects while accounting for potential confounding by indication. Results We identified 40,800 patients admitted for their first episode of aSBO over 2005-2014. Patients managed operatively had a lower risk of recurrence of aSBO [21.1% vs 13.0%, p	Ph.D.	health	3
Belay, Fisseha Yacob	Wane, Njoki N	Conceptualizations and Impacts of Multiculturalism in the Ethiopian Education System	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2016-06	This research, using critical qualitative research methods, explores the conceptualization and impact of multiculturalism within the Ethiopian education context. The essence of multiculturalism is to develop harmonious coexistence among people from diverse ethnic, social and cultural backgrounds. The current Ethiopian regime has used the ethnic federalism policy to restructure Ethiopia’s geopolitical, social and education policies along ethnic and linguistic lines. The official discourse of Ethiopian ethnic federalism and multicultural policies has emphasized the liberal values of diversity, tolerance, and recognition of minority groups. However, its application has resulted in negative ethnicity and social conflicts among different ethnic groups. Two universities, one in Oromia and another in Southern Nations, Nationalities and People’s (SNNP) region, were selected using purposive sampling for this study. Document analysis and in-depth interviews were used to collect data from ten professors, ten students and three curricular experts. The findings of this study revealed that Ethiopian multiculturalism has stemmed from the ethnic federalism political system; however, participants’ conceptualizations ranged from unity to division and difference to allegiance. Data further revealed that the impact of multiculturalism in the Ethiopian education system has involved mother tongue usage, quality of education, lack of leadership and foreign policy, while the impact on inter-ethnic relationships includes the declining social cohesion, the rise of ‘narrow nationalism’ and the implication of ethnic conflicts. This study discusses the effects the politics on language use, the declining quality of education and policy transfer all have within the Ethiopian education system. In addition, the study addresses the proliferation of negative ethnicity and the path to genocide. Finally, it makes recommendations to educators and policy makers to improve the education system as well as provide an environment to cultivate ethnic harmonious coexistence.	Ph.D.	inclusive	4
Bell, Joshua	Baker, Andrew	Dysfunctional AMPA Receptor Trafficking in Traumatic Brain Injury	Medical Science	2010-06	Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a devastating public health problem for patients and their families. The neurodegeneration that follows TBI is complex, but can be broadly subdivided into primary and secondary damage. Though primary damage is irreversible and therefore unsalvageable, extensive literature aimed at understanding the tissue, cellular, inflammatory and subcellular processes following the injury have proven unequivocally that secondary pathophysiological events are delayed and progressive in nature. Understanding these secondary events at the cellular levels is critical in the eventual establishment of targeted therapeutics aimed at limiting progressive injury after an initial trauma. One such secondary event is referred to in the literature as excitotoxicity; a sustained and de-regulated activation of glutamate receptors that leads to rapid cytotoxic edema and calcium overload. Our understanding of excitotoxicity has evolved to include not only a role for elevated extracellular glutamate in mediating neuronal damage, but also post-synaptic receptor modifications that render glutamate profoundly more toxic to injured neurons than healthy tissue. In this thesis, we explored the hypothesis that glutamate excitotoxicity can be perpetuated by trauma-induced post-synaptic modification of the AMPA receptor. Specifically, we used a cortical culture model of TBI as well as the fluid percussion injury device to test the hypothesis that TBI confers a reduction of surface GluR2 protein, an AMPA receptor subunit that limits neuronal calcium permeability. We conjectured that this decrease in the expression of surface GluR2 would increase the expression of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors, thereby rendering neurons vulnerable to secondary excitotoxic injury. We further investigated the subcellular mechanisms responsible for the internalization of surface GluR2, and the phenotypic consequences of GluR2 endocytosis in both models. Our data revealed that both models of TBI resulted in a regulated signaling cascade leading to the phosphorylation and internalization of GluR2. By exogenously interrupting the trafficking of GluR2 protein with an inhibitory peptide, we further observed that GluR2 internalization was mediated by a protein interaction involving protein interacting with C kinase 1 (PICK1) and protein kinase C alpha (PKCα), two PDZ domain-containing proteins that mediate GluR2 trafficking during constitutive synaptic plasticity. We observed that GluR2 endocytosis was NMDA receptor dependent, and resulted in increased neuronal calcium permeability, augmented AMPA receptor-mediated electrophysiological activity and increased susceptibility to delayed cell death. Finally, we demonstrated that the interruption of GluR2 trafficking is cytoprotective, suggesting that sustaining surface GluR2 protein protects neurons against secondary injury. Overall, our findings suggest that experimental TBI promotes the expression of injurious GluR2-lacking AMPA receptors, thereby enhancing cellular vulnerability to secondary excitotoxicity.	PhD	health	3
Bell, Lindsay	Heller, Monica	Diamonds as Development: Suffering for Opportunity in the Canadian North	Humanities, Social Sciences and Social Justice Education	2013-06	Despite the repeated collapse of mining towns and sites in the Great Slave Lake region, most residents embrace new resource projects as possibilities for creating viable futures. Situated at the intersection of socio-cultural and linguistic anthropology, this ethnographic investigation of the Canadian diamond boom of the 2000s illustrates how imagining stable livelihoods despite a record of impermanence and crises depends on integrating and reframing past failures with present aspirations for “the good life”. At the height of the diamond boom in 2007, future imaginaries were largely associated with high wage job creation in the rapidly expanding industrial sector. Based on 18 months of fieldwork among those said to benefit most from new industrial development: the Aboriginal under/unemployed, this dissertation’s ethnographic attention is on job training programs and employment interventions that promised local residents new futures. The fieldwork coincided with the global financial crisis and almost none of the 90 students followed through the research secured work in the industry at the conclusion of their training. Nevertheless, people continue to maintain faith in a future linked to resource development. Capturing people’s everyday re-makings of tomorrow in uncertain times, this dissertation reveals that while employment in global extractive industries is unable to provide economic security to those who seek it, its promises are productive for four reasons. First, they (re)define the natural world as ‘opportunities for work’. Second, the specific techniques of industry and statecraft that surround mining (impact and benefit agreements, and socio-economic monitoring) transform everyday events of difference and inequality into catastrophes which render industrial development sensible even urgent. Third, they orient public sentiment towards a “future anterior,” a form of temporal longing that I argue impedes a deep reading of the historical present and participates in a politics of deferral. Fourth, they rely on and reproduce a chronotopically constrained public debate on natural resource development.	PhD	equality, employment, industr, inequality	5, 8, 9, 10
Beltan, Sude	Schatz, Edward	Making and Maintaining Metropolises: Entrepreneurial Municipalism in Turkey	Political Science	2018-06	This dissertation explores the implications of the public administration and local governance reforms that took place in Turkey in the mid-2000s with a comparative focus on three major metropolitan cities: İstanbul, İzmir, and Diyarbakır. Engaging with the literatures on state rescaling and urban entrepreneurialism, the author analyzes how reforms transformed municipalities into entrepreneurial organizations primarily concerned with territorial competitiveness of their jurisdictions while the central state repositioned itself as a critical actor in urban policy-making. The dissertation research is guided by three critical aspects of urban governance in Turkey: the changing dynamics of intergovernmental relations (national/local and metropolitan/district), the institutional transformation of municipalities (New Public Management restructuring), and emergent urban policies (city branding initiatives, urban transformation projects, and social services). The author argues that variations across three cities indicate how intergovernmental relations imbued with party politics and the local political context are critical in conditioning the scope and content of entrepreneurial action. The author proposes that studies of neoliberal urbanism, which analytically prioritize the political economy perspective, should put cities back into their national context to capture the political and institutional embeddedness of contemporary neoliberal urban governance.	Ph.D.	cities, urban, institution	11, 16
Benchimol, Eric Ian	Guttmann, Astrid ||To, Teresa	The Ontario Crohn’s and Colitis Cohort: Incidence and Outcomes of Childhood-onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Ontario, Canada	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2010-06	Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), characterized by chronic gastrointestinal inflammation, represents a significant childhood chronic disease. In this thesis, a case ascertainment definition of paediatric-onset IBD was validated using administrative data and developed the Ontario Crohn’s and Colitis Cohort (OCCC). The epidemiology of paediatric IBD in Ontario was described, demonstrating that Ontario has one of the highest worldwide incidence rates. Statistically significant increases in incidence were noted in 0-4 year olds (5.0%/year, p=0.03) and 5-9 year olds (7.6%/year, p<0.0001), but not in other age groups. Lower income children were more likely to be hospitalized at least once (hazard ratio (HR) 1.17, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.05-1.30) or visit the ED (HR 1.21, 95% CI 1.09-1.35) and had more IBD-related physician visits (odds ratio (OR) 3.73, 95% CI 1.05-13.27). Lower income children with Crohn's disease (CD) (not ulcerative colitis [UC]) were more likely to undergo intra-abdominal surgery within 3 years of diagnosis (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.01-1.49), especially if diagnosed after 2000 (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.27-2.53). Finally, changes in health services utilization and surgical rates were described, as were changes in specialist care provision and immunomodulator use in children with IBD between 1994-2007. The changes to care included increased outpatient care provided by paediatric gastroenterologists, and increased immunomodulator use. Children diagnosed with CD, but not UC, in recent years had lower surgical rates. In CD patients, intra-abdominal surgical rates within three years of diagnosis decreased from 18.8% in children diagnosed in 1994-1997 to 13.6% in those diagnosed in 2001-2004 (P = 0.035). When stratified by age at diagnosis, this decrease was significant in children diagnosed ≥10 years old (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.48-0.93). The OCCC will continue to be used to investigate the epidemiology and burden of paediatric IBD and to improve the care received by children with IBD in Ontario.	PhD	health	3
Bensimon, Cécile M.	Upshur, Ross	Communicable Disease Control in the New Millenium: A Qualitative Inquiry on the Legitimate Use of Restrictive Measures in an Era of Rights Consciousness	Medical Science	2009-06	Background: When Canadian public health officials issued thousands of quarantine orders during the SARS outbreak in 2003, it raised difficult questions about the legitimacy and acceptability of restrictive measures to achieve public health goals. While public health interventions have traditionally been justified on utilitarian grounds, this project aims to establish an empirical basis to justify public health action. The objectives are: 1) Descriptive: To describe the views of members of society on the justifiability of using restrictive measures to achieve public health goals; 2) Analytic: To analyze the use of restrictive measures at the intersection of public health policy, human rights norms, and ethics; and 3) Normative: To situate public health ethics within a Habermasian model of communicative ethics that can serve as the basis of justification for the legitimate use of restrictive measures based on the intersubjective recognition of public health and human rights. Methods: Individual interviews were conducted with 62 participants, including 23 health care providers, 16 members of the public, 13 community and/or spiritual leaders from the Greater Toronto Area, as well as six public health officials and four health care regulators at the local, provincial, and federal levels of jurisdiction. Findings: Participant views were analyzed and organized into themes that revolve around the following concepts: 1) common good; 2) types of quarantine; 3) compliance; 4) reciprocity; 5) uncertainty; and 6) communication. Conclusions: Combining empirical research with conceptual scholarship, it is argued that the recognition of and commitment to the common good by participants, which emerged as an overarching theme, provide justificatory power for the use of quarantine during communicable disease outbreaks. But to respect rights, while being committed to the common good, it is argued that we must move beyond the see-sawing between ostensibly competing requirements toward a conception that gives equal weight to public health and human rights; that is, both imperatives – the community and the individual – refer to one another without dissolving into one another. Following a Habermasian account of opening processes of decision-making to a moral-practical discourse, it is argued that public health ethics offers an important site for integrating his model of discourse ethics within public health deliberations to expand the scope of moral argumentation on--and ultimately to ground the justification of--the use of restrictive measures.	PhD	health	3
Bentley, Paul	Levine, David	Martyr for Mental Health: John R Seeley and the Forest Hill Village Project, 1948-1956	Humanities, Social Sciences and Social Justice Education	2013-11	This is the history of a mental health project conducted in the schools of Forest Hill, Ontario during the 1950s. Its original name was the Forest Hill Village Project but it became famous in history as Crestwood Heights, the book written about the project by John R. Seeley, Alex Sim and Elizabeth Loosley. The Forest Hill Village Project was a significant event in Canadian history not only as part of the first mental health grants ever issued by the federal government; but also as the first major attempt to address the mental health needs of children in school. Hatched at the highest levels of military planning during the Second World War, the Forest Hill Village Project would involve senior government and university administrators as well as psychiatrists, social workers and teachers from across Canada in an experiment in psychoanalytic pedagogy. John R. Seeley was the only individual, however, whose fate was so inextricably linked with the project that it cannot be understood apart from him. It was because of Seeley's genius that a mental health revolution from the top-down was attempted in Canadian history, and it was because of his own psychological issues that it failed. The martyrdom of John R. Seeley did not consist simply in the irony of his own fall into mental illness while leading a mental health project in the schools of Forest Hill, but also in his being effectively banished from Canadian society because of his efforts. The admixture of Seeley's personal issues and his revolutionary commitment to mass psychoanalysis eventually brought him into irreconcilable conflict with the more conservative leadership of Canada's medical and educational establishment. Though Seeley was forced out of teaching in Canada, the history of his mental health revolution may yet open doorways for the future of mental health in Canadian schools.	EDD	health	3
Bento, Pedro	Restuccia, Diego	Competition, Innovation, and Regulation: Accounting for Productivity Differences	Economics	2013-11	The relationships between competition, innovation, and regulation have long been studied in an attempt to understand and evaluate the effect of regulation on the wealth and growth of nations. Recent empirical work has emerged taking advantage of the still ongoing proliferation of ever more disaggregated data to shed more light on these relationships and at the same time uncover new puzzles in need of explanations. This thesis is an attempt to address the discrepancies between some of these newly discovered phenomena and current theory. In Chapter 1 I introduce an insight of Friedrich Hayek - that competition allows a thousand flowers to bloom, and discovers the best among them - into a conventional model of Schumpeterian innovation. I show how the model can account for two seemingly contradictory empirical phenomena, a positive relationship between competition and industry-level productivity growth, and an inverted-U relationship between competition and firm-level innovation. In Chapter 2 I extend the model to investigate the effects of patent protection on competition and innovation, and to understand the interaction between patent policy and product-market regulation. I calibrate the model to show that patent protection in the U.S. is depressing competition, innovation, growth, and welfare. Using patent and citation data, I further provide empirical evidence supporting the implications of the model. In Chapter 3 I investigate the impact of regulatory entry barriers to new firms on aggregate output and total factor productivity. Following recent work by Thomas J. Holmes and John J. Stevens, I extend a standard model of monopolistic competition to account for the existence of both niche markets and mass markets within industries. Calibrating the model using U.S. manufacturing data, I show this extension goes a long way towards explaining the large gap between empirical estimates of the impact of barriers to entry and the quantitative predictions of current models.	PhD	innovation	9
Beresheim, Amy Catherine	Pfeiffer, Susan K	Bone Microstructure and Changes in Tissue Mineralization throughout Adulthood	Anthropology	2018-06	This research aims to explore the global variability in the structural and material properties of mid-thoracic ribs within a large (n=213) sample of known age, sex, and government “race” designation from apartheid South Africa [DOD 1967-1998]. Most individuals in the study sample were non-white, and inferred to be of poor socioeconomic status. Using linearly polarized light microscopy (LPLM) on the full sample, and back-scattered scanning electron microscopy (BSE-SEM) on a subset (n=143), histomorphometric parameters, and the average tissue mineralization of the cortical and trabecular bone compartments were assessed in photomontages of transverse rib cross-sections. The influence of body size on bone mass and histomorphometry was first considered. Tissue-level changes were then interpreted in a biosocial context, exploring variation associated with adverse apartheid living conditions and adult life history. Body size does not appear to correlate with either bone mass or histomorphometry, suggesting that size-standardization may not be necessary in studies of rib bone microstructure. Compared to the women in the research sample, men exhibited delayed peak bone mass attainment, lower osteocyte densities, and lower average tissue mineralization. Women achieved peak bone mass when anticipated. Relative cortical area, osteon area, bone tissue mineralization, and cortical porosity were the best histological indicators of menopause in women. Poorer bone health indices in males infer greater systematic marginalization under apartheid rule. Men in this sample may have been more susceptible to dietary deficiencies and substance abuse issues, leading to compromised bone mass and quality. This research demonstrates that osteoporosis risk is not just a concern of the aged, white female population in South Africa. It provides novel data on an understudied population, and underscores the importance of skeletal research collections for the study of contemporary epidemiological issues.	Ph.D.	socioeconomic, health, women	1, 3, 2005
Berg, Herman van den	Choo, Chun Wei ||Silverman, Brian S.	Knowledge-based Vertical Integration: The Nature of Knowledge and Economic Firm Boundary Location	Information Studies	2008-06	This research extends the knowledge-based view of the firm as it relates to organizational structure. In particular, this research provides evidence that fundamental classifications of knowledge are measurable, in relative terms, as factors of production. It then relates differences in relative quantities of these classifications of knowledge to the presence or absence of inter-firm boundaries. Finally, this study provides evidence that financial performance may be related to the alignment of organizational structure with knowledge-based factors of production. This study contributes to strategic management theory by offering a potential solution to the difficulties of measuring knowledge as a factor of production. The research was motivated by the belief that it is the cost and value of knowledge that determines economic efficiency (Simon, 1999). By surveying professionals in the mutual fund industry for their relative reliance on three classifications of knowledge, this study suggests a set of measures of knowledge-based factors of production. These measures in turn support the testing of hypotheses related to the vertical integration (or de-integration) of adjacent stages of production. Researchers have typically categorized organizational knowledge as either tacit or explicit. This research develops the concept of encapsulated knowledge as a fundamental classification of knowledge. Encapsulated knowledge is neither tacit nor explicit, because it is externalized and implicit. Progress in measuring knowledge is made by distinguishing between knowledge that resides in human minds (tacit), knowledge that is codified as information (codified), and knowledge that is embodied in the design and functionality of physical artefacts (encapsulated). Relative reliance on the fundamentally different knowledge-based factors of production was found to vary between adjacent stages of production, despite the essential overlap of jointly held substantive knowledge. Portfolio managers are generally less (more) reliant on tacit (encapsulated) knowledge than other investment management professionals in the mutual fund complex. In addition, portfolio managers whose firms are de-integrated from the mutual fund management firms were found to be more (less) reliant on tacit (encapsulated) knowledge than their integrated counterparts. Finally, alignment between mutual fund structure and reliance on knowledge-based factors of production was found to affect performance of mutual funds.	PhD	industr	9
Bergholz, Max	Viola, Lynne	None of us Dared Say Anything: Mass Killing in a Bosnian Community during World War Two and the Postwar Culture of Silence	History	2012-11	This dissertation analyzes the dynamics of mass killing in the Kulen Vakuf region of Bosnia during 1941 in order to explain why a culture of silence crystallized after the Second World War about the murder of Muslim civilians by Serb insurgents. The main argument is that the silence about nearly 2,000 Muslim civilians massacred by Serb insurgents was rooted in the transformation of many of the perpetrators into members of the Communist-led Partisan resistance movement. After the war, the Communist authorities remained silent about the massacres to avoid implicating Partisan fighters as war criminals, and so too did the Muslim survivors out of fear and a desire to move on. The dissertation uncovers the emergence of the silence through an analysis of the actions of the local Communist authorities, the Muslim and Serb communities, and the interactions among them between the years 1941-1981. It studies the history of the silence through the categories of those who “were silenced” and those who “were silent,” concluding that the complicity of nearly all social groups was necessary for the maintenance of silence about the massacres, which everyone knew about, but almost no one spoke of publicly. Through a detailed study of one Bosnian region over four decades this dissertation sheds light on the broader subjects of mass violence, remembrance, and national relations and identification in this part of Europe during the twentieth century. Specifically, it shows how the German invasion of Yugoslavia—and not widespread ethnic hatred among neighbors—triggered a small number of local extremists to engage in mass violence, which quickly cascaded into acts of attempted genocide and civil war. It illuminates how perpetrators of mass ethnic violence paradoxically were absorbed by guerrilla forces dedicated to multi-ethnic co-existence. It demonstrates how a Communist regime, which was explicitly committed to promoting the national equality of its multi-national population, ended up practicing a war remembrance policy that was profoundly skewed along national lines, and specifically against Muslims. It shows the concrete ways in which silence, a subject that historians of remembrance generally pay lip-service to but have yet to examine carefully, is created and enforced in the aftermath of mass killing. Finally, it argues that fixed notions of ethnic hatred or inter-ethnic friendship fail to grasp the highly fluid and situational nature of national relations and identification in multi-ethnic communities living in the shadow of mass killing. This dissertation is based on three main sources: previously untapped archival documents, especially from the Archive of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo and the Archive of the Una-Sana Canton in Bihać; memoirs and testimonies written by participants in wartime events, including several unpublished manuscripts never used before by researchers; and numerous interviews conducted with survivors of mass killings and their children.	PhD	peace	16
Bergman, Jennifer	Lemmens, Trudo	The Systemic Failure to Protect Children with Mental Health Issues: An Analysis of the Failings of the Family Law and Criminal Justice Systems	Law	2018-11	A significant majority of children who are engaged with the family law (child welfare) and youth criminal justice systems suffer with mental health issues. Only a fraction of them get treatment. Without adequate supports and services these children may become enmeshed in a “vicious cycle”, with significant short and long-term consequences for children and families, as well as society as a whole. In this Thesis, I explore the role of the law, in theory and in practice, in the failure to provide these children with needed mental health services. Specifically, I investigate how the definition of mental health issues in the family law (child welfare) and criminal justice systems, and the failure in both systems to recognize the impact of the intersection of various factors (e.g. socioeconomic status, race, gender) on individual children (and families), leads to a systemic failure to adequately protect children with mental health issues.	LL.M.	socioeconomic, health, gender	1, 3, 2005
Berkowitz, Christine Ann	Halpern, Rick	Railroad Crossings: The Transnational World of North America, 1850-1910	History	2009-11	The last quarter of the nineteenth century is often referred to as the “Golden Age” of railroad building. More track was laid in this period in North America than in any other period. The building of railroads was considered synonymous with nation building and economic progress. Railway workers were the single largest occupational group in the period and among the first workers to be employed by large-scale, corporately owned and bureaucratically managed organizations. While there is a rich historiography regarding the institutional and everyday lives of railway workers and the corporations that employed them, the unit of analysis has been primarily bounded by the nation. These national narratives leave out the north-south connections created by railroads that cut across geo-political boundaries and thus dramatically increasing the flows of people, goods and services between nations on the North American continent. Does the story change if viewed from a continental rather than national perspective? Railroad Crossings tells the story of the people and places along the route of the Grand Trunk Railroad of Canada between Montreal, Quebec and Portland, Maine and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad (and later of the Southern Pacific) between Benson, Arizona and Guaymas, Sonora. The study first takes a comparative view of the cross-border railroad development followed by a consideration of emerging patterns and practices that suggest a broader continental continuity. The evidence demonstrates that this broader continental continuity flows from the application of a certain “railroad logic” or the impact of the essence of railroad operations that for reasons of safety and efficiency required the broad standardization of operating procedures that in many ways rendered place irrelevant.	PhD	worker, institution	8, 16
Berlingieri, Adriana	Mirchandani, Kiran	Challenging Workplace Bullying: The Shaping of Organizational Practices Toward Systemic Change	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2015-06	In the last two decades, much effort has been invested in empirical research to understand workplace bullying. However, the identification, development and use of practices to counter it remain one of the largest research gaps in the field. This study centres on how the current conceptualization of bullying places an exclusive focus on individual actors and acts which directly shapes prevention and intervention organizational practices limiting the potential for long-term, systemic change. I sought out an organization that is attempting to take up the concept of bullying differently and trace how this conceptualization shapes their practices. As a critical organizational ethnography, guided by institutional ethnography and practice-based studies, this study includes fieldwork within a major healthcare organization. I examine practices in depth, in particular policies and education and training programs, using participant conversations and textual analysis. I examine links between how the concept of workplace bullying is constructed on an everyday basis by organizational members and internal organizational practices. Bullying in this organization is conceptualized as an interpersonal issue, as well as an organizational and societal issue and as interrelated with other forms of violence. Changes in interpersonal relations of their members, as well as systemic and organizational changes, are central goals.It is important for anti-violence (including bullying) practices to not focus on individual acts and behaviours alone. Workplace bullying is best recognized and dealt with also as an organizational issue. If the organization's role remains hidden, its systems and practices interrelated with violence will continue unaltered. In particular, organizations need to view anti-violence practices as interrelated to those countering inequities in the workplace. Effective anti-violence practices do not stop with implementation. They are ongoing, collaborative processes of development, evaluation, learning, communication and unwavering commitment. Practice do not stand alone, but are related to, support and shape one another.	Ph.D.	worker	8
Bernardes, Rogerio Paulo	Sykes, Heather	Big Boys, Physical Education, and the Ethics of Bodily Difference: A Poststructural Analysis	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2019-11	The purpose of this thesis was to explore: 1) body, health, and movement discourses – particularly those advanced by the physical education and biomedical health communities – that shaped the embodied movement experiences of boys, with a focus on bigger boys; 2) how boys negotiated accusations of fatness, discourses of health, and what I have termed physical education-through-sport; and, 3) how we might move forward ethically in the conceptualization of embodiment and encounters with bodily difference. Making selective use of authors and theories in the process of plugging in (Jackson Mazzei, 2012), I used a theoretical framework informed by poststructuralist theory and a philosophy of the limit (Cornell, 1992; Pronger, 2002). Working with six boys ages 12 to 14 years old, I employed semi-structured interviews, participant observation sessions (developed as part of a physical activity program specific to this study), and focus groups to theorize a shift from fatness to bigness that redeemed oversized bodies as intelligible in gendered constructions of masculinity. For the boys in this study, constructions of health and physical activity were more strongly connected to mental health concerns and maintaining positive social relations than to disease prevention and ill-health. These understandings opened up a space to conceptualize ethical encounters with bodily difference that challenged dominant constructions of the individual, separate, independent, sovereign self. Drawing on a philosophy of the limit (Cornell, 1992), a conceptualization of the connected, self-in-relation was proposed in terms of the ethic of alterity (Cornell, 1992; Pronger, 2002). This is an ethic of compassionate openness that endorses encounters with ‘difference’ without fear of otherness. In this view, this ethic of alterity confronts the territorialisation of difference present in discourses of (systemic) inclusion by conceptualizing an already interrelated and interdependent self as a condition of subjectivity.	Ph.D.	gender, health	3, 5
Bernstein, Jodi T.	L'Abbe, Mary R	Examination of the sugars contents of Canadian prepackaged foods and the role that nutrition labelling can play in helping Canadians identify foods consistent with World Health Organization Guidelines	Nutritional Sciences	2018-11	The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends free sugars intakes be limited to a maximum of 10% of energy intake. This thesis aims to characterize sugars in the Canadian prepackaged food and beverage supply and investigate whether the sugars information available on the food label (% Daily Value (%DV) and nutrient content claims) support the WHO free sugars intake guidelines. Three studies were conducted using the University of Toronto’s Food Label Information Program (FLIP) 2013 database that contains nutrient composition and labelling information for a large representative sample of prepackaged foods and beverages (n=15,342). In the first study, a novel method for calculating the free sugars contents was developed and applied to products in FLIP 2013. Free sugars were present in 65% of foods and beverages and contributed on average, 20% of calories and 64% of products’ total sugars content. In the second study, a free sugars DV of 50g, which aligns with WHO guidelines, was compared with a total sugars DV of 100g. A free sugars DV more consistently identified products with ≥10% of calories from free sugars (82% vs. 55%) and with suboptimal nutritional composition as defined by the Food Standards Australia New Zealand nutrient profiling scoring criterion (70% vs. 45%), than a total sugars DV. In the third study, products with sugar-related nutrient content claims had more favourable nutrient profiles than those without these claims, but 48% had ≥10% of calories from free sugars. Findings suggest the need for nutrition labelling and the food supply to more reliably support identification and consumption of products consistent with WHO free sugars intake guidelines. Together these results represent significant advancements in the field of sugars research and the calculation and addition of free sugars levels to FLIP can inform an array of future studies and policy actions related to free sugars.	Ph.D.	nutrition, production	2, 12
Bernstein, Seth	Viola, Lynne	Communist Upbringing under Stalin: The Political Socialization and Militarization of Soviet Youth, 1934-1941	History	2013-11	In 1935 the Communist Youth League (Komsomol) embraced a policy called "communist upbringing" that changed the purpose of Soviet official youth culture. Founded in 1918, the Komsomol had been an organization of cultural proletarianization and economic mobilization. After the turmoil of Stalin’s revolution from above, Soviet leaders declared that the country had entered the period of socialism. Under the new conditions of socialism, including the threat of war with the capitalist world, "communist upbringing" transformed the youth league into an organization of mass socialization meant to mold youth in the shape of the regime. The key goals of "communist upbringing" were to broaden the influence of Soviet political culture and to enforce a code of "cultured" behavior among youth. Youth leaders transformed the Komsomol from a league of young male workers into an organization that included more than a quarter of Soviet youth by 1941, incorporating more adolescents, women, and non-workers. Employing recreation, reward and disciplinary practices that blurred into repression, mass socialization in the Komsomol attempted to create a cohort of "Soviet" youth - sober, orderly, physically strong and politically loyal to Stalin’s regime. The transformation of youth culture under Stalin reflected a general shift in Stalinist social policies in the mid-1930s. Historians have argued whether this turn was a conservative retreat from Bolshevik ideals or the use of apolitical modern state practices in the service of socialism. This dissertation shows that while youth leaders were intensely interested in modern state practices, they made these practices into central elements of Soviet socialism. Through the Komsomol, youth became a resource for the state to guide along the uncertain and dangerous road to the future of communism. Reacting to domestic and international crises, Stalinist leaders created a system of state socialization for youth that would last until the fall of the Soviet Union.	PhD	women, gender, institution	5, 16
Bersaglio, Brock	Kepe, Thembela	Green grabbing and the contested nature of belonging in Laikipia, Kenya: A genealogy	Geography	2017-06	Global demand to protect endangered wildlife at any cost has corresponded to increasingly more Large-Scale Land Acquisitions being carried out for conservation purposes. This dissertation focuses on how and why different rural groups have such diverse experiences with, and reactions to, this phenomenon (i.e. green grabbing). Recent studies emphasize the need to depart from stereotypes of rural groups as either passive victims or unified resistors of green grabbing. Such studies show that green grabs have differentiated impacts and are met by variegated political reactions from below â including resistance, acquiescence, and incorporation. While making important contributions to the literature, these insights lead to additional questions. For example, how do the political reactions of certain rural groups align or depart from those of others and why? In responding to such questions, this dissertation makes green grabbing a subject of ethnographic and historical analysis in Laikipia, Kenya. Through a genealogical approach to studying green grabbing, this dissertation brings literature on ethnicity and belonging in Laikipia into dialogue with recent green grabbing literature. The findings suggest that in settler societies, certain aspects of green grabbing may be understood as acts of white belonging. Likewise, green grabbing presents other rural groups with opportunities â however marginal â to re-assert different notions of belonging in the landscape through resistance, acquiescence, or incorporation. Based on these findings, this dissertation argues that green grabbing is central to longstanding contestations over belonging in Laikipia. The phenomenon has been made possible by, but has also re- produced, ethno-spatial divisions rooted in colonial expansion. By tracing the shifting contours of these divisions in time, this dissertation contextualizes how and why different rural groups experience and react to green grabbing. In doing so, it builds a case for ethnographic and historical analyses of green grabs in other places, spaces, and times.	Ph.D.	conserv	15
Bertram, Laurie K.	Iacovetta, Franca	New Icelandic Ethnoscapes: Material, Visual, and Oral Terrains of Cultural Expression in Icelandic-Canadian history, 1875 - Present	History	2010-11	This dissertation uses the Icelandic-Canadian community to discuss alternate media and the production of “ethnoscapes,” or landscapes of ethnic identity, on the prairies from 1875 to the present. Drawing from larger historiographies of food, gender, material culture, oral history, and commemoration, it offers an investigation into power, acculturation, and representation using often-marginalized terrains of Canadian ethnic expression. Each of the project’s five chapters examines the cultural history of the community through a different medium. The first chapter uses clothing, one of the most intimate and immediate ways that migrants experienced transition in North America, to explore the impact of poverty, marginalization, disease, climate, and eventual access to Anglo commercial goods on migrant culture. Chapter two analyses the role of food and drink, specifically coffee, alcohol, and vínarterta (a festive layered torte) in everyday life and the development of migrant identity. The third chapter analyses the growth of conservatism and depictions of women in the Icelandic-Canadian community in the twentieth century, with a focus on the decline of radical Icelandic language publications and the rise of ethnic spectacles. Chapter four analyses the impact of centennial and multicultural heritage campaigns on Icelandic-Canadian life, popular narrative, and domestic space by tracing the emergence of the koffort (immigrant trunk) in intergenerational family commemorative practices. Chapter five continues the discussion of popular memory with an examination of the compelling hjátru (superstitious) narrative tradition in the community. It illustrates that Icelandic migrants imported and adapted this tradition to the North American context in a way that also reflected their understanding of colonial violence as an unresolved, disruptive, and damaging intergenerational inheritance. Providing an alternate view of the community beyond either cultural endurance or assimilation, this dissertation argues that the multiple material, visual, and oral conduits through which members have experienced life in the New World have been crucial to the construction of Icelandic-Canadian identity. It is through these terrains that community members have continually engaged with public expectations and demands for both ethnic performance and suppression. The fluidity of these forms and forums and their facilitation of members’ engagement with, adaptations to, and contestation of images of ethnicity and history have enabled the continual construction of Icelandic identities in North America 135 years after departure.	PhD	poverty, food, gender, women	1, 2, 2005
Bethell, Jennifer	Rhodes, Anne ||Bondy, Susan	Child and Adolescent Emergency Department Presentations for Self-harm: Population-based Data from Ontario, Canada	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2012-06	Objective: Describe emergency department (ED) presentations for self-harm by youth (12-17 yearolds), including the mental health follow-up they receive after their first-ever presentation, and analyze the association between this mental health follow-up and repeat presentation(s). Methods: Population-based health services data from Ontario, Canada, covering April 2002 to March 2009, were used to ascertain ED presentations for self-harm by youth (n=16,835). These data were used to create a retrospective cohort (n=3,497) of those making their first-ever presentation, and individually-linked to inpatient admission and ambulatory physician contact data. Mental health follow-up within 30-days of discharge, either from a psychiatrist or from any physician specialty, was assessed. The associations between follow-up and repeat self-harm presentation(s) within the following year were then analyzed. Results: Conservatively, the overall incidence rate for ED presentations for self-harm by Ontario youth was 239.0 per 100,000 person-years. Rates were higher in girls, increased with age and inversely related to neighbourhood income and community size (population). Self-harm made up a small but severe proportion of ED use by youth. Over half (57.2%) making their first-ever self-harm presentation had no mental health contact with a physician within 30 days of discharge (and several demographic, clinical and health service variables were associated with follow-up). However, mental health follow-up was not associated with reduced odds of repetition or fewer repeat presentations. Conclusions: ED presentations for self-harm by youth in Ontario are remarkably consistent with those reported from other Western countries. Self-harm is an important public health issue in Canada and requires a comprehensive prevention strategy. These data suggested follow-up youth received after their first-ever ED presentation for self-harm may be inadequate and strategies to improve follow-up may be needed. Still, more research is needed to establish the effect of follow-up on relevant outcomes.	PhD	health	3
Bhaneja, Charu	Teichman, Judith	Hustling the State - Women’s Movements as Policy Entrepreneurs: Engaging the State in India	Political Science	2014-06	This study examines the opportunities and constraints women activists confront as they pursue strategies to influence public policy in a fluctuating, diverse and complex political arena. To illustrate this, I suggest that engagement with the state can be efficacious in certain instances (violence against women) but that in those cases where women face structural constraints (women’s political representation), where the challenges are powerful, opportunity to have an impact is limited. Examining the extent to which the state has been an arena where women’s groups have been able to demand and achieve change provides significant insights into political environments that shape women’s agency and advocacy within that region. My doctoral thesis takes a multi-level approach in order to understand the impact of women’s movements on the state and its institutions. I maintain that women’s movement activity elicits state responsiveness and I analyze three factors to support my claim. First, I consider what government is in power and how open it is to engagement. Secondly, I consider how cohesive the women’s movement is on a particular issue and thirdly, I maintain that women’s national machinery can be an effective channel for implementing women’s interests. Building on theoretical ideas from New Social Movement theory and theories on women and the state, my research forms a bridge by combining a macro-meso-micro analysis that captures both the women’s associational field itself and the complex interactions between civil and political society. Drawing on data from my qualitative research I demonstrate that national governments do not act unless otherwise pushed from women’s movements proving that pro-women legislation has not been possible without the organization and mobilization of women’s groups. The implications of the findings presented in this thesis suggest that women are the strength of institutions and are imperative to the functioning of women’s national machinery hustling the state as policy brokers.	PhD	institution, rights, women	5, 16
Bhatia, Amar	Macklin, Audrey	We All Belong: Indigenous Laws for Making and Maintaining Relations Against the Sovereignty of the State	Law	2018-03	This dissertation proposes re-asserting Indigenous legal authority over immigration in the face of state sovereignty and ongoing colonialism. Chapter One examines the wider complex of Indigenous laws and legal traditions and their relationship to matters of â peoplingâ and making and maintaining relations with the land and those living on it. Chapter Two shows how the state came to displace the wealth of Indigenous legal relations described in Chapter One. I mainly focus here on the use of the historical treaties and the Indian Act to consolidate Canadian sovereignty at the direct expense of Indigenous laws and self- determination. Conventional notions of state sovereignty inevitably interrupt the revitalization of Indigenous modes of making and maintaining relations through treaties and adoption. Chapter Three brings the initial discussion about Indigenous laws and treaties together with my examination of Canadian sovereignty and its effect on Indigenous jurisdiction over peopling. I review the case of a Treaty One First Nationâ s customary adoption of a precarious status migrant and the related attempt to prevent her removal from Canada on this basis. While this attempt was unsuccessful, I argue that an alternative approach to treaties informed by Indigenous laws would have recognized the staying power of Indigenous adoption. Notwithstanding current Canadian immigration law, this staying power would further the goals of Indigenous self-determination, decolonization, and Canadian reconciliation. The Conclusion reviews the preceding arguments and contends that state sovereignty remains a significant, but not insurmountable, barrier to Indigenous self-determination and Canadian reconciliation. Grudging legal developments and heightened societal expectations require genuine, substantive reconciliation efforts. It seems only a matter of time before Indigenous rights to extend membership and status to foreign nationals are recognized again. This dissertation makes the original contribution that the best way of doing so would be through the renewal of treaty relations informed by resurgent Indigenous laws and legal traditions.	S.J.D.	rights	16
Bhatia, Tajinder Pal Singh	Kant, Shashi	Economic Analysis of World's Carbon Markets	Forestry	2012-03	Forestry activities play a crucial role in climate change mitigation. To make carbon credits generated from such activities a tradable commodity, it is important to analyze the price dynamics of carbon markets. This dissertation contains three essays that examine various issues confronting world’s carbon markets. The first essay investigates cointegration of carbon markets using Johansen maximum likelihood procedure. All carbon markets of the world are not integrated. North American carbon markets show integration and so do the CDM markets. For future, the possibilities of arbitrage across world’s markets are expected to be limited, and carbon trading in these markets will be globally inefficient. There is a strong need of a global agreement that allows carbon trade to prevent climate change at the least cost options. The second essay evaluates various econometric models for predicting price volatility in the carbon markets. Voluntary carbon market of Chicago is relatively more volatile; and like other financial markets, its volatility is forecasted best by a complex non-linear GARCH model. The compliance market of Europe, on the other hand, is less volatile and its volatility is forecasted best by simple econometric models like Historical Averages and GARCH and hence is different from other markets. Findings could be useful for investment decision making, and for making choice between various policy instruments. The last essay focuses on agent based models that incorporate interactions of heterogeneous entities. Artificial carbon markets obtained from such models have statistical properties - lack of autocorrelations, volatility clustering, heavy tails, conditional heavy tails, and non-Gaussianity; which are similar to the actual carbon markets. These models possess considerably higher forecasting capabilities than the traditional econometric models. Forecast accuracy is further improved considerably through experimentation, when agent characteristics like wealth distribution, proportion of allowances and number of agents are set close to the real market situations.	PhD	wealth distribution, trade, climate, forest	1, 10, 13, 15
Bhattarai, Anil	Rankin, Katharine N||Hunter, Mark	Seeing Like a Farmer: Socioecological Complexity of Constructing and Maintaining Ecologically Integrated Smallholder Family Farms	Geography	2019-11	This dissertation investigates the political-ecological conditions that led to the emergence and spread of ecological farming practices in Nepal’s Chitwan Valley. It takes a conjunctural approach to examine the spread of different ecological practices in different periods and the roles played by households, government institutions and others in this process of change. The dissertation draws upon data generated through an interdisciplinary qualitative research which utilized mixed-methods including a year-long ethnographic field research in Nepal, primary and secondary literature review, personal experiences, observation, and formal and informal interviews. This dissertation shows that the adoption of ecological farming practices resulted from different conjunctural changes within the farming households and beyond. The major factors within the households that pushed for the adoption of ecological practices were: the reduced availability of household labour as children spent increasing amount of time in schools and adults engaged in off-farm activities, the decline of formal and informal access to common pool resources such as grazing lands and forests, and the perceived and/or real biophysical shifts such as intractable pest damage of crops, beneficial effects of multi-cropping, and degradation of soil by the use of chemical fertilizers. These changes were also possible because of changes beyond the households: specific policies and programs adopted by national government agencies, international development agencies, and, after 1990s, non-governmental organizations. These policies included direct support such as through cash subsidies (for biogas) and free distribution of saplings, educational and training programs on ecological management of farms, and formal and informal exchanges of ideas and experiences of ecological practices among farmers. This dissertation also shows that Increased commodification of other aspects of households, such as the education of children, construction of modern homes, and health care, has created challenges for ecological farming. Differentiated capacity for diversification of resource generation such as through migration and off-farm income shapes the possibility for the maintenance of the ecological farms. This dissertationI has developed the rubric of ‘seeing like a farmer’ as a conceptual tool to critically assess and examine this phenomenon. This framework integrates 'society' and 'nature,' and expands the focus beyond 'agricultural sector'.	Ph.D.	labour, agriculture	2, 8
Bhatthal, Parminder	Olson, Paul	Factors Motivating Sikh Canadian Youth to Become Involved in the Khalistan Movement	Social Justice Education	2015-11	The purpose of the study was to catalogue and analyse factors that motivate Canadian Sikh youth in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) to become involved with the Khalistan movement. Two research questions were posed: (1) How does the Khalistan movement serve to order and manage intra-Sikh relationships, primarily those involving young people, in the Greater Toronto Area, Ontario? (2) How does the Khalistan movement manage the Sikh identity vis-à-vis the non-Sikh realities of India and Canada? Using the theoretical frames of symbolic interactionism, functionalist homeostasis, and, to a lesser extent, postcolonial theory, applied through a case study method, three main conclusions were reached. The first finding of the study was that family influences solidified Khalistan-involved youth’s attitude of differentiation from other Canadians. Personal identity interpretations led Khalistan-involved Sikh youth to develop and reinforce a sense of differentiation from other Canadians. Khalistan thus provided an important pivot of differentiation for these participants. The second finding of the study was that participation in Khalistani movements was discovered to be a means for men to build a masculine Sikh identity in interaction with each other, women to build a general social identity based on interactions with each other, and men and women to interact with each other on the basis of collective socio-religious identity exploration and affirmation. Participation in Khalistani movements also came to be understood as a means of expression and differentiation for Sikhs that identified as Sikh only, or Sikh and Canadian, or Canadian only. The study presented a general sociological model for understanding the politicised actions of immigrant youth in Canada.	Ph.D.	rights	16
Bhimani, Salima	Ruben, Gaztambide-Fernandez Dr.	(ORIGINAL - see JIRA ticket https://support.library.utoronto.ca/browse/TSPCE-21695) Mapping the Assembly of Muslim Exceptionality and Exceptional Muslims in Colonial Modernity. Ismaili Muslim Encounters through Discourses, Bodies and Space in the Canadian Colonial Nation	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2013-11	What is produced through the encounters with specific “modern Muslims” in the Canadian colonial nation state? In the last decade in Canada there have been efforts to engage in a demarcation between Muslims and other racialized groups in order to define some bodies as part of the nation whilst others outside of the national imaginary. This is particularly important in the nation-building project of Canada in retaining a tolerant, liberal and multiculturally celebrated society. This critical feminist ethnography makes visible the encounters and present economies of sociopolitical currents in which the Ismailis, as a Muslim community and gendered ethnicized bodies, move and animate in Canada as a settler colonial race formation as well as in a broader geography of Muslim social and cultural politics. It is in the constitutions and movements of their collective subjectivities as a religious community and in their ethnicized gender, race, and class difference that they locate and engage in interlocking systems of power rooted in nation, empire, colonialism, modernity, and religion. This thesis aims to show that in order to make sense of Ismaili encounters it is necessary to map multiple pasts and multiple presents, which they are part of and that shape them. Different from most studies on the Ismailis in Canada, I also place Ismailis’ entrance and settlement in Canada within a broader dynamic of colonial power and management of racialized peoples and within current shaping of Muslims as racial constructs. This thesis argues that Ismailis are becoming Muslims of “exceptionality.” First, through their high level public encounter with the colonial settler Canadian nation state; second through their intersecting encounters with other Muslims and non-Muslims in Canada; and third in their encounters with each other as Afghan, Pakistani, and Indian Ismailis. These three encounters intervene the discourse of pluralism of which the Ismailis are becoming advocates and Canada its global exemplar. It is through seeing what is produced between these “bodies” in specific moments of their meeting in Canada that, bodily, spatial and discursive practices of social relationship making emerge. These show the paradoxical outcomes of embodying modern coloniality and Muslim exceptionality.	PhD	gender	5
Biazar, Bahar	Mojab, Shahrzad	ESL Education for Social Transformation	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2015-11	If one considers the colonial history of TESL, its ties to imperialism, and capitalism’s need for a cheap labour force which instigates movement of both people and corporations, one will see that TESL is a very social and political activity. Furthermore, since our current social organization and economic model are guided by capitalist social relations, it is crucial to place teaching ESL within these relations in order to shed light on its role in capitalism’s reproduction. In this study, I focus on the learner as a social being and investigate the potential of English language learning as a social and political act for the purpose of social change. My main research question is: What is English language learning from the perspective of the learner who is motivated by pursuing social transformation? What would an ESL class aimed at social change look like from the perspective of the learners and teachers of this study and a dialectical theoretical framework? To what degree are ESL teachers and institutions aware or accommodating to these learners’ needs? To pursue these questions, I have conducted a qualitative research study to explore the barriers and successes that ESL teachers attempting to do critical work have had. I have also interviewed ESL learners who are motivated by their desire to be politically and socially active in order to gain insight about their English language learning and their ESL classes. My theoretical conceptualization has allowed me to see how our actions as ESL teachers and theorists at times reproduce capitalist social relations and at other times challenges and disrupts them. It is my hope that this study will generate theory in the field of language education that helps other language learners and educators to politicize, decolonize, and radicalize the field of ESL.	Ph.D.	institution, labour	8, 16
Biggar, Jeff	Siemiatycki, Matthew	Between Public Goals and Private Projects: Negotiating Community Benefits for Density from Toronto's Urban Redevelopment	Geography	2017-11	This dissertation investigates the role of Toronto’s discretionary planning system in extracting public value from density gains in private land development. The three articles that comprise the dissertation focus on three interrelated phenomena: the equity effects of densification and spatial distribution of public benefits; the practice of discretion in planning based on a system of development control and its effects on the delivery of public benefit outcomes; and, different approaches to planning negotiations and the consequences this brings to the governance of public benefits. In policy terms, these interrelated phenomena centre around a discrete area of Toronto’s land use planning framework known as “Section 37” – a section of Ontario’s Planning Act granting exemptions from planning rules for developers in exchange for them providing “community benefits:” parks and open space, public art, affordable housing. Drawing on GIS analysis and 55 semi-structured interviews, the thesis documents the incentive-based mechanism known as density bonusing in Toronto’s land use regime. The analysis highlights the ways in which this planning policy and practice articulates the connections between municipalities and the private development industry. The dissertation argues that density bonusing in planning is a vehicle for examining broader dynamics of urban phenomena, including the institutional and spatial relationship between private development and public good, notions of ‘good planning’, and the role of non-governmental actors in shaping planning processes and outcomes at the neighbourhood scale. More broadly, the dissertation articulates a common observation that can be gleaned from the research findings: the rise of planning tools like density bonusing point to the centrality of zoning and bargaining as a dominant model of planning occurring in cities.	Ph.D.	industr, cities, urban, land use	9, 11, 15
Biggs, Jeffrey	Smith, Tat	Marketing Institutions of Afforestation Generated Carbon Offsets in Canada: Political Sustainability, Ideology and the New Institutional Economics	Forestry	2009-11	Anthropogenically forced climate change has emerged as one of the most important, and polarizing, issues of our time. Afforestation generated carbon offset projects hold a position in Canada as potentially influential, yet frustratingly under-utilized, options to mitigate climate change. This dissertation responds to the question, “what are the economic implications of afforestation generated carbon offset institutions in Canada – and how appropriate are the tools of the New Institutional Economics (NIE) in their identification?” I establish the context for discussion by arguing that the NIE, as practiced, seems incapable of providing rigorous analysis while simultaneously responding to questions of power and distribution. The case of afforestation generated carbon offset marketing is presented as an appropriate context for exploring this point. A literature review is then used to establish general patterns regarding aggregating institutions for offset production and marketing, and aggregating institutions are presented as a response to the effects of transaction costs on the Canadian offset market. I then develop supply and demand curves to describe the equilibrium state of the Canadian offset market, into which the transaction costs borne by three aggregators are integrated. Their performance in fulfilling various policy objectives is evaluated. The results indicate that the primary variation between scenarios is the distribution of benefits. This focus on the distribution of benefits continues through demonstrating how subtle variations in modeling coefficients affect the regional distribution of afforestation projects within Canada, identifying the power associated with policy maker ideology. The role of policy maker ideology is then explicitly examined through a survey of government analysts and technicians and the application of discriminant analysis. The primary axes of afforestation ideology are identified, and demonstrated to be independent of concerns of transaction costs and aggregation. These results are integrated to argue that distributional concerns, particularly when ideologies are active in informing policy maker preferences, are critical to achieving sustainable policy outcomes, and that the NIE can respond to such concerns, but only if reform takes place to legitimate these techniques as part of the standard economic discourse.	PhD	institution, climate	13, 16
Bilton, David Harrison	Coupland, Gary	Northern, Central, Diversified, Specialized: The Archaeology of Fishing Adaptations in the Gulf of Georgia (Salish Sea), British Columbia	Anthropology	2014-06	The Coast Salish subsistence economy has been characterized by local fishing adaptations to regional ecological variability (Mitchell 1971a.) This dissertation explores the temporal depth of these adaptations in the traditional territory of the Coast Salish, the Gulf of Georgia. Many researchers have used this, Donald Mitchell’s (1971a), model to develop theories of regional cultural development. Many of these interpretations present social complexity or social inequality – a hallmark of Northwest Coast social complexity – as having developed more or less in lock-step with the specialized fishing adaptation described among the Central Coast Salish, around the Fraser River. The temporal depth of this adaptation and the “Diversified” fishing adaptations described among the Northern and Southern Coast Salish, as well as their developmental relationship, are not well understood. In exploring this problem, this study evaluates whether or not the ecological ethnographic model is representative of the archaeology of these cultural subareas. A gap in the regional dataset which corresponds with a large portion of Mitchell’s (1971a) “Northern Diversified” fishing subarea has largely presented a previous study of this type. Recently excavated sites in traditional shíshálh territory provide artifact and archaeofaunal data that fill in this gap. These data are analyzed along with existing data from the Northern subarea and from the Central Gulf of Georgia (River and Straits Fishing subareas). The results of this study significantly broaden our understanding of prehistoric Coast Salish socioeconomic diversity, and test the assumed salmon specialization on the Fraser River and its primacy the development of regional ethnographic characteristics, especially pronounced social inequality. The results also shed light on the prehistoric importance of herring, a decreasingly overlooked resource in Northwest Coast archaeological studies, and advocate for the use of fine mesh recovery for quantifying the relative importance of fish species.	PhD	fish, socioeconomic, quality	1, 5, 14
Binnington, Matthew John	Wania, Frank	Modeling and Measuring Environmental Contaminant Exposure Among Canadian Arctic Indigenous Humans and Wildlife	Physical and Environmental Sciences	2016-11	Arctic wildlife and indigenous human exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was mechanistically simulated using a combined global fate and transport model (GloboPOP) and food chain bioaccumulation model (ACC-Human Arctic) approach. Initial model results demonstrated that POP concentration-age relationships in long-lived Arctic marine mammal (MM) populations (ringed seals, beluga whales, bowhead whales) are not equivalent to those in individuals when assuming realistic, time-variant chemical emissions. Birth year relative to peak emissions year was the most critical parameter differentiating population versus individual concentration-age associations, while lifespan was shown to possess a negligible impact when these trends were controlled for the birth year effect. Additionally, birth year influence was essentially mitigated in reproductive female Arctic MMs, due to the appreciable POP elimination potential of lactation. Reproductive female wildlife retained no â memoryâ of past POP exposure, and therefore in certain instances population versus individual concentration-age trends were similar. Applying this model approach to reproduce measured POP exposures among indigenous Arctic humans revealed that reported rates of traditional food (TF) consumption, particularly of lipid-rich MM items, were critical determinants of modeled POP concentrations, while their association with measured levels was generally much weaker. This discrepancy in the contribution of reported TF consumption to modeled versus measured POP concentrations caused our model to appreciably overestimate exposures among certain Arctic indigenous biomonitoring populations, to a degree that suggested TF intake rates were highly uncertain. Given this, no reasonable conclusions were possible regarding the chief theorized determinants to temporal POP exposure trends in these groups, namely declining environmental concentrations and reduced population-wide TF consumption. The effect of temporary changes to TF intake by indigenous Arctic women of childbearing age (WCBA), as well as fish intake by temperate WCBA was also investigated. Reductions in consumption of these critical dietary POP exposure sources, including even complete elimination for multiple years prior to pregnancy, was ineffective in reducing long-lived POP exposure to WCBA and their offspring, as WCBA still retained significant body burdens from earlier exposure. However, greater consumption of these same items was shown to rapidly increase POP levels beyond regulatory thresholds. Finally, field and experimental analysis of beluga blubber TFs illustrated that food preparation techniques can exert a significant influence on the levels of certain nutrients and environmental contaminants in these food items. Ageing beluga blubber was the most impactful process examined, due to its distinctive phase separation between solid fat and liquid oil after sufficient fermentation time. Aged liquid oil contained elevated levels of beneficial polyunsaturated fatty acids, and phase separation also selectively depleted certain hydrophilic contaminants from the liquid oil, such as mercury and several ionogenic perfluorinated pollutants. Though ageing uqsuq did not in turn raise concentrations of many hydrophobic contaminants, we did observe elevated concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which ultimately suggested that TF preparation methods may not only modulate chemical content present prior to food processing, but in fact introduce contaminants. Ultimately, our findings aligned with previous investigations of food preparation influence on nutrient and contaminant levels by demonstrating widely variable effects from processing, depending on the compounds, foods, and techniques examined. We also suggest that uqsuq oil may be the most appropriate beluga blubber TF product for indigenous Arctic Canadians wishing to maximize nutrient intake from these food items while minimizing environmental contaminant exposure.	Ph.D.	pollut, environment, marine	13, 14
Bird, Andrew	Smart, Michael	Taxation and Financial Decision Making	Economics	2013-11	Understanding the effects of taxes on the financial decision making process sheds light on the process itself and has important ramifications for policymakers. In this thesis, I study these effects in three different contexts: international acquisitions, executive compensation, and dividend payout. In Chapter 1, I investigate the possibility that tax rather than productivity differences are driving international acquisition decisions. A theoretical model of this process yields two testable implications of tax-induced sorting: that, relative to high-tax domestic bidders, low-tax foreign bidders will specialize in both high profitability target firms and those with low levels of tax deductions. I find support for both of these effects in the U.S. acquisition market using cross-sectional variation in target profitability and industry-level variation in deductions from the tax reform of bonus depreciation. Counterfactual simulations show that this reform induced a large drop in foreign acquisitions, leading to a significant loss of aggregate wealth. In Chapter 2, I study a recent increase in the tax rate on stock options for a subset of firms to learn about the effects of taxation on executive compensation. Using novel executive compensation data, I find that this tax increase resulted in an immediate reduction in both option grants and the share of options in total compensation. There appears to have been limited, if any, substitution towards other components of compensation. Hence, the burden of the tax increase must have been substantially borne by the affected executives. In Chapter 3, I use a 2006 tax cut in Canada to study the effects of dividend taxes on corporate payout. Analysis of discrete dividend events suggest little effect from the reform, in stark contrast with recent evidence from the United States. Difference-in-differences estimates using control groups comprised of firms which were exogenously unlikely to be affected by the reform suggest a small positive effect on net dividend initiations. Finally, fixed effect models of regular dividends reveal a small increase around the reform. However, the type of firms responding casts serious doubt on taxes as the cause. Overall, these results are consistent with the small and open nature of the Canadian economy.	PhD	industr, taxation	9, 10
Bird, Anne Elizabeth	Livingstone, David W	THE PECULIAR FAMILY BUSINESS OF FAMILY CHILD CARE: POLICY AND REGULATION AFFECTING EMOTIONAL LABOUR IN CAREGIVING	Social Justice Education	2017-11	In Ontario, Canadaâ s licensed family child care system, there is a dissonance between expectations embedded in state-licensed family child care regulation and policy, and the lived experience of regulated family child care providers. Gender, social class and more recently, race/ethnicity intersect to exacerbate complicated working conditions for the care providers leading to poor recognition and financial compensation from both parents and the state. I have combined an analysis of the historical development of the care model with my own qualitative investigation of the everyday experience of 11 regulated care providers in Toronto, their material circumstances and the emotional labour they invest in caring for young children. Detailing the historical development of the system shows that the core elements of the contemporary care model can be traced through its child welfare lineage dating from 19th century child saving, and from foster care to family child care, which remains largely unchanged since the inception of regulation in 1978. The elements I have examined are the role of the mandatory home visitor in relation to the care provider and their occupational segregation; the bureaucratic expectations of the state as implemented in a private domain; and the social construction of the care provider as someone who requires surveillance to provide quality care for children, particularly because of her vulnerable location as a low-income, self-employed worker. I have identified these elements for discussion to support a case for change in the contemporary care model. Poor recognition and compensation have been compounded by the deeply entrenched funding model dependent on child care fee subsidies to parents. This circular challenge of an outdated funding model supporting outdated gendered assumptions about a care model is at the heart of the puzzle to solve for jurisdictions that have foisted self-employment on regulated care providers working in their own homes. I conclude with policy and research recommendations for licensed family child care agencies and the Ontario government.	Ph.D.	worker, labour, employment	8
Bishop, Adam Michael	Gervers, Michael ||Armstrong, Lawrin ||Meyerson, Mark ||Northrup, Linda	Criminal Law and the Development of the Assizes of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem in the Twelfth Century	Medieval Studies	2011-06	The legal treatises of the Kingdom of Jerusalem were written in the thirteenth century, when most of the kingdom had been re-conquered by the Muslims. There are no treatises from the twelfth century, when the kingdom was at its height. The thirteenth-century jurists claimed that the kingdom had always had written laws, but they may have been making this up for political purposes. The treatises also discuss issues important to the noble class of which the jurists were a part: property rights and the feudal services owed to the king, as well as the proper way to plead their cases in court. But what do they say about criminal law, and laws for the lower classes? How were crimes tried and punished in the twelfth century, and did this differ from the laws recorded in the thirteenth century? Chapter one deals with the different treatises, and their claim that there was a set of laws called “Letres dou Sepulcre” in the twelfth century. The most important of the treatises for criminal law, the assizes of the burgess court, is examined in detail. Chapter two looks at the small number of laws that survive from the twelfth century, in charters, the canons of the Council of Nablus, and the chronicle of William of Tyre. Chapter three is a study of other descriptions of crusader law in the twelfth century, including those by Christian and Muslim pilgrims, and especially the observations of Usama ibn Munqidh. These accounts are tied together by the common theme of theft and the ways that thieves could be punished. Chapter four deals with cases mentioned by thirteenth-century sources, including theft, assault, and prostitution, but especially cases that led to trials by battle. The usefulness of such trials for dating some of the laws is also examined. The conclusion demonstrates that certain parts of the assizes relating to criminal law must have already existed in the twelfth century, and offers some tentative ideas about the specific origin of the laws. Avenues for future research are also introduced.	PhD	rights	16
Bissonnette, Jean-Francois	Silvey, Rachel	Envisioning Agribusiness: Land, Labour and Value in a time of Oil Palm Expansion in Indonesia	Geography	2012-11	The thesis examines the social and economic implications of large-scale agribusiness expansion in Indonesia by analyzing how this economic system, as it is envisioned and materialised, reshapes livelihood possibilities. Based on original interviews with oil palm plantation workers, plantation company officials, smallholders, and on secondary research, this thesis scrutinises the forms of knowledge and practices that constitute large-scale oil palm agribusiness. While oil palm agribusiness produces economic opportunities for groups of individuals from certain social categories, it constrains the prospects of others in systematic ways. Oil palm agribusiness, as a project and as a set of practices, is deployed by a broad range of economic actors at different scales in an attempt to govern access to resources. However, the power of oil palm companies and investors over land, labour, and value is contested and negotiated by workers and smallholders who engage creatively with this economy. The thesis shows that oil palm agribusiness forms a field of power that produces specific subjectivities which transform the meanings and constraints related to this mode of production. The first part of the thesis (chapters 2 and 3) identifies the objectives pursued by those who plan and envision oil palm agribusiness. I emphasise that oil palm agribusiness serves a number of often competing and shifting aims that range from capital accumulation to welfare provision. The second part of the thesis (chapters 4 and 5) demonstrates how the modes of visioning examined in the first part of the thesis produce a broad set of material conditions for populations. I analyse the ways in which these conditions are constantly reshaped by everyday power relations and articulated around the value of labour and land. Based on ethnographic fieldwork that I conducted in West Kalimantan, Lombok, and Nias, these chapters shed light on the lived geographies of labour and the livelihood strategies used by individuals and social groups in the space of oil palm agribusiness.	PhD	labour, worker, production	8, 12
Biswabandan, Bapujee	Cummins, Jim	Multilingual Education in Classrooms with Multiple Mother Tongues: A Case Study of Pedagogical Possibilities	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2020-06	This dissertation describes a collaborative action research project undertaken with Grades 1 and 2 children and parents from two Adivasi communities in a multiple-language classroom in a remote area of Odisha, India. The children came from Santali, Ho, and Odia home language backgrounds but were taught in Odia, the dominant state language. Classroom interactions were observed over a 7-month period in order to understand how students and teachers negotiated the teaching of academic content and initial reading skills. The study built on the extensive research that has emerged in recent years supporting mother-tongue based multilingual education (MTBMLE) in countries as diverse as Ethiopia, India, and the Philippines. These studies have provided evidence for cross-linguistic interdependence and transfer of conceptual and academic skills across languages. However, these initiatives were implemented in contexts of linguistic homogeneity involving children from a single mother tongue, whereas the majority of the classrooms in Odisha have children from multiple linguistic backgrounds. In addition to classroom observations, data were gathered by means of interviews with eight parents, two teachers, and five students. These interviews took place both before and after the creation by parents of a multilingual children’s book in Ho, Santali, and Odia. The interviews with parents and teachers prior to the creation of the book focused on participants’ own educational experiences, their linguistic identities, and their views on medium of instruction in education. The interviews after the community book creation project focused on these issues and how participants’ perspectives were affected by the inclusion of the two Adivasi languages in the book and in classroom instruction. The student interviews were conducted after the book was used within the classroom and focused on the impact of this initiative on their attitudes towards their home languages and the dominant school language. The findings of the study suggest a positive impact of a community created multilingual storybook on the parents, the students and the community. The project demonstrated that the multilingual repertoires of parents can be used as a powerful resource for implementing multilingual education in linguistically diverse Adivasi contexts.	Ph.D.	educat	4
Biswas, Aviroop	Alter, David	Examining the relationship between exercise and sedentary behaviour among cardiac rehabilitation patients to inform intervention strategies	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2017-06	Prolonged time in sedentary behaviours is associated with cardio-metabolic disease risk and mortality in adult populations. Yet, the association between sedentary behaviour and exercise participation on health outcomes is unclear. Six inter-related studies were conducted in the pursuit of the following objectives: to understand the risks and determinants of sedentary behaviour among patients participating in exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (CR), and inform the development of sedentary behaviour interventions among these individuals. Prolonged sedentary time was found to be associated with cardio-metabolic disorders and mortality independent of physical activity, with greater mortality risks for those with low physical activity levels compared to those with greater levels. Among CR patients, exercise participation did not influence their sedentary time and were found to be highly sedentary (>8 hours per day) at the initiation of, and throughout CR, irrespective of whether physical activity guidelines were met. Patients and staff placed a lower priority in reducing sedentary behaviour than improving physical activity and other health behaviours. Intrapersonal factors (biological, psychological), and environmental factors (behaviour settings, the information environment, social-cultural factors, natural environment) were perceived to be facilitators of sedentary behaviour, and barriers to reducing sedentary behaviour. It was also determined that the exercise focus of CR might be beneficial to individuals who are unable to reallocate sedentary time to exercise and light physical activity. Alternatively, a focus on light-intensity physical activity alone may be suitable for those patients who are unable to participate in exercise. Lastly, it was found that CR programs do not benefit all patients equally, and an intervention strategy must be individually targeted. Taken together, these findings contribute towards a better understanding of whether prolonged sedentary time is a distinct health risk factor, and inform the development and pilot testing of future sedentary behaviour interventions for CR patients.	Ph.D.	health	3
Black, Tara Loise	Regehr, Cheryl	Children's Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence (IPV): Challenging Assumptions about Child Protection Practices	Social Work	2009-11	Objective: While child welfare policy and legislation in Canada and other regions has increasingly defined children who are exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) as maltreated, little is known about the response of the child welfare system to children exposed to IPV. This dissertation seeks to determine the response of child protection services to reports about IPV; the outcomes of child protection investigations referred for children exposed to IPV; and what factors predict decisions made by child protection workers (e.g., court involvement, child welfare placement, closing the case, substantiation, and making a referral to other supportive services) for investigations involving children exposed to IPV. Methods: This study is based on a secondary analysis of data collected in the 2003 Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect (CIS-2003). Bivariate analyses and multiple multinomial regression were conducted to study the substantiation of maltreatment, and logistic regression was conducted to predict child protection workers’ decisions to keep the case open, make a child welfare placement, take the family to court, and make a referral for investigations involving children’s exposure to IPV. Results: Seventy-eight percent of the investigations involving only IPV were substantiated. The multinomial regression could not accurately classify the suspected and unfounded cases. Substantiated investigations involving co-occurring IPV were three times more likely to stay open for ongoing child protection services compared to IPV only cases (adjusted odds ratio = 2.93, p < .001). Child protection service outcomes for substantiated investigations involving co-occurring IPV were ten times more likely (adjusted odds ratio = 10.61, p < .001) to involve a child welfare placement compared to IPV only cases. The factors driving child protection worker decisions were primarily the co-occurrence of maltreatment, younger children, and emotional harm. Conclusions: Due to the expansion in what constitutes a child in need of protection, there has been an overwhelming increase in the number of referrals about children being exposed to IPV in Canada. Future analyses should explore whether policies that direct IPV cases to child welfare services is both an effective way of protecting children and a reasonable use of limited child welfare resources.	PhD	well being	3
Blackport, Russell	Kushner, Paul J	The Atmospheric Response to Arctic Sea Ice Loss in the Coupled Climate System	Physics	2017-03	Arctic sea ice loss is expected to have a large impact on the atmosphere, both in the Arctic and potentially outside the Arctic, through changing the atmospheric circulation. In this thesis, the impact of sea ice loss in the climate system is studied using multi-century coupled Earth system model simulations that include dynamical coupling between oceans, atmosphere, and sea ice. In these simulations, sea ice is artificially melted by reducing its albedo. This framework allows for adequate sampling of the isolated impacts of sea ice loss when potentially important ocean feedbacks are included. It is shown that in response to sea ice loss, the atmospheric circulation response is weak compared with internal variability. There is a large reduction in temperature variability on all timescales over the Arctic Ocean. Smaller magnitude reductions in variability are also seen in mid-latitude temperature, sea level pressure and mid-tropospheric geopotential height. The impacts of sea ice loss are isolated from the impacts of warming at low-latitudes in the sea ice albedo forced simulations and simulations forced by projected greenhouse-dominated radiative forcing using a pattern scaling method. It is found that many of the wintertime atmospheric circulation responses that occur in response to sea ice loss are opposed and at least partially cancelled out by the impacts of low-latitude warming. However, both sea ice loss and low-latitude surface warming act in concert to reduce subseasonal temperature variability throughout the mid and high latitudes. Finally, the cause of the previously documented amplified response to sea ice loss in the coupled climate system is investigated. Atmospheric general circulation modelling (AGCM) experiments are performed that show that ocean warming in the mid-to-high latitudes induced by sea ice loss amplifies the atmospheric circulation response. The impact of the ocean warming that occurs in regions away from the sea ice loss region is similar in magnitude and structure to the impacts of sea ice loss itself, indicating modelling experiments that do not include ocean feedbacks will underestimate the response.	Ph.D.	climate, ocean	14
Blackstock, Cynthia (Cindy)	Regehr, Cheryl	When Everything Matters: Comparing the Experiences of First Nations and Non-Aboriginal Children Removed from their Families in Nova Scotia from 2003 to 2005	Social Work	2009-11	The Canadian Incidence Study on Reported Child Abuse and Neglect (Trocme, 2001) found that structural factors such as poverty, poor housing and substance misuse contribute to the over-representation of First Nations children in child welfare care and yet there is very little information on the experiences of First Nations and Non-Aboriginal children after they are placed in care. The When Everything Matters study tracks First Nations and Non-Aboriginal chlidren removed from their families between 2003-2005 in Nova Scotia to the time of reunification or to the time of data collection if the child remained in care. The characteristics of children and their families are compared to the primary aims of child welfare services provided to children and their families. Results indicate that poor families living in poor housing are graphically over-represented among all families who have their children removed. Poverty-related services were not provided to families in proportion to its occurrence. Caregiver incapacity related to substance misuse was most often cited as the primary reason for removal and although substance misuse services were provided there is a need for further child welfare training, policy and services in this area given the scope of the problem presenting in both First Nations and Non-Aboriginal families. Study findings are nested in a new bi-cultural theoretical framework founded in First Nations ontology and physic's theory of everything called the breath of life theory. Implications for theoretical development as well as child welfare research, policy and practice are discussed.	PhD	poverty	1
Blakelock, Emily Charlotte Vogl	Ross, Jill||Townsend, David	Doing It by the Book: Teaching Sexuality in the Twelfth-Century Classroom	Medieval Studies	2017-11	This dissertation demonstrates the extent to which concepts of sexuality were intertwined with teaching and learning in twelfth-century French schools, making a vital connection between the history of education and that of gendered sexuality. Learning, enculturation and socialization were combined in the new urban schools of the twelfth century, in which boys underwent rigorous grammatical and moral training while forming homosocial bonds with their classmates and teachers. Students in their early- to mid- teens would routinely read sexually explicit texts, such as Ovid’s Ars amatoria and Remedia amoris, Terence’s Eunuchus, Statius’ Achilleid, and Juvenal’s satires, as part of their training in Latin literacy. These classical Latin texts were categorized by medieval teachers as “ethical” despite the fact that they contain depictions of rape, adultery, prostitution, cross-dressing and male sodomy. I argue that such discussions of sexuality were incorporated into the program of mores which traditionally accompanied early education in grammatica. My research presents a new perspective on socialization in medieval schools, using classroom texts and commentaries which have rarely been examined as sources for the history of sexuality. Starting with an overview of the role of the medieval school in male social formation, I uncover the pedagogical discourse which connects grammar with sexuality, and with the sexual status of the medieval adolescent student. While Ovid identifies himself as a schoolteacher and establishes “rules” for love and sex with the help of his medieval commentators, and Alan of Lille describes sexual deviance as the result of mislearning the “grammar” of sex, Statius and Terence highlight the inherent gender fluidity and erratic sexual behaviour of adolescent boys, casting doubt on the stability of the boundaries established by such regulatory mechanisms. Juvenal and his twelfth-century commentators add to this discourse by implying that male sodomy is taught through homosocial networks, and identifying adolescent boys as especially prone to learning sodomy, with the school as the site of particular anxiety. These perspectives reflect twelfth-century anxieties about clerical celibacy and homosociality and demonstrate a medieval recognition of the social forces which underpin both education and sexuality.	Ph.D.	educat, gender	3, 5
Blanchard, Taryn Sheridan	Sidnell, Jack||Cody, Francis	Free Expression Activism in a (Post)Modern World of Risk and Uncertainty	Anthropology	2019-06	This thesis is about free expression activists and the central roles that risk and uncertainty play in their experiences. Today, activists who work on an array of free expression issues—including free speech, privacy, and press freedom—are driven by two principle predicaments. The first is the increasing pervasiveness of digital technologies, and the second is an aging liberalism deployed in increasingly conflicting fashions. Both of these predicaments are escalated by the post-9/11 preoccupation with national (in)security and the growing precarity of the neoliberal capitalist order in a world of economic and political globalization. Free expression activists work hard to foster conditions in which freedom can flourish (for themselves and others). But it is not only human rights discourse or other liberal idea(l)s that they appraise, confront, and grapple with on a day-to-day basis to conceive of their obstacles and advance their goals. Equally important are assessments and tools built on risk-based decision-making, discursive strategies that work to identify and harness risk and uncertainty, and other practices and ideologies through which risk and uncertainty are enacted. The goal is frequently to manage or minimize risk and uncertainty, but, by engaging them so strategically, free expression activists also end up accentuating them and giving them new, heightened meaning. Weaving through a series of free expression settings and subgroups, this thesis examines how activists experience and engage risk and uncertainty to achieve their own ends as they work at the intersection of liberalism, technology, and security. During their efforts, issues of personhood and statecraft are negotiated, bureaucratic encounters and network governance are navigated, and the intersubjective work of asking for and delivering help is performed. Moreover, complex contradictions that mark (post)modern life are explored, within which new kinds of power and resistance, as well as questions of morality, are being developed and taken up.	Ph.D.	rights	16
Bloom, Devin	Lovejoy, Nathan	Transitions between Marine and Freshwaters in Fishes: Evolutionary Pattern and Process	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2013-03	Evolutionary transitions between marine and freshwater habitats are rare events that can have profound impacts on aquatic biodiversity. The main goal of my thesis is determining the processes involved in transitions between marine and freshwater biomes, and the resulting patterns of diversity using phylogenetic approaches. To test hypotheses regarding the geography, timing, frequency, and mechanisms regulating biome transitions I generated multi-locus time-calibrated molecular phylogenies for groups of fishes that include both exclusively marine and freshwater species. My analysis of anchovies demonstrated that Neotropical freshwater anchovies represent a monophyletic radiation with a single origin in South American freshwaters. I used a phylogeny of herring and allies (Clupeiformes) to investigate the evolution of diadromy, a migratory behavior in which individuals move between oceans and freshwater habitats for reproduction and feeding. These analyses do not support the hypothesis that differences in productivity between marine and freshwater explain the origins of diadromous lineages. Diadromy has been considered an evolutionary pathway for permanent biome transitions, however I found that diadromy almost never produces a fully marine or freshwater clade. Marine lineages often invade continental freshwaters during episodes of marine incursion. In South America, the rich diversity of marine derived fish lineages invaded during Eocene marine incursions from either the Pacific or the Caribbean, and Oligocene marine incursions from the Caribbean. I falsified the highly cited Miocene marine incursion hypothesis, but found that the Pebas Mega-Wetland catalyzed diversification in some marine derived lineages. Using diversification analyses, I investigated the evolutionary processes that have generated disparate patterns of diversity between continents and oceans. I found that freshwater silversides have higher speciation and extinction rates than marine silversides. Lineages accumulation plots suggest ecological limits are not regulating clade growth in either marine or freshwater biomes. Overall, biome conservatism is a widespread pattern among fishes, and this pattern is largely driven by competition in clades that are physiologically capable of biome transitions. Biome transitions are facilitated by rare paleogeographic events, such as marine incursions. Finally, a difference in net diversification rate is the macroevolutionary mechanism that best explains the difference in diversity between continents and oceans.	PhD	biodiversity, fish, conserv, water, marine, ocean	14, 15
Blum, Joshua	Stewart, Hamish	The Chiarelli Doctrine: Immigration Exceptionalism and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms	Law	2018-11	Since the 19th century, American courts have relied on the “plenary power doctrine” to hold that federal immigration law is immune from constitutional challenge. Despite no such rule in Canada, this paper argues that a similar doctrine has silently crept into Canadian constitutional law. With its roots in the Supreme Court of Canada’s 1992 decision in Chiarelli, Canadian courts have set out a doctrine of evasion and technicality that has rendered many of the Charter rights of immigrants and refugees to be effectively non-justiciable. Without explanation, laws that detain, uproot, exile, separate families, and return people to persecution have been exempted from normal standards of justice. This paper charts the emergence of the “Chiarelli doctrine”, critiques its incoherence, and explores why judges have so steadfastly refused to engage with the human rights claims of non-citizens. It concludes with a simple proposal to bring these doctrines of exception to an end.	LL.M.	justice, rights	16
Bodruzic, Dragana	Wong, Joseph	Sharing Responsibility for Social Welfare Provision between Companies and the State: A Comparison of Brazil and India	Political Science	2019-11	In the Global South non-state actors sometimes provide more collectively desirable goods than the state. This includes the engagement of companies through corporate social responsibility (CSR) projects, but an unexplored question remains: under conditions of limited state capacity, how do state and business actors interact in the evolution of systems of social welfare provision? To answer this question, I consider Brazil and India. While existing literature on the relationship between business and the state has found the two to be similar cases, research reveals divergent trends in both how these states promote corporate engagement in social welfare provision, and in how companies take on such roles. I show that Brazil supports social welfare largely through the expansion and universalization of state programs, and promotes CSR through taxation, lending policies and legal arbitration mechanisms. India includes business actors in socioeconomic development to a greater degree and has passed legislation that requires companies to spend a portion of profits on community development in the form of CSR projects. I show that this empirical variation can be explained with reference to three factors: state capacity, prevailing ideas about which actors hold responsibility for social welfare provision, and the historical institutionalization of CSR. State capacity is a permissive condition. Under conditions of limited state capacity, the interplay of prevailing notions of citizenship and ideas about how business and the state should interact combine to shape differing notions of responsibility. In India, the norm that responsibility should be shared between state and corporate actors exists, while in Brazil the state has come to be seen as holding primary responsibility for social welfare. These ideas have subsequently shaped both state policies towards CSR, and companies’ willingness to engage in socioeconomic development. I argue that the Indian state is developing a liberal CSR regime that promotes company engagement in CSR, while also granting companies leeway over their engagement. Companies have responded by expanding their role in delivering collectively desirable goods. The Brazilian state, on the other hand, is developing a statist CSR regime under which the state seeks to maintain control over company involvement in socioeconomic development.	Ph.D.	socioeconomic, taxation, institution	1, 10, 16
Bohnke, Christin	Fenner, Angelica	Postcolonial Theory Reconsidered: Discourses of Race, Gender, and Imperialism in the German-Japanese Realm	Germanic Languages and Literatures	2017-11	This study explores the intersections of race and gender as they manifest in film and print media across a century of transnational flows between Germany and Japan. I argue that German-Japanese relations in the twentieth century invite novel re-readings of existing postcolonial theories, resulting in a productive re-evaluation of inherited terms such as ‘hybridity’ and ‘race’. Each chapter of my dissertation is devoted to a particular strand of the cultural fabric woven between Germany and Japan and its consequences for the broader relationship between East Asia and Europe. Chapter two focuses on the German-language magazine East Asia (Ost-Asien) published by the Japanese Tamai Kisak from 1898-1910 in Berlin, on Kitasato Takeshi’s German-language drama Fumio (1900), and on the silent film Bushido (1926). These works negotiate Japan’s complex situation as simultaneously belonging to an Asian and a European cultural realm in often contradictory ways. Chapter three pursues an in-depth analysis of the German-Japanese relationship between 1932 and 1945 via such diverse cultural artifacts as the results of a German-Japanese essay contest held in 1944, German newsreels, and German-Japanese filmic co-productions. My research demonstrates how the cultural co-productions between Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan downplayed questions of race and gender in an attempt to forge a shared identity as Soldatenvölker (soldier people). In my fourth and final chapter, I analyze the contemporary work of one Japanese filmmaker and two Japanese authors who migrated from Japan to Germany after the Second World War: Marie Miyayama, Yoko Tawada and Hisako Matsubara. I will demonstrate how tourism, commodity culture, as well as notions of transculturalism and an increasing convergence of ‘East’ and ‘West’ are paramount for shaping the German-Japanese discourse in the late 20th and early 21st century.	Ph.D.	production, gender	5, 12
Bolton, Melissa Pauline	Margaret, Schneider	The Impact of MS on Intimate Relationships: The Role of Identity	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2014-11	The present study explored the qualitative experience of women with multiple sclerosis to delineate the intrapersonal process, relational and broader social influences in the process of identity preservation/or/change. While there is a breadth of literature on the variables associated with relational satisfaction for those with MS, far less has been conducted on how identity is impacted or influences psychosocial adjustment following illness. The findings of this research were applied to broader principles asserted by identity theory and the identity negotiation theory (INT) in an effort to explore whether these theories could share added insight and value into the experience of these women. In-depth interviews were conducted with twenty-two women from across Canada. Our findings suggest that women with MS undergo significant aspects of identity re-negotiation. Participants entered into a process of re-negotiation when they experienced a change in their social roles based upon physical disability. Within our findings was the emergence of three main groups of participants: Participants who did not experience physically disabling symptoms and thereby did not experience any identity disruption; Participants who experienced identity disruption and experienced difficulty with these changes; and those who fared well in their ability to adapt to physical changes and maintain continuity in aspects of their identity. This was influenced by both intrapersonal variables such as ones ability to maintain continuity in role-identities, find acceptance, positive reframe their situation and express gratitude. Moreover, this was also largely influenced by interpersonal feedback and support from their partner and peers.Relational context played a significant role in identity preservation or alteration. An intimate partner played a paramount role in whether women felt self-verified and nourished while undergoing ambiguity associated with ever-changing physical limitations. The variables that facilitated this process included: commitment to identity; relational clarity; continuity; self-verification and an ability to preserve salient aspects of identity despite physical changes. This study highlights the process of identity disruption for this population and provides valuable insight into the process of preserving salient aspects of identity while navigating physical disability both for the individual and the couple.	Ph.D.	women	5
Bone, Janet Marie	Peterson-Badali, Michele	Understanding of Nurturance and Self-determination Rights in Maltreated Children and Youth	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2013-11	Increasing access to rights for young people has highlighted the fact that little is known about their thinking and understanding of rights issues. However, expanding children’s access to rights without adequate knowledge of how they understand, experience and are able to use these rights, may be detrimental to their well-being. Thus far, research has explored conceptions of rights in several populations, including school aged children and young offenders, but little attention has been focused on maltreated children – a particularly vulnerable group. The purpose of the current study was to examine conceptions of and attitudes towards children’s nurturance and self-determination rights in 10-18-year-old children with histories of maltreatment who were living in state care. Associations between rights conceptions and attitudes, and factors related to the experience of maltreatment and child welfare care (e.g. type of maltreatment, type of foster care, time in care, and number of foster care placement changes), were explored. Rights concepts were assessed by having participants generate and discuss children’s rights issues arising in three contexts: home, school and the greater community, as well as through general knowledge questions. Attitudes were assessed using the Children’s ii iii Rights Attitudes questionnaire (Peterson-Badali, Morine, Ruck & Day, 2004), a 32 item likert-scale measure of children’s endorsement of various nurturance and self-determination rights. Results indicated that, while maltreated children’s conceptions of rights did frequently vary from previous findings with non-maltreated children, there were also a number of broad-based similarities. Interestingly, while maltreatment and child welfare care variables were largely unrelated to rights conceptions and attitudes, participants’ understanding did appear to be informed by the particular concerns that emerged from their unique circumstances (e.g., the fulfillment of basic needs such as food, clothing, and education). Findings are discussed in relation to theory, research, policy, and practice.	PhD	rights	16
Bonilla, Sofia	Allen, D. Grant	Protein-Based Conditioners for Enhancing Biosludge Dewaterability	Chemical Engineering Applied Chemistry	2017-06	Synthetic organic polymers are commonly used conditioners to enhance sludge dewaterability. However, these polymers are petroleum-derived, costly and can be toxic to aquatic systems. There have been limited studies on the potential use of enzymes for enhancing the dewaterability of sludge and little is known about the mechanisms for such enhancement. This thesis investigated the potential of using proteins as conditioners for enhancing biosludge dewaterability. Cationic proteins can enhance biosludge dewaterability. This was demonstrated by the conditioning effect on biosludge of lysozyme and protamine. After screening several enzymes, lysozyme was the only enzyme that showed dewatering improvements, increasing the cake solids content of biosludge by up to 5.8%. Active and inactive lysozyme exhibited a similar ability for enhancing sludge dewaterability suggesting a non-enzymatic mechanism. The mechanism by which cationic proteins, such as lysozyme, enhance biosludge dewaterability appears to be charge neutralization. In agreement with this proposed mechanism, it was found that the surface charge of a protein largely determines its potential as a conditioner. Synthetic polymers consistently outperformed cationic proteins increasing biosludge cake solids by up to 7.4%. However, protamine showed a higher flocculating activity than synthetic polymers on kaolin suspensions (up to 36% higher at pH 7 and pH 9). Cationic proteins are biodegradable and can potentially be extracted from waste which can be an advantage over synthetic polymers. Although the enzymes in this study were not found to positively affect the dewaterability of biosludge, enzymes can improve the anaerobic digestibility of biosludge as a result of their enzymatic activity. Treatment with proteases and glycosidases increased biogas yields by 10% after 62 days of anaerobic digestion. Taken together, the findings of this thesis improved the current understanding of how enzymes and proteins can change biosludge, and how these changes affect its dewaterability and anaerobic digestibility.	Ph.D.	water, waste	12, 14
Bonnell, Jennifer Leigh	Sandwell, Ruth W.	Imagined Futures and Unintended Consequences: An Environmental History of Toronto's Don River Valley	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2010-06	This dissertation explores human interactions with Toronto’s Don River Valley from the late eighteenth century to the present, focusing on the period of intense urbanization and industrialization between 1880 and 1940. Its concentration on the urban fringe generates new perspectives on the social and environmental consequences of urban development. From its position on the margins, the Don performed vital functions for the urban economy as a provider of raw materials and a sink for wastes. Insights derived from the intersections between social and environmental history are at the heart of this project. The dissertation begins by documenting the industrial history of the river and its transformation from a central provider in the lives of early Toronto residents to a polluted periphery in the latter half of the nineteenth century. An analysis of the valley’s related function as a repository for human “undesirables” reveals connections between the processes that identified certain individuals as deficient “others” and similar imperatives at work in classifying difficult or unpredictable environments as “waste spaces.” Efforts to “reclaim” and improve the river are the subject of the remaining chapters. A series of initiatives between 1870 and 1930 aimed at reconfiguring the lower Don as an efficient corridor for transportation and industrial development reveal in their shortcomings and unintended consequences a failure to accommodate dynamic and often unpredictable ecological processes. Reclamations of a different kind are explored in the conservation movement of the twentieth century, through which the valley emerges as a valuable public amenity. The dissertation concludes by investigating how the valley’s history informs current plans to “renaturalize” the river mouth. Throughout, the Don functions as an autonomous and causal force in the city’s history. On this small river on the urban fringe, nature and society worked in mutually constitutive ways to shape and reshape the metropolis.	PhD	conserv, pollut, environment, waste, urban, industr, water	9, 11, 13, 14
Boodoo, Muhammad Umar Aabid	Gomez, Rafael	Institutions and Stakeholder Influence on CEO Compensation and Corporate Social Responsibility	Industrial Relations and Human Resources	2016-11	This thesis of three (stand-alone) chapters centres around the premise that institutions and stakeholders influence corporate policy, in particular with regards to CEO Compensation, and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Chapter 1 focuses on the implicit regulation that unions may pose to corporate governance, and finds that during the financial crisis (2008-2011), union density at corporate level was positively related to non-equity components of CEO pay such as salary and pension contributions with no significant effects on equity components such as options and restricted stock units. These findings have some precedence in the literature but they also go counter to more prominent theoretical predictions and empirical research which posit that unions should in fact reduce CEO compensation. Chapter 2 looks at the influence of unions on CSR profiles and, through the lenses of stakeholder and neo-institutional theories, finds that unions generally tend to gear companies towards more internal rather than external CSR. However, the observed effect of unions on the internal-external CSR profile of companies is not linear. At low levels of unionization, there is a substitution effect where companies substitute internal for external CSR, but at higher levels of unionization, both elements complement and reinforce each other. Drawing from the employment relations literature, I propose that the complementarity perhaps points to a labour-management relationship which is based on more equally-shared power, trust, and loyalty. Chapter 3 looks at the causal impact of regulatory changes on Corporate Social Performance. Using difference-in-difference techniques, I find that forcing companies to disclose CSR practices makes them improve their social performance. I attribute this finding to firms facing higher social pressures and firms being soft targets for activists given that their CSR practices become public information. Further, I find that the social and governance elements of CSR improve more than the environment aspect. This finding bodes well with stakeholder identification and salience theory, which posits that stakeholders who have power and whose claims are more legitimate and urgent will be given more attention by management. All three chapters reinforce the hypothesis that institutional pressure and stakeholder pressure have an impact on Corporate policy. The data used in this thesis come from new and proprietary sources, and cover three different countries (Canada, the UK, and India), adding to the expansion of the management literature.	Ph.D.	employment, labour, institution, governance	8, 16
Borden, Kira Alia	Isaac, Marney E	Root Ecology for Sustainable Agroecosystems: Intraspecific Variation in a Pan-Tropical Tree Crop	Geography	2018-11	Agroecosystems that rely on higher levels of biodiversity and fewer inputs to sustain both crop production and ecosystem function require a dramatic shift away from a one-size-fits-all approach to management. Notably, this means that phenotypic expression of plants on farms cannot be assumed constant, as biotic and abiotic conditions in low-input, biodiverse agroecosystems are complex. To accurately assess and predict plant and ecosystem function in these agroecosystems, we require a more robust understanding of the drivers and consequences of intraspecific variation in plants. This includes root systems, which are arguably understudied but have a critical role in resource acquisition and use. To this end, I carried out research on the root systems of an economically important and widely cultivated tree crop,	Ph.D.	biodiversity	15
Borduas, Nadine	Abbatt, Jonathan P. D.||Murphy, Jennifer G.	The Atmospheric Fate of Organic Nitrogen Compounds	Chemistry	2015-11	Organic nitrogen compounds are present in our atmosphere from biogenic and anthropogenic sources and have impacts on air quality and climate. Due to recent advances in instrumentation, these compounds are being detected in the gas and particle phases, raising questions as to their source, processing and sinks in the environment. With their recently identified role as contributors to aerosol formation and growth, their novel large scale use as solvents in carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology and their emissions from cigarette smoke, it is now important to address the gaps in our understanding of the fate of organic nitrogen. Experimentally and theoretically, I studied the chemical atmospheric fate of specific organic nitrogen compounds in the amine, amide and isocyanate families, yielding information that can be used in chemical transport models to assess the fate of this emerging class of atmospheric molecules. I performed kinetic laboratory studies in a smog chamber to measure the room temperature rate coefficient for reaction with the hydroxyl radical of monoethanolamine, nicotine, and five different amides. I employed online-mass spectrometry techniques to quantify the oxidation products. I found that amines react quickly with OH radicals with lifetimes of a few hours under sunlit conditions, producing amides as oxidation products. My studies on amides revealed that they have much longer lifetimes in the atmosphere, ranging from a few hours to a week. Photo-oxidation of amides produces isocyanates and I investigated these mechanisms in detail using ab initio calculations. Furthermore, I experimentally measured isocyanic acid’s Henry’s Law constant as well as its hydrolysis rate constants to better understand its sinks in the atmosphere. Finally, I re-examined the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of organic nitrogen molecules for improved model parameterizations.	Ph.D.	climate	13
Boroomand-Rashti, Siamak	Portelli, John P	Student Decision-Making in the Classroom: An Examination of Existing Theories and a Model for Mainstream Implementation	Social Justice Education	2018-06	Authors such as Bill Glasser, A. S. Neill, and John Holt have critiqued the compulsory nature of secondary schools and the inherent structure imposed on them by educational authorities. This structure limits student opportunities to make decisions regarding their own learning. This thesis examines the concept of student decision-making and its effect on student learning in educational environments. It argues for inclusion of more student-centred decision-making opportunities as part of a democratic education model. The thesis analyzes different educational theories and models that grant students, to varying extents, chances to make decisions about their own learning. The thesis presents an alternative to the current system: a model that questions imposed structures and places the student at the centre of the decision-making process, while asking educators to consider their roles as facilitators. The thesis begins by summarizing the prescribed Ontario Ministry of Education requirements, followed by an examination of the concept of decision-making itself, beginning with philosophical justifications through analysis of the works of authors such as Gutmann, Levinson, and Brighouse. Next, the thesis examines certain theories of education in order to give context for the proposed model. The existing theories selected range from liberal conceptions to critical pedagogy to “unschooling”; each theory is analyzed and discussed with respect to how student decision-making is supported. The next two chapters focus specifically on existing educational models where student decision-making is recognized through specific methods and strategies. Models include Glasser’s Choice Theory, the Montessori School method, self-determination theory, the Sudbury Valley School, and Summerhill School—the latter two affording students numerous decision-making opportunities in explicit and widespread ways. The thesis concludes with the proposed model, referred to as the Student Decision-Making Model, which could be implemented in Ontario high school classrooms, with considerations made regarding if and how changes to Ministry structure are needed. The model recognizes the student as the central character in the school decision-making process and is illustrated with an exemplar known as the Time Use Exemplar. The model’s combined focus on student choice and Ministry regulation allows it to reach the maximum number of students.	Ed.D.	educat	4
Borovilos, Rena	Dietsche, Peter	The Impact of Dual Credit Programs on College Students: A Comparative Study of Dual Credit Participants and Non-dual Credit Participants in One Ontario College	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2015-06	Dual Credit Programs were introduced to the province of Ontario in 2005 as part of an educational reform initiative designed to help more students graduate high school and transition to college. The number of Ontario Dual Credit Programs has grown tremendously over the years but research has not kept pace with program expansion. This study was conducted to help fill that research gap. This study investigated the impact of Dual Credit Programs on college students by focusing on a group of students who participated in dual credit courses and activities and subsequent postsecondary programs at Humber Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning (Humber College) in Toronto, Ontario. The study also included a comparison group of non-dual credit participants who attended postsecondary education at the same institution and at the same time as the dual credit participants. Best described as a retrospective longitudinal study, this mixed methods research involved three data sources: college student records, college students, and college faculty. The data used in this study was derived from the student records, an online student survey, student interviews, and faculty interviews. College students who were previously enrolled in dual credit courses and comparators with no dual credit experience were found to differ in college preparation, college engagement, and college success but not college persistence. However, independent analyses of the college records of dual credit participants showed them to differ on college persistence depending on the number of dual credit courses they completed. The findings of this study have implications for policy and practice, theory development, and future research in the dual credit area.	Ph.D.	educat	4
Boskovic, Branko	McMillan, Robert	Air Quality, Externalities, and Decentralized Environmental Regulation	Economics	2013-06	This dissertation investigates the causes and effects of the decentralization of environmental regulation. In Chapter 1, I provide an historical overview of air pollution regulation in the U.S., which serves as the context for this dissertation. Chapter 2 develops a model of interjurisdictional environmental regulation where economic and pollution spillovers may arise. I show that these spillovers may cause local jurisdictions to seek decentralized regulatory control, which in turn generates inefficient outcomes. Chapter 3 investigates empirically whether the decentralization of air pollution regulation in the U.S. during 1971-1990 caused an increase in transboundary air pollution. I find that the transfer of regulatory authority from the federal government to an individual state generated a significant increase in air pollution observed at monitors in downwind states. These findings vary with distance to those states creating transboundary spillovers and across pollutants with different atmospheric lifetimes. This is consistent with the notion that local governments do not account for externalities that their policies generate. The final chapter estimates a model of interjurisdictional environmental regulation that allows for transboundary pollution and competition for firms. The interdependence in jurisdictions’ regulatory choices from the spillovers creates a challenging identification problem, which I address using exclusion restrictions derived from the atmospheric physics of pollution propagation. For total suspended particulates, transboundary pollution will typically occur only between contiguous neighbours in the direction of the wind. This implies that exogenous factors affecting pollution dispersion (such as wind velocity) in distant jurisdictions can serve as instruments for neighbours' endogenous policy choices: they do not affect a given jurisdiction's regulatory choice directly, but directly affect the choices of that jurisdiction's neighbours. I find that a shift from centralized to state regulatory control causes significant increases in the number of polluting firms that locate in that state and decreases elsewhere; the same shift increases ambient air pollution at home and in other states. I also find that state regulatory choices respond much more to changes in the number of firms than to pollution. Further, I show that the degree of decentralization and the observed pollution outcomes are far from the counterfactual efficient levels.	PhD	wind, environment, pollut	7, 13
Bourgeois, Robyn Sanderson	Sherene, Razack	Warrior Women: Indigenous Women's Anti-violence Engagement with the Canadian State	Social Justice Education	2014-11	This study examines indigenous women's involvement in state-sponsored anti-violence responses since the 1980s. It focuses on three fields of political engagement: (1) the Canadian state politics of family violence; (2) the Native Women's Association of Canada's(NWAC) "Sisters in Spirit" (SIS) initiative and the politics of missing and murdered Aboriginal women and girls; and (3) the politics of prostitution and the Missing Women Commission of Inquiry. Overall, I argue that despite navigating a complex and colonizing political terrain largely out of their control, indigenous women have been "warrior women," advancing strong anti-colonial anti-violence responses that support the end goal of ending violence against indigenous women and girls in Canada. I also explore how indigenous women have sometimes employed political discourses and strategies that while appearing to offer a valid pathway of resistance, replicate dominant discourses and strategies and, thus, serve to undermine these efforts by securing the colonial Canadian state's authority over indigenous peoples and territories and, therefore, the persistence of violence against indigenous women and girls in Canada. To reinforce both of these claims, this study addresses reception: that is, I argue that the Canadian state's responses to violence against indigenous women and girls have been driven by self-interest and state political agendas which, because of the adversarial nature of colonial domination, rarely coincide with the interests or needs of indigenous women and their communities. Furthermore, I show that the state's response to indigenous women's anti-violence resistance can be favorable when it can be reconciled with its self-interest and political agendas, but quickly moves to appropriation and suppression if these anti-violence politics threaten Canadian state dominance.	Ph.D.	women	5
Boutcher, Faith D	Gagliardi, Anna	A Multi-Methods Study of the Role of Middle Managers in Brokering Knowledge in Hospitals	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2019-11	Hospitals are complex environments that are accountable for the quality of the services they provide. The quality of care in hospitals, however, is often less than ideal – patients may not receive treatments with proven effectiveness or may receive unnecessary or even potentially harmful care (Grimshaw et al., 2012; McGlynn et al., 2003). Hospital managers play a pivotal role in facilitating high quality care and may play a brokerage role in the sharing and use of knowledge in healthcare organizations (Birkin et al., 2018; Urquhart et al., 2019). The body of research on knowledge brokers (KBs) suggests that they may have multiple roles, but prior research has focused primarily on KBs in formal roles external to the practice community they seek to influence (CHSRF, 2003). Little is known about internal KB roles, and it remains unclear how the KB role is enacted in health care. There is a dearth of research on what impact KBs within organizations have in brokering knowledge in hospitals (Burgess Currie, 2014; Glegg Hoens, 2016). Although middle managers (MMs) may potentially play a key role as KBs, how MMs act as KBs in health care has not been adequately studied in Canada or elsewhere (Birkin et al., 2018; Currie et al., 2014). This multi-methods study examined the role that MMs play in brokering knowledge in hospitals, the determinants of their KB efforts, and the impact of those efforts. The findings of a qualitative descriptive study, using semi-structured interviews with MMs in hospitals across Ontario, Canada, conducted concurrently with a Critical Interpretive Synthesis of the literature, found that MMs enact many of the roles and activities of knowledge brokers in hospitals to create, share or implement an innovative or evidence-based practice. In addition to roles and activities, this study contributes to the extant literature by revealing determinants that may influence MM KBs efforts and their impact in hospitals and by providing actionable insights into how to optimize the role. This study also makes recommendations that administrators and policy makers can use to strengthen KB roles to better equip MM KBs to ultimately improve quality of care.	Ph.D.	health	3
Boutilier, Justin James	Chan, Timothy CY	Emergency Medical Services Response Optimization	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2018-11	Time-sensitive medical emergencies are responsible for one-third of all deaths worldwide and similarly affect both developed and developing countries. Emergency medical services (EMS) provide rapid out-of-hospital treatment for time-sensitive medical emergencies. In this thesis, we combine optimization and machine learning to solve challenging EMS response problems in two diverse settings: Dhaka, Bangladesh - an urban center in a developing country, and Toronto, Canada - an urban center in a developed country. These settings are unified by uncertainty and stochasticity leading to new robust and chance-constrained optimization problems. In both cities, we employ machine learning to integrate real data with our optimization models. The second chapter develops a unified framework for emergency response optimization under travel time (edge-length) and demand (node-weight) uncertainty that is suitable for developing urban centers. We traveled to Dhaka to conduct field research resulting in the collection of two unique datasets that we leverage to estimate demand for EMS and to predict travel times in the road network. We carefully integrate our predictions and robust optimization model to develop an efficient solution algorithm for large-scale problems. We use our framework to provide an in-depth investigation into four key policy-related questions. The third and fourth chapters focus on improving EMS response for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Chapter 3 employs a simplified location-queuing framework to quantify the potential benefit from using drones to deliver automated external defibrillators (AEDs) to OHCAs. We demonstrate, using data from 50,000 historical OHCAs covering 26,000 square kilometers around Toronto, that a drone network has the potential to significantly reduce AED delivery time. Chapter 4 develops a two-stage machine learning approach to simulate cardiac arrest incidents and an integrated location-queuing model tailored to the problem of drone-delivered AEDs. Our model combines the p-median framework with an explicit M/M/d queue to determine the minimum number of drones required to meet a pre-specified response time goal (average or 90th percentile), while guaranteeing that a sufficient number of drones are located at each base. We develop a novel reformulation technique that exploits the baseline (EMS) response times, allowing us to optimally solve large-scale instances and provide policy insights.	Ph.D.	health, urban	3, 11
Bouzigon, Mylène	Roach, Kent	The Application of Section 8 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms to Searches Conducted for Purposes of National Security Intelligence	Law	2017-11	This paper proposes an approach to the interpretation and application of section 8 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms where searches by the state are effected in the course of ensuring national security, more specifically in producing national security intelligence. Having outlined the principles developed by the courts in applying section 8, it suggests that the stateâ s interest in national security is one of the highest order, resulting in it weighing heavily in balancing against individualsâ privacy interests. In the course of its examination, it describes national security intelligence and criminal investigations as different paradigms, justifying different treatments. It proposes that the Hunter v Southam standard remains available in areas where privacy stakes are the most serious, to begin to slide toward that of reasonable suspicion at earlier points than it would in criminal matters, remaining modulated by the expectation of privacy or degree of intrusion.	LL.M.	rights	16
Bowley, Gregory Freeman Wayne	Green, Andrew	The Weakest Link? Evaluating Private Nuisance Liability in Ontario's Environmental Law Context	Law	2015-11	The Court of Appeal for Ontario’s decision in Smith v Inco Ltd illustrates the degree to which the law of private nuisance and Rylands v Fletcher liability has evolved over the last hundred and fifty years from strict(ish) liability tort doctrines to fault-based means of recovery. Inco also offers an opportunity to consider whether this evolution has left some wronged landowners behind. This work considers the evolution of private nuisance and Rylands liability into the tort doctrine(s) they are today, and illustrates the Province of Ontario’s statutory response to that evolution in the environmental contamination context. Ontario’s common law and statutory environmental compensation regime is then evaluated in the context of four distinct measures of wrongfulness from two theoretical schools of liability. Where Ontario’s regime is found to permit wrongful loss without recovery, statutory changes to extend rights of compensation to all landowners suffering wrongful loss are proposed.	LL.M.	environment, rights	13, 16
Boye, Seika Letitia Ajokor	Johnson, Stephen B	Looking for Social Dance in Toronto's Black Population at Mid-century: A Historiography	Drama	2017-06	The documentation of social dance within the lives of African-Canadians at mid-century is largely undocumented. This dissertation asks the question: Where did Toronto’s black population go to social dance during the 1950s and what is learned about African-Canadians via the lens of social dance? Through archival research I interrogate both sources and methodological approaches applied to social dance and/or African-Canadian historical work. I argue against reading African-Canadian documents and histories through dominant African-American historical narratives, proposing that historical and cultural overlaps are better understood in tandem with moments of departure into African-Canadian specificity. I look to Canadian contexts pertaining to social dance, legislation, trans-cultural exchange via black sleeping car porters on the train, leisure venues and music to inform close readings of photographs, newspapers and oral histories. This work emerges at the intersection of dance studies, Black Studies, performance studies, visual culture and cultural history and historiography. It proposes ways to contextualize doubt in archival research when verification is unavailable due to the systemic exclusion of African-Canadian and other marginalized bodies from Canada’s historical record. Through case studies my research looks at: photographs as a complex tool of equal rights advocacy; text-based documents that reveal the reinforcement of racist stereotypes through language about the black dancing body and repeated reports of discrimination in searches for “negro” and “dance” in mainstream newspapers; and oral histories as both invaluable and troubling documents that at once conceal and expose otherwise undocumented information pertaining to racism, social dance and African-Canadian heterogeneity. Despite shifting municipal, provincial and federal legislation in 1950s Toronto, leisure culture remained segregated. Alternative venues where African-Canadians gathered for social dancing include the Home Service Association, Universal Negro Improvement Association and University Settlement House (USH). While each of these spaces had unique mandates in terms of communities served, social dances at all three venues were attended by both black and non-black populations during the 1950s. These social dances are reported to have played otherwise inaccessible African-American blues and rock and roll music and resulted in repeated and ongoing interracial community gathering that was not otherwise reflected within mainstream culture. Social dance is proven to be a site of revelation about race, class, gender, generation and the African-Canadian population at mid-century.	Ph.D.	gender, rights	5, 16
Bozak, Nadia	Cazdyn, Eric ||Keil, Charlie	The Disposable Camera: Image, Energy, Environment	Comparative Literature	2008-03	“The Disposable Camera” theorizes the relationship between the cinematic image and energy resources. Framed by the emergent carbon-neutral cinema, the recent UCLA report on the film industry’s environmental footprint, as well as common perceptions about digital sustainability, “The Disposable Camera” posits that cinema has always been aware of its connection to the environment, the realm from which it sources its power, raw materials and, often enough, subject matter. But because the natural environment is so inextricably embedded within film’s basic means of production, distribution and reception, its effects remain as overlooked as they are complex. “The Disposable Camera” argues that cinematic history and theory can and indeed ought to be reappraised against the emerging ascendancy of environmental politics, all films; as such, all cinema could logically be included within the analytical parameters of this project. Primary focus, however, is given to documentary cinema, as well as notable experimental and narrative films. Selected texts do not overtly represent an environmental issue; rather, they reflexively engage with and theorize themselves as films, thus addressing the technological, industrial, and resource-derived essence of the moving image. Of import here are films that reveal how specific formal or aesthetic choices evidence and critique the ideology attached to resource consumption and/ or abuse. While it composes a distinctly environmental trajectory of the cinematic image, this project likewise historicizes and critiques these same stages and also challenges the utopian and/ or apocalyptical tendencies challenging eco-politics. Additionally, “The Disposable Camera” is committed to mapping out the shift from a distinctly tangible celluloid-based cinematic infrastructure to the ostensibly immaterial form of digital filmmaking. Indeed, the tension that now pits cinema’s material past against its immaterial future corresponds with the decline of natural reality on the one hand and the rise of cyber realities on the other, a parallel condition that fully evidences the increasingly palpable overlap between environmental and cinematic politics.	PhD	energy, industr, consum, production, environment	7, 9, 12, 13
Bradley, Beverly Dawn	Cheng, Yu-Ling	A Systems Analysis and Operations Research Approach to Optimizing Health Technology Allocation for Low-income Countries: The case of medical oxygen for childhood pneumonia in The Gambia	Chemical Engineering Applied Chemistry	2017-11	Medical oxygen is essential for treating childhood pneumonia - the leading cause of death in children under five worldwide. Unfortunately, oxygen is not widely available in many low-resource settings due to challenges such as cost, supply logistics, variability in oxygen demand, poor electricity supply, lack of trained staff, and inadequate maintenance capacity. Currently, no systematic approaches exist to help health systems plan appropriate oxygen supply systems that cost-effectively meet the needs of health facilities given these complex challenges. This thesis presents a novel operations research (OR) approach to medical oxygen technology planning in low-resource settings. A decision-support model â OxOpt â was developed to identify the optimal combination of technologies that will meet the needs of health facilities facing resource constraints. The model applies a unique combination of simulation and optimization approaches never before combined to address a global health resource allocation problem. A discrete-event simulation model simulates health facility-level activities such as clinical demand for oxygen, power interruptions and equipment breakdowns, using primary and secondary data collected specifically for this context. A genetic algorithm-based optimization model identifies optimal technology strategies that will satisfy simulated oxygen needs. The model takes into account seasonal variability in oxygen demand, alternative energy options, and the costs of technology, energy and training. It also estimates the number of patients treated and lives saved as a result of recommended solutions. The design of the OxOpt model is informed by several important analyses. A study of oxygen concentrator maintenance histories contributes previously lacking data on long-term functionality in a low-resource setting, providing insight into the cost of parts, expected lifespans, frequency of failures and technician training needs. Based on an analysis of alternative energy sources, a decision-tree was developed to guide decisions about appropriate energy choices given system costs and grid electricity availability. OxOpt functionality is demonstrated for the case of The Gambia, through scenarios exploring healthcare equity in resource allocation, climate change, and changes in technology. An OR approach to oxygen planning, which can be applied more broadly to other health technologies, can improve the efficient use of limited resources and identify cost-effective solutions that save lives.	Ph.D.	health, production	3, 12
Braga, Juarez	Lee, Douglas S	Investigation and Management of Coronary Artery Disease Among Patients with Heart Failure in Ontario	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2020-06	Background: The investigation and management of heart failure (HF) requires extensive use of healthcare resources in Ontario, Canada. Methods: Four cohort studies using administrative databases were conducted to describe the epidemiology of HF; to assess the use of cardiac imaging and coronary revascularization; and to determine the significance of non-obstructive coronary artery disease on clinical outcomes. Results: The incidence rate of HF decreased 32% from 380 new cases (95% CI, 376-384) per 100,000 individuals in 2002 to 256 (95% CI, 254-259) per 100,000 in 2016 (P	Ph.D.	health	3
Bramwell, Allison F.	Wolfe, David A.	Networks Are Not Enough: Urban Governance and Workforce Development in Three Ontario Cities	Political Science	2010-06	Cities everywhere are struggling to develop strategic responses to vast and rapid economic changes brought about by globalization while mediating the social impact of economic change. Workforce development is a policy area that straddles the divide between economic development and social welfare imperatives. This thesis examines local networks supporting workforce development activities in three Ontario cities in order to better understand the dynamics of urban governance in Canada. The analysis focuses on the two central questions of whether cities have the political autonomy to develop their own strategic workforce development networks, and if so, do these networks reflect efforts to integrate economic development and social welfare considerations. It engages with three theoretical perspectives that offer different explanations for local governance dynamics: neo-institutionalist theories argue that higher institutional structures shape and constrain local governance efforts; the critique of neo-liberalism argues that local governance dynamics will be dominated by the interests of capital for economic development; and theories of urban governance argue that cities have the autonomy to shape their own governance efforts. Theories of urban governance also focus analytical attention on how the patterns of interaction between local state and non-state actors shape local governance dynamics. The study does find evidence of local workforce development networks, and finds that these networks vary according to the patterns of interaction between local state and non-state actors. From a neo-institutionalist perspective, however, the study also finds that macro-institutional policy frameworks shape and constrain these local governance efforts.	PhD	cities, urban, institution, employment, economic growth	8, 11, 16
Bray-Collins, Elinor Flora	Sandbrook, Richard	Sectarianism from Below: Youth Politics in Post-war Lebanon	Political Science	2016-11	In this dissertation I examine why sectarianism persists among Lebanese youth. While much of the literature on communal conflict focuses on macro-level factors and elite-based explanations, I look to different, finer, levels of analysis for a fuller picture of how communal dynamics are reproduced, and why they persist—even where the literature would expect to find them lacking, such as among educated, economically secure young Lebanese, in western-oriented universities, or civil society movements. I argue that youth themselves, and particularly the young partisans of Lebanon’s political parties, play an active role in the reproduction and rejuvenation of sectarian political dynamics ‘from below.’ The networking, strategies, and activities of youth within their political spheres constitute a ‘feedback mechanism’ operating at the grassroots to reproduce Lebanon’s particular sectarian institutional configuration. I contend that youth not only contribute to the reproduction of sectarianism, they also help to adapt it and rejuvenate its appeal among their peers. I examine three spheres of youth politics: the university campus; youth-led civil society movements; and youth wings of political parties. I find that far from being the ‘blind followers’ of manipulative elites depicted in the literature, partisan youth act with more autonomy than is often assumed; generating new culture, styles, and social networks—all of which are imbued with sectarian affiliation. I also show that the politics of Lebanese youth are complex, ambivalent, and sometimes contradictory. Youth pursue multiple agendas—not only sectarian ones. In some cases, partisan youth even challenge their sect-based parties to develop more transparent, democratic institutions. Their efforts, however, get shut-down by political elites. Thus, while youth enjoy relative autonomy within their own political realms, the closer they come to the power of Lebanon’s elites, the more limited it becomes. This study contributes to debates on path dependency, the persistence of communal categories, and challenges dichotomous conceptions of youth politics. To understand the political role of youth as more than simply the “hope” or “threat” for democracy, I argue we must look closely at the politics of everyday life and grassroots realms, and take youth seriously as political actors in their own right.	Ph.D.	institution	16
Breen, Andrea	Arnold, Mary Louise	The Construction of Self-identity and Positive Behavioural Change in Pregnant and Parenting Young Women	Human Development and Applied Psychology	2010-11	The purpose of this mixed method study was to investigate the relationship between the narrative construction of self-identity and positive change in antisocial behaviour in pregnant and parenting young women. It focused on two related aspects of identity development: (1) individuals’ conceptualizations of their personally salient self-values; and (2) “self-action coherence”: the process of constructing self-narratives that establish coherence between one’s personally salient self-values and behaviour. This study also included a qualitative exploration of how becoming a mother in adolescence and early adulthood is related to processes of identity development and behavioural change. Participants were 27 pregnant and parenting young women (ages 16 to 22) recruited from youth-serving agencies in Toronto, Ontario. Participants completed a questionnaire on history of engagement in antisocial behaviour and a semi-structured interview that explored self-identity and critical life experiences. Analyses of participant interviews suggest that positive behavioural change in pregnant and parenting young women is related to active engagement in self-reflection motivated by a convergence of meaning gleaned from a variety of life experiences, including the transition to motherhood. Quantitative findings suggest that: (1) an orientation to relational values is related to lower reported recent engagement in antisocial behaviour; (2) self-action coherence develops across adolescence and early adulthood; and (3) self-action coherence is related to reported positive behavioural change. Overall, the findings suggest that an orientation to relationships is important for establishing positive patterns of behaviour and that positive behavioural change in pregnant and parenting young women involves a process of constructing personally salient self-values and establishing behaviours that cohere with these values. The findings have theoretical implications relating to identity development in adolescence and early adulthood and its relations to behavioural functioning. The findings also have implications for applied work with pregnant and parenting young women with histories of antisocial behaviour.	PhD	women	5
Brennan, Terri-Lynn Kay	Dei, George Jerry Sefa	Spiritual Diversity in Modern Ontario Catholic Education: How Youth Imbue an Anti-colonial Identity Through Faith	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2010-11	Approximately one in two parents across the province of Ontario, regardless of personal religious beliefs, now choose to enrol their children in a public Roman Catholic secondary school over the public secular school counterpart. The Ontario Roman Catholic school system has historically struggled for recognition and independence as an equally legitimate system in the province. Students in modern schools regard religion and spirituality as critical aspects to their individual identities, yet this study investigates the language and knowledge delivered within the systemic marginalization and colonial framework of a Euro-centric school system and the level of inclusivity and acceptance it affords its youth. Using a critical ethnographic methodology within a single revelatory case study, this study presents the voices of youth as the most critical voice to be heard on identity and identity in faith in Ontario Roman Catholic schools. Surveys with students and student families are complemented with in-depth student interviews, triangulated with informal educational staff interviews and the limited literature incorporating youth identity in modern Ontario Roman Catholic schools. Through the approach of an anti-colonial discursive framework, incorporating a theology of liberation that emphasizes freedom from oppression, the voice of Roman Catholic secondary school youth are brought forth as revealing their struggle for identity in a system that intentionally hides identity outside of being Roman Catholic. Broader questions discussed include: (a) What is the link between identity, schooling and knowledge production?; (b) How do the different voices of students of multi-faiths, educators, administrators, and so forth, contradict, converge and diverge from each other?; (c) How are we to understand the role and importance of spirituality in schooling, knowledge production, and claims of Indigenity and resistance to colonizing education?; (d) What does it mean to claim spirituality as a valid way of knowing?; (e) In what way does this study help understand claims that spirituality avoids splitting of the self?; (f) How do we address the fact that our cultures today are threatened by the absence of community?; and (g) What are the pedagogic and instructional relevancies of this work for the classroom teacher?	EDD	inclusive	4
Brennenstuhl, Sarah K.	McDonough, Peggy ||Worts, Diana	The Welfare State and Socioeconomic Inequalities in Women’s Health Dynamics: A Comparative Study of Four OECD Countries	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2014-03	While it is known that social policies influence the organization of employment and family life, this knowledge is rarely used to understand women's health. The current study uses feminist welfare state theory to examine socioeconomic inequalities in women's health dynamics in countries differing by the extent to which their social policies encourage male breadwinning and female caring/homemaking. The pathways underlying these inequalities are also investigated. Socioeconomic inequalities in health are hypothesized to be largest in strong male-breadwinner states (Britain/Germany), smallest in weak male-breadwinner welfare states (Denmark), and intermediate in modified male-breadwinner states (France). Further, family and income will explain more of health inequalities in strong and modified versus weak male-breadwinner regimes. The analysis uses longitudinal data from the European Community Household Panel (1994-2001) for working-aged women from Britain (n=2,193), Germany (n=2,421), France (n=2,400) and Denmark (n=1,412). The effects of socioeconomic position (measured by education) on self-rated health trajectories are examined using Latent Growth Curve Models; model estimates iii are compared cross-nationally using z-scores. Pathways linking education to health are identified by determining how much employment status, family roles and household income attenuate health inequalities in each country. The analyses are repeated for a sub-sample of mothers of young children—a group for whom policies surrounding the integration of employment and family are critical. Low education predicts worse initial health in all countries, but not faster health decline. Against expectations, education-based inequalities in health are largest in weak male-breadwinner states, but income explains virtually none of that inequality. By contrast, income has a larger explanatory role in regimes where women's unpaid caregiving is encouraged. Employment status is a relatively important mediator of the education-health relationship in all policy contexts, while family roles are not. Restricting the analysis to mothers reveals a much smaller education gradient in health in Denmark, providing evidence that weak male-breadwinner states are most effective at reducing health inequalities among mothers, relative to all women. Feminist welfare state theory better predicts cross-national differences in pathways underlying socioeconomic inequalities in health than the magnitude of inequalities, and may be most useful for understanding the health of mothers with young children.	PhD	socioeconomic, health, women, inequality	1, 3, 5, 10
Briggs, Anthony Quincy	McCready, Lance T	Looking for Work: How Second Generation Caribbean Black Male Youth Make Sense of Social Mobility, Social Networks and Employment Opportunities in Toronto	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2017-06	ABSTRACT This dissertation project examines the ways in which working class Caribbean Black Males Youth (CBMY) that are in precariously employed seek to get full- time employment. These CBMY are subjected to being unprepared to access employment for two main reasons, either they fall into the 50% drop out rate (Allahar, 2010; Dei, 2008; Gordon Zinga, 2012; James, 2011) or these men fall into the 52 % of precariously employed in the Greater Toronto Area (Lewchuck et al., 2014; Block Galabuzi, 2011). Post high school transitions into the job market for these Black Males are expressed through their viewpoints. My research is theoretically grounded in Critical Race Theory in acknowledging that racism is embedded in Canadian life moving to capsulize the various complex ways CBMY navigate the demands of the market place in the city of Toronto. The aim is to conceptualize the meaning making process through key elements (i.e., schooling experiences, family experiences, peers conversations) shaped by their choices on deciding on particular kinds of employment. I argue that dominant social ideals of manhood are influenced by privileged, white, male middle-class standards. I therefore interrogate how CBMY make sense of themselves, either within or outside of these conventional standards of manhood and masculinity as it relates to precarious work. Based on these larger research arguments, I critically examine how CBMY address social issues of mobility, social networks and employment opportunities from their own perspectives.	Ph.D.	employment	8
Bright, Jennifer Elizabeth	Garrett, Frances	Women and Hormones in Tibetan Medical Literature	Religion, Study of	2017-03	This dissertation examines a contemporary genre of Tibetan medical writings that seek to integrate Tibetan medical and biomedical notions of “hormones” in the reproductive bodies of women. The analytical lens of ‘gender’ plays a significant role in this dissertation, specifically the ways in which medical and Buddhist language and literature surrounding the Tibetan integration of biomedical notions of hormones deeply implicates modern-day Tibetan national, ethnic, and religious identities. This dissertation provides overviews and analyses of a selection of recently published Tibetan medical works that research methods to integrate and articulate biomedical notions of ‘hormones’ into the Tibetan medical system. These works include book-length commentaries, medical journal articles, book chapters, and home reference books that focus on women’s health. This dissertation analyzes the relationship between establishing medical authority with the practice of textual research in present-day Tibetan medical writing in ‘Chinese Tibet,’ and how ‘hormones’ are the central point of intersection and integration between the Tibetan medical and biomedical systems. Many present-day Tibetan medical authors turn to Buddhist thought, and specifically the texts and language of Tantra, to explicate and articulate the Tibetan understanding of hormones. In their research into the authoritative and classical texts of their traditions, the majority of the authors discussed within this dissertation argue that it can be definitively established that the classical Indo-Tibetan medical and Buddhist writers and experts ‘knew’ about the very subtle substances circulating throughout the body that are today known in biomedicine as “hormones.”	Ph.D.	health	3
Bristow, David	Kennedy, Christopher A.	Thermodynamics and the Sustainability of Cities	Civil Engineering	2013-06	Cities interact with and rely on energy in complex ways. Fundamentally cities rely upon high quality energy and outputs of low quality for their very existence. The energy flows and transformations enabling cities are tied to physical limits imposed by thermodynamics. Understanding of these limits and the relationships among energy and cities, it is revealed herein, is of vital importance to the sustainability of cities. Four contributions to this understanding are provided. The first articulates how the thermodynamic forces driving cities, together with the dynamic environment within which cities reside, stipulates what type of activities within cities are sustainable. Second, a model depicting the scaling relationship between urban energy use and economic output is devised, and it’s fit to historical data demonstrated via nonlinear regression. By differentiating between energy used to grow and energy used to maintain economic output the model illustrates how reductions in these values on a per dollar basis abets growth while the reverse delays growth, or stops it altogether when energy needs for maintenance become too high. Third, an exergy network conceptualization of cities is developed that reveals the structure of the exergy flows in a city. The topology of the network drastically alters the city’s ability to maximize usefulness of imported energy as well as alter that variability in the amount of usefulness extracted. Finally, the resilience of cities with respect to energy is presented by considering the energy storage and buffer capacity of the urban metabolism. The city of Toronto is shown to have adequate flexibility in food and transport fuels to withstand operation for days without undue interruption of typical activities. Together these differing aspects of the open non-equilibrium details of cities establish an improved prescription of the sustainable city.	PhD	environment, urbban, energy, resilien	7, 11, 13
Brolley, Michael	Park, Andreas||Malinova, Katya	Essays in Market Microstructure	Economics	2015-11	This thesis examines the impact of various financial market innovations on trading in limit order markets, with a focus on financial market quality and investor welfare. Chapter 1 is a joint work with Katya Malinova. We model a financial market where privately informed investors trade in a limit order book monitored by low-latency liquidity providers. Price competition between informed limit order submitters and low-latency market makers allows us to capture trade-offs between informed limit and market orders in a methodologically simple way. In Chapter 2, I develop a model to examine the impact of dark pool trade-at rules. Dark pools—trading systems that do not publicly display orders—fill orders at a price better than the prevailing displayed quote, but do not guarantee execution. This improvement is known as the “trade-at rule”. In my model, investors, who trade on private information or liquidity needs, can elect to trade on a visible market, or a dark market where limit orders are hidden. A competitive liquidity provider participates in both markets. The dark market accepts market orders from investors, and if a limit order is available, fills the order at a price better than the displayed quote by a percentage of the bid-ask spread (the trade-at rule). The impact of dark trading on measures of market quality and social welfare depends on the trade-at rule, relative to the price impact of visible limit orders. A dark market with a large (but not too large) trade-at rule improves market quality and welfare; a small trade-at rule, however, impacts market quality and social welfare negatively. Price efficiency declines whenever investors use the dark market. For a trade-at rule at midpoint or larger, the liquidity provider does not post limit orders to the dark market. Chapter 3 is also a joint work with Katya Malinova. We study a financial market where investors trade a security for liquidity reasons. Investors pay a ‘take’ fee for trading with market orders, or a ‘make’ fee for limit orders—so-called ‘maker-taker pricing’. When all investors face the same fee schedule, only the total exchange fee per transaction has an economic impact, consistent with previous literature. However, when a subset of investors pay only the average exchange fee through a flat fee per trade---a common practice in the industry---maker-taker fees have an impact beyond the total fee. In comparison to a single-tier fee system, a ‘two-tiered’ fee system leads to a fall in trading volume and investor welfare; investors who pay maker-taker fees directly earn higher average profits than investors that pay an average flat fee per trade. Under this “two-tiered pricing”, increasing or decreasing the maker rebate can improve trading volume and welfare; however, only a reduction in the maker fee maximizes volume and welfare, and reduces differential profits to zero.	Ph.D.	financial market, innovation	9, 10
Brown, Kevin Antoine	Fisman, David N	Developing Individual and Population-level Models of Hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) to Enable the Timely Identification of High-Risk Patients, to Facilitate Inter-Institution Comparisons of Incidence, and to Promote Quality Improvement	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2014-11	Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a health-care associated disease that causes diarrhea and, in more severe cases, colitis and death. It is the most common of hospital-acquired infections in North America. In this thesis, I present 3 studies elucidating individual and population-level risk factors for CDI. In a meta-analysis of antibiotic effects on community-associated CDI risk, I found that Clindamycin, fluoroquinolones, and cephalosporins, monobactams and carbapenems (CMCs) had the largest effects on CDI risk, while macrolides, sulfonamides and trimethoprim and penicillins had lesser associations with CDI risk. I noted no effect of tetracyclines on CDI risk. A retrospective case-cohort analysis of 2,067 adults hospitalized at a tertiary hospital in Ontario, Canada, between June 2010 and May 2012 was conducted to assess the magnitude and duration of antibiotic effects on CDI risk. I found that risks due to antibiotic exposure begin two days after the initiation of antibiotics and are most elevated for a period of 5 days after antibiotic cessation. In this cohort study, exposure to symptomatic CDI cases was not associated with increased risk of infection. I carried out a time-series analysis on 16 years of monthly CDI incidence rate data in the United States to describe the relationship between CDI incidence and hospital pneumonia and influenza (P) prevalence at a hospital network level. Peak P prevalence preceded peak CDI incidence by 9 weeks and I found that surges in hospital P prevalence were associated with disproportionately large impacts on CDI incidence that lasted for 13 months. These findings suggest that control of CDI must involve a strengthening of antimicrobial stewardship initiatives in order to diminish inappropriate antibiotic exposures. Initiatives that would lessen the impacts of seasonal respiratory infections on hospital admissions, including influenza vaccination and programs to reduce pneumonia-associated hospitalizations, could also help stem the increasing incidence of CDI in the North American health care system.	Ph.D.	health	3
Brown, LeAnn Christine	Nagy, Naomi	Phonetic Cues and the Perception of Gender and Sexual Orientation	Linguistics	2015-03	Phonetic variation is a well-established type of cue used in the construction and perception of social identities such as gender, concepts of masculinity and femininity, and sexual orientation. Less established is how cues indexed with inter-related identities are integrated or weighted relative to each other. Because the cues identifying gender and sexual orientation are potentially overlapping, (i.e., gay and lesbian speakers are often perceived as using cues indexed with the opposite gender), in this study, experimental methods are used to assess cue effects. Experimental cues used are fundamental frequency (f0), first and second vowel formants (Fn), and the center of gravity of the fricative /s/. These were chosen as all were significant in the perception of sex, gender and/or sexual orientation, or in terms of production by such groups in previous studies. In this study's experiments, three groups of participants (n=105) heard target stimuli consisting of /V/, /sV/ or /Vs/, created by combining altered and unaltered cues. Each participant heard a stimulus and chose a perceived gender and sexual orientation for that stimulus. Results indicate that the outcomes for the dependent variables of Perceived Gender, Men's Perceived Sexual Orientation (MPSO) and Women's Perceived Sexual Orientation (WPSO) result from the same cues but that cue integration strategies vary. The area of greatest overlap is for Perceived Gender and MPSO with F0 Up cues resulting in more women and gay men percepts, and FN Down cues resulting in more men and straight men percepts. For WPSO results the vocalic cues strongly affect each other, although F0 Up cues tend to result in more straight women percepts. These results suggest that listeners use experienced and stereotypic cues when determining gender and sexual orientation. The results also suggest that listeners use an androcentric template for all three dependent variables. Cue variants are not marked with specific indexical meanings such as "women" or "femininity", but are marked in terms of man-based norms. Crucially, cue integration involves both social markedness based on stereotypes and phonetic markedness based on cue ranges. Cue Integration Theory is proposed to account for the empirical results for all three dependent variables.	Ph.D.	gender, women	5
Brown, Sharon Leonie	Wane, Njoki	Mosaic Paths to New Knowledge: Conceptualizing Cultural Wealth from Women of Colour as They Experience the Process of becoming Doctoral Recipients	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2012-11	Abstract The aim of this study is to identify the positive contributions women of colour (WOC) bring to higher education as they experience the process of becoming doctoral recipients. Their experiences are presented as a new epistemology—a theory of knowledge—as part of the larger area of cultural capital theory. The experiences of WOC in Canadian doctoral programs are conceptualized as ‘cultural wealth’ and new knowledge because evidence reveals that the intrinsic value of their contributions has evolved from unique cultural and historical resources. The discursive theoretical frameworks of Womanist theory, critical race theory (CRT) and cultural capital theory are utilized to guide the analysis of the findings. This study establishes the experiences of the participants as valuable and distinctive knowledge by emphasizing the intersectionality of race, class, gender, culture, and spirituality. The research suggests that the experiences of women of colour are informed by an inner wisdom woven from the mosaic, or uniquely diverse paths, which these women have taken toward earning their doctorate degree. The existing interpretation of cultural capital theory - originally established by Bourdieu and Passeron (1977) - is considered the only social marker of wealth in socio-economical and educational research. Although previous studies have challenged this dominant perspective, this current study presents a unique interpretation of cultural capital theory by expanding the notion of cultural wealth from a Canadian perspective. This study highlights the importance of the racial/cultural context that is highly visible in Canadian culture but seldom addressed in higher education research. In addition, the aim of my study is to establish the wealth of “Mosaic Paths” found among the cultural identity of WOC, as a new epistemology in Canadian higher education. Specifically, the journey toward achieving a doctoral degree is often over-generalized in higher education. This study will reveal the realistic paths that WOC must traverse in order to realize their goals. Finally, the findings from the data reveal six major sources of cultural wealth: 1) Mother’s Influence, 2) Age Capital, 3) Mentorship, 4) Survival Strategies, 5) Negotiating Academic Culture or Know-how, and 6) Spirituality.	PhD	equitable, women	4, 5
Browne, Dillon T.	Jenkins, Jennifer M	Social Disadvantage Gets Inside The Family: Exploring Biopsychosocial Family Processes in the Emergence of Developmental Health Inequalities	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2016-11	Children raised in socially disadvantaged settings often exhibit poorer developmental health in a variety of domains, including socioemotional, medical and cognitive functioning. This relationship appears to operate in part via a cascade linking poverty and cumulative environmental adversity to early biological risk and interpersonal family process. Moreover, these mechanisms are suggested to function over-and-above the direct effects of material investments in childrenâ s healthy development and wellbeing. Despite this knowledge, there remains a need for longitudinal developmental research examining the nature in which environmental risk in early life impacts multiple and distinct intermediary mechanisms that are manifest within the proximal family environment. In order to address this limitation, the present dissertation provides three separate empirical studies outlining the nature in which social disadvantage impacts family process (in the form of interpersonal sensitivity), and early biological risk (in the form of birth weight). Data for the present dissertation came from the Kids, Families and Places Study, which is a population-based prospective birth cohort of newborn infants and their families from Toronto and Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (N=501 families). The present dissertation demonstrates that social disadvantage (1) impacts cognitive functioning in a number of domains at the time of school entry via maternal sensitivity and material investments, (2) disrupts the receipt of cognitive sensitivity during family interactions across multiple dyads, particularly for younger siblings, and (3) simultaneously increases developmental risk for multiple siblings-per-family and tends to increase sibling differences in developmental experience. To conclude, implications for the study of developmental health and family science are discussed.	Ph.D.	poverty, socioeconomic	1
Bryant, Rachel	Sumner, Wayne||Walsh, Denis	Tragic Moral Conflict and Endangered Species Recovery	Philosophy	2018-11	Given the state of the art of conservation, and given the rapidity with which species are disappearing as the result of human economic activities, members of the societies that encourage and benefit from these activities, and that undertake the species recovery process, often face a terrible choice: either 1) intensively manage species populations and ecological communities by killing, harming, making vulnerable to harm, or controlling the most important aspects of the lives of many individual animals; or 2) allow entire species to go extinct. I call situations in which people face this kind of choice recovery predicaments. Such predicaments seem to be tragic moral conflicts, or situations in which whatever one does—even the right act that is right on the whole—will be seriously wrong. This dissertation explores whether working from within Kant’s deontology, Ross’s deontology, or utilitarianism excuses environmental ethics for neglecting the problem of tragic moral conflict, or for failing to recognize recovery predicaments as tragic moral conflicts. It asks three questions of each theory. Does it have what it takes to admit that the right act can be wrong in some way? If so, does it have what it takes to admit that the right act can be seriously wrong? And if it does, can it interpret recovery predicaments as situations in which whatever one does will be tragically wrong? The dissertation argues that, for each theory, the answer to the first two questions is yes. None of the theories excuses us for ignoring the problem of tragic moral conflict. For both Ross’s and Kant’s deontologies, the answer to the third question is also yes, but for utilitarianism, the answer is indeterminate. This means that from within utilitarianism, we cannot say whether a recovery predicament is a tragic moral conflict, but from within the other two theories we can say that it is.	Ph.D.	environment, conserv	13, 14
Bryce, Erin Kathryn	Tracy, Rogers	Six Feet under the Weather: The Short-Term Relationship between Synoptic Weather and Daily Mortality	Anthropology	2014-11	The fact that weather affects human health has been thoroughly documented. However, few studies have used longitudinal archival meteorological AND demographic information in their analyses, or addressed multiple research questions in a single location. This study investigates the effects of weather extremes, unseasonable weather, weather changes, and local winds on the rate of daily mortality in the British colony of Gibraltar. By addressing several key questions at once, the interactions between different components of the weather and their collective effects on the body can be examined, which accurately reflects the complexity of real-life conditions. Daily mortality and meteorological information was collected for the period 1859-1989. In total, 39,926 individual deaths over 44,246 days were analyzed. Daily weather was classified using the Spatial Synoptic Classification (SSC). Weather change was defined by the Euclidean distance between sequential days' weather variables. Wind direction and wind speed were used to evaluate local winds. Oppressive dry tropical and moist tropical days in the summer were associated with higher mor-tality; moist polar conditions in the winter were associated with an increase in mortality for children under 5 and males over 65. Moist tropical days in the winter were associated with decreased mortality for the entire population but increased mortality for males and females over 65 and for males aged 5-65. Moist polar days in the summer were healthy for the entire population. Days with large and small weather changes were associated with an excess of mortality compared to days of intermediate weather change. Local winds were found to be positively associated with daily mortality, although the direction of the wind was not significant. Since humans face an elevated risk of mortality during days with large or small changes in the weather, public health interventions should target not only temperature extremes, but also take the variability of the weather into account.	Ph.D.	weather, health	3, 13
Buchan, Sarah	Kwong, Jeffrey C	Using Laboratory-Confirmed Outcomes to Study Pediatric Influenza and Influenza Vaccine Epidemiology in Ontario	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2018-06	Annual epidemics of seasonal influenza continue to cause substantial morbidity in young children. Influenza is among several respiratory viruses that cause illness in children, in addition to a large burden on the healthcare system and society, but is the only one for which a vaccine is available. In this dissertation, I present three studies regarding the epidemiology of influenza in children under the age of five years using a novel approach of linking laboratory and health administrative data in Ontario. In a systematic review and meta-analysis of children presenting to healthcare who are tested for influenza, I found that 20% (95%CI 15%-25%) have laboratory-confirmed influenza, with variation across subgroups. I found that influenza represents a large overall burden of disease and a substantial proportion of healthcare encounters for respiratory illnesses. In a retrospective cohort study, I compared the characteristics, outcomes, and relative severity of illness of children who were hospitalized and tested for influenza A, influenza B, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and were positive for only a single virus. I found that in-hospital outcomes and post-discharge healthcare utilization in children with no identified comorbidities were similar by virus type, but post-discharge healthcare utilization was higher for those with influenza in those with underlying comorbidities. I observed similar severity of illness, based on in-hospital outcomes, and cost of hospitalization between viruses. In a test-negative study, I estimated vaccine effectiveness (VE) against laboratory-confirmed influenza hospitalizations in children aged 6-59 months for the 2010-11 to 2013-14 seasons. I found that overall, VE was 51% (95%CI 38%-61%) for any vaccination, with variation by vaccination status (full vs. partial), season, age group, and subtype. These results indicate that large numbers of pediatric hospitalizations resulting from influenza infection could be prevented by promoting seasonal influenza vaccination each year. Overall, these results contribute to our understanding of pediatric respiratory viruses in Ontario, with each individual chapter adding to our knowledge regarding burden, severity, and prevention of influenza infection. These results can inform families, clinicians, public health practitioners, and policy makers in order to help reduce the impact of annual influenza infection in young children.	Ph.D.	health	3
Buick, Catriona Jane	Metcalfe, Kelly	Understanding the Role of Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Status on Adherence Behaviors Among Women with Abnormal Cervical Cytology	Nursing Science	2017-11	The discovery of oncogenic Human Papillomavirus (HPV) as the precursor to cervical cancer is a significant advancement in public health. However, the use of HPV testing has increased the complexity of cervical screening, as it is associated with elevated psychosocial burden and perceived risk of cancer in some women. What remains to be seen is if knowledge of oneâ s oncogenic HPV status impacts on adherence to follow-up recommendations for cervical screening abnormalities, a modifiable health behavior that is strongly associated with the primary prevention of cervical cancer. Insomuch as adherence rates remain low in women with cervical screening abnormalities, it is crucial that we understand which factors impact on adherence to follow-up recommendations across a range of clinical manifestations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to: 1) to identify if clinical, demographic or psychosocial factors predict non-adherence with recommended follow-up after initial consultation; 2) to identify clinical, demographic and psychosocial variables associated with HPV related burden and; 3) to describe the clinical and demographic characteristics of participants according to pre-post smoking and HPV vaccine immunization patterns. This study examined 186 women referred to a large Toronto colposcopy clinic. The HPV Status Adherence Conceptual Framework was used to guide survey development and to contextualize results. The findings suggest that non-adherence to colposcopy follow-up exists and is problematic. Specifically, younger women (OR=0.73, p	Ph.D.	women	3
Bullen, Mary Doreen	Eichler, Margrit	Transitioning To High School: Parent Involvement And School Choice	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2012-06	Abstract The disquiet around parent-school relationships is the focus of this study. During transitioning to high school, the boundaries around this relationship changes. Few studies have addressed these changes, particularly from parents’ perspectives. It is parents’ voices which are central to this study. This dissertation uses the standpoint of parents, which is often absent or silent in educational literature and research. Within a critical and constructivist paradigm, and influenced by Institutional Ethnography, two elementary schools (divergent in race, social class, ethnicity and immigrant status) and one high school are the sites for interviews with 14 parents and 13 educators. 11 parents were re-interviewed after their children entered high school. Four questions were addresses: How has parent involvement come to be understood? How is the parent-school relationship experienced by parents and educators? How and why are decisions made around the transition and school choice process? Do parents’ perceptions align/vary from those of educators? Based on historically constructed notions and assumptions, parent involvement is usually understood as a visible and public demonstration of appropriate and caring parenting ignoring interactions outside of the public’s gaze. Illustrated through Parent Council membership, parent involvement is gendered, classed, culturally related and race, ethnic and immigrant status specific. Some parents had more social, cultural, economic and emotional capital to bring to the transition process, while others were marginalized and had to rely on/trust the education system. School and Board policies and procedures were examined and their varied affects on parents’ experiences and choices analysed. Educators assisted in disseminating assumptions around parent-school relationships and contributed to inequitable parent knowledge, partially as a result of too little training. By examining social, economic and cultural positioning of parents within local school communities, positive parent-school relationships can be nurtured, which political pundits and educationalists have failed to accomplish. During transitioning, organization and social discontinuities contributed to parent and school disconnects and constructed borderlands in the parent-child-school relationship. This study evidenced the fragility of the parent-school relationship, especially during this vulnerable time for parents and thus, reflective questions are presented in hope of initiating a crucial conversation in local school communities.	EDD	equitable	4
Burdyny, Thomas	Sinton, David	System-based Approaches for the Enhancement of Catalytic CO2 Reduction Reactions	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2017-11	This thesis focusses on the importance of system design, specifically the engineering of gas, liquid and solid catalyst interactions, in enhancing catalytic CO2 reduction processes. The most impactful contributions of this thesis are: the enhancement of CO2 production rates via morphology-induced mass transport (Chapter 3); the manipulation of local reaction environments to increase electrochemical CO2-to-ethylene production in an H-cell configuration (Chapter 4); the design of an abrupt reaction interface adjacent to a gas-liquid interface for high current and selective ethylene production in an alkaline media (Chapter 5); and the creation of a scalable multi-phase photocatalytic reactor (Chapter 6). While material science and chemistry are essential in the creation and functionality of CO2 reduction catalysts, the overall system surrounding the solid catalyst plays a similar influential role in determining the overall efficiency, product distribution and production rate. By understanding the complex interactions between a solid catalyst, liquid electrolyte and gas reagents/products, the underlying influences of system engineering on catalyst performance can be extracted and improved. Using this approach catalyst surface morphology is revealed to increase limiting current densities multifold by enhancing the natural mass transport effects of departing CO2 reduction products. The pH and CO2 gradients formed at the catalystâ s surface during the reaction similarly influence product selectivity, most notably the ratio between hydrogen, methane and ethylene using copper-based catalysts. Equipped with this understanding, tuning catalyst morphology under differing buffering capacities allowed for traditionally coupled CO2 limitations and electrode pH to become partially decoupled; ethylene production under ambient conditions then improved significantly as compared to a catalytic system void of such considerations. Expanding on this knowledge CO2 reduction catalysts were designed to operate in a highly alkaline environment where the reaction onset potential for ethylene formation was found to be reduced to unparalleled levels. The system design, which manipulated a sub-100 nm diffusion interface, similarly led to half-cell power conversion efficiencies higher than previous efforts at significantly improved production rates.	Ph.D.	cities, production, environment	11, 12, 13
Burgess, Allison H. F.	Dehli, Kari	It's Not A Parade, It's A March!: Subjectivities, Spectatorship, and Contested Spaces of the Toronto Dyke March	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2011-11	In this thesis I address the following questions: (1) How do dykes take up space in public in contemporary cities? (2) How does the ‘marching dyke’ emerge as a subject and what kind of subject is it? (3) How, in turn, do marching dykes affect space? In order to examine these questions I focus on the Toronto Dyke March to ask how it emerged in this particular time and place. The answer to each of these questions is paradoxical. I argue that the Dyke March is a complex, complicated and contradictory site of politics, protest and identity. Investigating ‘marching dykes’ reveals how the subject of the Dyke March is imagined in multiple and conflicting ways. The Toronto Dyke March is an event which brings together thousands of queer women annually who march together in the streets of Toronto on the Saturday afternoon of Pride weekend. My research examines how the March emerged out of a history of activism and organizing and considers how the March has been made meaningful for queer women’s communities, identities, histories and spaces. My analysis draws together queer and feminist poststructuralism, cultural geography literature on sexuality and space, and the history of sexuality in Canada. I combine a Foucaultian genealogy with visual ethnography, interviews and archival research. I argue that the Dyke March is an event which is intentionally meaningful in its claims to particular spaces and subjectivities. This research draws connections across various bodies of scholarship and offers an interdisciplinary contribution to the literature, contributing to discussions of queer women’s visibility and representation. Although my analysis is focused on Toronto as a particular site, it offers insight into broader queer women’s activist organizing efforts and queer activism in Canada.	PhD	queer	5
Burke, Jason Robert	Farish, Matthew ||Goonewardena, Kanishka	In the Defence of Cities: A History of Security Planning in Canada	Planning	2012-11	Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, urban spaces have become increasingly subject to various methods of surveillance and control, especially by physical means. Yet, while 9/11 acted as a catalyst for rapid increases in security measures, the process of securitization has a much longer history. Accordingly, this research looks at how security has been planned and how this has changed over the last four decades in the context of Canada. The dissertation focuses on three Canadian case studies to explore the evolution of security planning: the October Crisis with an emphasis on Montreal (1970), the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation summit in Vancouver (1997), and the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympic Games. Each case represents a significant moment in Canadian security planning and provides insight into the shifting structure of Canada’s security apparatus. Furthermore, these cases offer a lens into the historical transformations of the Canadian ‘security state’. While the issues and actions associated with these cases cut across local, national, and international scales, the impacts of security measures in each were mostly local and urban. To show how Canadian urban spaces have been transformed and controlled by an evolving security framework, I argue that security planning must be understood as a form of urban planning, although one that remains to be properly acknowledged by the profession or even the academic discipline of planning. Given the democratic claims of liberal planning and its professed concern for the good city, it is therefore significant that the security measures studied in these case studies were implemented without democratic scrutiny but with significant consequences for urban experience. This dissertation tells a story of security planning in Canada, demonstrating how its practices have changed over time in ways that are at odds with liberal political values cherished by mainstream planning.	PhD	urban	11
Burley, Jessica Lynn	Strange, William	The Socio-Economics of Neighbourhoods and Cities: Papers in Urban Economics	Economics	2017-11	This thesis explores the socio-economics of neighbourhoods and cities and the role that changes to labour market opportunities and access to amenities play in determining housing demand and demographic shifts. Many cities are experiencing a spatial inversion in terms of neighbourhood demographics -- city centers are becoming both wealthier and more expensive while peripheral, suburban neighbourhoods are becoming both poorer and less expensive. In a dynamic context, I consider the social and economic processes that contribute to neighbourhood change. Chapter 1 contributes to the literature on neighbourhood change by providing a comprehensive characterization of the dynamics of New York City neighbourhoods. Using a structural breakpoint analysis I provide evidence of which neighbourhoods have changed, when they changed, and the magnitude of the change. I show a clear spatial and temporal pattern to neighbourhood change and I present several results: price increases are larger than price decreases; increases in housing demand precede increases in price growth; and downtown neighbourhoods are increasingly wealthier and a greater fraction white. Chapter 2 explores the extent to which changing labour market characteristics contribute to the patterns of neighbourhood change. I construct a spatial-Bartik instrumental variable as an exogenous measure of neighbourhood labour demand, which is then used to generate predicted income growth rates and house price growth rates. I find that in New York City 21% of the variation in income growth rates and 41% of the variation in house price growth rates between 1990 and 2010 can be explained by exogenous labour demand shocks. Chapter 3 focuses on the influence of the built environment on social behaviours. I find a strong and positive cross-sectional relationship between the built environment and social interactions. Once I address the endogenous decision of where to live, the significant effects found in the cross-section disappear. This implies that there is sorting of relatively social individuals into more walkable neighbourhoods. I find some evidence that this sorting is correlated with life-cycle changes that may affect both residential decisions and social relationships.	Ph.D.	labour, cities, urban	8, 11
Burshell, Jessica Lynn	Bowers, Anne||Mitchell, William	Essays on organizations in market emergence processes	Management	2017-11	Economic growth is associated with market dynamics based on new products and ideas. However, products that do not fit into the established market structure face risks, including being overlooked, undervalued, and failing. To overcome those risks, organizations can try to influence emergence of new market structures with which to be associated. My dissertation draws on theories related to organizational strategy, institutions, market categories, and social movements to examine how organizations engage in processes of market emergence. My dissertation deploys a social constructionist perspective wherein it is through social interactions and socio-cognitive processes that market structures emerge. Using this lens, I examine choices by organizations and external reactions to them by focusing on environments in which interactions are likely. The first study examines the strategic choice to claim a label by members of an emerging market category. We introduce the concept of proximate social space to examine the responsiveness of organizations to their external environment defined by either geography or market segment. In the context of a niche nonprofit practice in the U.S., we find that organizations choose to be early claimants of a label relative to their local geographic region, even as they exhibit awareness of their peers within their market segment. The second study examines the activities social movement organizations can use to increase awareness and market demand for certified products. Research on social movements has identified product certifications as a means for influencing the market, however certifications require awareness to function as intended. In a series of chapters using the context of LEED certification for environmentally-friendly buildings, I examine the strategies that social movement organizations can use to influence awareness of their certification, and the relationship between awareness and demand for that certification in the local geographic regions where interactions occur. I conclude by identifying both theoretical and practical implications based on the insights in each of the chapters.	Ph.D.	economic growth, industr	8, 9
Burtnyk, Mathieu	Bronskill, Michael	Conformal Heating of the Prostate for the Treatment of Localized Cancer using MRI-guided Transurethral Ultrasound	Medical Biophysics	2011-06	Prostate cancer is the most prevalent cancer and the third-leading cause of cancer-related death among men in the developed world, with the number of cases expected to double within the next 15 years. Conventional therapies offer good control of local disease but are associated with high complication rates reducing long-term health-related quality-of-life significantly. MRI-guided transurethral ultrasound therapy has emerged as an attractive, minimally-invasive alternative for the treatment of localized prostate cancer, where the entire gland is heated to temperatures sufficient to cause irreversible thermal coagulation. A device inserted in the urethra uses multiple ultrasound transducers to produce directional heating patterns directly in the prostate. Adjusting the ultrasound power, frequency and device rotation rate enables high spatial control of the thermal lesion. MRI provides information essential to the accurate targeting of the prostate; anatomical images for device positioning and treatment planning, and quantitative temperature measurements within the prostate to compensate for dynamic tissue changes, using feedback control. This thesis develops a complete treatment delivery strategy for producing conformal regions of thermal coagulation shaped to whole-gland prostate volumes, while limiting the thermal impact to the surrounding important anatomy. First, acoustic and thermal simulations incorporating a novel temperature feedback controller were used to model and shape regions of coagulation to human prostate geometries with a high degree of accuracy. Second, treatment delivery strategies were developed and simulated to reduce thermal injury to the surrounding anatomy, below the threshold for sustained damage. Third, experiments in tissue-mimicking gel phantoms confirmed the predictive accuracy of the simulations and the feasibility of producing conformal volumes of coagulation using transurethral ultrasound devices and MRI-temperature feedback. This work forms the basis of clinical treatment delivery methods and supports the use of the simulations as a planning tool to enhance the inherent compromise between safety and efficacy on a patient-specific basis.	PhD	health	3
Burton, Wendy Jackson	Sorensen, Andre	From Greenspace to Greenbelt: The Role of Civil Society in Landscape Protection in the Toronto Region	Geography	2016-11	Greenspace has been increasingly identified as an important element of environmental, social and economic health, yet proponents of greenspace protection from within civil society often find themselves with limited resources in political battles with powerful pro-growth coalitions. This was the case with the three citizen-led campaigns that managed to protect progressively larger landscapes in the Toronto region, culminating with the creation of a 1.8-million-acre greenbelt. How did they do this? This study uses qualitative methods and draws on institutionalism, participation theory, and social capital approaches to examine the evolution of environmental civil society groups and how they learned to exploit governance processes to persuade state actors to break with the status quo. The study looks at how cultural understandings, historical legacies, legal institutions, planning rules and public preferences shaped the landscape of the Toronto region. The research finds that citizen environmentalists were able to use their social capital resources as civil society groups to adapt governance structures – particularly public participation processes – to build a durable constituency for greenspace protection with payoffs for political actors. Particularly influential were: historical legacies of deploying natural solutions to prevent natural disasters, public participation exercises that were open to manipulation, bridging social capital that helped build large coalitions, and bonding social capital that helped coalition members unite and carry out strategies that included keeping the vision alive for decades as election cycles came and went, and, finally, protecting new state partners from criticism. However, state actors under the influence of the still-strong growth coalition remain reluctant stewards of the environment and have chosen implementation strategies that could undermine greenspace protection over time. The study adopts an inclusive definition of civil society and finds that a new typology based on two measures of social capital – inclusiveness and (private vs. public) interests – shows that certain groups are more useful in coalitions campaigning to expand public goods. The study also finds that difficulties in developing the social capital needed to develop working relationships in short-term stakeholder groups were overcome by resorting to selective membership and secret meetings.	Ph.D.	governance, environment, urban	11, 13, 16
Buse, Christopher G.	Poland, Blake	Analyzing an Emerging Field of Public Health Practice in Ontario, Canada: The Case of Climate Change Adaptation	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2015-11	This dissertation uses the case of public health adaptation to climate change in Ontario, Canada to develop an understanding of how new fields of public health practice emerge, and how practices become legitimated by practitioners. Since climate change became an identified public health issue by way of the Ontario Public Health Standards, 2008 (OPHS), and given that health equity is a normative dimension of practice and climate change holds the potential to exacerbate existing health inequalities, this work makes three primary contributions. First, I utilize Bourdieu’s theory of practice to describe how social change occurs within the professional field of public health. Second, I share practitioner interpretations of the OPHS to develop an understanding of how policy on climate change adaptation is translated into practice. Third, I highlight the role of health equity in climate change work, as practiced by Ontario public health practitioners. The dissertation draws on data from a web-scan of the thirty-six Ontario public health unit web pages and twenty in-depth interviews with public health practitioners from twenty health units. By identifying specific practices and interpretations of public health policy related to climate change, I show how specific practices are imbued with discursive meaning that shape how public health action on climate change is framed and understood as ‘legitimate’. Findings illustrate that climate change is very much an emerging field of practice, with a variety of approaches taken by practitioners including inaction, the repackaging of existing environmental health activities, and championing innovative practices. I demonstrate how practitioners selectively utilize policy to both enable and constrain public health action on climate change, and to document how health equity is employed as a discursive strategy by the champions of this work to try and legitimate climate change adaptation as a unique sub-field of public health practice.	Ph.D.	environment, climate, health	3, 13
Butler, Colleen Dorelle	Townsend, David	Queering the Classics: Gender, Genre, and Reception in the Works of Hrotsvit of Gandersheim	Medieval Studies	2016-11	This thesis examines how the worldâ s first female dramatist, the tenth-century canoness Hrotsvit of Gandersheim, challenged pedagogical interpretations of gender in her imitations of Roman literature. The dissertation finds that while Hrotsvit imitated the content and form of Ovid, Terence, and Virgil, she denaturalized the binary conceptions of gender promulgated in their works by inverting the specific markers of gender identified in pedagogical texts associated with them and by linking those behavioural markers to imbalances of social power rather than to biology. Studies of the sex/gender system in the early medieval period have tended to focus on medical discourses which attribute gendered behaviour to biology. My doctoral research uses untapped primary sources to prove that gender was not invariably thought to be tied to biology in the medieval cultural imaginary. The commentaries, glosses, and other pedagogical texts on classical literature used in medieval classrooms presented readers with a concrete set of ideas about gender, including highly specific linguistic and behavioural expectations. While scholars have increasingly begun to analyze commentaries on classical literature for insights into medieval gender norms, the majority of this work has focused on the dissemination of ideas about masculinity in male homosocial schools during the twelfth century and beyond. My research contributes to this conversation by asking how early medieval female readers responded to the educational discourses on gender which they encountered in the female-led classrooms of women's religious institutions. The thesis is also innovative in its proposal that Hrotsvitâ s book of saintsâ legends was written in imitation of Ovid. Overall, the dissertation revises current understandings of the sex/gender system in the Ottonian period, demonstrating that ideas which resemble the social construction of gender were circulating centuries earlier than previously thought.	Ph.D.	gender	5
Byrne, Brendan	Strong, Kimberly||Jones, Dylan B A	Monitoring the carbon cycle: Evaluation of terrestrial biosphere models and anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions with atmospheric observations	Physics	2018-11	Reliable projections of climate change will require terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) that produce robust projections of changes in the exchange of CO2 between the atmosphere and terrestrial biosphere. In this thesis, atmospheric CO2 observations are used to evaluate TBMs. First, the sensitivity of several observing systems to surface fluxes of CO2 is characterized. This analysis identifies the spatiotemporal scales over which atmospheric CO2 observations provide significant constraints on net ecosystem exchange (NEE) fluxes. Second, constraints from atmospheric CO2 and solar-induced fluorescence (SIF) observations are combined to evaluate the seasonality of NEE, gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Re) fluxes over the northern mid-latitudes for a set of TBMs. It is shown that model-based seasonal cycles of Re exhibit systematic differences from optimized Re constrained by atmospheric CO2 and SIF measurements, with the models overestimating Re during June-July and underestimating Re during the fall. Further analysis suggests that the differences could be due to seasonal variations in the carbon use efficiency and to seasonal variations in the leaf litter and fine root carbon pool. Finally, the ability of TBMs to simulate interannual variability (IAV) in NEE is evaluated. IAV in NEE produced by a set of TBMs and CO2 flux inversions is compared to proxies of IAV in the carbon cycle, including temperature anomalies, SIF anomalies, and the Palmer drought index. It is shown that CO2 flux inversions that assimilate observations from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) out-perform most TBMs in recovering NEE anomalies driven by climate anomalies, suggesting that GOSAT CO2 flux inversions can be used to evaluate NEE anomalies produced by TBMs on large scales. This thesis also describes the installation of an open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (OP-FTIR) system in downtown Toronto. This system provides continuous observations of CO2, CO, CH4 and N2O, which, in combination with other observing stations, will provide valuable top-down constraints on GHG emissions from Toronto. An initial evaluation of this instrument is performed and comparisons of the observed gases with meteorological observations and CO2, CO, and CH4 measurements at a nearby site are presented.	Ph.D.	solar, climate, greenhouse gas	7, 13
Cadchumsang, Jaggapan	Levin, Michael D.	People at the Rim: A Study of Tai Ethnicity and Nationalism in a Thai Border Village	Anthropology	2011-11	Based on ethnographic research in Ruam Chai, a large and remote village in northern Thailand, this dissertation seeks to examine the emergence of ethnic identity and nationalistic consciousness of the Tai people within the context of Thai nation-building, state development, and the history of the area in the 20th century. The Tai—generally known as the Shan—are the predominant residents of this multi-ethnic frontier community, once occupied by the notorious opium warlord, Khun Sa, prior to absolute control and administration by the Thai state in 1982. These people migrated from various areas of Myanmar’s Shan State over different periods of time, for a variety of reasons. Due to their illegal immigration, the Thai state classifies them into different non-citizenship statuses according to their migration background as well as survey and registration periods. As a result of recent revisions of the Thai Nationality Act, the documented Thailand-born offspring of these displaced Tai, whose parents’ statuses fall into certain non-Thai categories, meet the nominal requirements for becoming naturalised. Within the theoretical framework of constructivist approach and the notion of ethnic dynamism and nationalistic sentiments as a cultural practice in borderlands, this dissertation suggests the investigation of the Tai ethno-nationalism through three interconnected levels of analysis: village or community, national, and transborder. On the village level, while the Tai acknowledge their ethnic diversity and have a logical, conventional system of identification among themselves; they maintain ethnic boundaries amid interactions with village members of other ethnic origins, and (re)construct identities in response to both internal and external forces. On the national level, a nation-building process has induced a stronger sense of “being Thai” to both Thailand-born Tai children and pre-existing generations of Tai. This process emphasises ethnic homogeneity—through the employment of the Thainess concept—and exclusion of the Non-Thai from the Thai, where categorically ineligible Tai are driven to embrace outlawed conduct to secure Thai citizenship. On the transborder level, movements back and forth as well as relationships across various international borders have played a vital role in constructing Tai identity and imagining the nation of the Tai people, both in Ruam Chai and beyond.	PhD	institution	16
Cahuas, Madelaine Cristina	Wakefield, Sarah	Estamos Aquí, We Are Here: Latinx Struggles for Social Justice in the Greater Toronto Area	Geography	2018-11	The Latin American or Latinx population is one of the fastest growing ethnic groups in Canada. Yet, there is a persistent lack of spaces and opportunities for Latinx people to gather, build community and mobilize politically in one of the most diverse urban centres in Canada, the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). At the same time, Latinx people have worked against this invisibility by carving out spaces in the city through the non-profit sector, where they have established numerous organizations, programs, networks and grassroots collectives. It is well documented how neoliberalization has negatively impacted the non-profit sector by coopting community agendas and suppressing social justice activism, and these effects have also been seen in the Latin American-serving non-profit sector. What is not well understood is how Latinx women and non-binary people negotiate and resist not only neoliberalization, but multiple forces of oppression, like heterosexism, racism and settler colonialism, that are interconnected and embedded within the non-profit sector and migrant political organizing. The objectives guiding this dissertation aim to explore how Latinx women and non-binary people serving as community workers or (LCWs) contend with, and challenge these intersecting systems and geographies of domination, within and beyond the GTA’s non-profit sector. These objectives are addressed using Chicana Latina Feminist Epistemologies, testimonio methodology, and multiple qualitative methods including 37 in-depth, semi-structured interviews, a workshop, participant observation and grey literature analysis. The findings reveal that LCWs, while constrained by white neoliberal and hetero-patriarchal non-profit structures and local political systems, they engage in innovative socio-spatial practices that transform urban spaces and advance social justice in the GTA. Furthermore, the findings of this dissertation underscore the spatiality of Latinx political life, and demonstrate how Latinx people dynamically create alternative geographies that are anchored in principles of reciprocity, relationality and a deep commitment to radical, decolonial and feminist politics. La población latinoamericana o latinx es uno de los grupos étnicos que esta creciendo más rápido en Canadá. Sin embargo, persiste la falta de espacios y oportunidades para que personas latinx forman una comunidad y se movilizan políticamente en uno de los centros urbanos más diversos de Canadá, la Área Metropolitana de Toronto. Al mismo tiempo, personas latinx han trabajado contra esta invisibilidad creando espacios en la ciudad a través del sector sin fines de lucro, donde han establecido varias organizaciones, programas, redes y colectivos activistas. Está bien documentado cómo la neoliberalización ha tenido un impacto negativo en el sector sin fines de lucro cooptando las agendas de comunidades y reprimiendo el activismo de la justicia social. Lo que no se entiende bien es cómo las mujeres latinas y personas de género no binario latinx resisten no solo la neoliberalización, pero múltiples fuerzas de opresión, como el heterosexismo, el racismo y el colonialismo, que son interconectadas e integradas en el sector sin fines de lucro. Esta tesis explora cómo las mujeres latinas y personas de género no binario latinx que son trabajadoras comunitarias desafían estos sistemas. Este objetivo se aborda utilizando epistemologías Chicanas, Latinas feministas, metodología testimonial y múltiples métodos cualitativos que incluyen 37 entrevistas, un taller y observación participante. Los resultados revelan que las trabajadoras, aunque están limitadas por estructuras de opresión y sistemas políticos locales neoliberales, hetero-patriarcales y racistas, se involucran en prácticas innovadoras que transforman el espacio urbano y promueven la justicia social. Las conclusiones de esta tesis alumbra las geografías de comunidades latinx y demuestran cómo personas latinx crean dinámicamente alternativas basadas en principios de reciprocidad, relacionalidad y un profundo compromiso con la política radical, decolonial y feminista.	Ph.D.	women, worker, urban, justice	5, 8, 11, 16
Cairns, Kate	Dehli, Kari	Mapping Futures, Making Selves: Subjectivity, Schooling and Rural Youth	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2011-11	This dissertation explores how rural young people imagine their futures in neo-liberal times. The analysis is based upon three months of ethnographic research with grade 7/8 students in ‘Fieldsville,’ a predominantly white and working-class rural community in Southeastern Ontario. I examine students' participation in a widely-used career-education program called The Real Game, in which they are encouraged to become entrepreneurial subjects capable of crafting productive futures in an uncertain world. My study asks: How do these young people produce and perform their imagined future selves, and what does this suggest about the opportunities and constraints that shape their current identities? Integrating insights from feminist poststructural theory and cultural geography, the project extends and challenges studies of the neo-liberal subject by integrating an analysis of place. The thesis builds upon, and contributes to, critical scholarship theorizing young lives as socially, spatially and temporally situated by exploring processes of location within subjectivity formation. Integrating classroom and playground observations with focus groups and interviews, the analysis reveals that young people draw upon diverse discourses in order to envision the person they hope to become. In addition to the subject positions on offer in The Real Game, popular culture provides a key resource in practices of self-making, as students invest in middle-class ideals of the “good life,” and distinguish their own rural location from racialized mappings of urban and global others. Although Fieldsville students are deeply invested in their rural community, tensions emerge where local attachments meet dominant narratives of mobility that encourage them to locate their futures elsewhere. These place-based tensions present particular challenges for girls, who must negotiate the gendered dynamics of rural social space alongside popular discourses of “girl power” that proffer unlimited possibilities for today's young women. Teasing apart the intersections of gender, race, class and space within students' narratives, I argue that studies of neo-liberal subjectivity must examine how dominant discourses are negotiated from particular social and geographical locations. Methodologically, the analysis demonstrates how school-based ethnography can shed light on broader socio-historical processes as they are lived in specific geographical and cultural spaces.	PhD	rural, urban, gender	5, 11
Callaghan, Mike	Lee, Richard B||Sellen, Daniel W	Antiretroviral Therapy in Walvis Bay, Namibia	Anthropology	2015-11	Highly Active Antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is a successful means of treating infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Namibia was among the first countries in sub-Saharan Africa to achieve universal access to HAART for HIV-positive citizens through the public sector. In this thesis, I explore treatment outcomes in Walvis Bay, a busy port city at Namibia’s coast. I find that gender is the most important factor shaping HAART, with women reporting for testing and treatment in greater numbers than men, sooner in the course of their illness, and enjoying lower mortality after treatment initiation. There are no compelling biological explanations for this distribution; I postulate a series of socio-cultural and political-ecological factors driving outcomes in Walvis Bay. In particular, changing gender roles and different points of entry into care are important at the individual level. I describe a ‘toxic masculinity’ that, however fragile, actively interferes with testing, treatment, and health-seeking behavior. Female identity, conversely, emerges as altogether more stable and more suited to the clinical and social demands of HAART. More broadly, actions are shaped by large-scale processes of urbanization and globalization, and especially the effects these have on labour, subsistence, and culture change. I conclude by suggesting modifications to the rollout program that may help to distribute the benefits of HAART more equitably through the treatment population. This research has important implications for other countries in sub-Saharan Africa as they gradually move toward universal access to HAART. More generally, it may presage future challenges of globalization and infectious disease.	Ph.D.	health, gender	3, 5
Callaghan, Tonya	Sykes, Heather	Holy Homophobia: Doctrinal Disciplining of Non-heterosexuals in Canadian Catholic Schools	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2012-06	In 2012 clashes between Catholic canonical law and Canadian common law regarding sexual minorities continue to be played out in Canadian Catholic schools. Although Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ensures same-sex equality in Canada, this study shows that some teachers in Alberta Catholic schools are fired for contravening Catholic doctrine about non-heterosexuality, while Ontario students’ requests to establish Gay/Straight Alliances are denied. This study seeks to uncover the causes and effects of the long-standing disconnect between Canadian Catholic schools and the Charter by comparing the treatment of and attitudes towards lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (lgbtq) teachers and students in publicly-funded Catholic school systems in the provinces of Alberta and Ontario. I employ a multi-method qualitative research framework involving: 1) semi-structured interviews with 20 participants (7 current and former teachers and 13 former students), 18 of which are re-presented as condensed narratives; 2) media accounts that illustrate the Catholic schools’ homophobic environment; and 3) two key Alberta and Ontario Catholic policy and curriculum documents. The central question driving this study is: How does power operate in Canadian Catholic schools? Is it exercised from the top down solely, or are there instances of power rising up from the bottom as well? To answer this question, I draw upon the critical theories of Gramsci (1971), Althusser (1970/2008), Foucault (1975/1995), and Giroux (2001) in order to explain the phenomenon of “holy homophobia” in Canadian Catholic schools. The chief finding of this study is that contradictory Catholic doctrine on the topic of non-heterosexuality is directing school policy and practice regarding the management of sexual minority groups in Alberta and Ontario Catholic schools, positioning these schools as potential hotbeds for homophobia. Hopefully, this thesis can one day serve as a resource for anti-homophobia education researchers and practitioners, school administrators, educators and students who are interested in eliminating religiously-inspired homophobia in school settings.	PhD	gender, queer, equality, rights	5, 16
Calvasina, Paola Gondim	Carles, Muntaner	Examining the Oral Health, Access to Dental Care and Transnational Dental Care Utilization of Adult Immigrants: Analysis of the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada (2001-2005)	Dentistry	2014-11	Immigrants form a significant and growing proportion of Canadian society. Around 250,000 immigrants are admitted into the country each year. Recent immigrants to Canada are, on average, healthier that the general Canadian population, in a phenomenon called "the healthy immigrant effect". However, over the years after immigration, their health declines. Very little is known about the oral health of adult immigrants to Canada, and there is no evidence that "the healthy immigrant effect" applies to oral health. Little and inconsistent evidence is also found regarding immigrants' access to dental care and dental care utilization. A secondary data analysis was conducted on the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada (LSIC 2001-2005). Using a generalized estimating equation (GEE) approach, we examined socio-demographic and economic factors associated with changes in self-reported dental problems among a sample of adult immigrants to Canada over a four-year period. Using logistic regression, we also examined predictors of barriers to accessing dental care (i.e., unmet dental care needs) and transnational dental care utilization over a three point five year. Results revealed that immigrants were more likely to report dental problems than Canadians over the period of observation (OR=2.77; 95% CI: 2.55-3.02). Lack of dental insurance predicted immigrants' unmet dental care needs (OR=2.63; 95% CI: 2.05-3.37) and transnational dental care utilization (OR=2.05; 95% CI:1.55-2.70) post-migration. Immigrant women were also more likely to report dental problems, and to use transnational dental care services over time. In conclusion, this study identified an increased likelihood of reporting dental problems over time, suggesting that the healthy immigrant effect applies to oral health. Immigrants lacking dental insurance were more likely to face barriers to accessing dental care and to use transnational dental care strategies to overcome those barriers. Shortcomings in immigration policies and the features of the Canadian dental care system, which tend to exclude most socially marginalized groups, may contribute to immigrants' oral health deterioration. Importantly, immigrant women who over time were more likely to report dental problems should be at the forefront of public policies aiming to improve the oral health ofimmigrants.	Ph.D.	health	3
Cameron, Paula	Cole, Ardra	Seamfulness: Nova Scotian Women Witness Depression through Zines	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2012-11	Seamfulness is a narrative-based and arts-informed inquiry into young women's "depression" as pedagogy. Unfolding in rural Nova Scotia, this research is rooted in my experience of depression as the most transformative event in my life story. While memoirists tell me I am not alone, there is currently a lack of research on personal understandings of depression, particularly for young adult women. Through storytelling sessions and self-publishing workshops, I explored four young Nova Scotian women's depression as a productive site for growth. Participants include four young women, including myself, who experienced depression in their early 20s, and have not had a major depressive episode for at least three years. Aged 29 to 40, we claim Métis, Scottish, Acadian, and British ancestries, and were raised and lived in rural Nova Scotian communities during this time. At the seams of adult education, disability studies, and art, I ask: How do young women narrate experiences of "depression" as education? How do handmade, self-published booklets (or “zines”) allow for exploring this topic as embodied, emotional and critical transformative learning? To address these questions, I employ arts-informed strategies and feminist, adult education, mental health, and disability studies literatures to investigate the critical and transformative learning accomplished by young women who experience depression. Through a feminist poststructuralist lens and using qualitative and arts-informed methods, I situate depression as valuable learning, labour, and gift on behalf of the societies and communities in which women live. I argue that just as zines are powerful forms for third space pedagogy, depression itself is a third space subjectivity that gives rise to the "disorienting dilemma" at the heart of transformative learning. I close with "Loose Ends," an exploration of depression as an unanswered question. This thesis engages visual and verbal strategies to disrupt epistemic and aesethetic conventions for academic texts. By foregrounding participant zines and stories, I privilege participant voices as the basis for framing their experience, rather than as material to reinforce or contest academic theories.	PhD	health, women	3, 5
Campbell, Melissa Colleen	Barton, Bruce	"Acts of Resistance": Reclaiming Native Womanhood in Canadian Aboriginal Theatre.	Drama	2016-06	This study investigates the representation of Aboriginal womanhood in Aboriginal women’s theatre in Canada. Using five core case studies to explore Indigenous women’s self-representation, I demonstrate how Native theatre engages in acts of resistance that promote the decolonization of Aboriginal womanhood. Drawing on concepts of Aboriginal storytelling, I attempt to weave the connections between the personal story and the collective history to demonstrate how these plays use theatrical presence to rebuke historical and contemporary absences of Native women. Each play does this by taking aim at political policies, stereotypes in popular culture, and sexual violence, which all sustain negative constructions of Native womanhood. Chapter one establishes the context(s) in which these plays exist and explores a history of legislation and policies that contributes to the negative representations of Aboriginal women. Chapters two and three demonstrate how Native women's theatre confronts stereotypes of Aboriginality and deconstructs them as a form of personal and collective healing. Chapter two explores how culture jamming and humour are used to disrupt the re-circulation of stereotypes in order to challenge the cultural currency stereotypes maintain in film, television, and other medias. In chapter three I explore the connection between the stereotypes and sexualized violence. I identify strategies used to represent violence, specifically around concepts of “presence” and “absence.” The function of violence in these plays is not one of (re)victimization, but one that evokes concepts of testimony, witnessing, and storytelling. It will also deal with the problematic perceived trajectory of healing and identity formation through violence in some of the plays. Chapter four looks to the relationship between identity and community and signals how a return to “home” and community can help rebuild positive Indigenous identities and becomes the final act of resistance. Chapter five examines the relationship between storytelling (in the theatre), history, and witnessing trauma. It proposes that Native storytelling, especially in the theatre, is an act of survivance that challenges historical absences. Finally, in chapter six, I look forward to the transnational applications of my research and gesture to Indigenous eco-theatre as one avenue that promotes the decolonization of Indigenous peoples globally.	Ph.D.	women	5
Campbell, Sara E.	Mandrak, Nicholas E.	Exploring Spatiotemporal Community Assembly using Taxonomic and Functional Dimensions of Biodiversity	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2020-06	Determining how diversity is generated and maintained in ecological communities is a central goal of community ecology and conservation. Ecologists have long aimed to explain the processes responsible for the assembly of communities and although many hypotheses have been proposed, understanding what makes a non-native species successful continues to be the principal question in invasion ecology. Addressing these topics is inherently complex given that the mechanisms that regulate diversity are often dependent on the spatial and temporal scale at which they are quantified and are further complicated by pervasive context dependence. This thesis examines the spatiotemporal changes in, and community assembly processes governing, functional and taxonomic dimensions of biodiversity in fish communities of the Laurentian Great Lakes in response to the establishment of non-native species and extirpation of native species. I show that both taxonomic and functional dimensions of local and regional diversity are increasing over time. Between-community diversity has increased and decreased for functional and taxonomic dimensions of diversity, respectively, indicating the presence of both biotic differentiation and homogenization that is temporally dynamic. Environmental filtering selects for similar species due to a shared affinity for local conditions and explains establishment success of non-native species as well as local and regional patterns of diversity. Community assembly and composition is also highly regulated by dispersal and historical effects due to the glacial history of the region.	Ph.D.	environment, conserv, ecology	13, 15
Campbell, Stephen Douglas	Li, Tania	Contesting Migrant Labour: A Politics of Precarity on the Thai-Myanmar Border	Anthropology	2015	The global proliferation of export processing zones, linking migrant labour to international markets and global supply chains, has established these sites as critical components of contemporary globalised capitalism. As regulatory enclaves of industrial production, export processing zones are marked by forms of population administration organised around the optimisation of low-waged, flexible labour. This dissertation is a study of the social construction of formal and informal labour regulation at one such regulatory enclave. It focuses on the Mae Sot Special Border Economic Zone in northwest Thailand, where some 200,000 plus Myanmar migrants have been engaged in highly precarious employment in garment and textile manufacturing, agriculture, and service work since the early 1990s. While formal state policy significantly impacts the on-the-ground regulation of migrant labour in Mae Sot, the local situation exhibits a variety of overlapping, formal and informal regulatory regimes. These multiple regimes of regulation are subject to continual processes of contestation, negotiation and compromise, with uncertain effects on Mae Sot's border capitalism. In order to trace these processes, I present ethnographic accounts of migrants engagement with various state and private actors, including the Mae Sot police, officials of the Thai government's Labour Protection Office, private passport companies, and non-governmental organisations. I further trace the emergence of migrant social formations, shaped by the particular conditions of low-waged, flexible labour as well as despotic employment practices and coercive policing. The dissertation concludes by following the organisational efforts of a group of migrants employed at one Mae Sot garment factory, as they seek to raise their wages and improve their working conditions over the course of a year. Throughout, I find that migrants' everyday practices and patterns of struggle are shaped both by the site's network of governmental rule and by the disciplinary powers of the local police.	Ph.D.	production, industr, wage, labour. Employment	8, 9, 12
Campeau, Holly	Levi, Ron	Policing in Unsettled Times: An Analysis of Culture in the Police Organization	Sociology	2016-11	This dissertation examines how actors within a public sector institution - a police organization - use culture to make sense of a shifting occupational landscape. Interviews with 100 police officers and field notes from 50 ride-along hours were collected over the course of 18 months in the police service of a medium-sized city. Rather than conceive "police culture" as an ideal-type of values and attitudes, this project engages with concepts from sociological literature on culture and organizations to re-conceptualize police culture as a "resource" officers deploy to navigate what can be risky work in a contentious organization. First, contrasting traditional cultural depictions of police officers as unremittingly mission-oriented and indivisible, findings reveal the fragility of officer solidarity and unwillingness to engage with risky situations. Expanding surveillance outside the reach of law enforcement (e.g. cellphone videos, social media, etc.) contribute to uncertainty as officers carry out their duties. Second, police engage with a combination of myths and generational scripts in ways that both defend and challenge the status quo in their organization. "Old-school" scripts sustain the prominence of paramilitarism, camaraderie and athleticism. And while "new-generation" scripts are mainly deployed ceremonially to signal legitimacy to external policing constituents, some officers also use them to express the importance of education, the banality of military mindsets, and the need for equitable practices to be implemented on a more routine basis. Finally, results show that police rely on jointly established understandings about their local community to both perform and justify their organization's non-conformity with certain industry standards. Overall, insofar as change in policing is the objective in the current era of wavering public confidence and fiscal crisis, this study suggests that mere top-down policy reform is insufficient: organizational policy and actual practices are only loosely-linked and those charged with implementing a new course of action (i.e. senior officers) are often the staunchest supporters of non-change. Without a disruption to the lock-step hierarchical structure of the police organization, institutional reform is likely only to emerge generationally, as the most promising energy for transformative change rests among cohorts entering the occupation at a particularly unsettled time.	Ph.D.	institution	16
Campos, Luis Roberto	Audrey, Macklin	Archiving Memory: Explorer and Trader Accounts as Evidence in Aboriginal Rights and Title Litigation	Law	2014-11	This project examines the extensive use of explorer and trader narratives as evidence in aboriginal rights and title litigation. It is difficult to reconcile the conflicting--and often extreme--interpretations of these texts as mostly imaginative literature, a view increasingly held outside of the law, and as authoritative evidence, a position adopted in legal proceedings. Generally, my work reconsiders epistemic practices in aboriginal rights and title proceedings. Specifically, it turns to a literary framework to reflect on the empirical value of historical narratives. Additionally, by utilizing the concept of archive as a critical tool, my work also seeks to comprehend the law's continuing predilection for these texts. Ultimately, while evidential proceedings are generally regarded as oriented toward generating trial knowledge, I argue that in fact the substantive law has driven courts to the imperial texts and has, in effect, constructed the conditions of their necessity and reliability. Both the loosening of evidential rules--to create a story-telling space-- and the unique criteria-legal tests has contributed to their evidential hegemony, often at the expense of aboriginal histories, which are seen as anthropological curiosity. Significantly, this thesis does not suggest the imperial narratives have no empirical or evidential value. It does, however, urge trial actors to account for their limitations. And, by doing so, a broader objective may be served: a fresh examination of the current substantive criteria of aboriginal rights and title law, particularly as it impacts evidential parity between the aboriginal and imperial stories.	S.J.D.	rights	16
Canizares Perez, Mayilee	Badley, Elizabeth M||Glazier, Richard H	AN AGE-PERIOD-COHORT ANALYSIS OF HEALTH STATUS AND HEALTHCARE USE IN CANADA: ARE BABY BOOMERS DIFFERENT FROM OTHER GENERATIONS?	Medical Science	2017-11	BACKGROUND: There are concerns for the provision of healthcare services in Canada given the large numbers of ageing baby boomers. However, little is known about how they differ in their health profile and patterns of healthcare use compared to other generations. This thesis describes three studies, based on a longitudinal survey of the population, examining the trajectories of multimorbidity and healthcare use (i.e. conventional care and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)) across five birth cohorts. METHODS: Using data from the Longitudinal National Population Health Survey (1994-2011), the thesis studies examined 10186 participants belonging to one of the five birth cohorts: pre World War II (born: 1925-1934), World War II (born: 1935-1944), older (born: 1945-1954) and younger (born: 1955-1964) baby boomers, and Generation X (Gen Xers, born: 1965-1974). Hierarchical age-period-cohort analysis was used to examine the contributions of age (life-course), period, and cohort effects in changes in multimorbidity, use of conventional care (i.e. primary care and specialist services users), and CAM use. RESULTS: Each succeeding recent cohort had higher odds of reporting multimorbidity than their predecessors. Furthermore, Gen Xers and younger boomers, particularly those with multimorbidity, were less likely to use primary care than earlier cohorts. The increasing levels of multimorbidity explained the higher specialist use observed in recent cohorts. Likewise, at corresponding ages, more recent cohorts reported greater chiropractic and CAM use than their predecessors. The use of conventional care was positively related to greater CAM use, but did not contribute to changes over time or to cohort differences in CAM use. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for policies addressing important generational differences in healthcare preferences and the balance between primary and specialty care to ensure integration and coordination of healthcare delivery. The findings also highlight the importance of planning interventions and policies to deal with more recent birth cohorts entering into older age with worse health than previous generations.	Ph.D.	health	3
Cao, Jie	Zhu, Xiaodong	Three Essays in Macroeconomics	Economics	2016-06	This thesis consists of three chapters. Chapter 1 studies a life-cycle pattern of female labor supply (hours per woman) in Japan. It exhibits an "M" shape with the second peak lower than the first one. Employing a micro-data set, I show that the pattern can be understood as a result of labor supply behavioral differences across different types of women and demographic composition changes along the life cycle. I then build a life-cycle model featuring transitions between heterogeneous types of women, human capital accumulation and childcare cost. The calibrated model accounts for the aggregate pattern well. Counterfactual experiments suggest that narrowing gender wage gap would have a larger positive effect on female labor supply than lowering childcare cost, a result mostly explained by the human capital channel. Chapter 2 studies the links between idiosyncratic distortions and potential aggregate losses. Under the economic environment of Restuccia et al. (2008) (RR), I characterize analytically the mappings from distortions to total factor productivity (TFP) and other aggregate measures. Using these mappings, I explain in a unified way three features emerged from RR's numerical experiments, where endogenous exit of firms is assumed away and distortions are restricted so as to have no impact on capital accumulation. Additionally, I explain why these features disappear when distortions affect capital accumulation. I then extend RR's study by introducing the endogenous exit margin and find that various aggregate losses can respond to this margin quite differently. Chapter 3 studies financial frictions and resource misallocation in China's manufacturing sector. I emphasize two aspects of the financial frictions in the Chinese context. One is credit discrimination: Unproductive state-owned enterprises (SOEs) have easy access to credit while productive non-SOEs are credit constrained. The other is that the credit constraint faced by non-SOEs is much tighter than those in financially developed countries. Using a firm-level data set, I find that a potential 24% TFP gain can be achieved if the credit constraint faced by non-SOEs is at a level similar to the one in the US, and that 53% of the gain can be attributed to improved allocations between SOEs and non-SOEs.	Ph.D.	gender, women, wage	5, 8
Capatina, Elena	Kambourov, Gueorgui	Essays on the Allocation of Talent, Skills and Inequality, and Life-cycle Effects of Health Risk	Economics	2012-03	This dissertation consists of three essays. The first essay studies how health risk affects individuals' economic decisions due to changes in productivity, required medical expenditures, available time and survival probabilities implied by changes in health status. It assesses the role of these four channels in determining labour supply, asset accumulation and welfare using a life-cycle model calibrated to the U.S. economy. I find that all channels and the interactions between them have large implications for the macroeconomic variables studied. Health has larger effects for the non-college than college educated, explaining a significant fraction of the difference in labour supply, degree of reliance on government transfers and asset accumulation across education groups. Improving non-college health outcomes to approach those of college graduates results in large welfare gains, higher labour supply, and significantly lower reliance on government welfare programs. The second essay studies the evolution of wage inequality in the United States between 1980 and 2002 in a framework that accounts for changes in the employment of physical and cognitive skills and their returns. I find that within education-gender groups, average employed cognitive skills have remained constant, while average physical skills have declined. The returns to high levels of cognitive skills have increased dramatically, while returns to low levels of cognitive skills and physical skills have remained approximately constant. Skills account for approximately half of the increase in the college wage premium, and for a small but growing fraction of residual wage inequality. The final essay studies the sorting decisions of students with different levels of analytical and verbal skills into college fields of study. I build a model where each field tests and perfectly reveals to potential future employers only the students' skill that is intensively required in that field. Students' expected wages after graduation are a function of their revealed skill levels and firms' expectations of the unrevealed skills given the chosen field. I show how the size of each field and the average talent it attracts depend on the average skill levels, on skill dispersion and on the degree of correlation between skills in the student population.	PhD	equality, employment, labour, wage, inequality	5, 8, 10
Carbajal, Maria Patricia	Bickmore, Kathy	BUILDING DEMOCRATIC CONVIVENCIA (PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE) IN CLASSROOMS: CASE STUDIES OF TEACHING IN MEXICAN PUBLIC SCHOOLS SURROUNDED BY VIOLENCE	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2018-06	Mexico is suffering from an avalanche of violence and school surroundings are not the exception. Although teachers’ perceptions tend to consider that violent contexts around schools increase the levels of school violence, large-scale international studies show that even when schools are located in high-crime areas, they can develop low levels of school violence by promoting communitarian relationships, equal access to quality education, and democratic participation. Some qualitative inquiries in Latin America have attempted to explain causal pathways for building peaceful relationships in schools by applying the theoretical construct of democratic convivencia (peaceful coexistence). However, scarce research in this field has been accomplished. This qualitative multiple-case study examined how three purposely selected Mexican teachers (fifth and sixth grades), through their classroom pedagogies, fostered (or not) the development of democratic convivencia in regular urban elementary public schools located in violent neighborhoods, the apparent consequences of these pedagogies for student-participants, and the factors that helped or hindered this process. Data included 23 observations in classrooms (of 90 minutes each in average), six individual interviews with teachers, and six group interviews with 20 students. While these three teachers followed official textbooks, they found spaces –within and outside the curriculum– to include elements of the three dimensions of pedagogies for democratic convivencia: inclusion, equity and conflict (resolution) dialogue. Results show that these teachers offered students meaningful lived experiences of inclusion and community-building by recognizing and affirming (to different degrees) students’ identities. They offered valuable (though ambivalent) opportunities for students’ equitable access to academic success by balancing students’ academic status. They also tended to use educative peacekeeping (avoiding punishment) and/or some elements of peacemaking as main conflict resolution strategies. Contrastingly, these teachers offered limited opportunities for deliberation and collective decision-making processes, two important elements for facilitating the development of students’ democratic capacities. Despite contradictions and limitations: poverty, students’ painful experiences with violence, extensive official curriculum content, and national standardized tests, these teachers showed that it is possible to implement pedagogies based on the three dimensions of democratic convivencia that may offer students opportunities for experiencing new horizons of human relationships in impoverished and violent contexts.	Ed.D.	poverty, peace, equitable, urban	1, 5, 11, 16
Cardon, Nathan	Halpern, Rick	“A Dream of the Future”: Race, Empire, and Modernity at the Atlanta and Nashville International Expositions, 1895-1897	History	2014-06	For a region often viewed as outside the processes of modernization, the United States South’s international expositions were symbolic opportunities to demonstrate its embrace of a narrative of industrial, cultural, and racial progress. Taking the 1895 Atlanta Cotton States and International Exposition and the 1897 Nashville Tennessee Centennial Exposition as an analytical basis, this dissertation investigates how southerners transformed modernity by making it “Jim Crow.” It explores the ways white and African American southerners performed a variety of racialized and classed identities that embraced and critiqued modern progress. Responding to the dissolution of old certainties, southerners turned to science and technology as a stable site of truth and meaning. At the same time, their response to modernity was rooted in the South and its developing “New South” cities. In these cities southerners formulated a distinctive modernity that was compatible with the region’s racial dynamics and was adopted by the North as the nation expanded and encountered non-white colonial subjects. This dissertation makes clear the ways in which southerners, often considered on the periphery of change, responded to dislocating events by rooting their responses in the local. The specific economic, social, racial, and political realities of the South all shaped southerners reactions to and articulations of modernity and empire. By narrowing the question of southern modernity to a specific time and space this dissertation redefines a key moment in southern and American history, showing how responses to the dislocating effects of modernity were grounded in the specific temporal and spatial contexts of the South and were exported as American empire.	PhD	industr, cities	9, 11
Carey, Graham Hamilton	Sargent, Edward H	A Surface Chemistry Approach to Enhancing Colloidal Quantum Dot Solids for Photovoltaics	Electrical and Computer Engineering	2015-11	Colloidal quantum dot (CQD) photovoltaic devices have improved rapidly over the past decade of research. By taking advantage of the quantum confinement effect, solar cells constructed using films of infrared-bandgap nanoparticles are able to capture previously untapped ranges of the solar energy spectrum. Additionally, films are fabricated using simple, cheap, reproducible solution processing techniques, enabling the creation of low-cost, flexible photovoltaic devices. A key factor limiting the creation of high efficiency CQD solar cells is the short charge carrier diffusion length in films. Driven by a combination of limited carrier mobility, poor nanoparticle surface passivation, and the presence of unexamined electrically active impurities throughout the film, the poor diffusion length limits the active layer thickness in CQD solar cells, leading to lower-than-desired light absorption, and curtailing the photocurrent generated by such devices. This thesis seeks to address poor diffusion length by addressing each of the limiting factors in turn. Electrical transport in quantum dot solids is examined in the context of improved quantum dot packing; methods are developed to improve packing by using actively densifying components, or by dramatically lowering the volume change required between quantum dots in solution and in solid state. Quantum dot surface passivation is improved by introducing a crucial secondary, small halide ligand source, and by surveying the impact of the processing environment on the final quality of the quantum dot surface. A heretofore unidentified impurity present in quantum dot solids is identified, characterized, and chemically eliminated. Finally, lessons learned through these experiments are combined into a single, novel materials system, leading to quantum dot devices with a significantly improved diffusion length (enhanced from 70 to 230 nm). This enabled thick, high current density (30 mA cm-2, compared to typical values in the 20-25 mA cm-2 range) devices, and the highest reported solar power conversion efficiency to date.	Ph.D.	solar	7
Carolyn, Hatch	Meric, Gertler	Competitiveness by Design: An Institutionalist Perspective on the Resurgence of a 'Mature' Industry in a High Wage Economy	Planning	2013-06	This thesis examines the learning dynamics underpinning the resurgence of Canada's office furniture manufacturing sector, which underwent dramatic growth following its near collapse in the wake of the North American trade liberalization beginning in the late 1980s. It investigates the role that design and quality have played in prompting a move up-market and enhancing the sector's competitiveness. It also focuses on other leaning processes that drive economic growth, looking at attempts to transfer workplace practices from Continental Europe to Canada, as well as the institutional obstacles that shape and constrain these processes. Finally, it examines how furniture firms learn from their customers, and the key role played by market intermediaries such as sales agents, dealers, interior designers, and architects in linking producers with consumers as well as influencing the final furniture product. The learned behaviour hypothesis that is central to this thesis suggests that globally competitive firms operating in a Canadian institutional context prosper by learning how to produce (i.e. industrial practices and processes) and what to produce (i.e. design-intensive, high quality products) from the above sources that are both internal and external to the manufacturing firm. The scope of research considers the social and organizational practices through which manufacturing knowledge is integrated into innovation processes, as well as their dynamics, spatiality and temporality, the institutional forces that shape the skills, training, tenure and design dimensions of a high performance workplace, and the mechanisms and conditions that mediate the transfer of manufacturing knowledge at a distance. The empirical analysis entails a mixed-methods approach including a survey questionnaire and in-depth interviews with industry experts. The analysis contributes to core debates in economic geography and the social sciences concerning the role of proximity and distance in innovative production, and the structure / agency debate. In summary, it finds that economic growth in the office furniture sector in Canada is dependent upon not only local knowledge networks and flows but also global sources of innovation and competitive advantage. It also advances an agency-centered institutionalist economic geography by showing that institutions interact in complex ways with the decision-making of economic actors to shape local labour dynamics and the behaviour of firms.	PhD	economic growth, labour, innovation, industr, trade, production	8, 9, 12
Carpenter, Sara Catherine	Mojab, Shahrzad	Theorizing Praxis in Citizenship Learning: Civic Engagement and the Democratic Management of Inequality in AmeriCorps	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2011-11	Over the last twenty years, the academic work on citizenship education and democracy promotion has grown exponentially. This research investigates the United States federal government’s cultivation of a ‘politics of citizenship’ through the Corporation for National and Community Service and the AmeriCorps program. Drawing on Marxist-feminist theory and institutional ethnography, this research examines the ways in which democratic learning is organized within the AmeriCorps program through the category of ‘civic engagement’ and under the auspices of federal regulations that coordinate the practice of AmeriCorps programs trans-locally. The findings from this research demonstrate that the federal regulations of the AmeriCorps program mandate a practice and create an environment in which ‘politics,’ understood broadly as having both partisan and non-partisan dimensions, are actively avoided in formalized learning activities within the program. The effect of these regulations is to create an ideological environment in which learning is separated from experience and social problems are disconnected from the political and material relations in which they are constituted. Further, the AmeriCorps program cultivates an institutional discourse in which good citizenship is equated with participation at the local scale, which pivots on a notion of community service that is actively disengaged from the State. Through its reliance on these forms of democratic consciousness, the AmeriCorps program engages in reproductive praxis, ultimately reproducing already existing inequalities within U.S. society. The primary elements of this reproductive praxis have been identified as ‘a local fetish’ and the ‘democratic management of inequality.’ The local fetish refers to the solidification of the local as the preferential terrain of democratic engagement and is characterized by an emphasis on face-to-face moral relationships, local community building, and small-scale politics. The democratic management of inequality refers to the development of discursive practices and the organization of volunteer labor in the service of poverty amelioration, which is in turn labeled ‘good citizenship.’ This research directs our attention to a more complicated notion of praxis and its relationship to the reproduction of social relations. Also, this research brings into focus the problem of the conceptualization of civil society and its relationship to democracy and capitalism.	PhD	poverty, equality, inequality, production, institution
Carr, Rebecca	Flood, Colleen M	How Effective is the Right to Health at Improving Equity in the Levels of Access to Childhood Immunisations?	Law	2014-11	This thesis explores various inequities in children's levels of access to vaccinations and considers how the normative aims of the international human right to health are being implemented in order to address them. It is argued that the right to health is a transformative right that places obligations upon states to achieve health equity. In light of this objective, this thesis investigates ways in which the right to health, in reality, is serving to influence levels of access to childhood vaccinations - a health equity enhancing intervention - and the rights impact upon equity is assessed throughout. It concludes that applications of the right to health are effective at procuring the equitable levels of access to childhood vaccinations that, in theory; its framework has been designed to effect. Remaining inequities in levels of access to childhood vaccinations might be more effectively addressed, if further rights-oriented approaches to the issues are adopted.	LL.M.	health, equitable, rights	3, 5, 16
Carrier, Nathalie	Gaskell, Jane	What Catches On? The Role of Evidence in the Promotion and Evaluation of Educational Innovations	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2015-03	The debate about and support for innovation in education has heated up. There is hype around the possibilities novel and disruptive innovations can have on changing education practice and providing more effective learning solutions. The advent of the Internet and social media technologies allows for an abundance of innovation to be promoted and shared with and between educators, and the increasing use of technologies like iPads in the classroom results in the advertisement of innumerous new education applications. For the educator, there is the difficult challenge of knowing how to sift through this material and separate those innovations that may hold value for their classroom situation from those that have gained wide appeal. In this thesis I take an interest in how certain education innovations catch on and are adopted on a large scale, and how the marketing of these innovations in various kinds of media as well as the ways they are evaluated by teachers, contribute to this process. I separate my findings into two articles and use a set of six qualities generated from the research use and social psychology literatures as a guide (evidence, compatibility, accessibility, practicality, credibility, appeal), focusing on evidence in relation to the other five qualities. In the article on media promotion, I find the kinds of evidence used rarely came from formal research studies, but from anecdotal forms of evidence and general statistics related to use of the innovation. In the article on teacher evaluation, I find the teachers were open to trying out innovations, but had different strategies for evaluating and selecting them. Evidence was often discussed as a low priority criterion on which to base judgments. Overall, the results of this thesis show how difficult it can be to make a quick and informed judgment about these innovations where the teachers lacked tools to evaluate them consistently and effectively and where a wide range of strategies were used in their promotion. This suggests an important need that is largely not addressed in teacher training programs and professional development around providing teachers with guidance and training in their search, selection and evaluation processes.	Ph.D.	educat, innovation	4, 9
Carriere, Jessica Erin	Hulchanski, David J.||Zuberi, Daniel	Neighbourhood Policymaking and Political Discourses of Exclusion, Risk and Effect: An Interpretive Policy Analysis of the Evolution of Place-Based Programs in the UK and Canada	Social Work	2017-06	The impact of various forms of neighbourhood change on the social fabric of metropolitan areas is a major concern throughout affluent Western nations. In addressing spatially-concentrated problems, urban policy-making and development patterns have become increasingly similar across the advanced capitalist countries. There is a transnational movement among policy-makers toward the application of geographically targeted, neighbourhood-based interventions referred to as area-based, or place-based policies. In cities across Western Europe, Australia, the United States, and Canada, we see the emergence of a new policy language: new policy frames, or storylines, which function to discursively construct the individuals and communities that reside in technocratically-defined ‘disadvantaged’, ‘priority’ or ‘at-risk’ neighbourhoods. Asking the question ‘why do certain ideas catch on in public policy’, this dissertation utilizes interpretive policy analysis (IPA) to understand how policy actors go about adopting transnational policy language, ideas and concepts – and how they enact them in their local contexts. This dissertation is focused on place-based policies and programs in the United Kingdom (UK) and Canada. Divided into three stand-alone papers, the dissertation explores three different but conceptually analogous topics. In doing so, it outlines the geographical and ideological origins of a place-based approach to local governance, and the means through which it has been established in local systems of governance. In the absence of scholarly research on ‘how, why, where and with what effects’ place-based policies have been circulated, learned, reformulated, and mobilized, this dissertation seeks to develop an understanding of the adaptations in the modalities and rhetoric of political actors, institutions and policy regimes which have accompanied the enactment of place-based policies at various scales of governance. IPA links ‘high’ politics (i.e., elite political institutions and multinational organizations) with ‘low’ politics (i.e., local and community-level governance). It orders and relates discursive elements (subjects, objects, tropes, narratives) to processes of meaning-making, representation and action. The IPA approach is used here to help account for the assemblage of policies, political discourses and regulatory tools that have produced new, place-based logics of 'social exclusion', 'risk' and 'neighbourhood effects' that are now widely understood as universal aspects of cities.	Ph.D.	governance, urban, cities	11, 16
Carroll, Shawna M.	Sykes, Heather	Negotiating Subjectivities Through Literature: Anticolonial Counternarrative Fiction Book Clubs and Their Possibilities	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2019-06	“Tired of reading straight, racist, colonial fiction?... Want to read meaningful anti-colonial fiction that disrupts racism on Turtle Island?” This is the call I put out to engage participants in this anticolonial book club research project. Reading two books together, I asked: How do five racialized women and one Indigenous woman negotiate their subjectivities during processes of reading anticolonial fiction? This research question was the aim of the project, but the anticolonial political commitments are at the foundation of the anticolonial feminist literacy theoretical framework and feminist Deleuzian methodology used. As a queer, white, settler researcher and educator, I created the project with a desire-based lens, in order to focus on the subversion, persistence, and thriving in the feminist anticolonial space. I recruited the six women with two main goals: examine how reading anticolonial fiction can help facilitate the negotiation of subjectivities and examine how reading fiction that is not white settler colonial in nature can create generative spaces for people to thrive. Using the feminist Deleuzian methodological framework through the anticolonial feminist literacy theoretical lens allowed me to focus on the hot spots of the data that arose in the book club conversations, one-on-one meetings, and reading journals. Focusing on these hot spots, or what ‘glowed,’ I explain how reading and language are embodied processes and allowed one participant to continue becoming bilingual-immigrant-racialized-woman in ways that resist molar/static understandings of her subject positions and a more liveable life. Focusing on a second hot spot, I explain how reading anticolonial counternarrative fiction enabled a space for deep self-reflection which helped the participants build trust in their subject positions and experiences of marginalization, which allowed them to create a new consciousness outside of white settler colonial discourses. In the last data chapter, I explain how this anticolonial book club created an anticolonial community of care to walk alongside Indigenous resurgence initiatives through feminist solidarity and horizontal comradeship. Walking alongside Indigenous resurgence is always contextual, but this research project shows one way in which this is possible in a non-reactionary, productive way.	Ph.D.	women, queer, inclusive	5
Carsley, Sarah Elizabeth	Parkin, Patricia C||Birken, Catherine S	Using Electronic Medical Records to Examine Childhood Obesity Outcomes in Community-Based Primary Care	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2018-06	Childhood obesity has become a global public health priority. Obesity leads to increased risk of several co-morbid health conditions such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and mental health problems. Growth monitoring is the long-standing child health practice to identify children who fall outside healthy growth parameters. It has been proposed as a key activity for prevention of obesity in children. Growth data is now predominantly stored in primary care electronic medical records (EMRs). However concerns about data quality have limited its use for public health and research. Five inter-related studies were conducted to better understand the feasibility of using routinely collected anthropometric data from primary care EMRs for childhood obesity surveillance and outcomes. In our survey on current growth monitoring practices, only 21% of primary care providers reported using a length board to measure length in infants less than two years of age. Growth measurements were reported to be performed most often during scheduled well-baby/child visits, but rarely during sick visits. Encouragingly, intra- and inter-observer reliability of height/length, and weight was found to be acceptable when using appropriate equipment and measurement methods. Body mass index z-score data in EMRs was found to be 90% complete and 97% accurate. The main inaccuracies were due to recording measurements with inconsistent units and data entry errors. Using reliable data from EMRs, it was found that preschool-aged children (2 to	Ph.D.	health	3
Carson, Andrea	Webster, Fiona	Ambiguous Endings: A Feminist Sociological Approach to Women’s Stories of Discontinuing Medical Fertility Treatment in Canada	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2019-11	This dissertation problematizes the dominant cultural view that assisted reproductive technologies (ART), such as in vitro fertilization and intrauterine insemination, are highly successful medical treatments that produce ‘miracle babies’. I preface this study by outlining the landscape of fertility clinics and ART legislation in Canada, emphasizing the murkiness of Canada’s data on ART use and efficacy. I then use a post-structural feminist theoretical lens to focus on women’s experiences of discontinuing medical fertility treatment in Canada. I interviewed 22 women who received various forms of fertility treatment in Canada and who were at various stages in relation to treatment (e.g. on a temporary break from treatment, left treatment indefinitely, had yet to decide whether to initiate treatment after a diagnosis). Using a sociological form of narrative analysis, I analyzed these stories and co-constructed eight narrative themes. Through these eight narrative themes, I demonstrate two things: first, that there are multifaceted ways in which women engage these technologies and ultimately leave, and secondly, that there are implicit gendered power relations at work within the fertility clinic that may make it more difficult for women to leave treatment when it is financially, emotionally, and physically beneficial for them to do so. I highlight the stories of these women and their differing life circumstances, including women across a broad age range (approximately 25 to 50 years of age), two women in self-identified queer relationships, and women with varying degrees of financial security, to elucidate the ambiguous character of ending treatment-- an experience that is often marginalized in the public-facing view of fertility treatment as a highly positive scientific innovation. Out of my interpretations I make eight recommendations for health providers, stakeholders and policymakers to improve fertility care in Canada and to make the experience of medical fertility treatment less physically, emotionally and financially distressing for users.	Ph.D.	health, gender, women, queer, innovation	3, 5, 2009
Carson, Lindsey D.	Trebilcock, Michael J.	Laws of Unintended Consequences: The Impacts of Anti-Foreign Bribery Laws on Developing Countries	Law	2015-03	Over the past quarter-century, the international community has grown increasingly aware of the deleterious impacts of corruption on economic growth, governance institutions, political stability, social freedoms and opportunities, and overall equality and efficiency within and across countries, with the effects most pronounced in the developing world. Corruption's ascent as a priority on the international development agenda has led to the emergence of a global anti-corruption regime engaging governments, civil society, business, and international organizations. Among the most prominent of these multilateral anti-corruption efforts has been the agreement among most of the world's leading economic powers to create legally binding standards that criminalize the bribery of foreign public officials. However, the existing literature examining the impacts of these anti-foreign bribery (AFB) laws has focused nearly exclusively on the statutes' effects on the competitiveness, costs, and investment decisions of regulated firms and individuals, with little investigation of the consequences of the multilateral AFB regime for the countries ostensibly harmed most by corruption - those in the developing world. This dissertation fills that gap in current law and development scholarship, using theoretical, anecdotal, and empirical evidence to identify how AFB laws change the incentives of foreign investors as well as government officials and to analyze how those shifts may ultimately affect the levels, sources, sectors, and types of foreign investment flowing into developing countries. It further considers the consequences of AFB laws for governance institutions and the magnitude and forms of corruption within less-developed countries. Examining critically the range of potential effects, it concludes that, under certain conditions in certain environments, laws prohibiting foreign bribery may undermine the developmental conditions in and prospects for poorer countries.	S.J.D.	governance, institution, enviornment, economic growth, equality	5, 8, 16
Carter-Chand, Rebecca Ann	Bergen, Doris L.	Doing Good in Bad Times: The Salvation Army in Germany, 1886-1946	History	2016-06	The Salvation Army came into being in an era of empire and it came of age in the heyday of internationalism. Its particular form of internationalism has proved remarkably adaptable to the massive political and social changes that have taken place since the mid-nineteenth century. This dissertation examines the Heilsarmee (the German branch of the Salvation Army) during the tumultuous decades between 1886 and 1946 and the tensions between the organization’s international and the national identities. The dissertation places the Heilsarmee in three main historical contexts: the history of religion in Germany—arguing that the Heilsarmee’s presence points to a religious vibrancy that is often underestimated; the history of internationalism—demonstrating the direct connections between imperialism, Christianity, and internationalism; and debates about German civil society during the Nazi period—revealing the malleable nature of the Volksgemeinschaft (people’s community). After the first Salvationists arrived in Germany in 1886, the Heilsarmee went through a process of transplantation, carving out a place for itself in Germany after turning its focus to social work. During World War I, its transnational entanglements challenged the organization’s internationalist identity and made practical matters difficult as the Heilsarmee ceased communication with the headquarters in London. Ultimately the structure proved resilient and the organization’s postwar relief work in Germany boosted its public profile. The Heilsarmee came to be seen as the embodiment of goodness in Germany, as is observed in the many representations of the Salvation Army in Weimar-era cultural production. In the 1920s and 1930s the Heilsarmee became increasingly nationalist and politically conservative. It supported the rise of the Nazi Party, sharing many of the same social values. After 1933, while struggling to maintain some measure of autonomy, it became a participating body in the NSV (National Socialist People’s Welfare Organization). Although the government restricted its activities, the Heilsarmee was active throughout World War II. As it had in 1914, the Heilsarmee cut off ties with its parent organization in 1939, reuniting when the war ended. In the postwar period the Heilsarmee sought to rehabilitate itself by emphasizing its links to the international Salvation Army.	Ph.D.	institution	16
Carter, Kimberly	Nedelsky, Jennifer	Engendering Security: Lessons from Post-conflict Central America	Political Science	2013-11	Analyzing post-conflict contexts from a feminist perspective sheds light on an important, yet overlooked, fact in peacebuilding research: While human rights are officially recognized and codified by state and international institutions, the actual possibility of enjoying these rights often depends on whether they are respected or violated in private, often intimate, gendered relations. I therefore ask: How might peacebuilding efforts bridge the gap between the promise and practice of women’s rights and basic security in post-conflict contexts? In response, I argue that peacebuilding efforts must foster a feminist vision of positive peace that requires not only the absence of war, but also the elimination of unjust social relations. So long as gendered violence is largely excluded from mainstream peacebuilding theories and practices, a robust human rights regime will remain elusive - even in contexts that are otherwise regarded as peacebuilding "success stories". In theory, the protection and promotion of human rights as part of peacebuilding is not very controversial. The challenge, as I illustrate, is in finding ways to make these rights a meaningful reality (i.e. a behavioural practice) in the lives of a post-conflict population. Based on 92 interviews and extensive participant-observation research in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua, I demonstrate how grassroots projects are well-positioned to: a) address the private relations in which gendered violence often occurs, and b) change the attitudes, beliefs and behaviours that sustain the gendered power relations and gendered roles subordinating women. I focus on three projects developed by Central American citizens to strengthen women’s rights and basic security: Women’s Police Stations, Nuevos Horizontes (New Horizons) a shelter for survivors of intimate partner violence, and the innovative telenovela or "social soap" Sexto Sentido (Sixth Sense). My findings show how these projects both empower women through a combination of resources, agency and achievements, and challenge traditional gendered roles and identities common in the region, such as machismo, that normalize violence against women. By challenging patriarchal power distributions and gendered identities/roles from the "bottom-up," my research offers baseline examples of how grassroots initiatives can improve women's security, consequently strengthening the rights-based culture necessary for positive peace.	PhD	gender, women, institution, peace, rights	5, 16
Carvalho, Gustavo	Bernstein, Steven	International Structure, Cooperation, and Sovereign Debt Crises: The Brazilian Debt Restructurings of 1898, 1931, and 1983	Political Science	2016-06	In this dissertation, I offer three main contributions to the literature on sovereign debt. First, I make the case for a structurally-oriented perspective on debt crises. The social institutions that comprise the finance and production structures of the international economy act as conduits for the transmission of crises from developed countries to the periphery of the system, as they increase the relative scarcity of capital through mechanisms such as capital and trade flows. I argue that defaults and moratoria are thus better understood as reactions to the relative scarcity of capital at the international level and not as opportunistic strategies adopted by utility-maximizing politicians who want to avoid the costs associated with repayment. Second, I reevaluate the relationship between debtors and creditors and how they cooperate. I argue that they cooperate by means of positive-sum debt restructuring processes whose results fall within a continuum between full repayment and full repudiation. In other words, cooperation is based on a compromise and not on the enforcement of the original terms of debt contracts by creditor countries or the creditors themselves. Finally, I offer a deeper and more nuanced analysis of the role that the structural power of creditors and creditor countries play in the sovereign debt market, and I argue that they shape the social arrangements that regulate their relationship with debtor countries. I support my claims with qualitative historical studies of three past cases of Brazilian moratoria and debt renegotiations - the Funding Loans of 1898 and 1931, and the Financing Program for 1983.	Ph.D.	trade, production, institution	10, 12, 16
Carvalho, Ibrahim Oliveira Lopes de	Prado, Mariana M	An Assessment of FDI in Angola: Signalling Readiness to Attract Investment	Law	2019-11	The financial system can be of extreme importance to improve capital accumulation and promote economic growth. This study, provides an assessment of the role of the financial system, specifically the banking sector, to attract FDI in Angola. Furthermore, it is also assessing how attracting FDI into the financial system can lead to the attraction of FDI into other sectors.	LL.M.	economic growth	8
Cascante, Helena Isabel	Davidson, Robert A.	On Globalization and Civil Society: Mediating Spatial Practice in Twenty-first-century Latin America	Spanish	2011-06	“On Globalization and Civil Society: Mediating Spatial Practice in Twenty-first-century Latin America” explores the tensions between globalization and civil society from a multi-geographical and multidisciplinary angle. The dissertation is informed by theories of space, power, identity, citizenship, and postmodernity, as well as mediatic and socio-political analyses of conditions that have consistently challenged democracy and the formation of a just civil society specifically in the Colombian and Mexican contexts but throughout Latin America as well. I argue that national institutions fundamental to the formation of knowledge and the construction of identity--namely national citizenship, geopolitical and symbolic borders, and the national media--impose undue limits and power on globally affected individuals. After acknowledging and analyzing the dehumanizing way in which these national institutions limit individual freedoms and participation within local and global public spheres, I take a more hopeful stance as I explore humanizing instances that transcend victimization through the imagination and creation of alternative social orders that destabilize traditional apparatuses of authority through agency-enhancing initiatives. Through close readings of contemporary Colombian and Mexican narrative by Héctor Abad Faciolince, Jorge Franco, Heriberto Yépez, and Luis Humberto Crosthwaite, and a case study of Un Pasquín, Vladimir Flórez’s independent alternative Bogotá media project, I call for a new understanding of the possibilities of the twenty-first-century public sphere in Latin America. I contend that by subverting dominant paradigms of power, these alternative spheres provide a new model from which to think and advance a just global order. In short, I argue that, despite globalization’s mostly deleterious consequences for the world’s most at risk local populations, the formation of a more humanizing spatial and mediatic practice that fosters alternative public spheres responsive to the human need for individual agency and subjectivity, though seemingly unattainable, is in fact possible.	PhD	institution	16
Cashman, Rafael Mark	Portelli, John	Conflict and Creativity in Jewish Modern Orthodox Girls’ Education: Navigating Tradition and Modernity	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2015-11	This study investigates Jewish Modern Orthodox girls’ dissonant, creative and adaptive responses to their religious and gender identities as they negotiate the tensions between authority and autonomy in an all-girls’ high school. It considers how the school, as a socializing agent, plays a role in this development. This study is framed by a post-structural research agenda that explores the complexity of religious practices in modernity, and a feminist post-structural body of research around alternative girlhoods in modernity. This ethnographic study contends with the notion that the presence of autonomy and other modern values such as egalitarianism, are a necessary challenge to the girls’ capacity to accept religious and patriarchal authority in a self-affirming way. Instead, it found that girls accept or creatively adapt to, and rarely dissent from, aspects of religion’s authority, while still maintaining their expectation of autonomy and egalitarianism. They achieved this state through a complex and creative re-structuring of normative religious categories in their religious lives, rather than through a bifurcation of the competing discourses, as had been posited in previous research. Existing gender norms in Modern Orthodox society reinforced the girls’ lack of dissonance. Even where girls bifurcated between their religious and social lives in order to maintain each, aspects of creativity emerged. For example, in their non-ritual lives inequality was an anathema, but they were not bothered by ritual inequity. They accepted and even supported their exclusion from certain rituals because they felt it afforded them more, not less autonomy, by freeing them from unwanted religious responsibilities. In this way, they used existing patriarchal structures to achieve what they understood as a personal advantage. Several themes emerged from this study. First, modern religious practitioners who live within divergent discourses re-form and re-create traditional categories in order to live holistic modern-religious lives within the inherited structures of traditional religion. Second, gender plays a role both in supporting existing norms, but also afford opportunities to challenging them. Third, despite the strong presence of autonomy amongst the girls, dissonance toward religious authority was surprisingly low.	Ph.D.	gender, equality, inequality	5, 10
Casimirri, Giuliana	Kant, Shashi	Outcomes and Prospects for Collaboration in Two Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Forest Management Negotiations in Ontario	Forestry	2013-11	Successful intercultural natural resource management collaboration is challenged by divergent worldviews and power disparities. Studies of non-intercultural collaboration efforts demonstrate that good outcomes emerge when procedural conditions are met, such as fostering open and high-quality deliberations, use of interest-based bargaining techniques and collective definition of the scope of the process. The applicability of these procedural conditions to intercultural collaboration efforts, such as negotiations between Aboriginal people, government resource managers and sustainable forest license holders, has not been explored. The aim of this thesis is to examine the outcomes and factors influencing two intercultural collaborations in the northeast region of Ontario. Semi-structured interviews with collaboration participants, negotiation meeting minutes and draft agreements are used as data sources. Following a general inductive coding approach and using QSR NVivo 2, the analysis of outcomes in both cases highlights improvements in relationships, increased understanding among the parties and the gradual definition of the scope of the negotiation. The findings also demonstrate that several barriers, including a lack of clear policy and legislative framework for collaboration and different definitions of the problem discourage intercultural collaboration. In one negotiation process, frequent and high quality deliberations, using an interest-based negotiation approach, and efforts to mutually define the scope of the negotiation prior to substantive negotiation do not overcome these systemic barriers to collaboration. However, in another negotiation process, the social and relational characteristics of the community and participants do contribute to the parties recognizing their interdependence, focusing on shared goals and undertaking joint action. This research demonstrates that the development of shared goals and acknowledgement of divergent problem definitions are more important to intercultural collaboration success than the development of improved relationships and establishing a mutually acceptable scope prior to collaboration. In the absence of a supportive legislative basis for the distribution of forest decision-making authority and responsibilities, this understanding of how Aboriginal, government and forest industry participants can collaborate is useful for developing more effective and equitable intercultural collaboration.	PhD	equitable, industr, forest	4, 9, 15
Castillo, Yessica Rico Mancebo del	Wagner, Helene H.	Effects of Rotational Shepherding on Plant Dispersal and Gene Flow in Fragmented Calcareous Grasslands	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2012-11	Understanding dispersal and gene flow in human-modified landscapes is crucial for effective conservation. Seed dispersal governs colonization, recruitment, and distribution of plant species, whereas both pollen and seed dispersal determine gene flow among populations. This PhD thesis tests the effect of rotational shepherding on seed dispersal and gene flow in fragmented calcareous grasslands. Calcareous grasslands (Gentiano-Koelerietum pyramidatae vegetation) in Central Europe are semi-natural communities traditionally used for rotational grazing that experienced a decline of plant species during the 20th century due to abandonment of shepherding. This PhD profits from a management project started in 1989 in Bavaria, Germany to reconnect previously abandoned calcareous grasslands in three non-overlapping shepherding systems. Two vegetation surveys in 1989 and 2009 revealed colonizations in previously abandoned grasslands reconnected by shepherding. First, I propose a comprehensive approach to identify determinants of community-level patch colonization rates based on 48 habitat specialist plants by testing competing models of pre-dispersal and dispersal effects and accounting for post-dispersal effects. Mean source patch species occupancy in 1989, and structural elements in focal patches related to establishment explained community-level patch colonization rates. Secondly, by adapting the community analysis to all 31 individual species of the same community with sufficient data, I corroborate the role of shepherding to support dispersal for a range of species, even if they lack seed morphological traits related to zoochory. Thirdly, for the habitat specialist Dianthus carthusianorum, I genotyped 1,613 individuals from 64 populations at eleven microsatellites to test the effect of dispersal by sheep on spatial genetic structure at the landscape scale. Genetic distances between grazed patches of the same herding system were related to distance along herding routes, whereas ungrazed patches showed isolation by geographic distance. Lastly, within individual grassland patches, shepherding significantly decreases the degree of relatedness among neighboring individuals (kinship structure) and increases genetic diversity. My thesis contributes towards understanding the effects of zoochory on spatial dynamics in plant populations across scales.	PhD	conserv	15
Catalini, Christian	Ajay, Agrawal	Three Essays on the Impact of Geographic and Social Proximity on Innovation	Management	2013-11	The ability of an economy to generate and diffuse ideas has a profound influence on its ability to sustain growth. Our understanding of a key economic phenomenon behind agglomeration and modern growth - localization economies - relies on basic assumptions about how knowledge is recombined locally versus over distance. Whereas scholars have extensively studied the effects of proximity on the diffusion of ideas, the micro-foundations of knowledge recombination remain undeveloped. In particular, we know surprisingly little about how geographic, social and knowledge proximity shape the way ideas are generated, recombined, and discovered by others. In the first study, I provide novel empirical evidence grounded in an original theoretical framework to explain how the composition of near-neighbor scientists influences the direction of inventive activity. Co-located individuals are more likely to engage in low expected value but high variance payoffs interactions ("water cooler"). To address endogeneity concerns due to selection into co-location and matching, I exploit an unexpected random relocation of scientists due to asbestos removal at UPMC Paris. Results are consistent with the theory and shed light on how proximity affects innovation: random versus chosen co-location leads to higher levels of experimentation, and has a positive impact on breakthrough ideas for collaborations across academic fields. In the second study I explore the decline in collaboration that follows the separation of previously co-located co-authors. Not all co-author pairs are equally affected by an increase in geographic distance, as social proximity substitutes for it when the returns to collaboration are high. Collaborations that bridge otherwise disconnected communities of experts are the most negatively affected by separation. Finally, the third study examines how social and geographic proximity affect the discovery and funding of creative projects in online crowdfunding. Whereas the internet reduces many distance-related frictions, local and distant investors exhibit different investment patterns. The distance effect is explained by investors who likely have a social relationship with the entrepreneur, and does not persist after the first investment (i.e., it is likely driven by search costs). Thus, crowdfunding seems to eliminate many distance-related frictions, but not those related to social interactions.	PhD	innovation	9
Catungal, John Paul	Leslie, Deborah ||Farish, Matthew	For us, by us: political geographies of race, sexuality and health in the work of ethno-specific AIDS service organizations in global-multicultural Toronto	Geography	2014-06	This dissertation traces the role of racialization in the production of spaces of sexual health organizing and social service provision. Drawing on insights from geographies of sexualities and the literatures on critical race theory, it examines how spaces of care that emerged from local responses to HIV/AIDS in 1980s Toronto (e.g., AIDS service organizations or ASOs) became sites for the normalization of whiteness and the exclusion of people of colour. It also documents the ways that activists of colour disidentify with mainstream ASOs by naming the exclusions – and deadly effects – engendered by white normalization and by adopting “for us, by us” approaches to sexual health that symbolically and literally made specific spaces for people of colour. Central to these acts of disidentification, I argue, are geographical discourses and practices, which include place-making tactics that mark certain spaces as “ethno-specific” and the identification and targeting of particular sites (e.g., event-spaces, clubs, neighbourhoods) for sexual health outreach to communities of colour. This dissertation is based on case studies of three ethno-specific ASOs in Toronto: the Black Coalition for AIDS Prevention, the Asian Community AIDS Services, and the Alliance for South Asian AIDS Prevention. Interviews with current and former workers (board members, volunteers and paid staff) form the main archive – along with supplementary archival and media analysis and participant observations – for the analysis that follows. A consideration of the geographies of e-ASOs’ work highlights the political salience of race for sexual and health politics, and provides a forum for bringing geographies of sexualities into conversation with queer of colour analysis. It thus contributes to the theoretical and political project of anti-racist geographies of sexualities not only by naming the exclusions that people of colour face in sexual political spaces, but also by focusing on their tactics of survival, resilience and resistance.	PhD	health, gender, queer, worker	3, 5, 2008
Cauchi, Laura	Magnusson, Jamie Lynn	The Drive to Innovation: The Privileging of Science and Technology Knowledge Production in Canada	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2012-11	This dissertation project explored the privileging of knowledge production in science and technology as a Canadian national economic, political and social strategy. The project incorporated the relationship between nation-state knowledge production and how that knowledge is then systematically evaluated, prioritized and validated by systems of health technology assessment (HTA). The entry point into the analysis and this dissertation project was the Scientific Research and Experimental Design (SR&ED) federal tax incentive program as the cornerstone of science and technology knowledge production in Canada. The method of inquiry and analysis examined the submission documents submitted by key stakeholders across the country, representing public, private and academic standpoints, during the public consultation process conducted from 2007 to 2008 and how each of these standpoints is hooked into the public policy interests and institutional structures that produce knowledge in science and technology. Key public meetings, including the public information sessions facilitated by the Canada Revenue Agency and private industry conferences, provided context and guidance regarding the current pervasive public and policy interests that direct and drive the policy debates. Finally, the “Innovation Canada: A Call to Action Review of Federal Support to Research and Development: Expert Panel Report,” commonly referred to as “The Jenkins Report” (Jenkins et al., 2011), was critically evaluated as the expected predictor of future public policy changes associated with the SR&ED program and the future implications for the production of knowledge in science and technology. The method of inquiry and analytical lens was a materialist approach that drew on the inspiring frameworks of such scholars as Dorothy Smith, Michel Foucault, Kaushik Sunder Rajan, Melinda Cooper, and, Gilles Deleuze. Ultimately, I strove to illuminate the normalizing force and power of knowledge production in science and technology, and the disciplines and structures that encompass it and are hooked into it where the privileging of such knowledge becomes hegemonic within and by the regimes of knowledge production that created them.	PhD	institution, production, industr, innovation	9, 12, 16
Cerny, Judy Marie	Neysmith, Sheila	Low-income Mothers, Provisioning, and Childcare Policy: A Vision of Shared Caring	Social Work	2009-11	This research examines how childcare policy in Ontario, Canada assists and constrains low-income urban women’s strategies of provisioning for their children. Childcare policy refers to the range of programs that assist families in reconciling paid work and parenthood. In Ontario, Canada, these programs include childcare fee subsidies, tax deductions, parental leave policies, child benefits/allowances and a program regulating live-in caregivers. Provisioning is used to capture an array of daily work-related activities (e.g. paid, unpaid and caring labour) that mothers perform to ensure their children’s survival and well-being. The qualitative study, based on individual semi-structured interviews with 20 low-income mothers living in an urban community, found that women carry out various activities in provisioning for their children. Some of these are familiar and visible activities such as providing domestic caring labour, engaging in the labour market, and undertaking volunteer work in the community. Others are less visible tasks such as sustaining their health and that of their children, making claims/asserting their rights, and ensuring safety. Low-income urban mothers provision under numerous constraints. A continuous shortage of money and childcare issues are at the core of these constraints. The study also found that the mothers encounter a variety of barriers in the community, such as a limited availability of social and community services and a high level of violence/criminal activity in their neighbourhoods. Issues related to poor health, an inadequate diet, or the necessity of caring for children with special needs further constrain women’s lives. Limited English language skills, racial barriers, and the struggles of adapting to a new country add to the multi-dimensional barriers facing low-income urban mothers. The research indicates that mothers use a variety of strategies to counter these barriers; however, these strategies cost women in terms of their time as well as their physical, mental and emotional energy. Childcare policy assists to a certain extent by providing some support to low-income mothers. Enhancements to the existing policies have potential benefits; however, they are like patches on a leaky bucket. Ultimately, the bucket needs to be replaced with a new way of envisioning family responsibilities, work and childcare.	PhD	rights, urban, labour, women	5, 8, 11, 16
Cervenan, Amy Martina	Leslie, Deborah	Placing the Festival: A Case Study of the Toronto International Film Festival	Geography	2017-11	Economic geographers researching the film industry have focused on the dual spatial pattern of film work that has arisen since the sector restructured in the 1970s. The new geography of film has been characterized simultaneously by concentration (i.e. major clusters) and dispersal (i.e. â runawayâ production). During this time, film festivals have proliferated in cities across the globe, yet remain largely unexplored. This presents a need to better understand major film events as important, if temporary, nodes in the cultural production system. Adopting a festival-centric approach, this case study of the Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) yields particularly rich insights on the potential value festivals create for the film industry, festival participants, and the host region. In part, this is because TIFF is connected to a global festival circuit and is embedded in a city with established local film production. My research takes up the growing interest in events, extends conceptualizations of value-creation, and considers how TIFF brings together international actors from across the film value chain. The research foregrounds the role of an active audience in valorizing an experiential cultural product, and in building the reputation of local film. This research contributes three major findings. First, it finds that TIFF acts as a temporary cluster, which creates opportunities for networking, relationship-building, and industry learning. It is also an important site for selling and promoting work, and creating pipelines to access non-local knowledge, markets and resources. Second, this research explores the expanded role for consumer influence, and finds that audience engagement with films at TIFF creates an information-rich environment, which influences business decisions, professional development, and marketing activities. Third, this research finds that TIFF contributes to place-making and culture-led urban development. These findings have implications for policy, practice and research across industry, government and academic communities.	Ph.D.	industr	9
Chahal, Nutan (Nita)	McCrindle, Brian W	Motivational Interviewing as a Lifestyle Management Strategy for Dyslipidemic Overweight and Obese Adolescents	Medical Science	2016-06	Background: Dyslipidemia, overweight and obesity (OW/OB) in the pediatric population contributes to metabolic complications and future cardiovascular disease. The prevalence varies but the problem is a global issue. Adolescence is a challenging developmental stage with many factors influencing adolescent health. Lifestyle management is the preferred treatment. Motivational interviewing is a promising counselling approach; however, evidence is limited for this population. Objectives and Methods: The substantive focus involved exploring MI for dyslipidemic adolescents. Study A was a retrospective cohort comparison aimed to assess a collaborative educational approach with MI elements for pediatric patients (n=38) newly referred to a specialized lipid clinic, versus historical patients who had received a more didactic educational approach (n=31). Study B involved theoretical research to build and graphically represent a conceptual framework for MI, including special applications to adolescents. Study C was a mixed-methods, randomized controlled trial (N=32) to evaluate the outcomes of MI counselling, comparing adolescents together with a parent versus adolescents alone. A qualitative component occurred following the quantitative data collection to explore the perceptions of participants. Findings: Despite some limitations, sufficient promise was observed in the Study A findings to move forward with a detailed plan to rigorously explore MI. Significantly improved lifestyle and anthropometry outcomes were observed favouring the collaborative education approach with MI. The theoretical work in Study B defined four key elements for a MI framework: the Person, the Problem, the Process, and the MI Counsellor. The between group results for Study C were equivocal; however, with both groups combined in a secondary analysis, there were significant improvements in nearly all outcomes. The interviews enriched an understanding of the participantsâ lives, lifestyle change, and the counselling process. Conclusion: Motivational interviewing is an effective and desired counselling strategy for adolescents with dyslipidemia and overweight/obesity. Further research with a longer period of observation is needed to determine whether achieved lifestyle improvements can be sustained in the long-term.	Ph.D.	health	3
Chakraborty, Kalyan Sekhar	Miller, Heather M.-L	Subsistence-Based Economy and the Regional Interaction Processes of the Indus Civilization Borderland in Kachchh, Gujarat: A Bio-Molecular Perspective	Anthropology	2019-11	This dissertation investigates the role of food producers in the Indus Civilization borderland in Kachchh, Gujarat, particularly during the Urban/Mature phase (2600-1900 BCE). During the Urban phase, this region was occupied by two distinct categories of settlements. The settlements from the first category were strategically situated, contained Classical Harappan type materials, and were specialized in craft production, craft-related trade and administration; these are popularly known as Classical Harappan-type settlements. The settlements from the second category, popularly known as Sorath-type settlements, were located inland, contained regional pottery and practiced agro-pastoralism. The analysis of the subsistence economy of Kotada Bhadli, a Sorath-type settlement, provides an evaluation of the nature of economic production at this settlement and the possible day-to-day interactions between this settlement and neighboring non-food craft-producing settlements. To date, our understanding of rural food production and regional everyday interaction between different specialized groups in the Indus borderland is limited, and therefore, through providing a detailed account of the subsistence-related economy at a rural settlement, this thesis aims to evaluate the nature of specialized staple production, and provide more data for the understanding the nature of staple exchange between these settlements specialized in diverse economic activities. To incorporate this everyday regional interaction in our current understanding of regional interactions during the Indus age, I summarized and arranged different arguments from various scholars into distinct models. The analysis of molecular, isotopic and micro-botanical remains suggest the involvement of Kotada Bhadli with specialized sedentary to semi-sedentary pastoralism and some form of household-level cultivation of plants, along with some importing of agricultural grains and Harappan-style craft goods from neighboring settlements. Based on these results, I propose a likely cooperative regional interaction between diverse groups and specialists such as craft producers, traders, raw material distributers and staple producers, in the presence or absence of a centralized or regional authority during the Urban phase. Such reciprocal relationship between diverse specialized groups not only supported the production of wealth but also helped to maintain status and identity, as well as dealing with critical environmental, economic and probably political conditions that may have ultimately helped sustain this civilization over many centuries.	Ph.D.	economic growth, food, industr, rural, production	1, 8, 9, 11, 12
Chakravartty, Dolon	Cole, Donald C	Attending to Differential Environmental Exposures Among Racialized Newcomer Women in Canada: Why so Difficult?	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2019-11	This thesis aims to increase understanding of differential environmental exposures and to explore how inequity in environmental health can be viewed and articulated for newcomer and racialized women in Canada. Based on a subpopulation biomonitoring study of heavy metal concentrations among South and East Asian newcomer women in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), entitled “Metals in Newcomer Women (MNW),” this thesis is comprised of three individual papers. The first paper modified selected reflective and transformational questions of an Intersectionality-Based Analysis to frame my examination of the environmental research itself. Through a personal reflexive process, I analyzed the processes by which the research was identified, constructed, developed, and funded to examine assumptions, definitions, and values that contributed to study decisions. Transformational questions provided a framework to think about the problem differently and about potential challenges in doing so. The second paper addresses how adopting elements of community-based research (CBR) in the MNW study increased relevance and reach for our communities of interest. The paper describes how CBR elements included developing meaningful partnerships with public health organizations and actively engaging peer researchers, as well as newcomer women with similar linguistic and cultural backgrounds. The latter bridged the gap with many of our participants and helped to overcome known barriers to participation. As health professionals themselves, with experience interacting in clinical settings, peer researchers provided expertise and familiarity, shared more adequate explanations of relevant topics, and helped participants overcome the reluctance to participate in a scientific study. The third paper uses mixed methods to explore the “exposure experience” of MNW study participants and to understand how individuals may process, interpret and respond to the knowledge of the presence of bodily contaminants. Grounding research in the experiences and perspectives of underrepresented populations provides a deeper and broadened understanding of non-dominant views and definitions of the environment, allowing an examination of intersecting identities and social categories and how these contribute to conceptualizing exposures. The findings of this thesis suggest that challenging dominant conceptual frameworks that underpin environmental health research, through the application of intersectional and critical race perspectives and the use of community-based approaches, can augment and enhance equity-relevant implications of environmental health for racialized newcomer women	Ph.D.	health, women, inequality	3, 5, 10
Chan, Brian Chun-Fai	Krahn, Murray D||Mittmann, Nicole	Economic Burden of Chronic Ulcers	Pharmaceutical Sciences	2017-06	Chronic ulcers (pressure ulcer, diabetic foot ulcer and leg ulcer) are an underappreciated yet growing concern to the health care system. These conditions are commonly observed in various health care settings and are associated with an increase in health care utilization and cost. The current understanding of the economic burden of chronic ulcers is limited to short term costs. The aim of this thesis is to expand the knowledge of the cost-of-illness of chronic ulcers by presenting three related studies. The first study systematically reviewed cost-of-illness studies on chronic ulcers. Included studies were heterogeneous, limiting our ability to aggregate and compare results. There was a lack of extensive, long-term studies evaluating attributable cost of chronic ulcers. Thus, the usefulness of cost-of-illness studies for chronic ulcers to policy-makers is limited. In the second study, we evaluated the lifetime cost-of-illness of chronic ulcers using Ontario administrative data. The economic impact of a concurrent pressure ulcer for individuals with a spinal cord injury was explored in the third study. This thesis highlights the substantial economic burden of chronic ulcers. The results presented are only a portion of the total financial burden associated with treating individuals with this condition. Additional efforts by health care policy decision makers, clinicians and patients in targeting preventative interventions will reduce the downstream cost of chronic ulcers freeing up limited health care resources to treat other health concerns.	Ph.D.	health	3
Chan, Elic	Fong, Eric	Mahjonging Together: Distribution, Financial Capacity, and Activities of Asian Nonprofit Organizations in Canada	Sociology	2014-06	Using a nationwide database of nonprofit organizations, this thesis examines the impact of the socio-spatial environment and resource dependency on the development of ethnic organizations among four East Asian communities (Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese) across Canadian cities. The thesis makes an original contribution to the theoretical understanding of ethnic communities by evaluating the different perspectives for understanding three related but distinct properties of ethnic organizations (1) distribution – the number of organizations in a given city; (2) financial capacity – total revenue of the organization; and (3) cross-border activities – location and type of activities pursued outside of Canada. The findings suggest that organizations develop more in response to social need rather than group resource, and that the number of organizations is greater in cities where levels of residential concentration are high. The analysis shows that group characteristics such as income and size of enclave do not predict higher revenue among nonprofits. Rather, the effect of government funding is the most consistent predictor of financial capacity across all groups. Overall, the results highlight the importance of inter-group dynamics for institutional development, with traditional predictors such as group resource playing a lesser role. In regards to their activities, the results show that organizations of recent immigrant groups do not necessarily operate programs back home as some groups have more programs in places outside their home country. Additionally, source of funding and religion play a role in determining the location of cross-border activities. These findings challenge the current perspective on transnational linkages as ethnic organizations have the power to mediate group interests away from the host-home nexus. Together, the research offers a novel empirical approach to examine how groups organize at the community level and provides an alternative perspective in the understanding of integration, social cohesion and sense of belonging in multicultural societies.	PhD	cities	11
Chan, Eugene Yue-Hin	Mitchell, Andrew A	Is There In Choice No Beauty? Motivation for Choosing Moderates Choice Overload	Management	2014-11	Some research suggests that increasing the number of options may be harmful for consumers by increasing their difficulty with choosing, which increases their likelihood of experiencing regret. However, other research suggests that increasing the number of options may also be beneficial by satisfying consumers' diverse tastes and variety-seeking needs. Thus, it isn't clear whether - or when - more choice would be harmful or beneficial for consumers. I propose that the motivation for choosing as either extrinsic or intrinsic impacts consumers' satisfaction with the chosen option differently. For extrinsic choices where consumers are choosing an option to achieve some separable consequence, more choice increases the difficulty with choosing, which decreases satisfaction. For intrinsic choices where consumers are choosing an option for its inherent rewards, more choice increases the autonomy from choosing, which increases satisfaction. Crucially, this difficulty or autonomy occurs because consumers perceive variety with more choice, even though more choice does not necessarily mean a greater objective amount of variety. I conclude by discussing how understanding the motivation for choosing has implications for researchers and marketers who study or provide choice to consumers.	Ph.D.	consum	12
Chan, Jeffrey	Morrow, Peter M	Essays in International Trade	Economics	2016-11	This thesis consists of three chapters that empirically investigate issues pertaining to international trade. Chapter 1 provides clear evidence that increased exposure to import competition from low-income countries results in lower quality matches between workers and firms, using matched employer-employee data from Italy. I measure match quality as the match (worker-firm) fixed effect from a wage regression that includes a rich set of time-varying observables, as well as worker and firm fixed effects. Import shocks reduce match quality, shifting the entire distribution of match effects leftward. This occurs because workers accept worse matches, but not because of workers in good matches leaving their jobs. Back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that, for the average firm, a one standard deviation increase in import competition decreases profitability per worker by approximately 10% through lower match quality. Chapter 2 examines whether import competition affects the gender wage gap. While specifications without worker or firm fixed effects suggest that the wage gap closes with increased import competition, I find that import competition lowers women's wages relative to men when controlling for unobserved worker and firm heterogeneity. Accounting for these sources of heterogeneity is important because: 1) women, particularly women that earn low wages, are more likely than men to change industries or leave the sample as a response to import competition, and 2) firms that employ women are relatively more likely to exit and reduce employment due to import competition. Chapter 3 provides evidence that that increased numbers of U.S. troops in a country is associated with increased exports to and imports from the U.S. I provide evidence suggesting that this effect is not driven by favourable U.S. policies that coincided with troop increases. I find that the pro-trade effect of troops is concentrated in differentiated and consumer goods industries. I also find some evidence that soldiers provide a boost to the trade of cultural goods. The results in this paper complement abundant anecdotal evidence that suggests that American military personnel bring back foreign goods and culture while also spreading American culture and goods.	Ph.D.	gender, women, employment, worker, wage, industr, trade	5, 8, 9, 10
Chan, Phoebe Tsz-Wai	Halfar, Jochen	Subarctic Crustose Coralline Algae as Recorders of Past Climatic and Environmental Change	Earth Sciences	2016-06	If unabated, the continued anthropogenic release of carbon dioxide is expected to lead to warming and acidification of ocean waters, with widespread and detrimental impacts on marine ecosystems. Proxy records stored in biomineralized shells and skeletons of long-lived paleoclimate archives are essential for understanding long-term climate variability - previously unresolvable based on spatiotemporally limited observations. In this dissertation, geochemical and physical proxies from Clathromorphum spp. crustose coralline algae (CCA) are used for interpreting past climatic and environmental changes in the subarctic North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans. Micro-computed tomography techniques are used to examine the algal skeleton, and reveal changes in skeletal density in relation to recently observed acidification off the Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Metabolic trade-offs associated with continued growth and calcification in acidifying seawaters may have resulted in the production of weaker (less-dense) skeletons since 1980. However, correlations indicate that in addition to acidification, sunlight availability and temperature stress are also important factors influencing the ability of CCA to calcify. Furthermore, barium-to-calcium (Ba/Ca) ratios are utilized as proxies for phytoplankton productivity in northern Labrador, Canada, such that: Higher (lower) algal Ba/Ca values are interpreted as decreased (increased) productivity coinciding with the expansion (melting) of sea-ice. This multi-centennial record of algal Ba/Ca indicates a long-term increase in North Atlantic productivity that is unprecedented in the last 365 years. Conversely, in mountainous coastal regions surrounding the Gulf of Alaska where high sediment loads are present in seasonal runoff, algal Ba/Ca is used as an indicator for freshwater runoff. Ba/Ca is inversely correlated to instrumental salinity, and indicates a unique period of freshening (2001 â 2006) that is related to increasing glacial melt and precipitation on mainland Alaska. The results presented here illustrate the physiological responses of coralline algae to acidification, and provides much-needed data for future projections of climate and environmental change.	Ph.D.	water, climate, environment, ocean, marine	13, 14
Chan, Vincy	Colantonio, Angela	A Population Based Perspective of Children and Youth with Acquired Brain Injury in Ontario, Canada	Rehabilitation Science	2016-06	Acquired brain injury (ABI) includes traumatic (TBI) and non-traumatic brain injury (nTBI). It is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide and can negatively affect the long-term development of children and youth living with an ABI. The objective of this thesis was to address current gaps in pediatric ABI research by (1) establishing the foundation for efforts to reach an appropriate case definition for pediatric TBI; (2) addressing the paucity of information on the health service use of children and youth with nTBI; and (3) expanding current knowledge on children and youth with a brain tumour by including data on individuals with metastatic and non-malignant brain tumours. Population based healthcare administrative data from Ontario, Canada, were used and children and youth with an ABI were identified using International Classification of Diseases Version 10 codes. Results showed that the number and rate, healthcare use, and intentional and mechanism of injury differed significantly when including/excluding 'unspecified injury to the head' diagnostic codes in the case definition for TBI, providing evidence for the importance of accurately interpreting current findings for the TBI population in reference to the case definition. Data also showed that although the rate of nTBI episodes of care was not as high as the rates reported for the TBI population, the health service use among the nTBI population was just as high as the TBI population. This suggests that the pediatric nTBI population puts an increased burden and demand on the healthcare system with currently little data to direct resources and planning. Finally, despite higher rates of malignant brain tumour episodes of care, patients with benign and unspecified brain tumours also use acute care and post-acute care services, indicating that current estimates for brain tumour and associated healthcare use are underestimates. This thesis provided a comprehensive update on children and youth with ABI from a population based perspective that has implications for policy and decision-making, health services planning, and resource allocation for ABI.	Ph.D.	health	3
Chandan, Priyanka	Bergquist, Bridget A	Evaluating the Application of Photochemical Mass-Independent Fractionation of Mercury (Hg) in Natural Systems	Earth Sciences	2018-11	Mercury (Hg) is a toxic and globally distributed contaminant that poses a serious risk to humans, wildlife, and the environment due to its ability to bioaccumulate along the food webs in aquatic ecosystems. The overarching goals for this dissertation are to: (1) evaluate the potential of mass-independent fractionation (MIF) of Hg during photochemical reactions to understand biogeochemical Hg cycling in natural systems; and (2) utilize Hg mass-dependent (MDF) and mass-independent fractionation (MIF) to characterize and trace Hg sources in the environment. In Chapter 2, Hg isotopes link environmental factors to Hg MIF preserved in freshwater lower trophic organisms to quantify MMHg photodegradation in freshwaters and understand how Hg MIF is preserved in natural systems. In Chapter 3, Hg isotopes in pelagic ocean higher trophic biota assess the relative contribution of Hg sources, transformation processes (methylation/photodemethylation), and other factors that may control the Hg isotopic signature of open-ocean fish in different regions and depths of the pelagic ocean. Chapter 4 assess Hg isotopes in atmospheric gaseous Hg(0), particulate Hg (PHg), and snow to understand Hg photochemical processes and sources in the Arctic. This dissertation demonstrates source characterization of atmospheric Hg species from multiple emission sources and better understanding of transformation processes that alter Hg source signatures, and highlights the potential of stable Hg isotopes to contribute to the increasing knowledge of Hg sources and transformation processes in the atmosphere, aqueous ecosystems and cryosphere.	Ph.D.	environment, ocean	13, 14
Chang, Christine	Ensminger, Ingo	Impacts of Short Photoperiod, Elevated Temperature, and Elevated CO2 on Cold Hardening in Eastern White Pine	Cell and Systems Biology	2017-03	Cold hardening in evergreen conifers is induced during autumn by decreasing temperature and photoperiod, and may be delayed or impaired by climate warming. This work aimed to 1) characterize the control of photoperiod versus temperature over the downregulation of photosynthesis, changes in carbohydrate metabolism and development of freezing tolerance that occur during cold hardening in Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings; and 2) assess the impact of elevated temperature and elevated CO2 on the timing and extent of cold hardening in P. strobus seedlings under controlled and field conditions. Under controlled conditions, short photoperiod rapidly induced adjustments of leaf starch and sucrose, while low temperature rapidly induced adjustments of leaf pigments, photosynthesis and accumulation of glucose. Prolonged exposure to short photoperiod and low temperature induced downregulation of photosynthesis, accumulation of cryoprotective carbohydrates, and development of freezing tolerance. A novel 16-kD dehydrin protein was induced by short photoperiod and maximally expressed with the addition of low temperature; expression of this dehydrin strongly correlated with freezing tolerance. Under controlled conditions, elevated temperature suppressed the downregulation of photosynthesis and accumulation of cryoprotective compounds; freezing tolerance was impaired, but provided sufficient protection against average historical winter temperatures at the seedlingsâ native origin. The combination of elevated temperature and elevated CO2 enhanced photosynthesis and, under long photoperiod, enhanced accumulation of starch. Elevated CO2 did not further impair development of freezing tolerance. Under field conditions, development of freezing tolerance was initiated during early autumn by decreasing photoperiod. Frost exposure in mid-late autumn induced the downregulation of photosynthesis, accumulation of soluble sugars, and strongly enhanced freezing tolerance. However, the projected temperature increase for the year 2050 did not perceptibly delay downregulation of photosynthesis or impair freezing tolerance. These findings indicate crucial roles for short photoperiod and low temperature during cold hardening. Warmer climates with elevated CO2 levels may allow P. strobus seedlings to benefit from increased carbon uptake and extend photosynthetic activity during the autumn. Elevated temperature and CO2 may impair the development of freezing tolerance, but is unlikely to increase risk of damage incurred by winter exposure for P. strobus seedlings grown in southern Ontario.	Ph.D.	climate	13
Chang, Rachel Ying-Wen	Abbatt, Jonathan P. D.	Arctic Aerosol Sources and Continental Organic Aerosol Hygroscopicity	Chemistry	2011-06	Atmospheric particles can affect climate directly, by scattering solar radiation, or indirectly, by acting as the seed upon which cloud droplets form. These clouds can then cool the earth's surface by reflecting incoming sunlight. In order to constrain the large uncertainties in predicting the ultimate effect of aerosol on climate, the sources of atmospheric particles and their subsequent ability to turn into cloud droplets needs to be better understood. This thesis addresses two parts of this issue: the sources of Arctic aerosol and the hygroscopicity of continental organic aerosol. Small particles were observed in Baffin Bay during September 2008 that coincided with high atmospheric and ocean surface dimethyl sulphide (DMS) concentrations suggesting that the aerosol formed from oceanic sources. An aerosol microphysics box model confirmed that local DMS could have produced the observed particles. In addition, the particle chemical composition was measured using aerosol mass spectrometry in the central Arctic Ocean in August 2008 and particles were found to be 43% organic and 46% sulphate. Factor analysis further apportioned the aerosol mass to marine biogenic and continental sources 33% and 36% of the time, respectively, with the source of the remaining mass unidentified. The second part of the study parameterises the hygroscopicity of the ambient organic aerosol fraction (κorg) at Egbert, Ontario and Whistler, British Columbia. This was done using two methods: 1) by assuming that the oxygenated organic component was hygroscopic and that the unoxygenated organic component was non-hygroscopic, κ of the oxygenated component was found to be 0.22 ± 0.04, and 2) by assuming that κorg varied linearly with the atomic oxygen to atomic carbon ratio, it could be parameterised as κorg = (0.29 ± 0.05) × (O/C). Calculations predict that knowing κorg is important in urban, semi-urban, and remote locations whenever the inorganic mass fraction is low.	PhD	solar, climate, ocean	7, 13, 14
Chaparro, Maria Paula	Grusec, Joan E	Overcoming the Cancer Experience: Narrative Identity in Young Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer	Psychology	2015-11	Although young adult survivors of childhood cancer (YAs) face a series of significant physical and psychosocial challenges, only a portion of these survivors will actually develop mental health difficulties. Research on narrative identity and posttraumatic growth suggests that developing a coherent life-story narrative, making meaning, and finding benefits from negative life events, can contribute to better psychosocial adjustment. The aim of the present study was twofold: understanding the mechanisms that link young adults’ cancer experience with positive psychosocial adjustment outcomes (i.e., empathy, attributional style, and coping), and investigating maternal distress-related communication and young adult attachment style as predictors of narrative identity and psychosocial adjustment. One hundred and eighteen YAs completed an adapted version of McAdams’ life-story interview (2001), which was coded for meaning making and coherence. YAs could choose to talk about cancer or non-cancer-related turning points. YAs completed online questionnaires assessing posttraumatic growth, attachment style, and three measures of psychosocial adjustment. Ninety-five mothers of YAs wrote a narrative of a past experience with their child’s cancer, and completed measures of distress-related disclosure, cancer-talk, and dispositional optimism. Results revealed that meaning making was higher for cancer-related than for non-cancer related turning points. Posttraumatic growth mediated the associations between cancer meaning making and both coping and empathy. Mothers’ cancer-talk frequency was related to YA cancer meaning making, and mothers’ distress-related disclosure was associated with YA posttraumatic growth. Mothers’ narrative coherence about a memory of their child’s cancer was unrelated to YA narrative coherence, but was positively related to YA negative attribution style, but only for mothers who scored low on optimism. Finally, secure attachment style was associated with YA narrative coherence about their cancer experience, and YA overall narrative coherence (cancer and non-cancer) mediated between YA secure attachment and YA empathy. These findings indicate that YA’s successful incorporation of the cancer experience into their narrative identities through meaning making and posttraumatic growth processes is linked to positive psychosocial adjustment outcomes. Also, mothers who engage in distress-related conversations with their children contribute to YA’s capacity to overcome their cancer experience. Implications for research on narrative identity development and clinical practice are discussed.	Ph.D.	health	3
Chassels, Caroline June	Bascia, Nina	Responses to Difference in Initial Teacher Education: A Case of Racial and Linguistic Minority Immigrant Teacher Candidates	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2011-06	Despite recent rhetoric advocating the diversification of the teacher workforce, teachers in Canada continue to be disproportionately white and of northern European heritage. By investigating responses to difference experienced by racial and linguistic minority immigrant teacher candidates in an initial teacher education program, this thesis sheds light on dynamics that challenge or support the induction of minoritized individuals as members of the teaching profession in Canada. Data collected through interviews with eight immigrant teacher candidates, four instructors, and five student support staff of an initial teacher education program at an urban Canadian university (UCU) indicated that teacher candidates at UCU experienced varied responses to difference. Influences of both hegemony and collaboration were found in the university and practice teaching contexts where individuals representing regimes of competence enacted challenging assimilationist or supportive multiculturalist ideologies. In practice teaching contexts, although all of the teacher candidates engaged with at least one collaborative mentor teacher and they all persisted to complete the program, six of the eight teacher candidates (i.e., all of the linguistic minority teacher candidates in this study) encountered a challenging and significantly discouraging relationship with a mentor teacher. In these hegemonic contexts the legitimacy of the teacher candidates appeared to be measured against a conception of “real teachers” as “real Canadians” who are native English-speakers and who are familiar with the culture of schooling in Canada. Within the university context, student support staff were consistent in their critical awareness of the challenges and supports experienced by teacher candidates while instructors demonstrated a range of familiarity with these issues and with concepts of equity as they relate to the experiences of teacher candidates. Implications of this study support the following: continuation of programs offered through student support services; educative collaborative implementation of UCU’s equity policy to promote greater consistency in its influence; application of inclusive pedagogy; greater curricular emphasis on social power and constructions of difference; recognition of immigrant teachers’ linguistic capital; development of a collaborative method to evaluate teacher candidates in practice teaching contexts; and continued effort to advance a more profound and consistent influence of multiculturalist ideology in Canadian schools.	PhD	urban, educat, inclusive	4, 5, 11
Chatterjee, Soma	Mirchandani, Kiran	'Borders...Are No Longer at the Border': High-skilled Labour Migration, Discourses of Skill and Contemporary Canadian Nationalism	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2016-06	This dissertation explores the constitutive relationship between immigration and nationalism as manifest in the high skilled labour market of post-liberalization (post 1960s) Canada. I show that as skilled immigration became crucial for Canadian national prosperity, a simultaneous rise in discourses of skill deficit rendered actively recruited immigrants as deficient worker subjects. Unfolding in the decades following liberalization, persistent discourses of deficit - refracted through a systemic privileging of Canadian/Western skills and training (understood as both tangible credentials and intangible soft/cultural skills) - constructed the figure of the immigrant as a prototypically skill-deficient subject struggling to integrate into the Canadian labour market, and by extension, to the larger Canadian society. Scholarship on labour market integration has frequently seen the issue as an example of policy level and administrative disjuncture. In contrast, I argue that skilled immigrants’ marginalization in the labour market of the very nation that recruited them as vital for national prosperity creates a gap between immigrants’ juridical and substantive membership. It is systematic and socio-politically productive. I conduct a critical discourse analysis of post-liberalization skilled immigration policies and related texts (government commissioned reports, press releases, ministerial speeches, and policy backgrounders) and show how the nation state continues to be an exclusive space where immigrants’ welcome is contingent and conditional on their ability to approximate an amorphous and contested Canadianness. I argue that it is through the mobilization of deficit discourses that the post-liberalization state negotiated its increasing reliance on immigrant labour with the historically racially conceptualized criteria for national membership. In the post- liberalization global hierarchy of nation states, the dynamics of welcome (as labour) and expulsion (from membership) allowed Canada to open up the national space to the raceless meritocracy of the best and the brightest, while continuing to re-align it along racial lines. This dissertation makes three key interventions: 1) it repositions the high skilled labour market – typically considered unfettered by practices of racialized nationalism - as a key site for its exercise in post-liberalization era, 2) it argues that training/learning discourses in this context are better seen as nationalist discourses subsumed within the discriminatory notion of Canadian experience, and finally, 3) it proposes a dialogue between scholarships on Canadian nationalism and immigrants’ labour market integration as the conceptual disconnect between these is analytically costly for our understanding of post-liberalization Canadian nationalism.	Ph.D.	labour, worker	8
Chatwood, Susan Jennifer	Brown, Adalsteinn	Health System Stewardship in Arctic Regions	Medical Science	2016-11	This thesis responds to health system challenges in Arctic regions where there are complex and interrelated challenges related to climate change and environmental effects impacts, geographic remoteness, indigenous health needs and values, and health equity. Specifically, the United States (US), Canada, Norway and Finland are studied. The need to further understand the health system context has been emphasized in many international and Arctic forums. How health systems situate or optimize performance in the Arctic context has not been studied previously. This thesis explores how health systems respond with a stewardship framework that aspires to adopt ethical and multi-sector approaches to health. To broaden our lens, we developed new methods that recognize both indigenous knowledge and western science. We captured indigenous and national perspectives, and we enveloped notions of common values (humanity, cultural responsiveness, teaching, nourishment, community voice, kinship, respect, holism and empowerment) that provide a basis for health system comparisons in Arctic nations. Policies and strategies within circumpolar nations that respond to shared context and challenges were identified. In particular, we used a case study approach to highlight how circumpolar health systems organize and respond through health system stewardship functions to the shared circumpolar challenges. Overall, Canada and the United States demonstrated higher levels of self-determination, and Norway and Finland exhibited strengths in strategies and policies influencing work across sectors. While the emphasis on stewardship functions differed, government statements that promoted work across sectors were present in all nations, as were dialogues on the self-determination of indigenous peoples. The findings provide some ssurance that there are common values and goals in Arctic regions, and that the concept of stewardship is an effective response within this context. The findings provide a collection of policy resources and a direction for value-based stewardship of health systems in Arctic regions at the regional, national, self-governing and international level of governments. The development of a performance framework and scorecard for this context will enhance the ability to learn from different approaches to stewardship, and guide trusting relationships and health equity in circumpolar nations.	Ph.D.	health, climate, environment	3, 13
Chau, KIm	Koren, Gideon||Ito, Shinya	Unraveling the Clinical Efficacy of Probiotics in Pediatrics	Pharmacology	2016-11	Evidence have shown that manipulation of the intestinal microbiota with probiotics are promising therapeutic agents for restoring health, particularly in pediatrics, as probiotics holds a good safety profile. Focus has been on the treatment of a number of common pediatric gastrointestinal conditions, leading to a rise in the number of clinical trials and systematic reviews being published. Therefore, an overview of systematic reviews (OoSR) was conducted to consolidate the evidence on the clinical efficacy of probiotics as a therapeutic option to treat pediatric gastrointestinal conditions. Recent attention has been on probiotics for the treatment of infantile colic, as the etiology remains elusive with limited treatment options. Therefore, a 21-day randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted to determine the efficacy of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 (108 colony-forming units; n = 24) versus placebo (n = 28) to treat colic. Final analyses revealed that colicky infants receiving L. reuteri cried/fussed (min/d) significantly less compared to placebo (Day 21, median [IQR]: 60(64) vs. 102(87); (P=0.045), respectively. Furthermore, more infants in the L. reuteri group showed a 50% crying/fussing time reduction compared to placebo (17 infants vs. 6 (P=0.035); RR: 3.3 [95% CI: 1.55 to 7.03]). Thus, L. reuteri was shown effective at treating colic in breastfed Canadian infants compared to placebo. However, contradictory results from a larger RCT concluded L. reuteri was ineffective. Therefore, a meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effectiveness of L. reuteri to treat colic by pooling treatment effects from five RCT (total n = 335; L reuteri n = 172, placebo n = 163). Pooled estimates revealed infants receiving L. reuteri cried/fussed significantly less (mean difference: 43.5 minutes; 95% CI: 54.3 to 32.6 minutes) and successfully responded to treatment by day 7 (RR = 2.43; 95% CI: 1.41 to 4.16; P	Ph.D.	health	3
Chaudhry, Munaza Rubee	Anderson, Geoffrey	Predicting Individual-level Probabilities of Dementia and Diabetes using Health Services Administrative Data	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2015-11	Health services administrative data (HSAD) provide a timely and readily available population-based data source for health research and planning. To perform disease-specific analyses, individuals with the disease must first be identified in the administrative data. In this validation study, a data modeling method (logistic regression) and two algorithmic modeling methods (random forests and gradient boosted machines) were compared in predicting individual-level probabilities of diabetes and dementia using HSAD. Prevalence for both diseases was calculated to demonstrate a population-level application and A1C testing rates were calculated to demonstrate an individual-level application. Diabetes prevalence and A1C testing rates were compared with the classification-based methods currently used for the Ontario Diabetes Database (ODD). The reference standard data were chart re-abstraction data for a sample of Toronto-areas physician for diabetes and the Ontario sample of the Canadian Study of Health and Aging for dementia. The three-year random forest models were the best-performing models for both diabetes (Nagelkerke’s R2=0.82, C statistic=0.98 and calibration slope=1.02) and dementia (Nagelkere’s R2=0.58, C statistic=0.92 and calibration slope=1.00). Based on the random forest probabilities, the prevalence of dementia in Ontario in 2008/09 was 8.5 percent for females and 5.7 percent for males. The prevalence of diabetes was 5.4 percent for females and 6.5 percent for males. A1C testing rates varied from 38 to 61 percent depending on the probability cutoff used. The probability-based diabetes prevalence was lower than the ODD-based rates and the A1C testing rates were higher than the ODD-rates. Although the random forest models are more complex than the pooling algorithms currently used for the ODD, they offer researchers the flexibility to construct cohorts with sensitivities and specificities specific to each purpose. Algorithmic modeling methods are well suited to research using health services administrative data and should be pursued as an alternative to data modeling methods.	Ph.D.	health	3
Chaudhuri, Ipsita Nita	Cole, Donald	Participatory Action Research for Environmental Health among Senegalese Peri-urban Farmers	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2010-03	Participatory action research (PAR) oriented by an eco-system health framework is one approach to involving marginalised peoples in their own problem solving. A PAR project during 2005-06 that engaged peri-urban farmers in Senegal using popular education documented change on environment and health perceptions and behaviour. Health as a theme took on greater importance, as farmers related good health to their ability to work and their overall productivity. Farmers came to better recognize the symptoms of pesticide poisoning and to establish more clearly the link between pesticide-related work practices and health effects. Less clear remained their recognition of symptoms and links with wastewater use practices, though malaria and parasitic infection were linked to urban agriculture. African worldviews, including notions of locus of power, were important determinants of perceived vulnerability to risks. Farmers cited fatigue as an important clue to the work-health interface and indicator of overall wellbeing. Farmers’ understanding evolved to become more dynamic, describing the complex web of environmentally-related health risk. By 2006, farmers experimented more with less toxic pest control methods, adjusted their clothing to protect their skin and mouth, and reduced some exposure pathways through improved hygiene behaviour. However, toxic pesticides continued to be used and exposure to wastewater with limited protection remained widespread. Change was dependent upon: the researcher’s deep understanding of how farmers learned; farmers’ trust in the purveyors of new information; and the clarity, consistency and relevance of messages devised. Change varied with farmers’ literacy; the language used; and the way in which tools and media were interpreted culturally and technically. The health belief model provided a partial explanation for changes in perceptions and behaviour. Social, political and economic barriers preventing change included: leaving the onus for change on farmers, diminishing the responsibility of pesticide manufacturers and governments; land tenure arrangements which reduced investment in health and environment protection; urban poverty and illiteracy; and eco-system constraints. Examination of the PAR process, its leadership, owners, tools and ideas developed, and knowledge created provided useful insight into issues of power and control.	PhD	poverty, agriculture, urban, environment	1, 2, 11, 13
CHEN, CHAORAN	Restuccia, Diego	Essays on Macroeconomic Development	Economics	2017-11	Agricultural productivity is important for understanding international income differences. The international labor productivity differences are much larger in agriculture than in non-agriculture. Moreover, poor countries have higher agricultural employment shares. Therefore, my thesis studies why cross-country labor productivity differences are much larger in agriculture. In the first chapter, I argue that the prevalence of untitled land in poor countries lowers their agricultural productivity. Since untitled land cannot be traded across farmers, it creates land misallocation and distorts individuals' occupational choice between farming and working outside agriculture. I build a model to quantify the impact of untitled land. I find that economies with higher percentages of untitled land would have lower agricultural productivity; land titling can increase agricultural productivity by up to 82.5%. The second chapter studies agricultural productivity through technology adoption. Cross-country differences in capital intensity are larger in agriculture than in non-agriculture, reflecting differences in agricultural technology adoption. I build a model featuring technology adoption in agriculture. As the economy develops, farmers gradually replace the traditional technology with a modern technology which has higher capital intensity and higher productivity, as is observed in the U.S. historical data. For countries at different stages of development, my model can explain 1.56-fold more of agricultural productivity differences compared to a model without technology adoption. I further show that land misallocation in agriculture impedes technology adoption and magnify productivity differences. The third chapter, co-authored with Diego Restuccia and Raul Santaeulalia-Llopis, uses detailed household-level micro data from Ethiopia to study factor misallocation and its impact on agricultural productivity. We find substantial factor misallocation across farmers in agriculture. An efficient reallocation of resources can increase aggregate agricultural output and productivity by 127 percent. Land rentals substantially improve resource allocation, with market-based rentals much more effective in reducing misallocation. Exploiting regional variation in land rentals resulting from the implementation of a land certification reform, we find that more land rentals are associated with lower misallocation and higher agricultural productivity: a one percentage point higher land rental is associated with a 0.8 percentage points higher agricultural productivity.	Ph.D.	trade, agriculture, economic growth	2, 8, 10
Chen, Heyu	Yan, Ning	The Utilization of Bark and Bark Components from Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata) for Polyurethane Applications	Forestry	2020-06	Tree bark is a renewable, largely available, and inexpensive forest residue that has desirable chemical compositions to be processed into functional extenders or value-added chemicals. However, the utilization of bark for advanced applications is limited. Herein, this thesis study explored using bark and bark components from Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata) to improve performance of conventional polyurethane wood adhesives and as a starting material to synthesize novel non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs). Firstly, bark particles (particle sizes	Ph.D.	renewable	7
Chen, Jieming	Yan, Ning	Investigating Mechanical Performance and Water Absorption Behavior of Organo-nanoclay Modified Biofiber Plastic Composites	Forestry	2013-06	Hydrophobic Surface modification of biofibers to reduce water/moisture absorption of the biofiber or biofiber-plastic composites has attracted many researchers. In order to reduce the moisture sensitivity of kraft and mechanical pulp fibers, organo-nanoclay particles were adsorbed on the biofiber surfaces. Surface hydrophobicity, in terms of moisture absorption, water uptake, water contact angle and surface energy of the modified fibers were tested. The treated fibers had nano-scale surface roughness and substantially lower surface energy. The thermal stability of the mechanical pulp fibers increased after the nanoclay modification. The organo-nanoclay treated kraft and mechanical pulp fibers were used to make biofiber reinforced high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites. The organo-nanoclay treated kraft fibers had a more uniform dispersion in the HDPE matrix and the resulting composites had a higher Young’s modulus and thermal stability. Similar trend was observed for the mechanical pulp fiber-HDPE composites. The adhesion between the kraft fibers and matrix was greatly improved after adding maleic anhydride polyethylene (MAPE) as a compatibilizer, therefore, improvements in tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and thermal stability of both treated and untreated fiber composites were observed. However, this improvement was more significant for the composites containing the treated fibers. In addition, water absorption was decreased by incorporating the organo-nanoclay treated mechanical pulp fibers in the HDPE composites. The treated kraft fiber-HDPE-MAPE composites also showed a decrease in water absorption. The crystallization behaviors of the organo-nanoclay treated and untreated kraft fiber-HDPE composites with and without MAPE compatibilizer were studied. It was found by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis that both organo-nanoclay treated and untreated kraft fibers could act as nucleating agents. All composites crystallized much faster than the neat HDPE, while their crystallinity levels were lower. The organo-nanoclay treatment of the kraft fibers increased the nucleation rate. However, both the crystallinity level and the nucleation rate of the treated kraft fiber composites were increased by the addition of the MAPE compatibilizer. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveled that MAPE could also increase the d-spacing of the organo-nanoclay layers in the composites. When the fiber loading was 40 wt% in the composites, exfoliation of the nanoclays in the composites was observed.	PhD	water, energy	5, 7
Chen, Jin	Amza, Cristiana	Chorus: Model Kowledge Base for Perfomance Modeling in Datacenters	Computer Science	2011-11	Due to the imperative need to reduce the management costs, operators multiplex several concurrent applications in large datacenters. However, uncontrolled resource sharing between co-hosted applications often results in performance degradation problems, thus creating violations of service level agreements (SLAs) for service providers. Therefore, in order to meet per-application SLAs, per-application performance modeling for dynamic resource allocation in shared resource environments has recently become promising. We introduce Chorus, an interactive performance modeling framework for building application performance models incrementally and on the fly. It can be used to support complex, multi-tier resource allocation, and/or what-if performance inquiry in modern datacenters, such as Clouds. Chorus consists of (i) a declarative high-level language for providing semantic model guidelines, such as model templates, model functions, or sampling guidelines, from a sysadmin or a performance analyst, as model approximations to be learned or refined experimentally, (ii) a runtime engine for iteratively collecting experimental performance samples, validating and refining performance models. Chorus efficiently builds accurate models online, reuses and adjusts archival models over time, and combines them into an ensemble of models. We perform an experimental evaluation on a multi-tier server platform, using several industry- standard benchmarks. Our results show that Chorus is a flexible modeling framework and knowledge base for validating, extending and reusing existing models while adapting to new situations.	PhD	industr	9
Chen, Yuting	McCabe, Brenda Y.	Factors Affecting Safety Performance of Construction Workers: Safety Climate, Interpersonal Conflicts at Work, and Resilience	Civil Engineering	2017-06	A safety plateau in safety performance has been observed in many countries or regions. In order to continuously improve safety performance, the key is to identifying factors affecting safety performance. This research examined four factors, namely, safety climate, individual resilience (IR), interpersonal conflicts at work (ICW), and organizational resilience (OR) that may contribute to explaining safety outcomes. A self-administered survey was used. From 2013 to 2016, 1281 surveys were collected from 180 construction sites of Ontario, Canada. This thesis composed three papers, which leads to the following conclusions: • Safety climate not only affects physical safety outcomes but also employees’ job stress level. • ICW is a risk factor for safety performance. • IR has the potential to mitigate post-trauma job stress and interpersonal conflicts of construction workers. • Management commitment is the key to promoting a good safety culture. • Safety awareness is the most important individual factor affecting construction workers’ safety performance. • Team support, especially the support from coworkers, has a significant positive impact on construction worker’s safety awareness. Several original contributions were made: • This study designed and tested questions of individual resilience. • This study is the first empirical study investigating the impact of individual resilience on safety outcomes. • This study is the first study testing the antecedents of interpersonal conflicts at work and the resulting safety outcomes in the construction industry. • This study designed and tested organizational resilience questions in the context of construction industry. • This is the first study testing the mechanism about how the resilience factors interact with each other and eventually affect safety outcomes. • This study is the first study using structural equation modeling (SEM) to quantify organizational resilience. Accordingly, the following recommendations were provided: • Construction organizations need to not only monitor employees’ safety performance but also their psychological well-being. • Safety professionals may consider adding coping skill training programs to improve the individual resilience of their workforce and reduce conflict-related safety outcomes. • Construction organizations can improve employees’ safety awareness by promoting a good team-level safety culture, and by building a good reporting and learning culture.	Ph.D.	worker, industr	8, 9
Cheng, Calvin Chia-Hung	Goh, M. Cynthia	Enhanced Column Filtration for Arsenic Removal from Water: Polymer-Templated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Immobilized on Sand via Layer-by-Layer Deposition	Chemistry	2017-11	Arsenic is ubiquitous in water sources around the world and is highly toxic. While precipitation and membrane filtration techniques are successfully implemented in developed cities, they are unsuitable for rural and low-resource settings lacking centralized facilities. This thesis presents the use of ultra-small iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles functionalized on sand granules for use as a house-hold scale adsorption filter. Water-stable Îą-Fe2O3 (hematite) nanoparticles (	Ph.D.	water, rural	6, 11
Cheng, Man Chuen	Hsiung, Ping-chun||Choo, Hae Yeon	Intimate Frontiers: Chinese Marriage Migrants and Contested Belonging in Hong Kong and Taiwan	Sociology	2018-11	Based on 17 months of ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Taiwan and Hong Kong between June 2014 and July 2016, this dissertation examines the everyday regulation and negotiation of belonging at various sites of Chinese marriage migrants' personal lives, including social service encounters, domestic space of the home, and Chinese marriage migrant communities. As Chinese women married across the two politically contested borders, their post-migration lives are situated within the frontiers of intimate family lives but also historically grounded political struggles and renewed local discontent against China’s political encroachment. The struggles of belonging faced by Chinese marriage migrants illuminate the norms, values, and ideologies upheld by citizens and the states of Hong Kong and Taiwan. As Chinese marriage migrants yearn to integrate into the Hong Kong and Taiwanese societies, some Chinese marriage migrants mobilized hegemonic discourses of belonging to make meanings of their everyday lives, others contested their exclusion by redefining their identities and in the process, producing new layers of inequalities against less-privileged Chinese marriage migrants. Delving into the narratives of belonging developed in everyday interaction, this dissertation shows how national belonging is a regulated and negotiated process beyond legal categories and immigration policies. This dissertation also shows how class intersects with gender and nationality in producing differentiated regulatory practices and narratives of belonging, illuminating the contradiction and complexity of immigrant belonging in an era of global interconnection and geopolitical tension. Situating the production and negotiation of these narratives within enhanced economic integration and shifting geopolitical entanglement across the China-Hong Kong and China-Taiwan borders, this dissertation also highlights the unfortunate alignment of market logic and nationalist ideology in the formation of discursive national boundaries against immigrants at geopolitically contentious times.	Ph.D.	gender, women	5
Cheng, Terry Tien	Williams, Charmaine	“Continuing a normal life as a normal person”: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study on the Reconstruction of Self Identity of Chinese Women Within the Lived Experience of Breast Cancer Survivorship	Social Work	2010-11	Breast cancer incidence in Chinese women is rising in North America. However, a critical review of the empirical research reveals a clear under-representation of the breast cancer survivorship experiences of ethnic minority women, particularly those of Chinese origin. A breast cancer diagnosis not only disrupts a woman’s everyday life but also, and more importantly, her self-identity: who she was before the cancer diagnosis and who she becomes after the diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to understand the lived survivorship experience of Chinese women with breast cancer, in particular the way they reconstruct their self-identity while living under the constant threat of premature mortality. A hermeneutic phenomenology was employed to illuminate the essence of the lived experience. A purposeful sample of 24 Chinese women was recruited, and audiotaped face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted in English or Mandarin. An iterative process was carried out to identify themes and interwoven them into the four existentials of lifeworld to lend structural meaning to the lived experience. The self-identity of Chinese women living with breast cancer did not fit the current combative survivor identity and narrative as represented in the North America media. Rather, a ‘quiet’, modest and practical narrative underscoring the Chinese virtues of self-reliance, endurance, and social responsibility and harmony characterized their lived experience and self-identity. They endured unexpected major life events and accepted what life offers in an effort to move on with their lives of being a normal person again. An understanding of the way Chinese women manage the impact of breast cancer and their survivorship experience will significantly contribute to building our knowledge about this minority population within the Canadian context. In turn, this understanding will support health care professionals with the development of culturally sensitive psychosocial/supportive care services to maximize adaptation and recovery.	PhD	health, women, inequality	3, 5, 10
Cheng, Vincent	George, Arhonditsis	Modeling the Climatology of Tornado Occurrence using Bayesian Inference	Geography	2014-11	Our mechanistic understanding of tornadic environments has significantly improved by the recent technological enhancements in the detection of tornadoes as well as the advances of numerical weather predictive modeling. Nonetheless, despite the decades of active research, prediction of tornado occurrence remains one of the most difficult problems in meteorological and climate science. In our efforts to develop predictive tools for tornado occurrence, there are a number of issues to overcome, such as the treatment of inconsistent tornado records, the consideration of suitable combination of atmospheric predictors, and the selection of appropriate resolution to accommodate the variability in time and space. In this dissertation, I address each of these topics by undertaking three empirical (statistical) modeling studies, where I examine the signature of different atmospheric factors influencing the tornado occurrence, the sampling biases in tornado observations, and the optimal spatiotemporal resolution for studying tornado occurrence. In the first study, I develop a novel Bayesian statistical framework to assess the probability of tornado occurrence in Canada, in which the sampling bias of tornado observations and the linkage between lightning climatology and tornadogenesis are considered. The results produced reasonable probability estimates of tornado occurrence for the under-sampled areas in the model domain. The same study also delineated the geographical variability in the lightning-tornado relationship across Canada. In the second study, I present a novel modeling framework to examine the relative importance of several key atmospheric variables (e.g., convective available potential energy, 0-3 km storm-relative helicity, 0-6 km bulk wind difference, 0-tropopause vertical wind shear) on tornado activity in North America. I found that the variable quantifying the updraft strength is more important during the warm season, whereas the effects of wind-related variables are more uniform across seasons. The residual variability of the same modeling framework (a reflection of the fidelity of the statistical formulation considered) is subsequently used to delineate distinct geographical patterns of tornado activity. This piece of information provides the foundation for the Bayesian hierarchical prognostic model presented in the third chapter of my dissertation. The results of the latter approach reinforce my earlier finding that the spatial variability of the annual and warm seasonal tornado occurrence is well explained by convective available potential energy and storm relative helicity alone, while vertical wind shear is better at reproducing the cool season tornado activity. The Bayesian hierarchical modeling framework offers a promising methodological tool for understanding regional tornado environments and obtaining reliable predictions in North America.	Ph.D.	weather, wind, innovation	7, 9, 13
Cheng, Xiang	Sinton, David	In-situ observation and quantification of microalgae downstream processing on a microfluidic platform	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2018-03	Producing biofuels and bioproducts from microalgae is a promising path for low-carbon energy and products. Microalgal biomass is an attractive feedstock for the generation of carbon neutral biofuels and high-value bioproducts because of the high growth rate and lipid content of many microalgae species. Understanding the downstream processing of converting microalgal biomass to valuable products is a critical step in the biofuel industry. In this thesis, a novel microfluidic platform capable of precise control of processing parameters and providing optical access to reactions at high temperature and pressure was developed and applied to observe and quantify the biomass-to-bioproducts conversions in three distinct studies. First, for bioenergy application, hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae was performed on this microfluidic platform monitored using fluorescence microscopy. A strong shift in the fluorescence signature from the algal slurry at 675 nm (chlorophyll peak) to a post-HTL stream at 510 nm is observed for reaction temperatures at 260°C, 280°C, 300°C and 320°C (P = 12 MPa), and occurs over a timescale on the order of 10 min. Biocrude formation and separation from the aqueous phase into immiscible droplets is directly observed and occurs over the same timescale. Second, many algal bioproduct efforts currently focus on high-value products such as astaxanthin due to the much-improved economics over producing fuels. Hydrothermal disruption of the cell wall for astaxanthin extraction from wet biomass using high temperature and pressure was demonstrated and studied using this microfluidic platform. Hydrothermal disruption at a temperature of 200 °C was shown to be highly effective, resulting in near-complete astaxanthin extraction from wet biomass - a significant improvement over traditional methods. Third, supercritical CO2 has relatively low critical temperature and pressure (31.1 °C and 7.4 MPa) is considered a greener solvent for bioactive compounds extraction. Supercritical CO2 extractions of astaxanthin with and without co-solvents (ethanol and olive oil) were performed on the microfluidic platform to study the extraction mechanism in each case. Astaxanthin extraction using ScCO2 achieved 92% recovery at 55 °C and 8 MPa applied over 15 hours. With the addition of co-solvents, ethanol and olive oil, the timescales of extraction process are reduced significantly from 15 hours to a few minutes, representing the fastest complete astaxanthin extraction at such low pressures. The direct observation of these complex reaction processes was made possible for the first time here, allowing visual characterization, fluorescence spectroscopy, and quantitative imaging of the conversion at the single-cell scale during all stages. This level of insight has simply not been possible with previous conventional reactors. Although batch reactors have advantages in, for instance, quantifying yields requiring large volumes of products, microfluidic reactors have advantages with respect to process control and visualization at cellular level - providing high resolution, real-time data on complex reactions. The innovative platform and results presented in this thesis provide new insight in the challenging area of biomass-to-bioproduct conversion, and provide insight that can inform larger scale operations.	Ph.D.	industr, energy	7, 9
Cheng, Xu Jr.	Wallace, James S.	Modeling Injection and Ignition in Direct Injection Natural Gas Engines	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2008-06	With increasing concerns about the harmful effects of conventional liquid fossil fuel emissions, natural gas has become a very attractive alternative fuel to power prime movers and stationary energy conversion devices. This research studies the injection and ignition numerically for natural gas (mainly methane) as a fuel applied to diesel engine. Natural gas injector and glow plug ignition enhancement are two of the most technical difficulties for direct injection natural gas engine design. This thesis models the natural gas injector, and studies the characteristics of the internal flow in the injector and natural gas jet in the combustion chamber during the injection process. The poppet valve model and pintle valve model are the first reported models to simulate the natural gas injector to improve the traditional velocity and pressure boundary conditions. This thesis also successfully models the glow plug assisted natural gas ignition and combustion processes by developing a glow plug discretized model and a novel virtual gas sub-layer model. Glow plug discretized model can describe the transient heat transfer, and adequately represents the thin layers of heat penetration and the local temperature difference due to the cold gas jet impingement. The virtual gas sub-layer model considers complicated physical processes, such as chemical reaction, heat conduction, and mass diffusion within the virtual sub-layers without significantly increasing computational time and load. KIVA-3V CFD code was chosen to simulate the fluid flow. Since the KIVA-3V is designed specifically for engine research application with conventional liquid fuels, many modifications have been implemented to facilitate this research.	PhD	energy	7
Chenoweth, Meghan Jo-Ann	Tyndale, Rachel F	Sources of Variation in Nicotine Metabolism and Associations with Smoking Abstinence in Adolescents and Adults	Pharmacology	2016-06	Smoking remains a major public health concern; worldwide, approximately one billion people smoke. Despite the fact that many smokers are motivated to quit, only a small minority of those making quit attempts successfully quit each year. Variation in the rate of nicotine metabolic inactivation influences a number of smoking behaviours, including cessation. Thus, we sought to characterize genetic, environmental, and demographic sources of variability in the rate of nicotine metabolism, and resultant influences on smoking behaviours. Variation in the activity of the major nicotine-metabolizing enzyme, cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) changes nicotine clearance and is associated with altered smoking behaviours, including cessation, in adults. We demonstrate here that slow (versus normal) nicotine metabolizers are more likely to achieve prolonged abstinence in adolescence, as in adulthood. We further demonstrate that in clinical trials, adult slow (versus normal) nicotine metabolizers are more likely to achieve early abstinence. We also investigated additional sources of genetic variability in the rate of nicotine metabolism and their potential influences on smoking. We demonstrate that genetic variation in an additional nicotine-metabolizing enzyme (i.e., FMO3), and a cytochrome P450 co-enzyme (i.e., POR), does not substantially alter nicotine metabolism, CYP2A6 activity, or tobacco consumption. We further demonstrate that environmental and demographic sources of variability in CYP2A6 activity, such as gender and ethnicity, explain only a small proportion of the total variation in CYP2A6 activity; however, these factors may have unique impacts on smoking behaviours and thus should be further investigated in studies of smoking. Overall, our findings provide additional information regarding the role of variation in nicotine metabolism rate in cessation outcomes in both adolescents and adults. A greater understanding of the factors that influence smoking cessation will help optimize treatment outcomes and reduce the burden of tobacco-related disease.	Ph.D.	health	3
Cherukupally, Pavani	Park, Chul B||Bilton, Amy M	Surface Engineered Sponges Enable Oily Wastewater Remediation and Residual Oil Recovery	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2019-06	In the US, steam-¬based oil extraction processes generate over 15 billion liters of emulsified oil contaminated wastewater annually. For sustainability, these effluents need to be remediated and/or recycled. However, the complex properties (pH, dissolved salts, and high temperature) of effluents pose challenges for removal of oil microdroplets removal using current separation methods. This thesis developed a new process to selectively recover crude oil microdroplets from wastewater using inexpensive sponges. This process synergistically uses sponge surface properties and pre-existing ionic and thermal energies of the wastewater to achieve 95-99% oil removal efficacy from wastewater. First, an acid-base polymeric sponge was applied to remove crude oil microdroplets from water. In acidic or basic environments, acid-base polymers acquire surface charge due to protonation or dissociation of surface functional groups. This property is invoked to adsorb crude oil microdroplets from water using a polyester polyurethane sponge. Using the surface charge of the sponge and oil droplets, the solution pH (5.6) for 99% oil removal efficacy was predicted and verified through adsorption experiments. The droplet adsorption onto the sponge was governed by physisorption, and the driving forces were attributed to electrostatic attraction and Lifshitz-van der Waals forces. The sponge was regenerated and reused multiple times by mechanical compression. Next, to remove oil microdroplets from water at broad pH conditions, an innovative surface engineered sponge (SEnS) was designed by combining surface chemistry, surface charge, roughness, and surface energy. Under all pH conditions, the SEnS rapidly adsorbed oil microdroplets with 95-99% removal efficiency predominantly by electrostatic attraction and Lifshitz-van der Waals forces. Furthermore, at the best pH value, 92% of the oil was adsorbed within 10 min due to synergistic charge attraction. The adsorbed oil was recovered by rinsing with a diluent while the cleaned SEnS was reused multiple times for oil adsorption. Subsequently, crude oil is recovered from the diluent using distillation. Due to the process efficacy, sponge reuse, and oil recovery, this adsorptive-recovery method using sponges demonstrates great potential for the industrial oil recovery from wastewater. Furthermore, this work lays foundation for the development of new SEnS with the potential to revolutionize water treatment technologies.	Ph.D.	water, energy, recycl, industr, environment	6, 7, 9, 13
Chia, Yeow Tong	Sandwell, Ruth W.	The Loss of the 'World-Soul'? Education, Culture and the Making of the Singapore Developmental State, 1955 - 2004	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2011-06	This dissertation examines the role of education in the formation of the Singapore developmental state, through a historical study of education for citizenship in Singapore (1955-2004), in which I explore the interconnections between changes in history, civics and social studies curricula, and the politics of nation-building. Building on existing scholarship on education and state formation, the dissertation goes beyond the conventional notion of seeing education as providing the skilled workforce for the economy, to mapping out cultural and ideological dimensions of the role of education in the developmental state. The story of state formation through citizenship education in Singapore is essentially the history of how Singapore’s developmental state managed crises (imagined, real or engineered), and how changes in history, civics and social studies curricula, served to legitimize the state, through educating and moulding the desired “good citizen” in the interest of nation building. Underpinning these changes has been the state’s use of cultural constructs such as Confucianism and Asian values to shore up its legitimacy. State formation in Singapore has been very successful, as evidenced by its economic prosperity and education has played a key role in this success. However, the “economic growth at all costs” ethos comes, arguably, at a price – the potential loss of zeitgeist, or the loss of the “World-Soul”. Nation building in the sense of fostering a sense of rootedness and belonging to the country in its citizenry – the “World-Soul” – had to be relegated to the backburner in the relentless pursuit of economic development, in order to sustain and legitimize the developmental state. By harnessing the educational sphere for its economic growth objectives through the discourse of crisis, the developmental state gained political legitimacy in the eyes of a citizenry increasingly accustomed to educational mobility and material wealth, even if at the expense of political freedoms.	PhD	economic growth	8
Chiavaroli, Laura	Jenkins, David JA	Glycemic Index and Macrovascular Disease in Type 2 Diabetes	Nutritional Sciences	2016-11	Abstract The rapid rise in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) prevalence seen over the past few decades is projected to increase further, together with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Thus, there is a need to find effective and sustainable prevention and treatment strategies for diabetes, including dietary strategies. Low glycemic index (GI) diets may be suitable to assist in T2DM management; however there is a lack of evidence on long term adherence, as well as on the association with surrogate markers of CVD risk beyond traditional risk factors. Recently, advances have been made in measures of subclinical arterial disease through the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which, along with standard measures from carotid ultrasound scanning (CUS), have been associated with CVD events. To address these knowledge gaps, we conducted a randomized controlled trial in those with T2DM at high risk of CVD to assess the effect of a low GI diet over 3 years. The trial, currently ongoing, has already yielded a rich dataset allowing for the exploration of associations between dietary variables and subclinical arterial disease assessed as vessel wall volume (VWV) by MRI and carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) by CUS. The thesis objectives were to assess the association between GI and CIMT and VWV, assess whether a low GI diet can be followed successfully long term, what advice is adopted, and more specifically, whether provision of free study bread improves adherence. Baseline cross-sectional analyses did not reveal any association between GI and either CIMT or VWV. CIMT and VWV were however, significantly associated negatively with carbohydrates, starch, and dietary pulses, which are a particularly low GI food. Long term adherence to a low GI diet was demonstrated to be sustainable over 3 years at a level similar to that observed in earlier 3- and 6-month trials (an average reduction of 11 GI units) through substitutions of breads, cereals and fruit for low GI options and of potatoes and rice for dietary pulses. The provision of a free study bread, which was implemented mid-way through the trial, significantly improved adherence to low GI statistically, however not at a level physiologically significant (~1 GI unit lower). These results are the first to assess and demonstrate long term adherence to a low GI diet and to assess GI and MRI measures of macrovascular disease to assist in the understanding of the role of diet and nutrition in macrovascular disease development in T2DM.	Ph.D.	food, health	3
Chin, Andrew Tim Man	Fortin, Marie-Josée	Fish Community Responses to the Land Use Change and Environmental Variability in Estuaries	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2018-11	Understanding how species communities respond to land use and environmental change over space and time is necessary given the rapidly changing environment that threaten species persistence. In intrinsically dynamic environments such as estuaries, the spatial and temporal environmental variability at the interface of freshwater and marine ecosystems result in species that persist with morphological or physiological adaptations to these changing environmental conditions. Yet, estuarine fish communities are facing further change as a result of the loss of functional connectivity through stream fragmentation due to culverts that impede fish passage upstream, and land use change as well as climate change among estuaries that reduce habitat quality. It is unknown how the extent of environmental change due to land use and climate change in estuaries and their associated watersheds affect estuarine fish communities in addition to natural variability. In this thesis, I determine how fish communities in estuaries respond to land use impact and environmental variability at the stream and watershed levels. The functional connectivity of species is impacted by stream fragmentation due to culverts upstream of New Brunswick estuaries and their watersheds. I show that the potential functional connectivity of species varies according to migratory traits and the ontogeny of species. In the Miramichi watershed, I assess how forest harvesting and weather fluctuations affect the density of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) at the watershed level. I demonstrate that accounting for the upstream forest harvesting have cumulative impacts on juvenile Atlantic salmon through each catchment downstream and over time. Within and among the estuaries, I find evidence that fish communities shift according to environmental change. My findings relating to the effects of land use and environmental variability from streams to the watersheds would result in a better predictive capacity of how estuarine fish communities will potentially change or persist.	Ph.D.	water, climate, environment, marine, fish, forest, land use	13, 14, 15
Chin, Stephen	Anderson, Jason H	Architectures and Tools for Efficient Reconfigurable Computing	Electrical and Computer Engineering	2018-11	Recent decades have seen large growth in the silicon industry with transistor scaling and transistor count approximately doubling every two years. With the continued growth of transistors-per-chip and increasing power density, dark silicon challenges have risen. Reconfigurable computing poses a possible solution to some of the challenges through improving performance and energy efficiency by tailoring the hardware to the application. Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are a platform for realizing reconfigurable computing and have had traction for over a decade. Their recent introduction into mainstream data-centres bodes well for the field. Another type of reconfigurable architecture, Coarse Grained Reconfigurable Arrays (CGRAs), poses one other platform for computing. Being more specialized than FPGAs, CGRAs’ main selling point is increased efficiency versus FPGAs, at the cost of platform flexibility. This dissertation looks at efficient computing first from the perspective of FPGAs, developing new architectures and new CAD tools, making for a more efficient FPGA. The proposed FPGA architecture consists of a hybrid multiplexer / look-up-table logic block that has reduced area with respect to traditional architectures. Then, with the prospect that CGRA architectures hold, we develop an open-source framework, CGRA-ME, for the modelling and exploration of CGRAs. This unifying software framework incorporates, architecture description through a custom language, architecture modelling, application mapping, and RTL generation, and allows further development of CGRA architectures and related CAD tools throughout the research community. Within the CGRA-ME framework, a new architecture-agnostic application mapper formulated in an integer linear program was also developed for generic CGRAs. Through this dissertation, we have made headway towards more efficient reconfigurable architectures through architecture design and related CAD and are optimistic that these contributions will have positive impact on further research and industrial application of reconfigurable architectures.	Ph.D.	industr	9
Chindalo, Pannel	Bascia, Nina	How Undergraduate Students Think about Higher Education and Prepare for Employment	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2010-11	This study explores of how university students understand the relationship between a liberal arts undergraduate degree and becoming employment-ready. The study employs a phenomenological approach. Surveys and interviews of students were conducted on the Faculty of Arts and Science students at the St. George Campus of the University of Toronto. Supplementary data were obtained from National Survey of Student Engagement. By employing Bourdieu‟s theory of practice (especially with regard to capital, habitus and field), the study reveals how students went about preparing for the labour market differed by their social class, immigration status and race. Students‟ abilities to secure skill-enhancing extracurricular activities and maintaining high GPA scores appeared related to their cultural capital. Most racialized first generation students experienced levels of difficulties in securing skill-enhancing extracurricular skill activities and maintaining high GPAs, which affected their employment readiness, clarity about occupational direction and their entry to graduate studies. New immigrant students were least aware of the extracurricular activities needed to prepare for employment. The study concludes that most liberal arts undergraduate students are not ready for employment at the completion of their studies and that social class and race may be related to their ability to make themselves employment-ready	PhD	employment, labour	8
Chiose, Simona Ruxandra	Hansen, Randall||Kopstein, Jeffrey	Voices from the margins: Interest groups and the state in Canadian and British immigration policy-making between 2000 and 2010	Political Science	2017-06	Over the decade of the 2000s, governments in Canada and Britain converged in their immigration policies, increasing the ability of short-term and temporary foreign workers to enter their labour markets and restricting refugee entries. This work seeks to find an explanation for the source of these changes and tests an interest-based approach in particular. Did interest groups successfully lobby policy-makers or did politicians act autonomously in each area to implement legislation? By comparing labour and refugee policies within and across countries, it contributes to a growing stream in the political study of immigration which explicitly considers each field in relation to the other in an attempt to specify the sources of policy change. Six cases, two in labour migration and one in refugee legislation in each country, are considered. The research reveals that political actors in Westminster systems are able to set, direct and accomplish their agendas with little input from organized interests in most cases. They are further able to design policy instruments that insulate their decision-making from interest groups. The study, therefore, confirms theoretical expectations. Governments were able to respond to perceived electoral risks â including media pressure and global economic shocks â and reverse policies that interest groups had advanced. The work opens new and emergent questions about the conditions under which organized interests may participate in the making of immigration policy. It further suggests that the ability of strong states to act autonomously can create a democratic deficit that may lead to state power being unshackled from accountability, and undesirable and unexpected policy outcomes. As a result, robust mechanisms are required to allow interest groups a voice in policy processes.	Ph.D.	labour, worker	8
Chiran, George	Sawchuk, Peter	Expansive Learning in Technology Startup Organizations: An Activity-theoretical Analysis	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2019-11	This study examines the complex, and sometimes conflicting dimensions of learning dynamics in highly innovative, rapidly transforming startup organizations, from an activity-theoretical perspective. Given the pivotal role startups play in the innovation economy, it is important to better understand these dynamics and associated tendencies in development by conceptualizing learning as both a socio-culturally mediated, collaborative and contradictory process, situated in times of rapid change. To examine these dynamic relations, the study draws upon key concepts from the Cultural Historical Activity Theoretical (CHAT) tradition, which are applied and extended to develop an expansive view of learning in startup organizations examined. The study is designed to address two overarching objectives. First, by developing a greater understanding of mediation/boundary crossing/contradiction (MBCC) dynamics in startup organizations in the process of development - area which I will demonstrate has not been effectively examined in Information and Knowledge Management (IKM) literature - this study will contribute to an understanding of conditions and relations shaping the processes inherent in distinct and divergent trajectories of tendential development in relation to knowledge creation in organizations examined. Second, central to the activity-based approach adopted in this study is a robust examination of the potential for expansive learning (PfEL) in startup work, conceived as a function of a contradiction/resolution/synthesis (CRS) dynamic, grounded empirically. Research findings provide original and valuable contributions not only to CHAT research but also to the field of IKM and adjacent domains of adult education and entrepreneurship learning, broadly conceived. It is argued that the focus on everyday work practices of startup organizations provides a foundation in understanding tendential development and learning in startup work, complementing existing approaches to conceptualizations of learning in IKM literature.	Ph.D.	innovation	9
Chishti, Maliha	Mojab, Shahrzad	Post-Conflict Afghanistan: A Post-Colonial Critique	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2014-06	AbstractThis dissertation responds to a growing body of literature that points to a crisis in post-conflict aid interventions. These complex, costly and risky international undertakings have not only failed to produce desirable results, but have left efforts to effectively and successfully restructure post-war states and societies an elusive goal. Focusing on Afghanistan, I offer a postcolonial analysis to unmask and interrogate the underlying knowledge base and institutionalized sets of power relations that govern post-conflict reconstruction and statebuilding interventions in the country. Therefore, this study is preoccupied with not only what we in the west are doing wrong in Afghanistan, but why we are there, how we perceive ourselves and Afghans as well as the way we work and the kinds of relations that are fostered.This study argues that one can detect the continuity of a colonial worldview in modern statebuilding practices in Afghanistan. As such, interventions primarily rekindle and reassert the west's own sense of meaning and purpose in the country, ensuring that westerners, and not necessarily Afghans, are the primary beneficiaries of post-conflict interventions and that westerners are never made to feel `out of place' in Afghanistan. Interventions, therefore, construct an outwardly oriented state, responsive to the desires and needs of the international community, rather than being inwardly oriented and responsive to the needs, expectations and lived realities of the majority of Afghans. To substantiate this claim, this dissertation focuses on the concepts of colonial ambivalence and mimicry as well as terra nullius in order to unmask some of the hidden, obscure and implicit assumptions, ideas, values and relations that underpin externally facilitated interventions in Afghanistan.	Ph.D.	institution	16
Chit, Ayman	Grootendorst, Paul	Economics of Influenza Vaccine Development	Pharmaceutical Sciences	2013-11	In this thesis we are particularly concerned about the development of new and improved influenza vaccines with in the changing external economic environment. The thesis covers two major objectives: 1) Developing methods to estimate the costs of influenza vaccine development The ability to calculate the development costs for specific medicines and vaccines are important to inform investments in innovation. Unfortunately, the literature is predominated by non-reproducible studies only measuring aggregate level drug research and development (R&D) costs. Further, the literature appears very scant on the development costs of new vaccines. In the first objective we therefore describe methodology that improves the transparency and reproducibility of primary indication expected R&D expenditures of influenza vaccines. 2) Developing methods to focus influenza vaccine R&D towards meeting cost-effectiveness targets The second objective is focused on how to forecast evidence requirements for cost effectiveness analysis (CEA) of influenza vaccines. The guidance to manufacturers on what evidence would optimally support acceptable CEA is scant. The absence of such guidance and the increased emphasis on CEA can add significant risk to the vaccine development process. Thus we perform a Value of Information (VOI) analysis on the parameters of a cost effectiveness model designed to evaluate new influenza vaccines designed for use in elderly adults. The results of this study highlight what type of endpoints that should be studied in influenza vaccine R&D programs. From our work on these objectives we are able to shed light on economics that should be considered while developing a new influenza vaccine. Though our contribution is mainly methodological, we conclude the thesis suggesting changes in the way the vaccine industry and HTA agencies work. These changes are in our view necessary to meet society’s demand for new vaccines that deliver high value for money.	PhD	innovation, industr	9
Chiu, M. L. Teresa	Eysenbach, Gunther	Usage and Non-usage Behaviour of eHealth Services Among Chinese Canadians Caring for a Family Member with Dementia	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2008-06	Background: Information Communication Technologies (ICT)-mediated support can reduce family caregiver burden and may bridge service gaps caused by time constraints and language or cultural barriers. (Non)-usage behaviour can be explained using Andersen’s Behavioural Model of Health Service Utilization, Venkatesh’s Unified Theory of Use and Acceptance of Technology, Eysenbach’s Law of Attrition, and Wilson’s and Chatman’s Information Behaviour Theories. Purpose: This study aimed to describe and explain (non)-usage behaviour of ehealth services among Chinese caregivers. Method: This two-phase study used a mixed methods design involving 46 Chinese caregivers who cared for a family member with dementia. Usability of the ICT tools designed in the study was tested. Phase I participants (N=28) had access to a bilingual information site and personalized email support from professionals. Phase II participants (N=18) were randomized to use one of three enhanced features. Pre- and post-intervention data were collected, and qualitative interviews were conducted. Results: The Phase I ICT tools supported the core functions without major usability issues. Perceived efforts to use the ICT-mediated services influenced the consent decisions of Phase I caregivers (p=.036). Caregivers initiated service earlier if they had a higher acceptance of the service (p=0.017). Frequent users of email support experienced a decline of perceived burden compared with an escalation of perceived burden by non-users (p=0.023). An older age, greater caregiving competence, and lower English or computer proficiency explained non-usage behaviour. Requirements were identified to enhance the Phase I ICT tools. In Phase II, a test of three enhanced features showed there was no major usability issue. The intervention study found the enhanced features did not influence email use as hypothesized. Qualitative analysis showed usage patterns were explained by caregiver needs, caregiving beliefs, personal capacity, social support, ICT factors, and style of use. Non-users preferred Chinese to English compared with users (p=0.046). Integrating the theories and empirical findings, three concepts were developed to explain (non)-usage behaviour: usage in context, usage paths, and stages of use. Conclusion: Usage and non-usage behaviour can be explained by the service needs in the caregiving context, the use of non-ICT-mediated resources, and the access barriers to Internet use. Use of ICT-based support can be beneficial to caregivers if they do not drop out of the service.	PhD	health	3
Chiu, Maria S.	Tu, Jack	Race, Ethnicity and Cardiovascular Risk: A Population-based Study in Ontario, Canada	Medical Science	2012-06	Background: Ethnic and immigrant groups represent a large and growing segment of the Canadian population, however, little is known about how these groups differ in their cardiovascular risk factor profiles when compared to the White population. This thesis describes three large, population-based studies examining cardiovascular risk among people of White, South Asian, Chinese and Black ethnicity living in Ontario. It was hypothesized that ethnic groups would differ significantly in their cardiovascular risk factor profiles. Methods: The study population included 154 653 White, 3364 South Asian, 3038 Chinese, and 2742 Black subjects derived from Statistics Canada’s National Population Health Survey and Canadian Community Health Surveys. In Project 1, the age- and sex-standardized prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, heart disease, and stroke were compared across the four ethnic groups. In Project 2, the degree to which cardiovascular risk factor profiles differed between recent immigrants and long-term residents was compared across ethnic groups. In Project 3, a subsample of the study population was used to compare the ethnic-specific incidence and age at diagnosis of diabetes. We also derived ethnically appropriate body-mass index (BMI) cutoff values for obesity for assessing diabetes risk. Results: Ethnic groups living in Ontario differ strikingly in their cardiovascular risk profiles. The Chinese group had the most favourable cardiovascular risk factor profile, with 4.3% of the population reporting ≥2 major cardiovascular risk factors (i.e., smoking, obesity, diabetes, hypertension), followed by the South Asian (7.9%), White (10.1%) and Black (11.1%) groups. For all ethnic groups, cardiovascular risk factor profiles were worse among those with longer duration of residency in Canada. Nonwhite subjects developed diabetes at a higher rate, at an earlier age, and at lower ranges of BMI than White subjects. For the equivalent incidence rate of diabetes at a BMI of 30 in White subjects, the BMI cutoff value was 24, 25, and 26 in South Asian, Chinese, and Black subjects, respectively. Interpretation: These findings highlight the need for designing ethnically tailored cardiovascular disease prevention strategies and for lowering current targets for ideal body weight for nonwhite populations.	PhD	health	3
Chödrön, Gail Sherap	Poland, Blake	Inclusion without Potential: Disability and the Biopolitics of Neuro-logical Human Capital Investments	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2015-11	Parents challenged Canada’s National Children’s Agenda (NCA)—a policy umbrella for neoliberal investments in early childhood introduced in 1999—for mobilizing a brain-focused conceptualization of child development they felt excluded children with disabilities. This conceptualization cast early brain formation as a critical developmental stage and investment phase for human capital development at the population level, assembling a linkage between brain-economy-population that I term the “neuro-logical” model. Although studies show that political efforts to invest in human capital through early childhood reproduce inequality for many, few have considered the exclusionary effects on children with disabilities. To elucidate the inclusion/exclusion of disability, I examine how developmental differences were discursively incorporated in attempts to mobilize and operationalize the neuro-logical model in policy between 1994-2011. Drawing on Lemke’s approach to Foucauldian biopolitics, I conceptualize the NCA as an effort to assemble knowledge and strategies for optimizing life at the population level, and read the neuro-logical model as a strategy to calibrate biopolitics to both emergent neuroscientific “truths” and rapid social and economic change. Using a critical interpretive, “anthropology of policy” methodology that analyzes policy as both discourse and governmental technique, I analyze the neuro-logical model through relevant documentary sources. While the NCA was rhetorically about investing in all children, it was more directly about investing in normal and normalizable brain development as a means to optimize population vitality and ensure global economic competitiveness. I develop the argument that the possibilities for including disability as a form of developmental difference were inscribed in the neuro-logical model itself. Specifically, cognitive impairments that were considered permanent were positioned as the non-normalizable remainder in the investment agenda. Framing the investment in early childhood in neuroscientific terms obscured both the discursive reproduction of disabled children’s marginality and the deflection of alternate conceptualizations of human value, child potential, and inclusion. This thesis contributes to theorizing how models of normal and normalizable child development shape the discursive incorporation of children with disabling differences, with implications for policy, theory, and practice. Ethnographically rich policy research is needed to investigate how policy models are reproduced or transformed through local implementation.	Ph.D.	equality, inequality	5, 10
Choi, Mirue	Damaren, Christopher J.	Flexible Dynamics and Attitude Control of a Square Solar Sail	Aerospace Science and Engineering	2015-06	This thesis presents a comprehensive analysis of attitude and structural dynamics of a square solar sail. In particular, this research examines the use of corner-attached reflective vanes to control the attitude of the spacecraft. An introduction to known solar sail designs is given, then the mathematics involved in calculating solar radiation pressure forces are presented. A detailed derivation and implementation of the unconstrained nonlinear flexible structural dynamics with Finite Element Method (FEM) models are explored, with several sample simulations of published large deflection experiments used as verification measures. To simulate the inability of a thin membrane to resist compression, the sail membrane elements are augmented with a method that approximates the wrinkling and the slacking dynamics, which is followed by a simulation of another well-known experiment as a verification measure.Once the structural dynamics are established, the usage of the tip vanes is explored. Specifically, a control allocation problem formed by having two degrees of freedom for each tip vane is defined and an efficient solution to this problem is presented, allowing desired control torques to be converted to appropriate vane angles. A randomized testing mechanism is implemented to show the efficacy of this algorithm. The sail shadowing problem is explored as well, where a component of the spacecraft casts shadow upon the sail and prevents solar radiation pressure force from being produced. A method to calculate the region of shadow is presented, and two different shadowing examples are examined - due to the spacecraft bus, and due to the sail itself.Combining all of the above, an attitude control simulation of the sail model is presented. A simple PD controller combined with the control allocation scheme is used to provide the control torque for the sail, with which the spacecraft must orient towards a number of pre-specified attitude targets. Several attitude orientations are simulated, then a number of modifications to the control are explored. The controllability of the rigid and the elastic modes of the sail at different stable states is demonstrated as well, showing that the sail is controllable for all its modes in its stable state.	Ph.D.	solar	7
Choi, Stephanie Ka Yee	Rourke, Sean B.	Depression in People Living with HIV and Their Unmet Needs in Mental Health Care in Ontario: A Prospective Cohort Study	Medical Science	2016-11	Nearly 50% of HIV-positive patients have a history of suffering from depression. Although the condition is treatable, depression in these patients is under-recognized and under-treated, resulting in poorer clinical and quality-of-life outcomes. There are also gaps and disparities in accessing mental health care among these patients, but current evidence is limited to U.S. studies. The primary objectives of this thesis work were to: (1) establish the validity and reliability of self-report measurement instruments in identifying depression against DSM-IV criteria; (2) examine the burden of current depression and the underlying factors driving the burden; (3) estimate the rate of publicly-funded mental health service use and unmet needs for mental health care among HIV-positive patients with depression; and (4) examine the impact of depression on costly and preventable acute health services use in the Canadian health care system. A prospective cohort study was conducted by following a cohort of HIV-positive patients from October 1, 2007 to March 31, 2013 in the province of Ontario, Canada. I adopted a novel longitudinal linked data approach. Various regression models were employed for the analysis. Three self-report instruments (CES-D20, K10, and PHQ9) performed equally well and accurately when compared against DSM-IV criteria. With regards to the burden of depression, one in four HIV-positive patients was depressed. Half of depressed HIV-positive patients had a recurrent episode. In addition, there were delivery gaps in mental health care for depressed HIV-positive patientsâ one-half used mental health services and of these, one-half received minimally adequate care. Furthermore, HIV-positive patients with depression and/or substance use issues were associated with a 19â 70% elevated rate of emergency department (ED) admissions and a 17-67% elevated rate of potentially preventable ED admissions compared to those without these conditions. In sum, depression is highly prevalent in HIV-positive patients and is likely to be chronic and recurrent over time. There are delivery gaps in mental health care for depressed HIV-positive patients. More effective mental health care policies and better access to mental health care services are required to address the unmet needs of HIV-positive patients and reduce the impact of depression on their lives.	Ph.D.	health	3
Chopra, Kevin	Levitan, Robert	Exploring the Pathophysiology of Chronic Depression: The Interplay between Depression, Cortisol Responses, and Personality	Medical Science	2013-06	Chronic major depressive disorder (CMDD) is a common and debilitating illness. Its pathophysiology needs further elucidation, before more effective targeted treatments can be developed for this condition. To gain a better understanding of the psychobiology of CMDD, three interconnected studies were conducted that examined the interplay between chronic depression, cortisol responses, and personality. Study 1 examined cortisol responses to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) in CMDD participants (n=29) as compared to healthy controls (n=28). It was hypothesized that cortisol responses would be greater in the CMDD population. Results indicated that females with CMDD had increased cortisol output compared to female controls, a pattern consistent with the hypothesis. However, males with CMDD had decreased cortisol responses compared to male controls. These results suggest that cortisol responses to social stress are altered in those with CMDD; however, females and males experience fundamentally different changes. Study 2 examined moderating effects of personality on cortisol responses to the TSST in those with CMDD (n=51) as compared to healthy controls (n=57). It was hypothesized that higher neuroticism and/or lower extraversion would be associated with increased cortisol responses in CMDD participants. As hypothesized, lower extraversion was associated with increased cortisol reactivity in those with CMDD but not in healthy controls. However, no association was found between neuroticism and cortisol responses. These findings could support the notion that lower extraversion is a vulnerability marker for chronic depression and thus a possible target for treatment. Study 3, evaluated the cortisol awakening response (CAR) in CMDD participants (n=27) compared to healthy controls (n=30). It was hypothesized that such awakening responses would be more pronounced in the depressed population compared to controls. Contrary to expectation, no differences were found between the groups. However, lower extraversion was associated with a lower CAR in both CMDD and healthy controls, a finding that was not anticipated a priori. These interconnected studies suggest that examining relationships between depression, cortisol responses, and personality, can assist with identifying distinct psychobiological profiles in those with chronic depression. It is proposed that this strategy will improve the likelihood of developing more targeted treatments for this population.	PhD	health	3
Chowdhury, A K M Zahidur R	Kherani, Nazir P.	Facile Grown Native Oxide Based Passivation of Crystalline Silicon: A Novel Approach for Low-Temperature Synthesis of Silicon Photovoltaics	Electrical and Computer Engineering	2013-11	Passivation of the crystalline silicon surface is central to the attainment of high-efficiency silicon solar cells and even more so as the silicon absorber is thinned. Moreover, the current predominantly high temperature processing of thin silicon wafers gives rise to defect migration-creation and thermal stresses in a typical multi-layered photovoltaic (PV) device. The development of a simple and effective low temperature passivation scheme would aid immensely in the synthesis of next generation low-cost high-efficiency thin silicon solar cells. This research proposes, investigates and demonstrates the efficacy of a novel low-temperature passivation scheme for crystalline silicon surface which consists of a facile grown native oxide (SiOx) layer and a silicon nitride (SiNx) over layer. A systematic experimental study of the interfacial passivation quality reveals that high quality surface passivation is obtained at a saturation native oxide thickness of ~10Å. The passivation quality is uniform over a large silicon surface with a surface recombination velocity (SRV) of 8 cm/s. Recombination modelling of the interface shows that the interfacial defect density diminishes with increasing native oxide thickness while the trapped charge density is essentially unchanged. In light of the new passivation scheme, this research investigates theoretically and experimentally a legacy photovoltaic cell concept, the Back Amorphous-Crystalline silicon Heterojunction (BACH) PV device, and proposes a novel PV cell concept - the Lateral Inherently Thin (LIT) amorphous-crystalline silicon heterojunction PV device. Benchmarked theoretical studies of the devices, using Sentaurus - a device modelling code, indicate a maximum BACH cell and LIT cell efficiency of 24.4% and 23.9%, respectively, for a 100µm thick textured cSi substrate with attainable (10 cm/sec) passivation quality. BACH and LIT PV devices, integrating the new facile grown SiOx passivation scheme, were fabricated using n-type double-side polished 280µm thick (100) FZ cSi wafers. An optimal untextured cell efficiency of 16.7% and 11.6% are obtained for a 1 cm2 BACH and LIT devices, respectively, under AM1.5 solar irradiation. Development of the high quality facile grown oxide based passivation scheme, a paradigm shift relative to conventional thermal oxide passivation, paves the path for low-temperature synthesis of oxide-based high quality semiconductor devices on thin silicon - including high-efficiency silicon photovoltaics.	PhD	solar	7
Christine, McKenzie	Bonnie, Burstow	Exploring Intersectionality, Unravelling Interlocking Opresssions: Feminist Non-credit Learning Processes	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2011-06	The concepts of intersectionality and interlocking identities came out of needs raised by communities and then academics wrote about it. This dissertation examines these concepts and how these resonate with the ways that feminist educators conceptualize and facilitate non-credit learning processes with women. This research focuses on 10 differently-located feminist educators and the processes they lead that meet a range of learning goals. Specifically, this research examines the learning practices that these educators used to help women learners gain a consciousness around their identity and issues of power and oppression. I then discuss how these practices resonate with the theoretical frameworks of intersecting and interlocking oppressions. Anti-oppression, feminist informed research and feminist standpoint theories informed the research approach. The Critical Appreciative Process, which builds on the Appreciative Inquiry (AI) method, was used to explore what is working within feminist non-credit learning processes. In addition, two case studies were elaborated on in order to examine the learning practices that were particularly successful. The educators reflected on several barriers involved in bringing differently-located women together to explore and address the power dynamics associated with power and oppression. These included the defensiveness, denial and avoidance associated with acknowledging and addressing privilege. The educators also shared effective practices for addressing such barriers. Key practices included creating an environment for difficult conversations, working intergenerationally, using theoretical frameworks to deconstructing interpersonal dynamics occurring in the group and providing tools to draw on everyday experiences and challenge (inappropriate) behaviours. Additionally, specific activities for raising learners’ awareness of their own complex and multiple identities and how these identities are co-constructed through interactions with others were detailed. This study revealed the limitations of intersectionality and interlocking identities frameworks in praxis, as well as the ways in which an awareness of identity, difference and power creates an entry point for intersectional and interlocking awareness that aids feminist movements. This research makes a contribution to strengthening the praxis of feminist educators facilitating non-credit processes. Within feminist theorizing, this research also makes an important contribution in contextualizing intersectionality and interlocking identities frameworks within a range of feminist non-credit learning practices.	PhD	inclusive, women	4, 5
Christoforou, Anthea	Tarasuk, Valerie	The Determinants of Discretionary Front-of-Package Food Labelling	Nutritional Sciences	2017-11	The Determinants of Discretionary Front-of-Package Food Labelling Anthea Christoforou Doctor of Philosophy Department of Nutritional Sciences University of Toronto 2017 ABSTRACT Front-of-package (FOP) nutrition labelling is pervasive in Canada and occurs at the discretion of manufacturers. While there is evidence to suggest FOP labelling can impact product sales, other work has consistently demonstrated no association between the presence of a FOP reference and the nutritional quality of a product. A comprehensive examination of how manufacturers choose to engage in FOP labelling is needed to better understand the implications of this practice for consumers. Drawing on a survey of packaged foods sold in national chain retailers in Toronto the aims of this thesis were 1) to examine how the presence and nature of FOP references relate to a) level of food processing, b) product innovation (focusing on products designed as substitutes for traditional foods), and c) brand; and 2) to assess the nature of unregulated references through a systematic comparison of these references to nutrition labelling regulations. FOP nutrition references were more likely to appear on highly processed products, innovative foods and products manufactured by transnational brands, but they were less frequently displayed on products targeted to discount shoppers. A more in-depth examination of the nature of FOP material revealed a greater propensity for references highlighting ‘nutrients to limit’ (e.g., ‘trans fat free’, ‘low in sodium’) amongst highly processed products and those of transnational brands whereas innovative foods displayed a greater proportion of references which relayed information of ‘positive’ constituents (e.g., ‘good source of calcium’). Transnational brand products were more likely than other products to bear unregulated ‘natural’ references and less likely to display regulated ‘organic’ labels, potentially signalling their need to circumvent regulatory requirements that would vary across markets. Nearly a quarter of products surveyed bore unregulated nutrition references, and most of these relayed information for which regulated options exist. Taken together, the strategic distribution of FOP references observed on highly processed products, innovative products and those manufactured by transnational brands, and the myriad of unregulated text found on these products, suggest FOP labelling functions primarily as a marketing tool and point to the need for a more effective regulatory framework for nutrition communication to better support healthy food selection.	Ph.D.	consum, innovation, health, nutrition	2, 3, 9, 12
Christopoulos, John	Dacome, Lucia	Abortion in Late-Renaissance Italy	History and Philosophy of Science and Technology	2013-06	What did abortion mean in late-Renaissance Italy? This dissertation investigates conceptions and practices of abortion in Italy from 1550-1650. It aims to historicize abortion by recovering and joining together, from a broad base of sources, as many contemporary representations and images, points of view and voices on this subject as possible. I argue that abortion was a contentious and ambiguous event that had several meanings and that generated many seemingly inconsistent responses from ordinary individuals and institutional authorities. Abortion was a complex physical and medical event that carried heavy moral load. It was discussed in numerous contexts and had bearings on a variety of socio-historical domains. Drawing on a variety of sources, (including archival materials, legal codes and civic proclamations, works of theology, jurisprudence and medicine, letters and trial documents), and interdisciplinary in its method (utilizing the methodologies of social and cultural history, gender studies, history of ideas, the law, medicine and the body, and microhistory), this dissertation offers the first focused analysis of conceptions of abortion in the early modern period by examining meanings and practices in relation to broader social, political, medical, and religious developments in Counter-Reformation Italy. While detecting and analysing changes in institutional responses towards the practice over the course of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, this dissertation argues that culturally pervasive discourses of ambiguity and uncertainty persisted and that this shaped the way abortion was processed at the situational level. Examining the multiple and contradictory ways in which abortion was represented in various discursive contexts, this study throws light on some of the broader social, sexual, and gender imbalances that bore directly on perceptions and experiences of the female body and that shaped the ways in which institutions and individuals processed abortions. Far from being black or white, early modern Italian attitudes and responses to abortion were always complex and multifaceted.	PhD	gender	5
Chu Morrison, Jemille Lai-Yin	McDougall, Doug	Empowering Children Through a Global Education Reading Program	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2019-11	This 19-year global education curriculum project was conducted by a Canadian researcher in solidarity with a Tanzanian women’s rights activist who requested assistance with her campaign to end the continued illegal practice of female circumcision in her village. Years of fundraising, researching and planning resulted in filling a primary school with multicultural children’s literature to be used in a daily global reading program from grades one to seven. During the seven years of teacher training and curriculum implementation workshops in Tanzania involving global education and holistic education principles, the teachers expressed their shock over the unprecedented openness and critical thinking of their students. The students developed a keen awareness of social justice issues through their daily reading and book talks. By the upper grades, the male and female students articulated their stance against female circumcision without controversy, as though it was common knowledge that this was an illegal and unacceptable practice. Additionally, the students scored top results on their graduating national exams. The intent of the project was not to improve standardized testing results of the most disadvantaged, rural students and HIV orphans. This was a positive side-effect of the transformative powers of storytelling in the lives of children who are now better equipped to think critically about illegal, harmful cultural practices.	Ph.D.	rights, justice, rural, women	5, 11, 16
Chua, Vincent Kynn Hong	Erickson, Bonnie	Social Capital and Inequality in Singapore	Sociology	2010-11	Written as three publishable papers, this dissertation examines the sources of several forms of social capital in Singapore, and the effects of social capital on occupational success. Using representative survey data from Singapore, these papers make several important theoretical contributions: The first paper examines how and why categorical forms of stratification such as gender and ethnicity tend to produce distinctive forms of network inequalities: for example, whereas Chinese (relative to Malays and Indians) tend to have greater access to well-educated, wealthy, Chinese and weak tie social capital (but not non-kin), men (relative to women) tend to have greater access to men, non-kin and weak ties (but not well-educated, wealthy and Chinese). The key to understanding such distinctive patterns of network inequalities (by gender and ethnicity) is to understand the distinctive ways in which gender and ethnic groups are distributed in routine organizations such as schools, paid work and voluntary associations. The second paper examines the significance of personal contacts in job searches, in the context of Singapore’s meritocratic system. I show that in certain sectors such as the state bureaucracy, social networking brings no distinct advantages as appointments are made exclusively on the basis of the credentials of the candidates. Thus, personal contacts are not always useful, especially in labour markets that rely heavily on the signalling role of academic credentials to match people to jobs. In contrast, personal contacts are more useful among less qualified job searches in the private sector. The third paper shows that while job contacts (i.e. ‘mobilized’ social capital) may not always pay off in meritocratic labour markets, ‘accessed’ social capital remains extremely important. The leveraging power of social capital in meritocratic markets is not the active mobilization of job contacts per se, but more subtly, the result of embedded social resources such as knowing many university graduates and wealthy people. Together, these papers illustrate how socio-structural factors such as meritocracy, gender and racialization form important predictors of the distribution, role and value of social capital in everyday life and labour markets.	PhD	gender, labour	5, 8
Chuang, Deng-Min	Newman, Peter Adam	The Impact of Co-occurring Psychosocial Health Conditions and Attitudinal Familism on Condomless Anal Sex among Gay, Bisexual and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men (gbMSM) in Taiwan	Social Work	2020-06	Backgrounds: Gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (MSM) constitute the majority of HIV incidence in Taiwan. To understand the social determinants of health among MSM in Taiwan, this thesis aims to examine the impact of co-occurring psychosocial health conditions (PHCs) and attitudinal familism on condomless anal sex among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (MSM) in Taiwan. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was implemented using convenience sampling and distributed from July–September 2017 through collaborative partnerships with five community-based LGBTQ organizations in three metropolitan cities and two rural cities in Taiwan. Informed consent was obtained before the survey. Participants completed questions about socio-demographic characteristics, attitudinal familism, adverse childhood experiences, intimate partner violence, sexual minority stress, methamphetamine use and 14 coping strategies. HIV infection and condomless anal use were operationalized as outcome variables and analyzed using multivariable logistic regression and path analysis, controlling for socio-demographic characteristics. Results: One thousand MSM completed the online survey. Taiwanese MSM with more than one PHC had greater than twofold higher odds of being HIV-positive; those with three or more PHCs had twofold higher odds of having condomless anal sex. Positive reframing, acceptance and spiritual belief coping partially mediated the pathway from co-occurring PHCs to condomless anal sex. Spiritual belief coping partially mediated the association between co-occurring PHCs and HIV infection. The results also revealed that lower levels of attitudinal familism were associated with more co-occurring PHCs, which were, in turn, directly associated with greater use of the substance use coping strategy, which was itself directly associated with more condomless anal sex. Conclusion: The results highlight the importance of preventing co-occurring PHCs, including working to diminish exposure to violence and to reduce minority stressors among MSM in Taiwan. Taiwanese MSM living with co-occurring PHCs would benefit from trauma-informed counselling, which involves emotion-focused approaches and elements of positive reframing, acceptance and spiritual belief coping. Additionally, evidence-based research among MSM in Taiwan should further examine the effect of other coping strategies and social norms on HIV risk-taking behaviours.	Ph.D.	queer, health	3, 5
Chum, Antony	Walks, R. Alan	Socio-environmental Determinants of Cardiovascular Diseases	Geography	2012-11	Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death and disability around the world. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the impact of socio-environmental determinants of CVDs at the neighbourhood scale in order to inform actionable interventions, which may lead to large-scale reductions in preventable CVDs. Drawing on 2411 surveys carried out in Toronto, Canada, this thesis employs multilevel models to estimate the magnitude of socio-environmental influences on the risk of CVD while adjusting for individual-level risk factors. To advance current research methodology, strategies and innovations were developed to 1) improve the characterization of neighbourhoods by empirically testing a full range of socio-environmental influences; 2) account for non-residential exposures by including a combined analysis of work and home contexts; 3) account for variations in the duration of exposure through the use of time-weighted models; 4) deal with problem of spatial data aggregation by developing and testing a novel method of neighbourhood zone design, and 5) account for the spatial scales of different socio-environmental determinants by modeling at multiple scales. The thesis demonstrated that land use decisions are inextricably public health decisions. It found that living in neighbourhoods with inadequate access to food stores and areas for physical activity, burdened by violent crimes and fast food restaurants, and over-dependent on automobiles (leading to air pollution), with a high level of noise may significantly increase the risk of CVDs, over and above individual-level risks. The thesis also found that working in neighbourhoods that are socio-economically disadvantaged or have high-traffic may significantly increase CVD risk. The thesis developed and demonstrated novel methods to reduce the measurement error of neighbourhood exposures through 1) the use of “amoeba buffers” to improve neighbourhood zone design to better reflect participants’ local neighbourhoods and 2) the use of duration of exposure weights to adjust for individual differences in the time spent across different contexts. Finally, it found that the significance of socio-environmental factors depends on the scale of data aggregation; thus, investigation of multiple scales may be required to identify the relevant scale that matches the specific contextual factor in future research.	PhD	health, pollut, environment	3, 13
Chyzzy, Barbara	Dennis, Cindy-Lee	Mobile Phone-based Peer Support in the Prevention of Postpartum Depression Among Adolescent Mothers: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial	Nursing Science	2019-06	Background: Adolescent mothers are at three times greater risk for developing postpartum depression (PPD) compared to adult mothers. Lack of social support has been identified as a major risk factor for PPD among adolescent mothers. The objective of this parallel pilot randomized controlled trial was to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability and adherence of a mobile phone-based peer support intervention and obtain preliminary estimates of impact on clinical outcomes to inform a future definitive randomized controlled trial. Methods: Pregnant adolescents 16-24 years old were recruited from the community in Toronto, Canada and randomly allocated into either a mobile phone-based peer support intervention group or a usual care control group using sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes. Participants in the intervention group received support from a trained peer mentor by mobile phone (voice calling or text messaging) during their last trimester of pregnancy and 12 weeks postpartum. Primary outcomes measured implementation (feasibility, acceptability and adherence). Secondary outcomes measured preliminary effectiveness (depressive symptomatology, anxiety, social support and health service utilization). A research assistant blinded to group allocation collected outcome measures. Results: Forty pregnant adolescents (mean age 21.6, SD 1.8 years) were recruited (intervention n=21, control n=19). Primary outcomes: 33 participants (82.5%) completed outcome measures. A total of 121 contacts were made between participants and peer mentors, with the majority of contacts made by text message (n= 112, 92.6%). Overall, 100% of participants agreed or strongly agreed that they were satisfied with their peer support experience. Secondary outcomes: After controlling for baseline depressive symptomatology, participants in the intervention group demonstrated lower mean depression scores at 12 weeks postpartum compared to participants in the control group (F = 4.25, p = 0.048). There were no group differences in anxiety, social support or health service utlization. No adverse events were reported. Discussion: Mobile phone-based peer support may be a feasible and acceptable way to provide support to adolescents during pregnancy and in the postpartum period. Preliminary evidence suggests that the peer support intervention may be effective in preventing depressive symptomatology among adolescent mothers. A definitive randomized controlled trial with adequate sample size is warranted.	Ph.D.	health	3
Cimon, David	Park, Andreas	Essays on Financial Market Structure	Economics	2016-11	In this thesis, I model three innovations in modern financial markets. First, I study conflict of interest in the relation between brokers and investors. Second, I study Exchange Traded Funds, and their impact on their constituent assets. Finally, I study crowdfunding as a means for entrepreneurs to resolve uncertainty regarding demand for their projects. Many investors do not access equity markets directly; instead they rely on a broker who receives their order and submits it to a trading venue. Brokers face a conflict of interest when the commissions they receive from investors differ from the costs imposed by different trading venues. Investors want their orders to be filled with the highest probability, while brokers choose venues in order to maximize their own profits. I construct a model of limit order trading in which brokers serve as an agent for investors who wish to access equity markets. In just over 20 years, exchange traded funds (ETFs) have gone from a new financial innovation to an industry representing over $1.3 trillion CAD in assets under management. With this rapid rise in popularity, questions naturally arise as to whether ETFs affect the markets for the underlying assets from which they are formed. In this chapter I present a static model of informed limit order book trading in which market participants trade in either cash markets or basket securities ETFs. Since its advent less than 10 years ago, crowdfunding has grown to a multi-billion dollar industry. There has been debate over whether crowdfunding has competed with or complemented traditional financing methods such as banks and venture capital. One feature of crowdfunding, is a shifting of the risk from the project from the traditional venues, to these consumers themselves. This chapter examines the role of crowdfunding in the financing process for entrepreneurs, specifically in regards to the resolution of uncertainty regarding demand for their projects.	Ph.D.	innovation, industr, financial market	9, 10
Clarke, Allyson Kathryn	Lana, Stermac	In The Eyes of The Law: Survivor Experiences and Image Construction Within Sexual Assault Cases	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2014-11	Research has clearly documented the challenges that sexual assault survivors face within the legal system, yet little attention has been devoted to the ways in which survivors demonstrate agency during this process. The present study explored the ways in which sexual assault survivors navigate the power structures and stereotypes present within the Canadian criminal justice system, particularly during pre-trial preparatory activities and testifying experiences. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with eight adult female sexual assault survivors who testified against their assailant at a preliminary hearing or trial, as well as four service providers responsible for assisting survivors within the legal system. Data collection and analysis was informed by constructivist grounded theory (Charmaz, 2006). Findings showed that survivors' experiences testifying and interacting with defense attorneys were predominantly negative, while experiences with police and Crown Attorneys were comprised of both supportive and unsupportive aspects depending on the level of belief, support and commitment shown. Consistent with previous findings on survivor agency (e.g., Greeson Campbell, 2011), participants expressed agency through purposeful acts of both compliance and defiance with system expectations, depending on which course of action was deemed most beneficial in meeting personal goals for self-protection, system change or prosecution of the offender. Participants complied with system expectations through cooperation with legal personnel as well as deliberate mental, emotional, psychological and physical strategies to prepare themselves for testifying, including independent legal research, testimony rehearsal, psychological coping strategies, emotion management, and appearance modification. These activities were undertaken to increase personal confidence and comfort, as well as to construct stereotypically consistent images of ideal victimhood, enhance perceived credibility and assist in the prosecution effort. In addition, participants expressed agency through actions such as obtaining their own legal representation, protesting and resisting unfair or inappropriate treatment, and setting boundaries in their interactions with legal personnel. Findings indicate that even in the aftermath of serious trauma, survivors of sexual assault are able to take purposeful action to assess their own needs and shape their legal interactions and experiences in order to best meet their personal goals (Greeson Campbell, 2011; Konradi, 2007).	Ph.D.	justice	16
Clarke, Kathleen	Childs, Ruth A	An Investigation of the Experiences of Graduate Students with a Mental Health Condition	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2019-11	Discussion of postsecondary students’ mental health often overlooks the graduate student population, focusing on the undergraduate student population instead. The overall purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of graduate students with mental health conditions and to examine the challenges they face and the supports they use. The study followed a sequential-explanatory approach. In Phase 1, the 2016 Canadian Reference Group data from the National College Health Assessment was used to obtain an overall understanding of Canadian graduate students’ mental health. Findings from the quantitative analyses showed significant differences between a sample of 1,461 graduate/professional students with mental health conditions and 3,291 graduate/professional students without mental health conditions. Specifically, participants with mental health conditions reported experiencing higher levels of stress and more impediments to academic performance. Additionally, participants with mental health conditions were significantly more likely to report accessing providers for mental health support and to report that they would seek mental health support in the future if they had a problem that was bothering them. For Phase 2, 38 semi-structured interviews were conducted with doctoral students in Ontario who identified as having a mental health challenge or disability. Analyses found that some participants felt their mental health condition(s) delayed their academic progress. Participants who were not considered on-track to completing their degree on-time typically reported that the comprehensive exam stage was problematic. For support, participants often disclosed mental health-related concerns to peers and supervisors in addition to seeking formal support from on- or off-campus services. Overall, the findings suggest that the experiences of graduate students with mental health challenges may differ from their peers without mental health challenges. For faculty, academic programs, departments, and student services offices, understanding such differences is important for the delivery of effective and tailored support that meets the needs of this specific population of students.	Ph.D.	health	3
Clarke, Leroy	Wallace, John	An Investigation of the Impact of Mentoring on Students' Decisions to Pursue Professions in Medicine/Health Sciences: A Sociocultural Framework for Multicultural Science Education	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2010-11	In the 21st Century and beyond, it is clear that science and technology will be a catalyst in strengthening economic competitiveness and fostering social cohesion. However, some minoritized students are not engaged in science or related careers in science such as medicine. This study addresses the systemic issue of equitable and accessible science education as a requisite for career acquisition such as medicine. Mentoring is presented as a sociocultural participatory activity for engaging students in science learning. The purpose of this study is to assess the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine Summer Mentorship Program (SMP) and to use the data to theorize on the mentoring phenomenon. In 1994, the SMP was established as a means of ameliorating the traditionally low participation of Aboriginal and Black students in medicine and other health sciences. For the first 10 years (1994 – 2004), 250 participants enrolled in the program. Recently, ten past mentees of the program matriculated into various medical schools (5 in the Class of 2008 at the University of Toronto, this is significant, as the norm is usually 0 or at most 2). The study utilized a qualitative approach, requiring the collection of semi-structured one-on-one interview data and an interpretive phenomenological methodology to evaluate the data. There was an increased level of school and community involvement when students returned to high school and an increased awareness of the academic and career choices available to protégés. Mentees indicated that the influence of the SMP followed them much further than the end of the summer and considered it to be an important and defining moment in their educational journey. Communication could be improved so that mentors get a sense of their own impact and for professional development. Recommendations include conducting a study more focused on the impact of the SMP on Aboriginal students who completed the program. Finally, from a theoretical perspective, further work is recommended in order to fine-tune the proposed Mentoring Oriented Teaching and Learning Strategy (MOTALS) framework that incorporates students as natives in a welcoming community of science practice rather than immigrants in a strange land of non-contextual science knowledge.	PhD	equitable	4
Classen, Lauren Stephanie	Wardlow, Holly ||Sellen, Daniel	Not "Just Staying": How Health and Development Programming is Reshaping the Past, Present and Future for Rural Youth in Malawi	Anthropology	2013-11	Drawing on ethnographic and visual anthropological data, this dissertation explores the anticipated and unanticipated effects of youth-targeted health and development programmes in rural Malawi. Contemporary development programmes are anticipatory in nature: they are focused on managing health, behaviour, education and social relations today in ways that are believed to open opportunities for some distant and better future. Working with rural youth who “just stay,” an idiom youth use to describe their “failure” to make progress towards desired futures, I show how discourses and ideals espoused in anticipatory programmes including human rights, education, gender and love are slippery concepts. As they percolate through this particular social, political, historical and demographic context and into the imaginaries of young people, these discourses often become something new and unexpected. In particular I show how: i) a discursive elision occurs between the rights discourse and other markers of modernity and youth take up their “right” to wear modern clothing and drink commercial alcohol, ii) selfish behaviours including alcoholism and womanising surface in boys’ self-constructions as innate tendencies rather than part of a socially produced and constantly shifting construction of masculinity, iii) audit cultures, critical to the operation of anticipatory programmes, reduce gender equality to something “countable,” which, in turn, alters programme activities, leads to performances by participants and filters into youth subjectivities, and iv) discourses on modern and “healthy” loves, free from HIV/AIDS, lead to re-arrangements in romantic relations and friendships that provide new and positive opportunities for women not always available in customary marriages. By privileging the future over the present and the past, programmes overlook numerous structural barriers to improving the lives of the youth who “just stay.” I argue that the unanticipated effects of these programmes constitute and give rise to several invisible forms of violence. On the other hand, however, some effects are generative of new and positive subjectivities and relationships that are egregiously overlooked by programmes. This ignorance prevents programmes from building upon positive effects to generate desired change and sometimes even undermines their own stated goals.	PhD	health, gender, women, equality, rural, rights	3, 5, 11, 16
Cleary, Julian	Maclaren, Virginia W.	Incorporating Waste Prevention Activities into Life Cycle Assessments of Residential Solid Waste Management Systems	Geography	2012-06	The four papers of this dissertation explore themes related to waste prevention, the system boundaries, functional units and scale of life cycle assessments (LCAs) of municipal solid waste (MSW) management, as well as the transparency and consistency of the application of LCA methods. The first paper is a comparative analysis of the methodological choices and transparency of 20 LCAs of MSW that were recently published in peer-reviewed journals, and includes a comparison of their midpoint level impact values using statistical indicators. The second paper proposes a conceptual model, designated WasteMAP (Waste Management And Prevention), for evaluating LCAs of MSW which incorporate waste prevention. In WasteMAP, waste prevention through dematerialization is viewed as analogous to waste treatments so long as it does not affect the functional output (product services) of MSW-generating product systems. Papers 3 and 4 comprise the WasteMAP LCA case study. Paper 3 depicts product LCAs of wine and spirit packaging (conventional, lightweight and refillable, each type generating different quantities of waste) at the scale of the individual package and the municipality. At the municipal scale, the LCAs address impacts from the wine and spirit packaging supplied in the City of Toronto, Canada in 2008, and a waste prevention scenario which substitutes lighter weight and reusable containers. The lowest endpoint level impacts out of the five container types studied were associated with refillable containers and aseptic cartons. Paper 4 addresses the Toronto MSW management system and applies the WasteMAP model to allow for the comparison, on a functionally equivalent basis, of the LCA results of a reference scenario, based on 2008 data, with a scenario incorporating six types of waste prevention activities (prevention of unaddressed advertising mail, disposable plastic bags, newspapers, lightweight and refillable wine and spirit packaging, and yard waste). The findings highlight the benefits of waste prevention, and the relative significance of the decision to account for recycled content when modelling waste prevention. The endpoint level impact assessment results using the ReCiPe and Impact 2002+ evaluation methods are in keeping with the assumption in the waste hierarchy that waste prevention has a superior environmental performance.	PhD	environment, waste, recycl	7, 12, 13
Cleaver, Shaun Robert	Nixon, Stephanie A||Polatajko, Helene J	Postcolonial Encounters with Disability: Exploring Disability and Ways Forward Together with Persons with Disabilities in Western Zambia	Rehabilitation Science	2016-11	The economic and epistemological dominance of the global North has outlived colonialism. This postcolonial dynamic causes impairment in the global South and renders life more difficult for persons with disabilities (PWDs). This dynamic also limits the ability of people in the global South to respond to disability. This thesis aimed to challenge the postcolonial dynamic through the development of new ways to think about disability, and what to do about it, through a North-South collaboration with a North American rehabilitation provider and two disability groups and their members in Western Zambia. This constructionist qualitative research project was informed by critical and participatory approaches to research. The participating groups included one based in an urban area and another in a rural area. A total of 81 individual members of the two groups participated. Data were generated through eight focus group discussions and 39 interviews and analyzed using thematic and reflexive analysis strategies. The participants of this research were most concerned with poverty. The strategy that they suggested to improve their situation was help, a gift or grant of material resources shared in a relationship of expected compassion. This research was complicated by power dynamics and differences between the participants and researcher with respect to priorities and ways of thinking. The complications likely impacted what people talked about and the way they talked about it. The complications also meant that this research was less collaborative than planned. This research showed that PWDs in Western Zambia had concerns, and suggested strategies to improve their situation, that were different than those that are most common in Zambia. Since the current ways of thinking about disability in Zambia are largely informed by the concerns and priorities of the global North, this research points to possible alternatives that are based in the realities of the country.	Ph.D.	poverty, urban rural	1, 11
CLEMENT, Anne	REILLY, James ||HASSANPOUR, Amir	Fallahin on Trial in Colonial Egypt: Apprehending the Peasantry through Orality, Writing, and Performance	Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations	2012-06	This dissertation explores the experiences of Egyptian peasants from the Delta province of Minufiyya who were tried for murder by newly created "native" or "national" courts between 1884 and 1914. Through the study of 2,000 pages of criminal files, I deconstruct how the colonial state used the modern techniques of judicial orality, writing, and performance, both to justify a series of reforms that turned the entire legal process into a parody of justice, and to develop a grand narrative that essentialized peasants as revengeful, greedy, and passionate and ultimately linked their alleged immorality to their illiteracy. Furthermore, my work sheds light on how peasants reacted to this process of moralization of the law by promoting the "honor of the brigand" through violence and poetry. Finally, by focusing on the many petitions contained in the judicial files, my dissertation provides new insight into the development of a "vernacular" culture of the law that betrays the peasants' awareness of the highly political nature of the legal process. By presenting and analyzing an untapped wealth of Egyptian archives produced by the native courts, this research not only sheds invaluable light on the workings and hence the very nature of British colonial justice in Egypt, but also represents a significant advance in the knowledge of the origins of Egypt's current legal system. On a more theoretical level, this study also constitutes an important contribution to the reflection on the subaltern subject initiated by Rosalind O'Hanlon and Talal Asad, by showing how the peasants' agency paradoxically lies in their "disempowerment."	PhD	justice	16
Cleovoulou, Yiola	Thiessen, Dennis	Examining the Complexities of Fostering Social Inclusion in Elementary Classrooms	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2010-06	The purpose of this 1-year case study was to understand how 5 elementary school teachers in an inner-city school foster social inclusion. Through classroom observations and interviews, the study examined the variations of classroom practices the teachers used to create inclusive environments, the challenges they faced in the process, and the strategies they developed to address these challenges. How their work in the classroom interacted with the school's organizational structures was also explored. Three concepts frame the study: a broad conception of social inclusion that addresses multiple aims for creating an environment of belonging and takes students of all social identities into account; a detailed conception of the practice of social inclusion from a range of theoretical perspectives and teachers' experiences; and a situated conception of context that interrelates the classroom with the school and the community. Three dimensions of pedagogy—content-based practices, relations, and structures—are used to identify and compare principles of inclusive practice. The study portrays the interactions of daily classroom life through cross-case analysis and reveals the complex decision-making processes that teachers use to foster social inclusion. This study builds on growing scholarship in the field of social inclusion in education (Ainscow et al., 2006; Dei, 1996a; Kosnik & Beck, 2009; Kumashiro, 2002; Topping & Maloney, 2005) and on the increased interest in inclusive pedagogical practices. The in-depth portraits of the teachers’ classroom practices are compared to literature in 4 areas: citizen-based pedagogy, culture-based pedagogy, race-based pedagogy, and anti-oppression pedagogy. The teachers’ practices are analyzed in relation to 2 principles of social inclusion: connecting content to students’ lives and creating mutually supportive social spaces. The study revealed that the participants' practices were mainly associated with pedagogies based on citizenship and culture, with some connections to race-based and anti-oppression pedagogies. What differentiates this study from most other studies in this area is its detailed attention to the dynamic complexity of applying principles of social inclusion to practice. The portraits offer insights into inclusive work in classrooms that will benefit teachers, teacher educators, and researchers interested in expanding the field of social inclusion in education.	PhD	inclusive	4
Close, Angele	Stermac, Lana	Self-compassion and Recovery from Sexual Assault	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2013-11	Despite concerted efforts to eradicate violence against women and challenge victim-blaming attitudes towards survivors of sexual assault, women continue to be sexually victimized and encounter negative and accusatory reactions by family, friends, and society at large. For many survivors, the consequences are internalizing blame and feelings of shame, which has been shown to be related to increased psychological distress, self-destructive coping mechanisms, depression, generalized anxiety, and post-traumatic stress (Arata, 1999; Davis & Breslau, 1994; Feiring, Taska, & Lewis, 2002; Frazier, 1990, 2000; Frazier & Schauben, 1994; Wyatt et al., 1990). New research in the area of self-compassion suggests that this way of self-relating can counter shame (Gilbert, 2005) and serve as a resiliency factor for coping with daily stressors (Leary, Tate, Adams, Allen, & Hancock, 2007) and contribute to well-being (Neff, 2003a). No study has yet empirically evaluated self-compassion among survivors of trauma, nor more specifically, victims of sexual assault. The present study investigated the relationships between self-compassion and various indicators of psychological health that have been associated with posttrauma adjustment. One hundred and forty-one women in North America who experienced a sexual assault in the past 5 years (aged 18 to 61, M age = 27 years) completed measures assessing trauma history (sexual trauma history, childhood trauma and stressful life experiences), posttrauma adjustment (psychological distress, negative posttraumatic cognitions, and shame), self-compassion, self-criticism, and life satisfaction. The results of the study showed that self-compassion was significantly negatively related to psychological distress, negative posttraumatic cognitions, shame and self-criticism, and was positively related to life satisfaction. Hierarchical linear regressions revealed that when controlling for earlier childhood trauma and other stressful life experiences, self-compassion was a strong and significant predictor, explaining between 19 to 42% of the variance in psychological distress, negative posttraumatic cognitions, shame, and self-criticism. Comparing groups based on severity of sexual assault revealed that women who experienced attempted rape reported significantly higher levels of self-criticism compared with women who experienced sexual coercion. These findings bolster recent studies that equate self-compassion with psychological resilience. The negative relationships revealed between self-compassion and measures reflecting posttrauma adjustment and self-criticism, along with the positive association with life satisfaction clearly demonstrate validity in the pursuit of self-compassion as an important psychological construct that may help women recover from sexual trauma.	PhD	women	5
Clune, Laurel Ann	Nelson, Sioban	When the Injured Nurse Returns to Work: An Institutional Ethnography	Nursing Science	2011-06	Nursing is a high risk profession for injury. A Canadian survey reports many nurses are in poor physical and emotional health; they sustain more musculoskeletal and violence related injuries than other occupational groups. In Ontario, an injury management approach called Early Return to Work (RTW) requires injured workers, including nurses, to go back to work before full recovery. The Workplace Safety and Insurance Board cite this approach as beneficial to both the employer and employee. This study uses an institutional ethnographic approach to examine critically the RTW process from the standpoint of injured registered nurses. Through interviews and mapping activities with nurses, other health professionals and managers, a rendering of the social organization of hospital injury management emerges. The findings suggest that the implementation of RTW is complicated and difficult for nurses, their families and hospital employers. Injured nurses engage in significant amounts of domestic, rehabilitation and accommodation work in order to participate in the RTW process. When the returning nurse is unable to engage in full duties hospital operations become disorganized. Collective agreements and human resources procedures limit the participation of injured nurses in creative and/or new roles that could utilize their knowledge and skills. As a result, nurses are assigned to duties, which hamper them from returning to their pre-injury positions and cause their employment with the hospital to be reconsidered. The unsuccessful return of injured nurses to employment is counter to provincial retention initiatives, which seek to sustain an adequate cadre of nurses ready and able to care for the increasing health care needs of an aging population. Sites of change which could support and promote the successful return of these injured workers to nursing work are identified in this study.	PhD	health, employment, worker	3, 8
Cobb, Cameron Darcy Baxter	Ryan, James	Minoritized Parents, Special Education, and Inclusion	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2010-06	While there is a large body of literature on the subject of inclusion from a student’s perspective in terms of program delivery, little has been written about how minoritized parents are included in special education processes. This critical study examines how minoritized parents – those who are at times disadvantaged because of how they are differentiated within society – are included in and/or excluded from special education in the varying circumstances associated with this process. To delve into the parameters and implementation of special education identification, placement, and program delivery, I spoke with four minoritized parents and one minoritized youth engagement worker. Additionally, I examined codified policies and regulations, in order to consider how individuals interpret and shape the enactment of this policy within school cultures. In recording and coding the stories of minoritized parents, I have found that Ontario’s system of identification, placement, and program delivery presently leads minoritized parents to experience varying degrees of inclusion and/or exclusion. These degrees may be influenced by a number of circumstances, including how knowledge, language, positioning, and philosophy are presented. As outlined in this paper, Ontario’s Ministry of Education, along with school boards across the province, may pursue a number of different change avenues, and these paths will inevitably lead to different outcomes. While some paths may lead to conflict resolution and enriched inclusion, others may intensify situations of exclusion. Any sort of policy change that sets out to transform special education identification, placement, and program delivery along an Inclusion/Exclusion, Transparency/Opaqueness continuum would ultimately have to address a variety of complications. While the two general forces of larger social context and policy complications are addressed in the concluding chapter of the paper, the specific manner in which they materialize cannot be predicted with complete accuracy. Rather than articulating a detailed set of instructions to redesign policy, I hope to generate critical reflection and discussion on the matter of transforming Ontario’s special education model. If special education inclusion is to be enriched in Ontario, change is imperative.	PhD	inclusive	4
Cohen, Sarah	Cummins, James	Making Visible the Invisible: Dual Language Teaching Practices in Monolingual Instructional Settings	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2008-06	This dissertation documents the work of two teacher collaborators who brought a focus on linguistic and cultural diversity into their literacy teaching even while teaching in English medium schools. The research was carried out during eighteen months utilizing collaborative case study methodology in conjunction with two teachers in highly multilingual and multicultural public elementary schools in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). This study explores the pedagogical possibilities that are made available by teaching for transfer and highlights the resource that students’ linguistic diversity can be even when the instructional setting is monolingual. The dual language literacy pedagogies of the two teachers provide the basis for an analysis of the paths for knowledge construction and identity development that were made available for students through this work. I examine the role that teacher identity and societal influences play in enabling or constraining a redefinition of literacy for the increasingly globalized context of schools. The image of the child, of literacy and of bilingualism projected by the work of the two participating teachers shape the analysis of their identity and role definition as educators. By examining teaching practices that integrate students’ linguistic and cultural identities into the fabric of the literacy curriculum several themes are considered: (a) the role of teacher identity and choice in creating learning contexts that draw on students’ interests and prior knowledge, (b) the link between student engagement and a classroom ecology that values students’ identities and, (c) the different types of knowledge that are generated in the process of participating in the dual language literacy work. Results suggest that students were able to utilize their first language skills in the service of learning English. They also experienced a renewed motivation to extend their first language skills into the sphere of literacy as a result of its affirmation within the classroom. In the case of both first and second language development, students’ ability to engage cognitively and affectively in their literacy work was heightened by virtue of the integration of their language and culture into the curriculum.	PhD	inclusive	4
Coiner, Heather Allison	Sage, Rowan F.	The Role of Low Temperatures in Determining the Northern Range Limit of Kudzu (Pueraria montana var lobata), an Invasive Vine in North America	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2012-06	Invasive non-indigenous species are among the principle drivers of global change, altering nutrient cycles, changing disturbance regimes, and generally threatening biodiversity. Climate change is widely expected to exacerbate invasions by relaxing abiotic barriers, such as low temperature, but the mechanistic evidence supporting this is limited. Here, I evaluate the hypothesis that low temperatures determine the northern range limit of kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata), an invasive Asiatic vine in North America, by assessing freezing and chilling tolerance of kudzu plants in winter, spring, summer, and fall. Kudzu was widely planted throughout the southeastern U.S. in the early 20th Century to prevent erosion. It is winter-deciduous and reproduces primarily from buds on stem nodes. In the last 40 years, kudzu has migrated northward in concert with a northward shift in the -20oC minimum winter temperature isocline, indicating that less severe winter cold is permitting northward migration. Freezing mortality during winter does not explain this correlation. Electrolyte leakage assays demonstrate that above- and belowground kudzu stems can survive to -27oC and -17oC. Insulation provided by soil and snow protects belowground stems from lethal temperatures to well north of kudzu's current range limit. Severe spring chill stops growth and photosynthesis and causes some shoot mortality, but both growth and photosynthesis recover quickly following the chill. Summer growth rates are rapid (up to 22 cm/d), responding within hours to temperature changes, and are unimpaired by nighttime lows. Photosynthesis is reduced at cool temperatures, but on cool days, kudzu leaves tend to be warmer than air temperature, so photosynthesis rates generally remain close to optimal values. In autumn, growth stops below 15oC, but leaves are retained and maintain modest photosynthetic competence until killed by frost in November. In colder climates that occur far north of kudzu's current range, reductions in the length and quality of the growing season could accumulate over time to reduce kudzu's success. There is, however, no strong evidence that low temperatures in any season will prevent kudzu from migrating throughout southern Ontario, making kudzu a good candidate for invasive species regulations.	PhD	biodiversity, climate	13, 15
Coleman, Brenda Lee	McGeer, Allison	The Role of Drinking Water as a Source of Transmission of Antimicrobial Resistant Escherichia coli	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2008-11	Antimicrobial resistance is a serious threat to the treatment of infectious diseases and a leading public health concern of the 21st century. Antimicrobial resistant E. coli has been detected in many places including domestic livestock, humans, food items, surface water, and drinking water. Although the use of antibiotics is a major contributor to the emergence of resistance, the ingestion of water contaminated with antimicrobial resistant bacteria may contribute to the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in humans. Purpose: The objectives of the research were to determine the prevalence of human faecal carriage of antimicrobial resistant E. coli in people residing in southern Ontario who used private water sources and to determine whether the use of water contaminated with antimicrobial resistant E. coli was associated with human carriage of same. Method: The study population consisted of people living in Ontario households that submitted water samples from private water sources for bacteriological testing between May 2005 and September 2006. Respondents completed a questionnaire and submitted a self-collected rectal swab. Results: Antimicrobial resistant E. coli were detected in the swabs of 41% of the 699 respondents, with 28% resistant to ampicillin, 25% to tetracycline, and 24% to sulfisoxazole, and 29% that were multi-drug resistant. Subjects from households using untreated water contaminated with antimicrobial resistant E. coli were 40% more likely to carry antimicrobial resistant E. coli in their gastrointestinal system than people from households using uncontaminated water, even after adjusting for the effect of other variables. Implications: The association between the consumption of water contaminated with antimicrobial resistant E. coli and human carriage of resistant E. coli highlights the ongoing risks associated with water contamination and antimicrobial resistance in Ontario. The high rates of resistant E. coli in healthy non-institutional persons provides further rationale for public health programs to reduce antibiotic use in medicine and agriculture.	PhD	agriculture, health, water, consum	2, 3, 6, 12
Conrad, Patricia	Deber, Raisa Berlin	Do Regional Models Matter? Resource Allocation to Home Care in the Canadian Provinces of Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia & New Brunswick	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2008-06	Proponents of Canadian health reform in the 1990s argued for regional structures, which enables budget silos to be broken down and integrated budgets to be formed. Although regionalization has been justified on the basis of its potential to increase home care resources, political science draws upon the scope of conflict theory, which instead suggests marginalized actors, such as home care, may be at risk of being cannibalized in order to safeguard the interests of more powerful actors, such as hospitals. Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, constitute a natural policy experiment. Each has made different decisions about the regionalization model implemented to restructure health care delivery. The policy question underpinning this research is: What are the implications of the different regional models chosen on the allocation of resources to home care? Provincial governments are at liberty to fund home care within the limits of their fiscal capacity and there are no federal terms and conditions which must be complied with. This policy analysis used a case comparison research design with mixed methods to collect quantitative and qualitative data. Two financial outcomes were measured: 1) per capita provincial government home care expenditures and 2) the home care share of provincial government health expenditures. Hospital data was used as a comparator. Qualitative data collected from face-to-face, semi-structured interviews with regional elite key informants supplemented the expenditure data. The findings align with the scope of conflict theory. The trade-off between central control and local autonomy has implications for these findings: 1) home care in Prince Edward Island increased it share from 1.6% to 2.2% of provincial government health spending; 2) maintaining central control over home care in Nova Scotia resulted in an increase in its share from 1.4% to 5.4%, and 3) in New Brunswick, home care share grew from 4.1% to 7.6%. Inertia and entrenchment of spending patterns was strong. Health regions did not appear to undertake resource reallocation to any great extent in either Prince Edward Island or New Brunswick. Resource reallocation did occur in Nova Scotia where the hospital share of government spending went down and was reallocated to home care and nursing homes. But, Nova Scotia is the only province of the three in which home care was not regionalized. Regional interests in maintaining existing levels of in-patient hospital beds was clearly a source of tension between the overarching policy goals formulated for health reform by the provincial governments and the local health regions.	PhD	health	3
Constantinou, Peter P.	Jones, Glen A.	Government Relations in the Post-secondary Education Sector in Ontario	Theory and Policy Studies	2010-06	There has been little research on the government relations function within the post-secondary education sector in Ontario. This study explores this topic by reviewing the literature and collecting data from key informants in the college, university and government sector, and those who can speak about the sector associations. The study describes how the leaders of colleges and universities in Ontario perceive and conduct government relations, both as individual institutions and as a sector, and analyzes trends and potential implications. The study utilizes a pluralist model of interest group behaviour and applied the hollow-core theory to the policy community and the findings provide compelling evidence that this theory is a useful theoretical framework for understanding the nature of this policy community. This study also provides valuable insight into the hollow-core theory of pluralism. The leadership of individual colleges and universities shares a similar understanding of government relations and engage a similar approach. Individual colleges and universities work independently to lobby for capital funding and work together through their respective associations to lobby for system-wide funding and reforms. Although the presidents of individual institutions continue to lead the government relations function, the trend in the post-secondary education sector in Ontario is to invest additional resources and time in these activities. This study is the first of its kind in Ontario and makes an important contribution to our understanding of the way leaders in the post-secondary education sector in Ontario perceive and conduct government relations. Implications of the findings are considered and recommendations are made for further research.	PhD	institution	16
Conway, Lauryn	Smith, Mary Lou||Widjaja, Elysa	Health-related Quality of Life in Children with Drug Resistant Epilepsy: A Focus on Risk Factors, Measurement, and Surgical Outcomes	Psychology	2019-11	Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is recognized as the most important outcome of any chronic health condition. Despite growing empirical interest in HRQOL outcomes, important knowledge gaps undermine the burgeoning literature, compromising the translation of findings to clinical care for children with drug resistant epilepsy. In response, this dissertation presents a comprehensive investigation of HRQOL in children with drug resistant epilepsy through three integrated objectives: (1) fine-tune the existing arsenal of HRQOL measures in pediatric epilepsy; (2) identify risk factors for HRQOL in children with drug resistant epilepsy; and (3) examine the influence of low intellectual ability on post-surgical change in HRQOL. Studies 1 and 2 examined HRQOL assessment in children with drug resistant epilepsy across research and clinical settings. Study 1 extended the validity of the Quality of Life in Childhood Epilepsy Questionnaire (QOLCE-55) to children with drug resistant epilepsy, including confirmation of the higher order factor structure; the findings contribute to the robust psychometric profile of the QOLCE-55 as a reliable and valid measure. Study 2 demonstrated promising evidence regarding the psychometric properties of a global measure of quality of life (QOL), a potentially useful tool that can be used by clinicians to evaluate the impact of treatment outcomes in children with drug resistant epilepsy. Study 3 investigated correlates of HRQOL in children with drug resistant epilepsy, finding that lower child IQ, fewer resources available to aid families and caregiver unemployment were uniquely associated with diminished HRQOL. These results highlight the dominant effect of psychosocial factors on child HRQOL, relative to epilepsy-related variables. Lastly, Study 4 assessed change in HRQOL after epilepsy surgery, with a focus on the role of intellectual ability. Our results suggest that children with low intellectual ability can expect to achieve similar post-operative improvements in HRQOL compared to those with normal intelligence. In sum, the four studies included in this dissertation address and overcome many gaps in the literature on pediatric epilepsy and HRQOL. This body of work provides necessary and novel evidence with the potential to improve prognostication, inform presurgical counselling, and identify targets for therapeutic interventions in children with drug resistant epilepsy.	Ph.D.	health	3
Cook, Charlene	Fuller-Thomson, Esme	Challenging the Behavioural Model: Exploring Individual, Interpersonal, and Structural Predictors of Adolescent Dual Protection Use	Social Work	2009-11	The optimal model to support adolescent sexual health is the concurrent use of hormonal birth control and condoms. This dual protection approach prioritizes protection against unplanned pregnancy as well as sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In order to explore individual, interpersonal and structural factors that influence adolescent protection use, multivariate Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID) analysis was completed with a national sample of adolescents (n=2320) from the 2002 Canadian Youth, Sexual Health, and HIV/AIDS Study. CHAID is a decision tree method which assesses interactions between significant independent variables to optimize prediction of the dependent variable (i.e. safer-sex protection method). Among adolescent females, the following factors were associated with dual protection use: high condom intentions; having lived with both biological parents; having accessed a medical professional or media as the primary source of HIV/AIDS information; having utilized a medical professional as the primary source of sexual health information; having never had unwanted sex; having not consumed alcohol and/or drugs before sex; frequent sexual activity; having identified a medical professional as the primary source of STD advice; having been tested for STDs; and having supported the importance of talking about condoms with a partner. Among adolescent males, dual protection was associated with: high condom intentions; frequent sexual activity; the belief that both partners are responsible for condom use; having been born in Canada; having noted uncertain or high levels of religiosity; having been older than 14 at first sexual intercourse; having been able to speak with their father about sex; having accessed a medical professional or media as the primary source of HIV/AIDS information; and having reported a peer group that did not use tobacco. The results indicate that structural factors, in concert with individual and interpersonal factors, play a vital role in understanding adolescent safer-sex practices. Policy and practice implications include revisions to sexual health curricula, sexual health service accessibility for all adolescents, and targeted prevention programming for adolescents at highest risk. Further research into the sexual health of male adolescents and the influence of structural factors on sexual health among diverse samples should be prioritized.	PhD	health	3
Cook, Steven	Tanner, Julian	Taking It To The Streets: A Comparative Analysis Of Violent Victimization, The Victim-Offender Overlap, And The Victim-Fear Relationship Among School And Street-Involved Youth In Toronto	Sociology	2017-03	Research on violent victimization among youth has received a considerable amount of academic attention in recent years; however, this research has typically been conducted separately for conventional populations of school-based youth and at-risk populations of street-involved youth. Although it is generally assumed that the rates of violent victimization are higher among the street-involved youth, to date, research has yet to undertake a comprehensive and comparative analysis of these two populations. Without this research, the presumed differences between these two populations will remain untested, and an analysis of how the mechanisms operate similarly and differently between these two populations will remain largely unexplored. This dissertation project addresses this gap in the literature by undertaking a comparative analysis of violent victimization, the victim-offender overlap, and the victim-fear relationship among a comparable sample of school-based youth and street-involved youth. In general, the findings from this dissertation reveal that the street-involved youth are violently victimized at much greater rates than the school-based youth, and these differences cannot be explained away by the social-situational factors that are more abundant among the street-involved youth. While the factors predicting the victim-offender overlap appear to follow a similar pattern for both the school and street youth, the dangerous social context of life on the streets creates an environment where violence and victimization frequently co-occur. These high rates of violent victimization do not directly translate into a higher level of fearfulness of crime, however, as the street-involved youth report being less fearful on average than do the school-based youth. These results suggest that fearlessness may be a learned adaptation among the street-involved youth to survive life on the streets.	Ph.D.	well being	3
Cooke, Jason Arthur	Farish, Matthew ||Prudham, William S	The Fossil Fueled Metropolis: Los Angeles and the Emergence of Oil-based Energy in North America, 1865-1930	Geography	2014-06	Beginning with coal in the nineteenth century, the mass production and intensive consumption of fossil fuel energy fundamentally changed patterns of urban and industrial development in North America. Focusing on the metropolitan development of Los Angeles, this dissertation examines how the emergence of oil-based capitalism in the first three decades of the twentieth century was sustained and made increasingly resilient through the production of urban and industrial space. In a region where coal was scarce, the development of oil-based energy was predicated on long-term investments into conversion technologies, storage systems and distribution networks that facilitated the efficient and economical flow of liquefied fossil fuel. In this dissertation, I argue that the historical and geographical significance of the Southern California petroleum industry is derived from how its distinctive market expansion in the first three decades of the twentieth century helped establish the dominance of oil-based energy as the primary fuel for transportation in capitalist society. In North America, the origins of oil-based capitalism can be traced to the turn of the twentieth century when California was the largest oil-producing economy in the United States and Los Angeles was the fastest growing metropolitan region. This dissertation traces how Los Angeles became the first city in North America where oil became a formative element of urban and industrial development: not only as fuel for transportation, but also in the infrastructures, landscapes and networks that sustain a critical dependence on oil-based energy. With a distinctive metropolitan geography, decentralized and automobile-dependent, Los Angeles became the first oil-based city in North America and thus provides an ideal case study for examining the regional dynamics of energy transition, establishment and dependence. Interwoven with the production of urban and industrial space, oil remains the primary fuel that sustains the capitalist mode of production.	Ph.D.	production, urban, industr, energy, infrastructure	7, 9, 11, 12
Coombs, Michelle	Mirchandani, Kiran	Women, Learning, and Charitable Leadership in Canada	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2018-06	This thesis explores how female charitable-sector leaders draw on dominant discourses and how they counter them in their talk about leadership and learning. Drawing on rich narratives coming out of female leaders’ interviews, I demonstrate how gender and identities are constructed through dominant discourses drawing on feminist post-structuralism and intersectionality theory. This inquiry uses a transdisciplinary discursive approach combining Critical Discourse analysis (CDA), Feminist Post-structuralist Discourse Analysis (FPDA), and Discursive Psychology (DP). Drawing on these approaches ensures that gender remains at the forefront, that a connection occurs between societal discourses and day-to-day talk, and that the research attends to how subjectivities are created through talk. The intention is fourfold. First, this research aims for a greater understanding of how present masculine constructions of leadership are manifest in charitable organizational leaders’ talk. Second, it explores how such masculine leadership ideals are negotiated and challenged. It identifies how these discourses occur and create points of tension or ideological dilemmas. Third, it investigates moments where dominant discourses are contested in talk. Finally, this research considers how learning is implicated in these processes. The findings demonstrate, first, that women are positioned through dominant discourses of leadership, gender, and difference, and that this places them as something “other” than a leader. Dominant discourses, though they circulate broadly, penetrate the non-profit sector contextually. Second, the findings establish that charitable-sector leaders negotiate and challenge dominant discourses. Third, the findings demonstrate that women contest these notions through discursive mechanisms, including naming dominant discourses, using non-damaging discourses, and rediscursivization. The contestation of dominant discourses also occurs contextually and, sometimes, in contradictory ways and works to challenge the status quo. Fourth, learning is embedded in discourse resulting in women learning in and through dominant discourses as they lead. This research contributes to the understanding of how dominant masculine rationality is learned and perpetuated in leaders’ talk, as well as how it is challenged. This, in turn, provides new methodological tools and discursive approaches to research and the practice of social change work not only in the non-profit sector but also in leadership learning and social policy development.	Ph.D.	gender, women	5
Coons, Ginger	Ratto, Matt	Something for Everyone: Using Digital Methods to Make Physical Goods	Information Studies	2016-06	In this dissertation I draw a link between the purported changes being wrought on society by the adoption of digital production technologies and previous waves of technological change in the production of goods. I use two case studies to provide detailed accounts of methods of production and development which use digital fabrication technologies to negotiate relationships between individuals and standards. The first case study, a collaborative Free/Libre Open Source Software development project, represents a kind of digital production which creates digital goods. The second case study looks at the digitally-aided fabrication of a physical good: 3D-printed sockets for prosthetic legs. I further argue that we need new frameworks for studying the intersection of the digital and the physical, or the inextricability of the two concepts. Scrutinizing the way mass methods of production almost always account for the needs of some kind of normative user, resulting in mis-fit for non-standard users, I then question arguments about mass-customization as a solution to mis-fit. One of the contentions I advance in this dissertation is that positioning mass production as necessarily harmful and marginalizing, while seeing mass customization as a solution, creates a counter-productive dichotomy. In service of that argument, I draw on historical work about a pre-digital custom industry: dressmakers in the pre- and early-Industrial period. Finally, I trouble the role of the user in production, and contend that, increasingly, the distinction is not between who is a user or a producer, but in which circumstances, and when, one is acting in the role of the user or producer.	Ph.D.	production	12
Corna, Laurie Marie	McDonough, Peggy	Gender, the State and a Lifetime of Experience: Understanding Health Inequality among Older Adults in Britain	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2011-11	There is a well-established relationship between socioeconomic position (SEP) and health among older adults, but a short-coming of existing research is its failure to link the SEP-health relationship in later life to the gendered histories of work and family life, or the policy contexts in which these histories unfold. Drawing on the life course perspective and welfare state theory, this research investigates: the dominant patterns of labour market and family experiences over the life course for current cohorts of older adults in Britain; whether health dynamics among older adults vary by gender and life course experiences; and whether SEP and social roles at age 65 mediate these relationships. The data come from a sample of individuals born between 1927 and 1940 participating in the British Household Panel Survey (N=1552). I first examined life course experiences in the labour market and the family from young adulthood to retirement age using a two-stage latent class analysis. Theoretical considerations, along with indices of model fit, suggested that four latent life paths broadly characterized the experiences of the older adults in this sample. Consistent with the social policy context in Britain in the post-World War II years, I found evidence of distinct gender patterns in role configurations at various points across the life course and in the life pathways that link these experiences over time. In the second part of the analysis, I assessed health dynamics using latent growth curve models. Only mental health dynamics were patterned by life course histories, and SEP at age 65 mediated part of this relationship. The life course histories did not have an independent influence on trajectories of chronic health problems or self-assessed health. These findings are considered in the context of our current understanding of health dynamics among older adults, including gender differences and their relationship to SEP.	PhD	socioeconomic, health, gender	1, 3, 2005
Cornelson, Kirsten	Benjamin, Dwayne	Social interactions and racial inequality	Economics	2017-11	A large body of evidence suggests that social interactions causally influence individuals' economic decisions (e.g. Duo and Saez, 2003; Bayer, Ross and Topa, 2008; Dahl, Loken and Mogstad, 2014). This finding implies that differences in the social environment faced by members of different races â in particular, differences in social norms and in the characteristics of social networks - may help perpetuate racial inequality. In this dissertation, I present two papers that attempt to understand how these differences in the social environment are created and reinforced. In the first chapter, I assess the influence of media role models on black educational attainment by examining the impact of a popular 1980's sitcom: The Cosby Show. The show portrayed an upper-middle class black family, and frequently emphasized the importance of a college education. If role model effects exist, young black people should have responded more strongly to this message. I test this hypothesis by relating educational attainment to city-level Cosby ratings, using Thursday NBA games and very warm Thursdays as instruments. I find that Cosby increased years of education by 0.2-5.0% among black youth, but had no effect on white youth. In the second chapter, I examine a determinant of social segregation by race in the United States: physical distance. Because U.S. cities are highly segregated, the time cost of interacting with a member of another race is typically higher than the cost of interacting with a same-race friend. My goal in this chapter is to quantitatively assess the importance of this channel in explaining why people typically interact with members of their own race. I argue that the causal effect of distance on social interactions is captured by consumers' distaste for travel. Based on external estimates of this parameter, I simulate the frequency of cross-racial interactions that would occur if only distance mattered in determining individuals' choice of interaction partners. I compare the simulation results to a new measure of the actual frequency of inter-racial interactions based on Flickr photographs. I estimate that 25-30% of social segregation for whites in the U.S. is attributable to physical distance alone.	Ph.D.	equality, inequality, gender, cities	5, 10, 11
Correia, Kevin	Mahadevan, Radhakrishnan	Reconstructing the Evolution of Xylose Fermentation in Scheffersomyces Stipitis	Chemical Engineering Applied Chemistry	2019-06	Lignocellulose is a renewable feedstock that can be fermented to biofuels and biochemicals, but its use is limited by several techno-economic challenges, including xylose fermentation. Scheffersomyces stipitis has been identified as an efficient xylose fermenter, but does not ferment well in industrial conditions. The scientific community has been engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the preferred yeast for industrial biotechnology, to ferment xylose to ethanol with the xylose reductase (XR)-xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) genes from Sch. stipitis for 30 years; however, recombinant Sac. cerevisiae's titres, rates, and yields for ethanol from xylose lags Sch. stipitis. This performance gap may be due to aspects of Sac. cerevisiae's metabolism that hinders xylose fermentation, aspects of Sch. stipitis' metabolism that enables xylose fermentation, or a combination of both. The focus of this thesis is to improve our understanding of budding yeast metabolism beyond Sac. cerevisiae, and ultimately reverse engineer how Sch. stipitis' metabolism has evolved to ferment xylose to ethanol efficiently with improved genome annotations and metabolic modelling. To obtain higher-quality genome annotations, ortholog groups in 33 yeasts and fungi spanning 600 million years in Dikarya were predicted using OrthoMCL. Over 500 enzyme families were curated with phylogenetic reconstruction to resolve inconsistencies. These ortholog assignments are more accurate than existing ortholog databases, and span diverse yeasts. Next, the gains and losses of metabolic genes were reviewed to identify important and reoccurring events in the evolution of metabolism in budding yeasts. Duplications were found to play an important role in the evolution of metabolism, including changes in enzyme cofactor preference and localization. The curated pan-genome and functional annotations were used to reconstruct genome-scale metabolic networks of the 33 species; the reconstructions have more genomic and metabolic coverage than those made with previous methods. Finally, the Sch. stipitis metabolic network was used to simulate xylose fermentation. NADH kinase and NADP phosphatase (NADPase), an orphan enzyme in eukaryotes, were found to be critical to xylose fermentation in these metabolic flux simulations. Pho3.2p was the sole NADPase candidate showing expression during xylose fermentation; its activity was confirmed in vitro. Xylose fermentation evolved in the Scheffersomyces-Spathaspora clade following genes duplications for XR and an acid phosphatase. This thesis provides a foundation for unravelling how metabolism has evolved in the yeast pan-genome.	Ph.D.	industr	9
Cortinois, Andrea Angelo Maria	Jadad, Alejandro R.	Supporting Recent Immigrants in their Effort to Access Information on Health and Health-related Services: The Case Of 211 Toronto	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2008-11	The objectives of this thesis are to: 1) obtain a snapshot of callers of 211 Toronto, a free information and referral service, understanding how representative they are of Toronto’s general population; 2) understand how 211 Toronto callers seeking health-related information use the information they obtain when contacting the service and their overall level of satisfaction, and; 3) better understand the experience and information needs of recent immigrants struggling to navigate an unfamiliar health care system. The study had three phases: 1) a cross-sectional phone interview with 211 Toronto callers; 2) a follow-up phone interview of 211 Toronto callers who had asked health-related questions; and, 3) qualitative interviews with callers who were Spanish speakers from Latin American countries. Participants were randomly selected adult callers living within the boundaries of Toronto’s Census Metropolitan Area (CMA). Respondents were compared with the general adult population living in Toronto’s CMA, using 2001 Census data, to identify under- or overrepresented population groups. A sub-set of callers who had asked health-related questions was followed up to understand how they had used the information received and their level of satisfaction with the service. Qualitative interviews were conducted with callers who were recent immigrants and native Spanish speakers from Latin America to explore their post-migration experiences. Recent immigrants experience significant information challenges. Health-related questions reflect the multifaceted nature of the concept of health in the experience of users. Negative experiences with the health care system are common. Recent immigrants have access to disorganized, confusing, often poor quality information. 211 Toronto represents an efficient and effective way to gain access to information but does not achieve its full potential. Newcomers should receive timely, appropriate, and reliable information on existing health and health-related services as soon as possible after they relocate to Canada. Appropriate information should also be made available to potential immigrants in their countries of origin. Information and communication technologies should be used to support newcomers, increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of services such as 211 Toronto.	PhD	health	3
Coskun, Devrim	Kronzucker, Herbert J	On the Roles of Membrane Channels in Plant Mineral Nutrition and Toxicity	Cell and Systems Biology	2016-11	The study of plant mineral nutrition and toxicity has made major strides recently, particularly at the level of molecular genetics. Arguably, however, this has been at the expense of “classical” physiology, which is of concern because critical physiological examinations of cellular and molecular models in planta are needed if extrapolations of these models to “real-world” (field-level) conditions are to be made. This is particularly urgent in the face of increasing environmental degradation and global food demands. To this end, the preset work explores the physiological role of membrane channels in higher-plant nutrition and toxicology, building upon foundational work in nutritional physiology and applying the important new discoveries in the areas of molecular-genetics and electrophysiology. Combining radioisotopic (42K+ and 13NH3/13NH4+) flux kinetics and compartmentation analyses with techniques in electrophysiology, mutant analysis, gas exchange, fluorescence imaging and tracing, and tissue mineral-content analysis, this work investigates the involvement of inward- and outward-rectifying Shaker-like K+ channels (KIR and KOR, respectively), nonselective cation channels (NSCCs), and aquaporins (AQPs), in K+ and NH3/NH4+ transport under conditions of both stress (low K+, salinity, and ammonium toxicity) and non-stress, in the intact plant. Efflux analyses showed that KOR channels mediate K+ efflux in barley roots only at low external [K+] (	Ph.D.	food, environment	1, 13
Costa, Iara Regina Da	Moodley, Roy	Being Brazilian, Becoming Canadian: Acculturation Strategies, Quality of Life, Negative Affect, and Well-being in a Sample of Brazilian Immigrants Living in the Greater Toronto Area	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2014-06	Acculturation is a predominant feature of today’s society and one that has unique implications for immigrants’ mental health. Given that two thirds of Canada’s population growth is due to immigration, understanding the effects of acculturation on newcomers should be a central focus of academic research. The present study utilized an exploratory quantitative method to investigate the associations between acculturation strategies, quality of life, and negative affect in a sample of 180 Brazilian immigrants living in the Greater Toronto Area. The mediating and moderating roles of quality of life (QOL) were explored, as well as which patterns of acculturation strategies were associated with enhanced well-being, represented by low negative affect (NA), high QOL, and high Satisfaction with Life in Canada (SLCI). Clusters analysis identified patterns of acculturation strategy use, resulting in four acculturation profiles: integrated, assimilated, separated, and marginalized. Results indicated that QOL did not act as either a mediator or moderator of the relationship between acculturation profiles and NA. With regard to well-being indicators, acculturation profiles successfully predicted NA and SLCI, with the Assimilated being the most favourable profile evidenced by its lowest NA and highest SLCI levels. While acculturation profiles did not predict QOL, the trend of the Assimilated profile being predictive of favourable well-being was also present as its members reported slightly higher QOL than their counterparts from other profiles. Well-being risk and protective factors are presented. The results highlight the importance of including control variables in future research in order to uncover the unique impact of acculturation on the mental health of immigrants. Implications for practice and future research are also discussed.	PhD	health	3
Cote, Isabelle Lucie	Bertrand, Jacques	Unsettling Migrants? The Impact of Internal Migration on Sons of the Soil Conflict in China and Indonesia	Political Science	2014	Recent instances of large-scale inter-provincial migration have resulted in open clashes between indigenous populations and migrants--i.e., `Sons of the Soil' (SoS) conflict--in several minority regions around the world. Yet, equally large population movements have been peacefully integrated elsewhere. Under what conditions does internal migration lead to SoS conflicts? Based on quantitative population data and over 100 interviews conducted in nine months of fieldwork in China and in Indonesia, I argue that large and consistent socio-economic and political Horizontal Inequalities (HIs) between migrants and locals is a key condition explaining why some minority regions erupt in SoS conflicts while others remain relatively quiet. Fearing demographically-induced socio-economic and political marginalization, local communities resort to violence against migrants when the latter appear to benefit disproportionately from their relocation at the expense of the local population -i.e. when they are "dominant migrants" with close connection to the State and its dominant ethnicity. However, any single dimension of HIs is unlikely to result in SoS conflict independently. It is the coalescing of various mutually-reinforcing HIs that render the situation most explosive. Yet, local people do not always act on these grievances and mobilize against migration. A favourable institutional context is necessary for migration-related tensions to transform into SoS conflicts. Alongside HIs, I contend that political liberalization influences the likelihood, frequency and intensity of SoS conflicts, as it affects internal migratory patterns and local people's abilities to organize or mobilize against migrants. As political liberalization also contributes to socio-economic and political inequalities between migrants and locals, it simultaneously tilts the balance of power between groups. By analyzing the different migration trajectories and how they relate to SoS conflict, this dissertation highlights the conditions transforming the otherwise peaceful internal migration into a violent process. The empirically-informed model herein developed puts migrant/local relations squarely at the center of our analysis, providing a more nuanced and disaggregated analysis of the different dimensions of their relations. While the empirical focus is on migration-conflict dynamics in China and Indonesia, the model developed provides important insights for countries with large-scale internal migration to minority regions.	Ph.D.	peace	16
Cottrell, Barbara	Simpson, Andre	Towards an Understanding of Dissolved Organic Matter Molecular Composition and Reactivity in the Environment	Chemistry	2013-11	Dissolved organic matter (DOM), one of the most complex naturally occurring mixtures, plays a central role in the biogeochemistry and the photochemistry of natural waters. A complete understanding of the environmental role of DOM will come only from the elucidation of the relationship between its structure and function. This thesis presents new work on the separation, characterization, and reactivity of DOM in rainwater, freshwater, and seawater. A new separation technique based on counterbalance capillary electrophoresis was developed for the separation of Suwannee River NOM. A comparative study of the organic content of rainwater was accomplished using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) with spectral database matching ,Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS), and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS). Three complementary, non-overlapping datasets identified of over 400 compounds. Analysis of the FT-ICR-MS data using van Krevelen diagrams and the carbon oxidation state showed variation in the elemental composition and molecular size. Over 50% of the compounds identified in this study were known components of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and volatile organic carbon (VOCs). Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a central role in the photochemistry of natural waters through the production of reactive oxygen species and the triplet excited state of DOM (3DOM*). These reactive species are central to the reactivity, transport, and fate of both natural and anthropogenic chemicals in the environment. Laser flash photolysis (LFP) was used to demonstrate that particulate organic matter (POM) generates a triplet excited state species (3POM*). LFP of seawater from the Pacific Ocean and the Bermuda Atlantic Time Series Station detected similar excited state species from surface to 4535m. Metal speciation has been implicated in the photochemistry of natural waters. Copper immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) of seawater and freshwater isolated a low and a high affinity fraction that generated excited state transients. Excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy showed that while the seawater fractions were autochthonous, freshwater fractions enriched in chromophoric DOM (CDOM), were allochthonous. The discovery of these different classes of compounds in freshwater and seawater has important implications both for the mineralization of DOM and the removal of xenobiotics in the aquatic environment.	PhD	water, production, environment	6, 12, 13
Coulthard, Catherine Elizabeth	Cummins, James	Finding the Voice of the Early Author: The Impact of a Self-Authoring Program Among First Nations, Métis, and Inuit Preschool Children and Families	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2017-11	This study examined the impacts of implementing a self-authored, dual language identity text program into an existing Aboriginal Head Start preschool program. First Nation, Métis, and Inuit (FNMI) preschool children and families, and educators were co-researchers in the blended Indigenous influenced, participatory action research study which spanned a one-year school timeline and research phase. This study includes an autoethnographic account of a non-FNMI, or a settler author’s personal journey of consciousness and understandings related to surfacing issues of a non-FNMI person doing research with FNMI peoples. The study was underpinned by theoretical frameworks centred on valuing the interconnectedness of the familial and contextual environment of children. Moreover, this research embraces the notion that knowledge is socially constructed to create meaningful change. With this in mind, the study was framed to acknowledge the children’s participatory contributions to the study, guided by Indigenous knowledge and Collaborative Frameworks (2012), Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory (1968), the Academic Expertise, and Societal Power Relations Empowerment (Cummins, 2001), and Cummins’ and Early’s Literacy Engagement framework (Cummins Early, 2011). Through cyclical reflective practices, the co-researchers in this study found suggestive evidence of the positive impacts of the project for the children, their families, the staff, and the original author with regards to sense-of-self and cultural identity. This study can inform practice in early childhood education, specifically with respect to the provision of culturally relevant educational resources and programming for FNMI children.	Ph.D.	inclusive	4
Couperthwaite, Michelle Zoe Lisa	Goldstein, Abby	Relationship Satisfaction among Individuals of Diverse Sexual Orientations and Gender Identities: The Role of Love and Attachment Styles	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2014-06	Empirical research on relationship satisfaction emerged and is largely situated within a cisgender heteronormative context. This study examines the application of various established relationship measures to diverse sexual orientations and gender identities. The objectives of this study are (a) to explore the factor structures and internal reliabilities of various well-validated adult intimate relationship measures of love styles (Love Attitudes Scale, Short Form; LAS-SF), relationship-specific attachment (Experiences in Close Relationships Scale - Relationship Structures; ECR-RS), sexuality (Sexual Relationship Scale; SRS), and relationship satisfaction (Relationship Assessment Scale; RAS) to determine their viability with a diverse and inclusive sample; and (b) to examine the relative abilities of love and attachment styles to predict relationship satisfaction among sexual orientation minority and trans-spectrum adults. Online survey data (	Ph.D.	gender	5
Cour, Lykke de la	Iacovetta, Franca	From “Moron” to Maladjusted”: Eugenics, Psychiatry and the Regulation of Women, Ontario, 1930s-1960s	History	2013-11	In the early 1900s, the eugenics movement spurred a number of major developments in Ontario, among them the committal of large numbers of women to the Ontario Hospital, Cobourg under diagnoses of mental defect. A tool of reproductive control, institutionalization was meant to inhibit “feebleminded” women’s procreative capacities. Despite the absence of enabling legislation, evidence suggests eugenic sterilizations also occurred in the province. Drawing on the detailed patient case files of women confined to the Cobourg facility from the mid1930s to mid1960s, this dissertation re-examines the history of eugenics in Ontario to demonstrate not only its profound impact in the decades prior to the Second World War, but also its enduring effects in the postwar era. To illustrate eugenics’ lingering impact, the study explores the interconnections between diagnoses linked to intellectual disabilities and emergent postwar psychiatric classifications of personality disorders to show how eugenics and psychiatric regulation were re-framed after the 1940s and applied to broader groups of women. Examining disability as both a category of analysis and a discursive construct, the dissertation argues that eugenicists re-scripted the notion of mentally ‘unfit’ into a concept of ‘maladjustment’ in the postwar years, and then applied it more broadly to justify and advance inequitable social relations across a range of social identities. Eugenics operated both materially and discursively as a mechanism through which particular configurations of gender, race, class, and sexuality, along with disability, were established and regulated. It was ultimately in and through early-twentieth-century eugenics that the ‘bio’ and ‘social’ collided, facilitating new notions of citizenship, modes of state governance, and the emergence of the modern bio-political state.	PhD	equitable, women, cities	5, 11
Cousté, Natalia Maria	Rupp, Stephen	Urban Cartographies: The Spanish Baroque City and the Contemporary Latin American City	Spanish	2011-03	“Urban Cartographies: The Spanish Baroque City and the Contemporary Latin American City” examines baroque and postmodern narratives through the representation of urban life. This study argues that the baroque reflects the crisis posed by the encounter with the other in the new continent of America, while the postmodern is related to a crisis of knowledge. Selected narrative texts illustrate the main literary tendencies of these two periods and demonstrate similarities in the responses of literary characters to their urban settings. The sense of crisis is both a central literary theme and a response to the historical conditions of urban life during the two periods. Even though the concept of crisis appears to involve a unique experience, the parallels between the two periods suggest that the postmodern crisis is not unique. The social and cultural responses of literary characters to the sense of crisis are similar in both periods. Postmodern social conditions of urban existence are seen as repetitions of the patterns of the baroque. This observation emphasizes literary traditions; parallels and differences between baroque and postmodern texts attest to the idea that all literature revisits previous literary forms through the dynamics of intertextuality. Another focus is the value of the concept of mapping, as a literary theme and a personal practice. As a means for discovering of urban spaces and of defining the human subject mapping suggests that in times of crisis subjects produce parallel systems to control their circumstances. Lastly, this work discusses an experimental literature generated in response to urban disorder, in which disruption and chaos lead to new narrative forms. Ultimately, picaresque and postmodern narratives both respond to complex urban spaces through forms that innovate and integrate new cultural and literary elements.	PhD	urban	11
Couture-Carron, Amanda	Tanner, Julian||Wortley, Scot	Adolescent Offending: How Growing Up Disadvantaged Matters Across Immigrant Generations	Sociology	2020-06	Poverty and disadvantage are typically associated with a variety of social problems, including adolescent offending. While poverty and disadvantage tend to increase adolescent offending, this does not appear true among foreign-born populations. Indeed, the foreign-born are less involved in offending than the native-born suggesting disadvantage is not a predictor of their offending. Although disadvantage may not be a direct cause of the foreign-born’s adolescent offending, this dissertation argues it may be consequential in previously unconsidered ways. This dissertation uses longitudinal data to examine two roles disadvantage may play in adolescent offending aside from a direct predictor – (1) an indirect cause mediated by more immediate causes of offending and (2) a moderator of the more immediate causes of offending. The overarching purpose of this dissertation, therefore, is to investigate how disadvantage affects adolescent offending across immigrant generations. Structural equation modeling assesses these two potential roles. Findings from the first two papers suggest different forms of disadvantage have distinct indirect consequences and those consequences vary by immigrant status (i.e., foreign born or native born) and by type of offending (i.e., violence or substance use). Results from the third paper indicate that residing in a disadvantaged neighbourhood changes the effects of some predictors on offending in distinct ways depending on immigrant generation (i.e., first, second, and third-plus generation). Taken together, this research demonstrates that disadvantage is, indeed, implicated in foreign-born adolescents’ offending as an indirect cause and as a moderator of the more immediate causes of offending. This research establishes that the ways in which disadvantage operates in these two roles varies by immigrant status, immigrant generation, and type of offending behaviour. The dissertation, therefore, offers insight into how disadvantage impacts adolescent offending across immigrant generations. As a whole, this dissertation demonstrates both the relevance of disadvantage for understanding offending and the heterogeneity of its consequences. This research challenges assumptions that all forms of disadvantage simply increase adolescent offending in a uniform and singular way.	Ph.D.	poverty	1
Couture, Victor	Duranton, Gilles ||Turner, Matthew A.	Three Essays in Urban Economics	Economics	2013-11	This thesis studies the benefits and costs of urban living. Chapter 1 is a theoretical and empirical analysis of the benefits of urban density for consumers, while Chapter 2 proposes a model of how cities enhance the incentives for knowledge diffusion. Chapter 3 investigates the costs of congestion and the determinants of car travel speed across US cities. In Chapter 1, I study the consumption value of urban density by combining Google’s local business data with microgeographic travel data. I show that increased density enables consumers to both realize welfare gains from variety and save time through shorter trips. I estimate the gains from density in the restaurant industry, identifying willingness to pay for access to a slightly preferred location from the extra travel costs incurred to reach it. The results reveal large but very localized gains from density. Increasing the density of destinations generates little reduction in trip times, so most of these gains from density are gains from variety, not savings on travel time. In Chapter 2, I propose a new micro-foundation for knowledge spillovers. I model a city in which uncompensated knowledge transfers to entrepreneurs are bids by experts in auctions for jobs. The model derives from the key ideas about how knowledge differs from other inputs of production, namely that knowledge must be possessed for its value to be assessed, and that knowledge is freely reproducible. Agglomeration economies result from growth in the number of meetings between experts and entrepreneurs, and from heightened competition for jobs among experts. In Chapter 3, written jointly with Gilles Duranton and Matt Turner, we investigate the determinants of driving speed in large US cities. We first estimate city level supply functions for travel in an econometric framework where both the supply and demand for travel are explicit. These estimations allow us to calculate a city level index of driving speed. Our investigation of the determinants of speed provides the foundations for a welfare analysis. This analysis suggests large gains in speed if slow cities can emulate fast cities, and sizable deadweight losses from congestion.	PhD	production, consum, urban, cities, industr	9, 11, 12
Covelli, Andrea Marie	Baxter, Nancy N||Wright, Frances C	Choosing Mastectomy: A Qualitative Exploration of the Increasing Mastectomy Rates in Women with Early-stage Breast Cancer	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2015-06	Context: Rates of Unilateral (UM) and contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) for early-stage breast cancer (ESBC) have been increasing. Numerous factors for this rise have been suggested including the surgeon's preference, the patient's choice and the external environment. Objectives: A grounded theory study explored women's decision-making processes in their treatment for ESBC, and elucidated the role of the surgeon and the practice environment in the increasing rates. The Health-Belief Model was applied, discerning those factors influential in surgical decision-making shaping women's choice for UM+/-CPM. Design: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with patients to understand their experiences and decision-making which resulted in undergoing UM+/-CPM. Similarly, semi-structured interviews were conducted with general surgeons exploring their treatment approaches to ESBC. Theoretical sampling identified suitable candidates. Data were collected until saturation was reached. Constant comparative analysis identified key concepts. Results: 29 patients and 45 surgeons completed interviews. The `overwhelming threat' of breast cancer `was the dominant theme. Despite surgeons describing the high survivability of ESBC, patients misperceived the threat of death from their cancer, and strived to eliminate this threat by choosing UM+/-CPM. Surgeons described breast-conserving therapy (BCT) and UM as equivalent treatment options for ESBC, and frequently recommended BCT. Despite this, women requested UM+/-CPM. CPM was discouraged, as surgeons described no survival advantage and increased operative risks. Experiential knowledge was the most influential factor in patients' decision-making. Previous negative experiences of family and friends with breast cancer, translated into an overestimated risk of recurrence, contralateral cancer, metastasis and subsequent death. Patients' perceived the risks and severity of ESBC to be great, and believed that by choosing UM+/-CPM they would eliminate the threat of breast cancer. Most women did not perceive any risks of undergoing UM+/-CPM, yet many experienced concerns with disturbed skin sensation, cosmesis and body image. Conclusion: Previous cancer experiences and experiential knowledge are extremely influential in women undergoing UM+/-CPM. Women overestimated their risk and misperceived the benefit of UM+/-CPM as they thought it would substantially improve their cancer outcomes. As undergoing UM+/-CPM is not without risks improved discussion of patient sources of information and fears around survival may benefit surgical consultations, facilitating informed decision-making.	Ph.D.	women, health	3, 5
Crago, Anna-Louise	Krupa, Christopher||Wardlow, Holly	Chercher La Vie: Births, Deaths, Labour and Militarized Border-crossing among Sex Workers in an Area of Armed Conflict in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo	Anthropology	2020-06	This dissertation is a study of sociality and power in armed conflict. It is based on ethnographic research with two groups of women who sell sex in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, self-identified “bambaragas”. These women travel back and forth across militarized lines in areas of armed conflict to perform sex work and other complementary labour and to trade with a variety of different state and non-state armed groups. This study argues that any attempt to understand sociality and power in war must grapple centrally with non-violent death. The combined effects of armed conflict and privatization contributed to mass infant, child and maternal death. Bambaragas and their children bore a distinct and disproportionate death burden. Hospitals sat at the intersection of governance of health as a private commodity rather than a public entitlement, by both the state and non-state armed groups. This resulted in policies within hospitals of refusing emergency care, abusing and punishing women suspected of abortion, imposing debt and extracting payment, and forcibly detaining women who couldn’t pay for their or their children’s care. This study also contends that gender is central to the workings of power in armed conflict. Armed groups’ governance of bambaragas fluctuates around a central tension: while their labour was relied upon by armed groups, to the point of becoming at times a stake in the conflict, their gendered independence and border-crossing meant they were treated with suspicion and, at times, targeted and killed not as civilans nor as military actors but as what I call “sovereign women/gendered traitors”. Bambaragas’ mutual recognition and collective practices of assistance, secrecy, care and housing allowed women to navigate dangerous conflict environments and predatory privatized health governance and was, at times, what allowed women to keep their children alive and in their care.	Ph.D.	health, gender, women	3, 5
Crath, Rory	Williams, Charmaine	Aesthetics of Social Work: Governing Risky Spaces and Youth Subjects through Techniques of Visuality	Social Work	2012-11	In the wake of a rescaling of national state welfare responsibilities, urban centres, like the city of Toronto, have become new governance sightlines for managing the deleterious effects of a globalised restructuring of capitalist economies. Toronto is now trafficking its multicultural and “creative city” flare in regional and global markets to secure capital investment necessary to float its newly acquired fiscal responsibilities, including welfare and social services provisioning. And a host of local private-public partnerships have appeared as “shadow state” actors to assist in the suturing of disenfranchised communities to the operative logics of neo-liberal governance and globalised city aspirations. Social welfare and urban studies literature has not been attentive to the increasing reliance on visuality and the “aesthetic” more broadly in securing these desired social and economic outcomes. My ethnographically based dissertation picks up this analytical slack by inciting a two-fold intervention: First, I hone in on the efficacious properties of visual images produced within 3 different social policy spaces and their presumed roles in constituting the domains of social interaction and production. This analysis illustrates that different policy crafting experts understand the “aesthetic” as a remunerative technology of governance - for regulating the problematics of socio-economic and racialised difference, and for mediating rifts in the social fabric as fallout from welfare retrenchment. Second, I examine the ways in which certain normativised aesthetic sensibilities connected to neoliberal urbanism serve as both a calculative resource for re-defining certain spaces and subjects as problematic and thus controllable, and an interpellative mechanism for assembling moralized subjects around the dictates of responsibility and (self) empowerment. The dissertation argues that although these aesthetic governance strategies are resulting in a depoliticisation of communities, and a moralised segregation of compliant and non-compliant subjects played out along racialised /economic lines, there exists a level of disruption transpiring in the spaces of policy implementation. In situ attention to these disruptions, layered with a reflexive analytical restaging of these events and a critical analysis of deployed governance strategies are proposed as a grounding for social work, research and social policy praxis.	PhD	urban	11
Creatore, Maria Isabella	Glazier, Richard H.	The Epidemiology of Diabetes among Immigrants to Ontario	Medical Science	2013-06	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) prevalence is increasing globally with roughly 2.4 million people currently living with this condition in Canada. T2DM occurs more commonly in non-European ethnoracial groups, however the distribution of risk by age, sex, ethnicity and immigration status in Canada are not completely understood. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the epidemiology of diabetes in an immigrant, multi-ethnic population using linked immigration and health data for the province of Ontario. The ultimate goal of this work is to generate information that can be used to design appropriate and effective targeted programs for diabetes prevention, management and control in order to reduce inequities in health. The principal findings of this work indicate that: 1) South Asians had a three-fold higher risk for developing diabetes as compared with people of European ethnicity and this disparity in risk was evident at a very young age; 2) The young age at diabetes onset experienced by many of our high-risk ethnic groups, including South Asians and people of African and Middle Eastern descent, suggest that in order to capture an equivalent risk of disease, screening may be recommended up to 15 years earlier in these groups – which is not reflected in current screening guidelines; 3) Contrary to patterns seen in Western European populations, women belonging to many high–risk ethnicities had equivalent or, in some cases, higher risk than men; 4) Risk varied substantially across country and region of birth making broad definitions of race or ethnicity (eg. ‘Asian’ or ‘Black’) inappropriate. These findings emphasize the heterogeneity of risk experienced by different ethnoracial populations in Canada and suggest that targeted primary prevention programs aimed at young adults and adolescents belonging to high-risk ethnic groups may be warranted. In addition, screening guidelines may need to be updated to reflect the younger age at onset in these populations. Further research is necessary to identify culturally appropriate and effective programs to reduce diabetes risk and associated health problems in these populations.	PhD	health	3
Creese, John Laurence	Smith, David G.	Deyughnyonkwarakda - "At the Wood's Edge": The Development of the Iroquoian Village in Southern Ontario, A.D. 900-1500	Anthropology	2011-06	This dissertation explores the origins and development of Northern Iroquoian village life in present-day southern Ontario, from the first appearance of durable domestic architecture in the 10th century A.D., to the formation of large villages and towns in the 15th century A.D. Twenty-five extensively excavated village sites are analyzed in terms of the configuration of exterior and interior space, with a view to placing the social construction of community at the centre of the problem of early village development. Metric and space-syntax measures of the configuration of outdoor space reveal coordinated developments in the scale of houses and villages, their built-densities, and the structure of exterior accessibility networks, that involved the emergence of a “local-to-global” pattern of order with village growth. Such a pattern, I argue, was experientially consonant with a sequential hierarchy of daily social encounters and interactions that was related to the development of factional groups. Within the longhouse, a similarly “nested” pattern of spatial order and associated social identities emerged early in the history of village development, but was elaborated and ritualized during the later 13th century as the longhouse became the primary body through which political alliances involving village coalescence were negotiated. I suggest that the progressive extensification of collective social groups associated with longhouse expansions and village coalescences involved the development of “conjoint” personhood and power in a context of predominantly mutualistic village economies and enduring egalitarian ideals. The ritualization of domestic space during this process reveals that the continual production and extension of social group identities – such as the matrilineage – was contingent upon “social work” accomplished through an ongoing generative engagement with the built environment.	PhD	production, environment	12, 13
Csiszar, Susan	Diamond, Miriam L.	Estimating Urban Scale Semi-volatile Organic Compound Emissions and Fate Using a Coupled Multimedia and Atmospheric Transport Model	Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry	2012-11	Cities are sources of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), to surrounding regions and beyond. A spatially resolved, (5×5 km2), dynamic contaminant fate model named Spatially Oriented or SO-MUM was developed by coupling the fugacity based Multimedia Urban Model (MUM) (Diamond et al., 2001; Diamond et al., 2010c) and the Boundary Layer Forecast Model and Air Pollution Prediction System (BLFMAPS) which was developed at Environment Canada (Daggupaty et al., 2006). MUM was updated to contain a revised surface film sub-model which takes into account the dynamic nature of surface films. SO-MUM was illustrated by application to the City of Toronto, Canada. Spatially resolved air emissions of Σ88PCB were estimated to be ~230 (40-480) kg y-1, 280 (50-580) g y-1 km-2, and 90 (16-190) mg y-1 capita-1 and Σ26PBDE were estimated to be 28 (6-63) kg y-1, 34 (7-77) g y-1 km-2 and 11 (2-25) mg y-1 capita-1. These emissions were back-calculated from measured air concentrations and spatial chemical mass inventories yielding emission rates per mass inventory of 0.4 (0.05-1.6) and 0.1 (0.01-0.7) g kg-1inventory y-1, for Σ88PCBs and Σ26PBDEs, respectively. Approximately 30% and 16% of PCB and PBDE emissions emanate from the city’s downtown. Air advection accounted for ~95% (PCB) and ~70% (PBDE) of total air emission losses with the remaining balance depositing to the city. The metric “Urban Travel Distance” or UTD was introduced for quantifying the extent of an urban plume resulting from spatially heterogeneous emissions. For PCBs and PBDEs the UTDs were ~25 and ~30 km. The updated surface film sub-model indicated that films “bounce” higher vapor pressure semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) back into the air but they act as a transient sink from air for lower vapor pressure SVOCs, thereby facilitating transport to surface waters. Model calculations suggest that if the PCB inventory is reduced, volatilization from near-shore Lake Ontario will become a net source of PCBs to air, but that neither near-shore Lake Ontario nor soil would become a significant volatilization PBDE source to air.	PhD	water, cities, urban, environment, pollut	6, 11, 13
Cullen, Thomas M.	Evans, David C	Dinosaur Palaeoecology in the Late Cretaceous of Alberta: Quantitative Assessments Using Vertebrate Microfossil Bonebeds and Stable Isotope Analyses	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2017-11	The Belly River Group (BRG) of Alberta is one of the best-sampled Late Cretaceous terrestrial faunal assemblages in the world, providing a high-resolution biostratigraphic record of terrestrial vertebrate diversity, and has potential to be a model system for testing hypotheses of dinosaur palaeoecological dynamics. Vertebrate microfossil bonebeds (VMBs; assemblages of small bones and teeth concentrated together over a relatively short time and representative of community composition) offer an unparalleled dataset to better test these hypotheses by ameliorating problems of sample size, geography, and chronostratigraphic control that hamper many palaeoecological analyses. The first half of this thesis uses the largest VMB dataset yet assembled to test if trends in vertebrate diversity and community structure in the BRG are best explained as a response to environmental and sea-level change, and finds that while the vertebrate community as a whole was sensitive to these changes, the dinosaurs were not. This provides evidence against the long-held idea that dinosaur communities were sensitive to small-scale environmental gradients within a single depositional basin. The second half of this thesis tests hypotheses of dinosaur diet and niche partitioning using stable carbon and oxygen isotope analyses of species and guilds in a VMB assemblage. Results of these analyses refute the hypothesis that large diet-tissue fractionations explain enriched stable carbon values previously found in dinosaurs, as similarly enriched values are found in multiple sampled vertebrate groups, suggesting instead that they are related to changes in local isotopic baseline. These isotope data were then compared with a similar analytical sample from a modern analogue vertebrate community collected from Louisiana. Broad overlap exists in many of the species and guild distributions in both the extant and fossil systems, suggesting a lack of community-level saturation in resource use, less exclusionary control on niche occupation, and stronger selection for generalists rather than specialists. Overall, the results of this thesis suggest that greater care should be taken when making inferences into dinosaur community dynamics in the absence of thorough quantitative assessments and extant analogue data.	Ph.D.	environment	13
Cunningham Warren, Cara Lynn	Schneiderman, David	Sanctuary Lost? Exposing the Reality of the “Sanctuary-City” Debate Liberal States-Rights’ Litigation	Law	2017-11	The Trump Administration seeks to withhold federal funding from “sanctuary cities.” It also has returned to the Secure Communities Program, which has led to a 150% arrest-rate increase of the migrants who would otherwise be integrated into “sanctuary” jurisdictions. Liberal voices have responded in legal and academic terms, but they have not reframed the administration’s powerful anti-immigrant narrative. This rhetorical mismatch has obscured fundamental aspects of the debate—namely, the power of states to make community policing decisions and the effectiveness of such policies. Moreover, liberals’ approach to states-rights’ litigation is incomplete. The aspects of Executive Order 13,768 that are receiving the most attention (funding) can be rebuffed, yet aspects that pose grave, indirect harm to integrationist policies (S-Comm) are not being addressed. Liberals should continue states-rights’ litigation but also assert an integrationist counter-narrative and use litigation as a form of non-cooperation designed to prompt a return to enforcement priorities.	LL.M.	rights, cities	11, 16
Curling, Deone	Moodley, Roy	I Heal, We Heal: A Qualitative Study of Black Canadian Women's Experiences of Depression and Coping	Human Development and Applied Psychology	2013-11	The psychological literature on mental health has shown that oppressions such as racism, sexism and classism can be extremely stressful. Thus individuals' identities, such as race, gender, and socioeconomic status, and the oppression these can lead to have clinical implications. The current research sought to investigate the intersection of Black Canadian women's identities and how it contributes to their unique experience of depression and coping. The aim of this study was to identify significant experiences of depression and coping of this population in order to develop a theory of healing.	EDD	socioeconomic, health, gender	1, 3, 2005
Curnow, Joe	Esmonde, Indigo||Sawchuk, Peter	Politicization in Practice: Learning the Politics of Racialization, Patriarchy, and Settler Colonialism in the Youth Climate Movement	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2017-11	As anti-pipeline struggles have become a central focus of the North American environmental movement, the Whiteness, masculinity, and settler-coloniality of the mainstream movement has come under more scrutiny than ever. Though the mainstream environmental movement has long been acknowledged as a White default space, committed to strategies and tactics rooted in settler-colonial logics, and managed by White men at the highest levels, there is a broad conversation emerging right now arguing that the movement needs to unsettle those norms, and urgently. This study looks at one climate campaign as a case study with the potential to reveal both how mainstream environmental spaces become default spaces of Whiteness, masculinity, and settler-coloniality, as well as how these activist groups can become politicized, resisting social relations of dominance and centring reconciliation in their approach to climate justice. Using sociocultural theory as the lens for theorizing learning within the climate movement, this dissertation brings learning within social movements into focus, examining cognition, participation, ways of knowing and being, and identity development across a two-year activist campaign. This dissertation examines Fossil Free UofT, the University of Toronto campaign for fossil fuel divestment. I ask how participants learned to understand and disrupt social relations of racialization, settler colonialism, and patriarchy. I examine what participants in the campaign learned and how they mobilized their learning collectively to reproduce and resist racialized, gendered, and colonial power relations. I also question how sociocultural theories of learning enable theorizations of politicization, as well as how they can be strengthened through sustained attention to the ways that social relations shape opportunities to learn in movements. This dissertation contributes to an emergent field in the learning sciences, where social movements and community organizations are increasingly analyzed for their ability to foment unique learning opportunities. I theorize politicization within this context, providing a framework for sociocultural learning theorists to bring together disparate conversations about learning, civic engagement, sociopolitical development, and critical social analysis.	Ph.D.	justice, environment. Climate	13, 16
Curran, Bruce John	Verma, Anil	Three Essays on Legal Issues Impacting the Employment Relationship in Canada	Industrial Relations and Human Resources	2015-11	The first of three papers helps resolve the substantial debate about the impact of Honda v. Keays, a 2008 Supreme Court of Canada decision modifying the principles for compensating employees for improper employer conduct during dismissal (called “moral damages”). I performed content analysis on all relevant Canadian cases in the four years after Honda and an equivalent period before Honda and then used a tobit model to test legal scholars’ and lawyers’ predictions. I find that moral damages are less probable after Honda. Furthermore, the size of awards is smaller in those cases where moral damages are granted, partly because certain levels of employer misconduct now produce lower damages. However, I also find that, since Honda, high levels of mental distress are compensated more richly. The second paper is motivated by the absence of recent studies that investigate delay in grievance arbitration, despite increasing concerns being voiced about the issue. I performed content analysis on a random sample of about 400 Ontario arbitration awards, and then used a proportional hazards model to examine the extent of delay and its determinants. Consistent with common perception, the results suggest that delay has become a worse problem over the past two decades. I find that certain legalistic factors and the expanded jurisdiction of arbitrators over specific types of issues are associated with delay. The results also show that certain dispute resolution procedures are related to decreased delay, and this suggests some practical solutions. Prompted by a recent series of Supreme Court of Canada (SCC) decisions on freedom of association (FOA) in the labour context, the third paper critically examines the Canadian jurisprudence. The state of this law in Canada has been roundly criticized by various prominent labour law academics. This paper relies on Sheldon Leader’s theory of FOA to argue that the SCC should have interpreted s. 2(d) of the Charter as protecting collective bargaining and striking as independent rights, rather than as rights necessary for the realization of the FOA. Having done so would have yielded jurisprudence that was more consistent and coherent.	Ph.D.	labour, rights	8, 16
Currie, John Ross	Knowles, Gary	Writing for Ecological Understanding	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2016-06	Thomas Berry (1999) and John Vaillant (2015) agree that the central question of our times involves considering the natural, nonhuman world and the human place in it. Ecological understanding can be defined as this awareness. This work examines ecological understanding in terms of writing pedagogy for adult learners, considering how narrative ways of teaching and learning supports ecological understanding in adult learners; and how writing can serve as a learning response to environmental and ecological issues. The methodology approaches these questions by paying attention to students’ voices about their learning and by examining student-authored work through Buell’s (1995) ecocritical lens. Interviews with educators also contribute. Robert Yagelski’s (2011) ontological approach to writing views the act as one that “both shapes and reflects our sense of who we are in relation to the world around us” (p.3). This work furthers this theory, which views the primary benefits to the self occurring solely during the act of composition, by moving towards an ontological theory of writing for ecological understanding that considers the entire writing process as shaping the self, including the editing process and a pedagogy that encourages publication of student-authored peer models. This new ontology culminates in Seven Principles for Teaching Writing for Ecological Understanding, two of which are: First-person creative nonfiction and other genres serve as solid entry points for students into the topic of the environment.; Cultivation of the naïve narrator well serves environmental writing. One methodological refinement is to focus on students’ work and then ask them to consider their own work from their point of view. Further questions include: Does a predisposition towards writing for ecological understanding develop in childhood and, if so, can it be offset by experiential writing pedagogy?; How do peer model texts affect the learning of adult students who employ them?	Ph.D.	environment	13
Curtis, Josh P.	Robert, Andersen	Class Identification in Modern Democracies: A Comparative Study of its Sources and Effects	Sociology	2014-11	This dissertation explores the extent to which people are class aware in modern democratic society. I investigate whether the positions people occupy in the class structure, and the perceptions of where they think they fit, influence attitudes toward economic inequality. This research also considers the social and political consequences of national-level income inequality for class awareness. Market household income inequality has grown substantially in most modern societies since the 1990s. At the same time, government effort to reduce inequality has waned. I examine whether attitudes differ in countries with low and high inequality, and whether class awareness plays a role in shaping how people think about economic inequality. I find that class identities are more polarized in unequal societies, and that even if people perceive inequality as legitimate, they would prefer it to be reduced if it might improve their own economic position.My findings suggest that people's class identities and their preferences for inequality strongly reflect their economic positions. Yet, I also find that class attitudes change at different levels of income inequality. This is because when inequality rises more people in society feel its adverse effects. My research shows that people across the class structure in all societies understand how economic inequality affects their lives. More importantly, people understand how they might benefit from inequality changing. This awareness holds significant policy implications, especially if inequality continues to grow. These conclusions are drawn from two sources of individual-level survey data spanning nearly two decades. Each substantive chapter employs a cross-national analysis. In total, I investigate class identification and awareness in 42 countries, using three waves of the World Values Survey (WVS) collected from 1990-2006, and two waves of the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) Inequality Module collected from 1999-2009. I extract country-level data from various sources, including the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Standardized Income Inequality Database (SWIID), the World Bank (www.worldbank.org), and the CIA World Factbook (www.cia.gov).	Ph.D.	inequality, equality	5, 10
D'Agostino, Lisa Anne	Mabury, Scott A.	Environmental Chemistry of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Aqueous Film Forming Foams	Chemistry	2017-06	While aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) release has been known to result in environmental contamination with perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) for over fifteen years, identities of individual PFASs in AFFFs have been largely unknown, proprietary information. Using mixed-mode ion exchange solid phase extraction (SPE), high resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS), quadrupole time-of-flight (qTOF) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), and liquid chromatography (LC)-MS/MS, 103 individual PFASs were identified in AFFFs and surfactant concentrates, including multiple chain-length congeners. Aerobic wastewater treatment plant sludge biodegradation of two AFFF components, 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylbetaine (FTAB) and alkylamine (FTAA), was investigated revealing biodegradation to short-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) and known PFCA precursors. Additional degradation products were also identified, including 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide (FTSAm) as a degradation product of both 6:2 FTAB and 6:2 FTAA, and six additional degradation products of 6:2 FTAA. A survey of selected Canadian surface waters for AFFF-related PFASs using SPE and LC-MS/MS revealed that several AFFF-related PFASs could be detected in urban and AFFF-impacted surface waters. These included FTABs and fluorotelomer betaines (FTBs), which were the fluorotelomer PFASs with the highest maximum concentrations. Other PFASs, such as perfluorohexane sulfonamide (FHxSA), 6:2 FTSAm, and 6:2 fluorotelomer mercaptoalkylamido sulfonate sulfone (FTSAS-SO2) were identified in some samples. Extraction and analysis of sediment from an AFFF-impacted river and batch sorption experiments with 6:2 FTAA and 6:2 FTAB in an agricultural soil provide preliminary insights into sorption behaviour of AFFF components, where longer chain-length FTBs were apparently more sorptive than shorter chain-lengths and 6:2 FTAA was more sorptive than 6:2 FTAB. This work is significant in identifying numerous PFASs found in AFFF that require further research in regards to their environmental fate and toxicology, demonstrating the presence of AFFF-related PFASs in Canadian environmental samples, and investigating biodegradation forming PFCAs and sorption of selected PFASs found in AFFFs.	Ph.D.	water, waste, environment	6, 12, 13
D'Arcangelis, Carol Lynne	Razack, Sherene	The Solidarity Encounter between Indigenous Women and White Women in a Contemporary Canadian Context	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2015-11	This dissertation tracks the gendered operation of white settler liberal subjectivity at a specific site of settler colonial relations—the “solidarity encounter” between Indigenous women and white women in Canada. Through in-depth qualitative analysis of interviews and self-reflection (as a white settler woman ally), I examine the encounter’s intersubjective relations, shining the theoretical spotlight on how white women negotiate our tenuous status as settlers. Attentive to the complexity of these relations, including how white women allies grapple with our dominant positionality, I signal the perniciousness of white settler liberal subjectivity and the deep quest for legitimacy/innocence at its core. This quest, I argue, manifests itself as a white desire for proximity to Indigenous women, which in turn takes various forms and is often experienced by Indigenous women as invasive. I dedicate three chapters to mapping the sometimes subtle expressions of this desire (e.g., the need for acceptance, inclusion, forgiveness, healing, empowerment/purpose, friendship) and its role in liberal self-making projects, i.e., how it serves to negate colonial hierarchies and/or white settler women’s colonial complicity therein. Further, I develop the concept of the “impulse to solidarity”—the bundle of desires and discursive practices that propels white settler women in their pursuit of proximity, an impulse related to, but distinct from the “helping imperative” (Heron, 2007). White women allies find it difficult to resist the gendered dictates of liberal subjectivity, which in a settler colonial context demand our reproduction as legitimate national subjects vis-à-vis Indigenous women Others. Despite the inescapability of the “colonial present” (Gregory, 2004), I also note a cautious optimism among participants regarding the possibility of non-colonizing solidarity. I propose a framework for reconfiguring intersubjective relations in the solidarity encounter best encapsulated by the directive “step back, but not out.” Struck by pervasive spatial references in participant narratives, I characterize the problem (colonizing solidarity) and its solution (non-colonizing solidarity) in spatialized terms—white settler women must interrogate and curb our solidarity impulse and related practices of proximity. We must recognize when settler liberal self-interest takes centre stage, compels us to “come too close” and diminishes the collective political work of solidarity.	Ph.D.	gender, women	5
D'eon, Jessica C.	Mabury, Scott A.	Exploring Sources of Human and Environmental Fluorochemical Contamination	Chemistry	2010-11	Perfluorinated carboxylates (PFCAs) and perfluorinated sulfonates (PFSAs) are found almost ubiquitously in the environment, however their direct production and use is limited. The focus of this thesis was to explore connections between observed contamination with the manufacture and/or use of commercial fluorochemical materials. Perfluorinated sulfonamides (PFSAms) are semi-volatile materials used in the manufacture of commercial fluorochemicals. Investigations into the atmospheric fate of a model PFSAm found atmospheric lifetimes that allow transport to remote environments, potentially through a novel N–dealkylation product. A suite of PFCAs, as well as the PFSA from loss of the amide moiety, were also observed. This investigation demonstrated that PFSAm atmospheric oxidation will contribute to PFCA and PFSA contamination in remote locations, including the Arctic. The perfluorinated phosphonates (PFPAs) were used as defoaming additives in pesticide formulations. Using novel extraction and analysis methods, widespread PFPA contamination was detected in Canadian surface waters and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. As fully fluorinated acids, the PFPAs are a new class of perfluorinated acid discovered in the environment. Uptake and elimination parameters determined in the rat demonstrate the potential for human PFPA exposure, as these chemicals are bioavailable. Processes governing the pharmacokinetics and disposition of perfluorinated acids in the body are poorly understood. Novel heteronuclear nuclear magnetic resonance experiments identified human serum albumin as the major site of interaction. Competitive binding experiments found the PFCAs displaced the endogenous human serum albumin ligand, 13C1-oleic acid, at lower concentrations than established ligands. The strong association observed between the PFCAs and human serum albumin may inform observed human toxic endpoints and long elimination half-lives. The polyfluoroalkyl phosphates (PAPs) are used in food-contact paper packaging. High PAP concentrations were discovered in human sera, waste paper fibres and WWTP sludge, establishing human exposure to these chemicals. Biotransformation from PAP to PFCA was investigated in a rat model. The serum kinetics and PFCA products observed, suggest PAP exposure may be a significant source of human PFCA contamination. The concerted approach of environmental monitoring with investigations of atmospheric and biological fate allowed strong associations to be made between commercial fluorochemical sources and observed contamination.	PhD	water, waste, environment	6, 12, 13
D'Souza, Rohan Dominic	Sander, Beate||Murphy, Kellie	Exploring Methodologic Challenges in the Conduct of Patient-preference Studies in Obstetrics	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2019-06	Background: Clinical decision analysis (CDA) and model-based economic evaluations (EE) are used to inform clinical practice, funding recommendations and health policy. These models require patient-preferences for health-states. Obstetrics, which involves two intricately-related individuals - mother and fetus - who often exhibit competing interests, makes elicitation of patient-preferences challenging. Aims and objectives: To inform best practices on obtaining and using patient-preferences in obstetrics. Methods: We first conducted a systematic review of CDA studies to understand how research methods have been adapted to the mother-fetus dyad especially regarding incorporation of patient-preferences. We followed this by another systematic review to inform optimal research methods for conducting patient-preference studies in obstetrics while creating a repository of preference values for pregnancy-related health states. We used information from these studies to design and conduct a cross-sectional study eliciting preferences for health-states related to anticoagulant use in pregnancy. We compared three methods – visual analogue scale (VAS), time trade-off (TTO) and standard gamble (SG), and obtained preference values through individual and shared interviews with pregnant women and family members. Results: Our first review (77 studies) showed that despite long-term implications of obstetric decisions, studies frequently did not consider lifetime horizons and patient-preferences for outcomes related to mother and offspring, and failed to adhere to guidelines regarding conduct and reporting. The second review (37 studies, median 125 participants) found inconsistencies in choice of valuation methods, anchors and sample size specifications, and knowledge gaps with regard to the role of family members in decision-making. The third study (57 pregnant women and 43 family members) showed that preference values obtained through shared interviews were closer to those of the family member and that VAS and TTO had greater differences between health-state valuations relative to the SG. Conclusions: In obstetrics, consideration should be given to involving family members while obtaining preferences for combined maternal-fetal health-states. The SG seemed most appropriate for this study. Implications: Our work informs methods regarding conduct of CDA and patient-preference studies in obstetrics, contributes to clinical decision-making and delineates a plan for future research that will standardize conduct and reporting of patient-preference studies.	Ph.D.	health, women	3, 5
Da Silva, Michael Edward	Flood, Colleen M	Realizing the Right to Health Care in Canada	Law	2018-06	International and domestic laws increasingly recognize health rights; international law clearly recognizes a right to health that includes health care entitlements and approximately 69% of domestic constitutions include a right to health care. Recognition of a positive right to health care has been slower to emerge in Canada, but there are nascent signs that the judiciary is receptive to the idea in principle. Challenges nonetheless remain – existing articulations of rights to health care do not easily fit the traditional ‘claim-right’ model of rights and questions remain over how to operationalize health rights, including how to do so without overwhelming the public fisc. It is difficult to resolve these issues in a manner that accounts for the structure of health rights in domestic constitutional laws, international human rights law, and philosophy. This work addresses these challenges and offers an account of the right to health care that is philosophically sound and operationalizable by courts and policymakers. I argue that a positive right to health care is best understood as a set of claims to related morally important goals. This pluralist understanding of the right can fit a modified version of the claim-right model and is independently justifiable. It is also consistent with the structure of health rights in international human rights law and some existing positive constitutional health rights. I next explain how to measure compliance with this pluralist right, providing an account of what the right to health care must accomplish in concrete terms. I then apply the metrics that I developed to the Canadian health care system and explore how three branches of public law (constitutional law, human rights law, and administrative law) can improve Canada’s scores on those metrics. I ultimately argue that all three branches can be reformed to better realize the pluralist right to health care.	S.J.D.	rights	16
DaCosta, Paula	Bascia, Nina	CULTURAL IDENTITY AND HYBRIDITY IN “DIFFERENT SPACES”: RECENT IMMIGRANT STUDENTS NEGOTIATING SETTLEMENT AND UNIVERSITY IN ONTARIO, CANADA	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2018-11	This qualitative research explores cultural identity construction among recent immigrant students from Jamaica who live and attend universities in Ontario, Canada. It focuses on the experiences of identity construction when migration, settlement and university participation are considered. The research approached the complexities in the immigrant student identity through a hybrid conceptual lens. Through semi-structured interviews of 14 undergraduate students in universities in Ontario, multiple dimensions of identity and intersectional considerations were elucidated. The combined use of hermeneutic (interpretative) phenomenology with a critical component allowed for exploration of cultural identities as living with and through difference, by hybridity. Participants’ experiences of growing up in Jamaica, moving to Ontario and attending university were the general themes within which issues of social class, skin colour, language, race, nation of origin, stereotypes and discrimination were discussed. The findings suggest that participants construct their cultural identities through the intervening influences of parents, peers of similar cultural orientations, language, discourses of difference, nation of origin and aspirations. Of significance is the salience assigned to social class identification and its relation to speech and skin color in the origin country. Social class was not assigned the same meanings in the receiving nation. Participants maintained their nation of origin identification in Ontario, despite encounters of stigmatization and discrimination. This research finds evidence to suggest both resistance to essentialist views of Jamaicans and beliefs in an essence of Jamaican-ness. The study concludes that students’ interactions in and outside of university are complexly negotiated and thus, their identities are multiply constructed. The study makes recommendations for partnerships among policy makers, universities, and settlement agencies to provide appropriate resources to assist recent immigrant students in their educational journey.	Ph.D.	inclusive	4
Dadani, Sharmin	Todorova, Miglena	The Politics of Standardized Testing in Ontario: Critically Assessing the Impact on Learners, Teachers, and Administrators	Social Justice Education	2019-11	This study examines the historical origins and educational and political objectives of the Ontario Secondary School Literacy Test (OSSLT). It argues that ultimately, standardized tests, such as the OSSLT, advance neoliberal agendas reflecting the interests of the Canadian state and capital, rather than those of diverse learners, teachers, and society at large. The study traces the ways in which Ontario and state educational policies have infused neoliberal values of individuality, self discipline, accounting, and work preparedness into public education through standardized testing, in order to foster students who can find placement in the local and global economies as workers and consumers. The study also illuminates how the OSSLT has functioned as a hegemonic tool for measuring teacher and learner ‘success’. The study uses a qualitative methodology, including personal interviews with teachers and school administrators in the Greater Toronto Area, and an examination of primary and secondary sources that include educational policy documents. The interpretation of the data utilizes a critical discourse analysis approach and a constellation of theories pertaining to educational policy, neoliberalism, racial and cultural difference, and theories related to modes of governmentality and educational systems that shape the rationale, design, and implementation of standardized testing tools in public education. The major findings of this study note the elimination of community, segregating stakeholders where school administrators and teachers view the test and its purpose in very distinct ways. The OSSLT has shifted the purpose of education from sorting students for human capital as a priority over educating them as democratic citizens. The role of administrators has altered from leaders to managers of data, and teachers’ loss of power changed their role to that of facilitators. Finally, a myriad of negative emotional effects were noted for all stakeholders especially students who are racialized and marginalized. The study moves from critique to resolutions by offering three possible ways to re-imagine and re-shape the test: altering the rules of the test; incorporating multiple aspects of learning and knowing by using an inclusive design model of holistic assessment; and resisting the test, thus undermining its credibility and function altogether.	Ed.D.	worker	8
Daftary, Amrita	Calzavara, Liviana	Integrating Patients into Integrated Healthcare: Perspectives from Individuals Coinfected with Tuberculosis and HIV	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2012-03	Background: Tuberculosis (TB) and human-immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are intertwined through complex biological and social pathways that affect over one million people worldwide. Mitigation of the co-epidemic is undermined by a failure to integrate TB and HIV healthcare services as a result of critical clinical, operational and social challenges. The social challenges of TB/HIV coinfection and integrated care are least understood. Objectives: This research examines the social contexts of TB/HIV illness and related healthcare from the perspective of patients coinfected with TB and HIV. Methods: The study was set within a constructivist-interpretivist theoretical framework. Non-participant field observations and semi-structured in-depth interviews were held with 40 coinfected adults (24 women, 16 men) and 8 healthcare workers at 3 ambulatory clinics in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, providing varying models of TB and HIV care. Subjective meanings of illness and healthcare were analyzed in relation to patients’ social contexts. Findings and Interpretations: Coinfection exposes patients to a double and unequal form of social stigma around TB and HIV. Affected individuals construct dual identities and negotiate selective disclosure of TB over HIV in order to manage this double stigma. Their experiences with stigma are bound by social, structural and gendered inequalities, and mediate their decisions to disclose, access and adhere to medical care. Coinfection also exposes patients to pluralistic, disparate and fragmented forms of healthcare delivery. Experiences with stigma and with distinct cultures of TB and HIV care affect their decisions for integrated healthcare. While integration may allow for some technical and clinical efficiency, it may also heighten some patients’ social burden of illness as a result of HIV disclosure and stigmatization. Conclusion: Integration efforts should consider the social contexts of TB/HIV coinfection, social consequences of patients’ health decisions, and paradigms within which such efforts are set in the design and execution of successful interventions.	PhD	health	3
Dagtas, Mahiye Secil	Boddy, Janice	Heterogeneous Encounters: Tolerance, Secularism and Religious Difference at Turkey's Border with Syria	Anthropology	2014-11	This dissertation is an ethnographic investigation into the politics of religious difference in Turkey. Drawing on fieldwork in Antakya, a city near Turkey's Syrian border populated by Arabs and Turks of Sunni, Alawi, Jewish, and Orthodox Christian backgrounds, it explores the mundane, political, and aesthetic representations of religious difference and demonstrates how such difference is constructed, lived, and configured in everyday realms of sociality. Four such realms are focused on: a multi-religious choral ensemble, Antakya's historical marketplace, domestic and communal sitings of guesthood (misafirlik), and places and discourses of common worship. Official representations of Antakya's religious diversity imply a pluralist and "tolerant" form of national citizenship as compared to Turkey's Republican secularist model. I argue, however, that daily practices, artistic expressions, and networks of exchange between different denominations of Muslim, Christian, and Jewish residents of the city inhabit a more heterogeneous field characterized by interpersonal relations of negotiation, hospitality, intimacy, and hostility. These interrelations are further informed and delimited by structures of power embedded in local, national, and transnational regimes of diversity management and implicated in the minoritization of non-Sunni and non-Turkish communal identities. Nevertheless, they also rework and transcend such regimes of governance. In illustrating what it means to cohabit an interreligious milieu near a national border, this dissertation is positioned among other anthropological explorations of religious diversity and the growing literature on secularism, as well as anthropological studies of borders and marginality. It shows that religious difference is produced at the intersection of multiple discourses, practices, and boundaries, and as such it evades both pluralist (multi-community) and dualist (i.e. religion vs. secular) models of religious co-existence.	Ph.D.	governance	16
Daignault, Katherine	Saarela, Olli||Lou, Wendy	Causal Inference Methodology for Comparisons of Hospital Quality of Care	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2019-11	In a national or provincial health care system, where limited financial resources are available to improve patient care, it is necessary to be able to evaluate the current care practices of hospitals to determine where resources are best spent. Assessment of hospital care quality is achieved by comparing each hospital's performance to some reference level of care, often the average care level in the system, termed standardization. Standardization allows adjustment for differences in patient characteristics between hospitals which would unduly penalize hospitals that treat sicker patients. The quality and quantity of information available to make such adjustments, or lack thereof, can bias estimates of a hospital's performance, resulting in misleading assessments of quality. Further, the goal of profiling care is not just to identify areas in which care disparities exist, but ultimately to intervene on care to improve patient outcomes. In this thesis, I take advantage of the causal nature of such comparisons (i.e. poor care leads to poor outcomes) and propose new statistical methods under a causal inference framework. First, I illustrate the current limitations of a standard hospital comparison analysis using U.S. prostate cancer data. Second, I develop a doubly robust estimator for the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) when the reference is to the system average level of care. I show that this estimator will provide unbiased estimates of the SMR as long as one of the component models is correctly specified. Third, I show that one assumption needed for the above estimator can be relaxed only for this reference comparison. Fourth, I adapt causal mediation analysis methods to derive a decomposition of the hospital effect on patient outcomes that may act through a mediating process, and develop two estimators for this decomposition. This allows quantification of the effect an intervention to improve care may have on patient outcomes so that hospitals can be prioritized in terms of those who would benefit most from government resources. Finally, I illustrate the proposed mediation methods on Ontario kidney cancer data. This thesis provides valuable tools to effectively identify and target hospitals in which care improvement is most needed.	Ph.D.	health	3
Dainty, Katie Naismith	Morrison, Laurie J.	Understanding Staff Perspectives on Collaborative Quality Improvement in the ICU: A Qualitative Exploration	Medical Science	2011-06	Despite the ongoing initiatives of quality improvement collaboratives in healthcare which reflect various multifaceted intervention packages, clear evidence of the effectiveness of the model itself is lacking. Little is known about the true impact of the collaborative approach on improvement outcomes or how specific components are actually implemented within participating organizations. This dissertation reports on empirical qualitative research undertaken to investigate “how” healthcare providers and management describe the experience of being involved in a collaborative network for quality improvement. Using a process evaluation of a sample QI collaborative, this research reveals that frontline staff do not feel the need to conform or be identical to their peer organizations; rather they feel that by participating with them that their high level of care is finally recognized. In addition, the existing communication structure is ineffective for staff engagement and a “QI bubble” seems to exist in terms of knowledge transfer and the idea of collaboration bears out more internally in increased intra-team cooperation than externally between organizations or units. Selected theoretical perspectives from the fields of sociology and organizational behaviour are used as an analytic framework from which the author posits that based on the findings from this case study that in fact collaboratives may not actually function by any of the commonly held assumptions of legitimization, communication and collaboration. A conceptual framework for how these constructs are related in terms of QI collaborative design is proposed for future testing. With further work and on-the-ground testing of this model and relational hypotheses, this research can help the QI community develop a more functional theory of collaborative improvement and use mixed methods evaluation to better understand complex QI implementation.	PhD	health	3
Daku, James J.	Angela, Hildyard	Faculty Perceptions of Leadership on Ontario Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2014-11	Leadership and diversity are both important topics in research and are often investigated separately. There is a long history of research in leadership, and diversity is a relatively new area of research in comparison. Differences such as age, gender, race, ethnicity, disability, and sexual orientation can be an advantage to some and a disadvantage to others when considering success in school, work opportunities or income potential. Rarely is research in leadership brought together with research in diversity, and both are complex areas of study. This study investigates traditional and emerging conceptualizations of leadership and differences in age, gender, race and ethnicity.This study investigated leadership from the perspective of diverse followers, and sought to understand the extent faculty perceptions of leadership differed based on age, gender, race and ethnicity at two large colleges located in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area. As well, this study investigated the ways in which faculty who differ prefer to be led, and the ways in which faculty who differ wish to be included in leadership. This study is important because research in leadership often overlooks the impact of difference among followers. In this current economic climate, college leaders risk having disenfranchised faculty who do not support organizational goals because leaders have not fully considered the significance of faculty diversity.Results suggest on one hand that the extent of difference in perception is minimal, but this does not mean the differences in perception are unimportant. As well, faculty perceived leadership as being embodied in an individual; although, there was a strong preference for shared leadership practice. Faculty considered their primaryleadership role as being in the classroom and minimal involvement in leadership outside of that context. Finally, the implications of these findings for leadership and leadership practice are discussed. The findings presented will help to support conceptualizations of leadership in the colleges studied that model a shared leadership practice in order to meet organizational goals.	Ph.D.	gender	5
Dale, Bryan	Prudham, Scott	Farming for System Change: The Politics of Food Sovereignty and Climate Change in Canada	Geography	2019-03	In this dissertation, I explore the overlap between climate change and food production, focusing on the concept of food sovereignty and the potential for ecological farming to help mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. I unveil how the concepts of food sovereignty and agroecology are (and are not) being taken up by Canadian farmers, farmers’ organizations and others who have a stake in climate change debates. Based on two years of scholar-activist-oriented research, including interviews with farmers and ethnographic engagements on farms and at events focused on agricultural politics and practices, I describe the opportunities and constraints for agroecological approaches to contribute to mitigating climate change, as well as the significant political, geographical and socio-cultural challenges that are generally inhibiting the actualization of food sovereignty in Canada. Focusing on the work of La Vía Campesina’s two member organizations in this country, the National Farmers Union (NFU) and Union Paysanne, I am concerned with the basic problem of how tensions between systemic and pragmatic changes are articulated through agroecology initiatives and food sovereignty advocacy. My essential claim is that a broad counterhegemonic movement will be required in order for there to be a significant shift in climate and food politics in Canada. Food sovereignty and agroecology have the potential to be incorporated into a system change agenda, I argue, but any serious effort to move them forward, and tackle climate change, will require confronting capitalism itself. I do not suggest that this will necessarily require overt anticapitalist campaigns, but rather that farmers and other food sovereignty proponents will do well to grapple with the structural constraints within capitalism, while finding ways to talk about and pursue radical change through ostensibly more prosaic initiatives. As part of the counterhegemonic shift I am pointing to, I also argue that farmers’ organizations will need to prioritize both strategic alliance-building with various groups, as well as political education activities that can help both farmers and non-farmers make progress on these fronts, disrupting apolitical approaches to climate and food issues.	Ph.D.	food, production, climate, greenhouse gas, ecology	2, 12, 13, 15
Dalton, April Sue	Finkelstein, Sarah A	Chronology, Paleoecology and Stratigraphy of Late Pleistocene Sediments from the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada	Earth Sciences	2017-11	Stratigraphic records in the Hudson Bay Lowlands (HBL), Canada, offer rare insight into local paleoenvironments and the Late Pleistocene climate system over North America. Age determinations on sub-till non-glacial materials suggest that the HBL, lying near the centre of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) extent of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS), was ice-free for parts of Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3; 57,000 to 29,000 yr BP), MIS 5 (130,000 to 71,000 yr BP) and MIS 7 (243,000 to 190,000 yr BP). The MIS 3 age assignment is notable since it suggests the possibility of significant retreat of the LIS and a relatively high global sea level, both of which are a contrast to assumptions that North America was moderately glaciated, and that global sea level was relatively low during that time interval. Paleoecological proxies, including pollen and plant macrofossils, suggest that the HBL contained peatland and boreal vegetation during all previous non-glacial intervals, and pollen-based quantitative reconstructions of sites which are hypothesized to be MIS 3 and MIS 5a (~80,000 yr BP) in age suggest that climate during MIS 3 may have had less annual precipitation than during MIS 5a and present day. Stratigraphic analyses of these glacial and non-glacial sediments provide insight into the dynamicity of Late Pleistocene ice sheets; multiproxy analyses of three stratigraphic successions along the Albany River resulted in the recognition of at least three glacial advances from shifting ice centers within the QuĂŠbec sector of the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the Late Pleistocene. This dissertation contributes a chronological dataset for reconstructing the movement, timing and dynamics of Late Pleistocene ice sheets over North America, as well as paleoecological data for understanding the character and distribution of boreal peatlands during previous interstadial and interglacial periods.	Ph.D.	climate, environment, marine	13, 14
Dalton, Zoe	McGregor, Deborah	As We Move Ahead Together: Foregrounding Reconciliating and Renewed First Nation/ Non-Aboriginal Relations in Environmental Management and Research	Geography	2010-11	The research project upon which this dissertation is based focused on enhancing understandings of the nature of current First Nations/non-Aboriginal relations in environmental management. The project was undertaken as a collaborative initiative by the author, a non-Aboriginal doctoral researcher, in partnership with Walpole Island First Nation. The research served as an opportunity for co-producing knowledge on this subject across cultures and worldviews, and as an effort to build towards our shared aspiration of learning how distinct, yet inextricably linked, First Nations/non-Aboriginal understandings, approaches and worldviews can come together within a context of mutual respect and mutual benefit. The purpose of the research was to investigate the existence and types of issues leading to First Nations/non-Aboriginal tensions in environmental management, to analyze and unpack underlying causes of challenges identified via the research, and to construct avenues for relationship improvement. The research project was grounded in a specific investigation into relations in species at risk conservation and recovery in southern Ontario, Canada. The resulting dissertation is structured around three primary focal areas: 1) investigating and exposing colonial influences at play in Canada’s Species at Risk Act, and offering a new model for co-governance in this arena and beyond; 2) investigating relations surrounding efforts towards traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) transfer in species at risk work, with a focus on exploring issues identified in relation to intellectual imperialism; and 3) introducing and characterizing an original, reconceptualized approach to First Nations/non-Aboriginal relationships in academic research; this approach focused on ways in which investigatory practice can become a means of working towards broader reconciliation goals. Research findings from this dissertation indicate that colonial factors, often unevenly visible to actors involved in environmental management and research, continue to strongly affect the potential for positive, productive First Nations/non-Aboriginal relations in these spheres - including within the species at risk conservation and recovery arena examined here. Project results provide insight into the nature of the factors influencing relationships, as well as potential avenues for addressing the vitality of colonialism in contemporary relations and overcoming the influences on First Nations and on First Nations/non-Aboriginal relationships.	PhD	governance, conserv, environment	13, 14
Dan, Ioana	Kambourov, Gueorgui ||Siow, Aloysius	Gender and Occupational Riskiness	Economics	2011-11	In this thesis I investigate the relationship between the gender distribution across industries and occupations and the incidence and consequences of displacement. First, I provide empirical evidence to support the idea that women self-select into less risky industries and occupations, that is industries and occupations with lower displacement rates and lower earnings growth. Using data from the Displaced Worker Survey (1984-2002), the corresponding Annual Demographic Supplement to the March Current Population Survey, and the Dictionary of Occupational Titles, I find that, even though women have a lower incidence of displacement in the aggregate, they are more likely to get displaced at the one-digit industry and occupation level than men. Displacement is also more costly for women, in terms of both employment and monetary consequences, which suggests that women’s choice of safer sectors could be an insurance mechanism against the risk of displacement and its costly consequences. I then construct a dynamic occupational choice model in the spirit of Keane and Wolpin (1997), in which occupation(industry) groups differ not only in terms of the rate of human capital accumulation, but also in the risk and associated cost of displacement, as well as in the value of the non-monetary utility component. I calibrate the model for men and perform a number of counterfactual experiments for women. Quantitative results suggest that differences in displacement probabilities, together with differences in re-employment probabilities, and in human capital penalty rates at displacement explain up to 15% of the gender occupational segregation, and up to 10% of the gender industry segregation. Allowing women to also have an extra preference for non-employment explains in a proportion of 60% why women avoid high risk occupations, that is occupations with higher displacement risk, higher earnings growth and higher human capital depreciation (or alternatively, lower human capital transferability).	PhD	gender, women, employment. Worker, industr	5, 8, 2009
Danard, Deborah Dawn	Restoule, Jean Paul	Medicine Wheel Surviving Suicide-Strengthening Life Bundle	Social Justice Education	2016-11	Medicine Wheel Surviving Suicide-Strengthening Life Bundle Deborah Danard Doctor of Philosophy Department of Social Justice Education Ontario Institute for Studies in Education University of Toronto 2016 Abstract The Medicine Wheel Surviving Suicide-Strengthening Life Bundle (2016) responds to the disproportionately high number of completed and attempted suicides in Aboriginal communities (past, present and anticipated future) and the need for advancing traditional knowledge as a sustainable long-term community centred approach that demonstrates strengthening life promotion as the wholistic lens to address the complex issue of suicide. Traditional knowledge gathered through literature reviewed, oral teachings and stories is the central component of this research study that spans over a decade, building on foundational traditional knowledge and teachings that informed the Medicine Wheel praxis in Finding Our Way - Culture as Resistance to Suicide In Indian Country (Danard, 2005). This research study is my contribution to the (then) Indian Affairs Minister Bob Nault who said, attempt[s] to tackle the suicide problem haven’t worked, and he was open to suggestions from ‘Anyone who will give us some recommendations about how to deal with suicide’ (Hicks, 1999). Developing the research study from a social justice education lens applying traditional knowledge methods and methodology examines the relationality of transforming traditional knowledge context into practice to enact systemic change at the community level and further Chandler and Lalonde’s (1998) findings that list cultural continuity factors as a ‘hedge’ against suicide, including self-government, land claims, education, health services, cultural facilities, child protection, women in leadership and police/fire services. Every generation has their challenges, past generations have survived colonial expansion and cultural genocide such as residential schools, the sixties scoop, the Indian Act, loss of identity, Bill C-31, alcohol and drug use, loss of language, and dispossession and forced removal from traditional land base and territories (AFHJSC, 1993; AHF, 2007; Duran Duran, 2000; Chrisjohn Young, 1997; Antone Hill, 1992). From an Anishinaabe researcher location and way of being Anishinaabe, this research study is my recommendation for surviving suicide – strengthening life as one of this generation’s challenges that requires “retracing” our ancestral knowledge (Benton-Benai, 1988) and gathering traditional knowledge to mobilize culture as resistance to the survival of suicide (Danard, 2005) and ultimately “survivance” (Vizenor, 1999) of this generation and coming generations.	Ph.D.	health, justice	3, 16
Daniel, Colin John	Fortin, Marie-JosĂŠe	Incorporating Uncertainty into Projections of Landscape Change	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2017-06	A wide range of spatially-explicit simulation models have been developed to forecast landscape dynamics, including models for projecting changes in both vegetation and land use. A key challenge facing these models is how to incorporate uncertainty, including the future effects of climate change, into their projections. I present here a general framework, called a state-and-transition simulation model (STSM), for incorporating uncertainty into projections of landscape change. The STSM method divides a landscape into a set of spatial units, and then simulates the discrete state of each spatial unit forward in time as a stochastic process, in response to discrete transitions, using a Monte Carlo approach. The method also allows for any number of continuous stocks to be defined as stochastic processes for each spatial unit, along with continuous flows to move material between these stocks over time. I demonstrate the STSM method using two different applications. The first is a model of land use/land cover (LULC) change for the State of Hawaii. This model explores interactions between possible future changes in LULC, combined with projected shifts in moisture zones due to climate change, in order to generate projections for the future spatial and temporal distribution of LULC across the State. Through the integration of a carbon stock-flow model with the STSM, I further demonstrate how spatially-explicit projections for terrestrial carbon can incorporate uncertainties in projections of LULC change. The second application presents a new approach for incorporating uncertainty into forest management planning, which I demonstrate using two landscapes in the boreal forest of Ontario (Canada). Here I explore the implications of incorporating uncertainties regarding the spatial and temporal variability of wildfire, including the potential effects of climate change, into spatially-explicit projections of timber supply and habitat for woodland caribou. STSMs can be applied to a wide range of landscapes, including questions of both land use change and vegetation dynamics. Because the method is both spatially-explicit and stochastic, it is well suited for characterizing uncertainty in landscape dynamics. STSMs offer a simple yet powerful means for incorporating uncertainty into projections of landscape change.	Ph.D.	climate, forest, land use	13, 15
Danyluk, Martin Andrew	Cowen, Deborah	Conflict at the Crossroads: Redrawing Global Supply Lines in the Age of Logistics	Geography	2018-06	This dissertation examines the landscapes of logistics, the fast-growing industry responsible for managing the movement of goods, materials, and related information in the global economy. As commodity flows increase in volume, velocity, and distance, they depend on increasingly large-scale transformations of the physical and social environment. How is space being refashioned to accommodate new methods and patterns of circulation? And how do popular forces intervene in these processes? This research employs a multi-sited, relational methodology to investigate how the circulation of commodities is influencing the production of space at multiple scales. Its empirical focus is the recent expansion of the Panama Canal, a logistics megaproject with global reverberations, and the consequent rivalry among North American ports seeking to attract a new generation of oversized container ships. Drawing on a year of mixed-methods fieldwork in Panama City, Los Angeles, and New York, the dissertation analyzes competitive efforts to remake space in the image of smooth, efficient circulation and the struggles that have ensued over land, labour, and the environment. I argue that the landscapes of logistics are contradictory and conflictual spaces: even as global supply chains deliver the material provisions that make possible the reproduction of contemporary life, their development and functioning are undergirded by violent processes of community dispossession, labour exploitation, and environmental degradation. These impacts are disproportionately borne by poor and racialized residents and workers, whose struggles play a fundamental role in shaping corporate production and distribution networks. The research offers a critical reappraisal of the prevailing view that logistics provides a progressive and sustainable path to economic development. It shows that, as logistics has become increasingly vital to the operations of capitalism, the circulation of commodities exacts a heavy toll on those who live and labour in the arteries of global trade.	Ph.D.	labour, worker, industr, trade, industr	8, 9, 10
Darko, Isaac Nortey	Dei, George S	Environmental Stewardship and Indigenous African Philosophies: Implications for Schooling and Health Education in Africa: A Case of Ghana	Humanities, Social Sciences and Social Justice Education	2014-06	In the last 50 years, the pursuance of alternative discourses that would provide alternative solutions to the growing environmental challenges facing the African continent such as pollution poor sanitation, deforestation, desertification, erosion, and degradation have significantly increased. In line with such efforts, the main objective of this project is to identify the prospects and potentials inherent in Indigenous African perspectives on environmental stewardship and their usefulness in mitigating these challenges in Africa. This work, therefore, explores the numerous environmental stewardship ideas contained in proverbs, music, visual arts, adages, 'Ananse' stories and poems, in some Indigenous communities from Ghana; while at the same time, examining the impact of Westernization on the social, political, economic and cultural orientations of Indigenous environmental stewardship practices in traditional communities. The study involved five local communities within the Greater Accra and Eastern regions of Ghana. Over five months, 70 participants from Accra, Amamole, Pantang, Aburi and Nsawam were sampled for the research. Using one-on-one interviews, focus group discussions, semi structured questionnaires and observations; the sampled individuals shared cultural practices, beliefs and norms around environmental stewardship. Results of the study showed that almost all Indigenous communities developed complex systems that guided their existence and well-being. These systems were enshrined in sets of intricate relationships that existed between both humans and non-humans. These relations were regulated by sets of practices, norms and beliefs, which are mostly imbedded in African Traditional Religion (ATR). Thus Indigenous Ghanaian environmental stewardship reflected vital cultural and societal values such as responsibility, accountability, reciprocity, spirituality, and harmony. Three main African environmental ethics were established; first; interconnection and interdependence; second, environmental spirituality; and third, respect for authority. The study concluded with proposed changes in the Ghanaian education and health systems based on these ethics and other important local practices. Significant was the inclusion of local languages and local teaching methodologies in the classroom as well as health institutions. As an exploratory research, the results are capable of producing very well-founded cross-contextual generalities such as localized school curricula, localized health education and policies, which could be adapted for other Indigenous African nations.	Ph.D.	institution, forest, pollut, Sanitation	6, 13, 15, 16
Davidson, Adrienne	Skogstad, Grace	Flexibility in the Federal System? Institutional Innovation and Indigenous Nations’ Self-Determination in the US and Canadian Far North	Political Science	2018-11	Since the early 1970s, Indigenous nations in northern Canada and the United States have secured a heightened level of governing autonomy through the creation of new institutions of self- and shared-rule. While much attention has been devoted to the political factors that allowed for development of these institutions, and their operation within the federal governance framework, this thesis argues that these new institutions have important political implications that have, as yet, been largely unexplored. The settlement of modern land claim agreements, beginning in the 1970s, was a response by the United States and Canadian federal governments to Indigenous demands for self-determination. The decision to settle modern land claim agreements marked a move away from the dominant policy paradigm of assimilation, and into a new paradigm that recognized Indigenous goals for economic self-determination, and which is increasingly responsive to Indigenous demands for political self-determination through self-government. This ideational shift enabled the development of new sites of Indigenous authority within the federal political system. By building a comparative analysis of the political dynamics across four cases—the Northwest Arctic and North Slope regions in Alaska, and the Inuvialuit and Gwich’in regions in the Northwest Territories—this thesis argues that early decisions by the state have had significant, and reinforcing, effects on the development of the institutional spaces for Indigenous minority nations. How these institutions were designed and implemented has had important implications for the degree to which they reinforce or reconstitute conceptions of national or cultural identity. It also has important implications for the degree to which these new institutions are successful at reducing conflicts between the minority nation and the state. By developing a novel framework of minority national conflict, I am able to illustrate how these decisions influence contemporary political dynamics.	Ph.D.	governance	16
Davidson, Lisa Marie	McElhinny, Bonnie	Living in a World of ‘Riotous Difference’: Canadian Multiculturalism and Christian Hospitality within the Presbyterian Church in Toronto (Tkaronto)	Anthropology	2019-11	With the secularization of Canadian public institutions, mainline protestant churches in urban centers are witnessing a steady decline in membership in recent decades. Church members are not participating in church activities as they once did, which has motivated some congregations to discuss the influence of immigration and multiculturalism within the church. This dissertation is an ethnographic study of the interethnic relationships and the value of multiculturalism in Presbyterian congregations in the multicultural and multiracial city of Toronto (Tkaronto), Ontario, and more broadly, within the national denomination of the Presbyterian Church of Canada. In recounting the crisis of church precarity, this dissertation considers the contours of church governance that structure racializing practices within congregations. Additionally, this study examines the virtue of hospitality, a central theme among Presbyterian congregations that attends to denominational identity, church-run social programmes, and inclusion of minorities within congregational polity. Based on 25 months of ethnographic research among three congregations, this dissertation focuses on the personal experiences and Christian understandings of racialized and white congregants who are working to develop a meaningful church community, which is fraught with ideological and affective friction. This thesis makes two key arguments. First, the inclusion of different (non-white) bodies is needed to sustain and grow the church, both economically and spiritually, yet different bodies and their subjectivities (vis-à-vis class, racialization, and age) are challenging to congregational unity in terms of Anglo-centric denominational identity. Second, to welcome its racially, ethnically and economically diverse participants, church members express a virtue of openness in welcoming guests and strangers. Christian hospitality, which is distinct from charity, mediates and at times blurs the boundaries between stranger, guest and host, as well as the cleavages arising from modes of inclusion and exclusion. The friction in 'welcoming the stranger', a ubiquitous phrase indexing Christian hospitality, is a theological, ideological and practical conundrum. The friction is revealed in the narratives of congregants and the mundane acts of in/hospitality that highlight the affective, temporal, and spatial ambiguities that arise from the politics and ethics of integration. Throughout, this thesis investigates the linkages and ruptures between Christian hospitality and Canadian state multiculturalism.	Ph.D.	urban, institution	11, 16
Davies, Jennifer Lee	Chen, Charles P	Learning Experiences and Career Successes of Immigrant Professionals in Canada	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2019-11	Canada, a nation reliant on immigrants for economic growth, has invited millions of professionals to live here, but census and survey data show that a majority of newcomers do not integrate into the Canadian workplace at levels commensurate with their education and experience. The reasons for this are unclear. Many recent immigrant professionals turn to retraining as part of a plan to regain their former professional status, but the results of this strategy have not been fully examined. This qualitative study examined the work search and retraining experiences of recent immigrant professionals in Canada. Twenty-six men and 26 women, economic immigrants to Canada, well-educated professionals in their countries of origin, described the challenges they experienced in semi-structured interviews. The challenges they described included understanding the economy and managing their expectations for initial employment; work search difficulties such as lacking a professional network; the vagaries of chance and opportunity; and planning for retraining, sometimes to obtain an entire Canadian credential in their field. Additionally, support programs offered to newcomers are not always based on a career development theory, nor are all career development theories tested against reality. The present study also uses the experiences described by the study participants to examine the utility of career self-determination theory (Chen, 2017), an emerging career development metatheory grounded in the psychology of motivation. This study found the three basic career needs proposed by Chen – career autonomy, career competence, and career relatedness – plus a fourth motivational career need, career consistency, in the work search and retraining experiences of these immigrant professionals. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed, and suggestions for further research are provided.	Ed.D.	women, employment, economic growth	5, 8
Daviet, Remi	Burda, Martin||Gourieroux, Christian	Methods for statistical analysis and prediction of discrete choices	Economics	2018-11	The increasing availability of individual-level consumer data has facilitated the development of new methods for analyzing and predicting people's product choices. This thesis contributes to the existing body of literature with three chapters advancing the statistical analysis of discrete choice. In Chapter 1, I propose a new model seeking to elaborate on the role that choice set composition, known as context, plays in a discrete choice problem. Specifically, I generalize a state-of-the-art class of models stemming from recent research on neural normalization to the multi-attribute setting. I impose a structural model composition based on the brain synaptic plasticity literature, allowing for a particular form of correlation between product utilities. I highlight the properties of the model with a series of experiments and real-world empirical applications. In Chapter 2, I propose a new Monte Carlo method, called Hamiltonian Sequential Monte Carlo (HSMC), for the purpose of nonparametric estimation of unobserved consumer heterogeneity in discrete choice problems. HSMC combines the advantages of Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) and Hamiltonian transition dynamics. SMC exploits gains from parallelization very efficiently as the core computational load involving the model likelihood is performed by many individual particles independently of one another. At the same time, by using first-derivative information, Hamiltonian transition dynamics has been shown to yield substantial gains in Markov chain mixing properties relative to the standard random walk proposal steps outside of the SMC context. I compare the performance of HSMC with SMC on a discrete choice model of consumer purchases with nonparametric consumer heterogeneity and show the favorable properties of HSMC. In Chapter 3, I propose a Bayesian method called Sequential Optimal Inference (SOI) providing an optimal sequence of questions in experiments. Experiments are frequently used to elicit preferences of potential consumers. Using SOI, the questions are adaptively designed to maximize the expected information and take into account the subjects' previous answers. The method also allows for real-time inference and provides updated posterior distributions while the experiment is performed. Existing methods were created for specific sub-cases. SOI is more general, nesting a large class of models and allowing for a number of inference objectives.	Ph.D.	consum	12
Davy, Christina M.	Murphy, Robert W.	Conservation Genetics of Freshwater Turtles	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2013-03	Turtles have long life spans, overlapping generations and promiscuous mating systems. Thus, they are an ideal system with which to investigate the application of conservation genetics methods and assumptions to long-lived organisms. Turtles are also one of the most threatened groups of vertebrates and conservation genetics studies are essential to effective recovery of turtle species. This thesis has two main objectives: 1) to evaluate some common population genetics assumptions with respect to turtles and other long-lived organisms, and 2) to collect important information on the population genetics of threatened turtles in Ontario, which can be used to inform species recovery. In Chapters Two and Three, I describe the development of novel microsatellite markers for the snapping turtle and spiny softshell. In Chapter Four I demonstrate significant genetic structure in populations of the endangered spotted turtle in Ontario, and find that “bottleneck tests” may fail to detect recent population declines in small turtle populations. I also show that spotted turtles do not show the typical correlation between population size and genetic diversity. In Chapter Five I use microsatellite markers developed in Chapter Two and document population structure in the widespread snapping turtle for the first time. I compare these results with results from Chapter Four to test the traditionally accepted hypothesis that genetic diversity is reduced in small, isolated populations compared to large, connected populations. As in Chapter Four, my results suggest that the usual patterns of genetic structure and loss of diversity may not apply to turtles. In Chapter Six I conduct a conservation genetics study of the endangered Blanding’s turtle. Finally, in Chapter Seven I combine results from spotted, snapping and Blanding’s turtles to test whether vagility predicts population structure, genetic diversity and significant barriers to gene flow in three species sampled across a single landscape. Analyses reveal minimal congruence in barriers to gene flow and the three species show unexpected and contrasting patterns of diversity across the landscape. Discordant patterns among species highlight areas for further research and shed light on possible cryptic behaviour, and I discuss potential further directions for research in the Summary.	PhD	conserv	14
Davy, Eulite Lyn	Ryan, James	Culturally Responsive Leadership:How Principals Employ Culturally Responsive Leadership to Shape the School Experiences of Marginalized Students	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2016-11	This qualitative study research examines how 2 elementary principals in Ontario schools employ culturally responsive leadership (CRL) to shape the school experiences of marginalized students. In particular, it explores the strategies 2 principals use to enact this approach to leadership, the barriers and resistance they face that impede their social justice agenda, the supports that facilitate their work in schools, and the impact CRL has on various stakeholders. This study employed semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions guided by the conceptual framework derived from the literature review around culturally responsive pedagogy, culturally responsive leadership, social justice leadership, and educational leadership. Five teachers from each school were also interviewed in order to capture their insights as to how their principalâ s culturally responsive leadership practices impacted their teaching and understanding of cultural responsiveness. The findings in the study show that principal participants foster a cultural responsive culture, promote culturally responsive pedagogy, create a welcoming climate in their school and build authentic relationships with all stakeholders, to move their social justice agenda forward. They also advocate passionately on behalf of their community to access resources to benefit students and families in the school community. These administrators also endeavor to change unjust structures that serve to perpetuate inequity and deter students from reaching high academic standards. In doing so, these leaders encounter formidable resistance and obstacles, despite which they continue to respond to the needs of their community in order to create socially just and equitable schools.	Ed.D.	equitable, justice	4, 16
Dawe, Meghan	Dinovitzer, Ronit	Stratification in the Canadian Legal Profession: The Role of Social Capital and Social Isolation in Shaping Lawyers’ Careers	Sociology	2018-11	The North American legal profession has traditionally excluded marginalized social groups via formal entry barriers and other social closure mechanisms. While many of these obstacles have eroded over time and the legal profession is more heterogeneous today than in the past, formal and informal obstacles maintain the ongoing professional dominance of white men from privileged social backgrounds. Although lawyers represent a powerful and elite social group, the legal profession’s internal hierarchies reflect the unequal distribution of status, opportunities, and rewards among its members, making it an important site for examining professional stratification. Using a national survey of a cohort of recent entrants to the Canadian legal profession, I examine stratification in the legal profession and the mechanisms that sustain workplace disparities and discrimination. I find that traditional hierarchies persist and that new lines of demarcation have emerged. Moreover, I find that social capital and social isolation are key mechanisms driving divergent outcomes and experiences for traditionally disadvantaged groups of lawyers in their early careers. Specifically, I find that spending time with partners and other senior attorneys increases earnings and decreases experiences of workplace discrimination; having a woman mentor and a higher proportion of racial and ethnic minorities in the workplace reduce the odds of experiencing discrimination; and having a racial/ethnic minority mentor increases the odds of expressing mobility intentions for lawyers working in private law firms. Workplace relationships operate as both assets and liabilities in lawyers’ careers; having partners notice and invest in you and being surrounded by coworkers and mentors who ‘look like you’ can bolster the careers of lawyers from traditionally disadvantaged groups, yet socially similar mentors can also exacerbate the consequences of outsider status if they too are outsiders within the profession. Thus, social capital both facilitates and constrains lawyers’ careers and stratification in the legal profession.	Ph.D.	worker	8
de Jesus-Bretschneider, Angelica	Daniere, Amrita	Transforming Climate Resilience: A Case Study of Myanmar Migrants in Phuket, Thailand	Geography	2018-11	Climate resilience is a system’s ability to absorb climate change disturbances and reorganize in a way that the system retains the same function and identity. The concept of climate resilience is widely criticized for its neutral and post-political approach to planning for climate change. Resilience practitioners typically conduct vulnerability assessments to identify how institutions, systems, and actors are at risk from climate change. However, because practitioners focus on climate exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacities of essential infrastructure systems, such as settlement areas, water supply networks, and food systems, practitioners tend to overlook the inherently political nature of vulnerability and the broader social structures that create or reinforce it, especially for marginalized people. My research on the lives of 80 Myanmar migrants in Phuket, Thailand serves as a case study for the importance of taking a directly political approach to planning for climate resilience. In this thesis, I describe the vulnerabilities of Myanmar migrants in Phuket as embodied structural violence, which refers to the economic, political, and cultural dynamics that systematically cause human suffering and constrain human agency to meet personal needs and goals. Resilience practitioners in Phuket can apply a structural violence lens, particularly during the vulnerability assessment process, to identify and address social structures that create vulnerabilities, including elitism, nepotism, fragmentation, and discrimination in Thailand. Unfortunately, people who are underrepresented in policymaking and planning process in Thailand, including Myanmar migrants, are often the ones to bear the disproportionate costs of climate change. Thus, resilience practitioners must advocate for an explicitly political, inclusive, and participatory approach; for example, one that incorporates the experiences and knowledge of all inhabitants in Phuket. Through my research, I also add to the discourse of planning for migrant communities, especially at a time when renowned international institutions, such as the United Nations, are highlighting significant planning and policymaking challenges linked to climate change-induced migration.	Ph.D.	food, inclusive, water, infrastructure, cities, urban, resilien, climate	2, 5, 7, 10, 12, 14
De Luna, Phil	Sargent, Edward H	Nanostructured Electrocatalysts for CO2 Conversion	Materials Science and Engineering	2019-06	Renewables-powered electrochemical activation and conversion of water + CO2 into hydrocarbons and oxygenates could potentially offer a sustainable, low-net-emissions, route to produce many of the world’s most needed commodity chemicals and fuels. In this thesis I report progress in the synthesis, characterization, and computational modelling of electrocatalyst materials for the CO2 reduction reaction. I show how experiment, theory, and spectroscopy can be used together to uncover physicochemical phenomena; I build nanostructured materials to exploit these phenomena; and I integrate these materials into electrocatalytic systems. I first begin by examining the pathways toward industrial implementation of CO2 reduction technology. I give a brief technoeconomic analysis and carbon emissions assessment of certain valuable products. I then describe the concept of Field-Induced Reagent Concentration (FIRC) on gold nanoneedle catalysts. This entails the use of nanostructured morphologies to produce a high local electric field that attracts positively charged cations to stabilize CO2 reaction intermediates to produce CO with Faradaic efficiencies above 90% and overpotentials of 240 mV. I continue with a description of the potential for tandem catalysis between metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and gold nanoneedles towards tuning CO2 reduction. Next, I describe how thin layers of amorphous sulfide-doped tin catalysts on top of gold nanoneedles can modulate CO2 reduction towards formic acid synthesis with Faradaic efficiencies of 93% and current densities of 55 mA cm−2 over 40 hours. I then demonstrate a new bottom-up synthesis, catalyst electro-redeposition, that allows simultaneous control over morphology and oxidation state of copper to produce ethylene selectively. I use a combination of spectroscopy and computational simulation to explain the electronic structure-property relationships of this new catalyst and report a partial ethylene current density of 160 mA cm–2 and an ethylene/methane ratio of 200. I conclude by describing emerging directions in the field including greater understanding of electrocatalyst evolution, inspiration from biology, and integration into electrolyzer systems. I discuss the wider relevance of nanostructuring as a means to control and enhance catalytic activity.	Ph.D.	water, renewable, industr	6, 7, 2009
De Vera, Joan	Bergquist, Bridget	Tracing the Distribution of Pb and Trace Elements in the Canadian Arctic from the Atmosphere to the Ocean	Earth Sciences	2020-06	Trace elements (TEs) play important roles in biogeochemical processes in the Arctic and understanding their cycling along with their isotopes will help us understand better the warming induced changes in the Arctic. This dissertation measured Pb, its isotopes and other TEs in aerosols and seawater samples collected in the Canadian Arctic. Lead and its isotopes are useful particulate source tracers and can be used to understand particulate contaminant inputs and oceanic circulation. Iron is also evaluated because it is an important micronutrient for primary production in the ocean. This study shows that anthropogenic aerosols from Europe and Russia (Eurasia) still dominate during the Arctic Haze period (winter–spring) and particulate pollution levels are relatively stable in the Arctic since the 2000s. This study also traced the anthropogenic Pb from aerosols to the Canadian Arctic seawater using Pb isotope measurements. Historic Eurasian Pb with distinctively low 206Pb/207Pb (	Ph.D.	water, production, ocean, pollut	12, 13, 14
DeBeer, Yvette	Joshee, Reva	Ideologically Informed: A Policy Archaeology of Special Education in Ontario, 1965-1980	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2011-11	Waves of education reform in Ontario since the 1960s have resulted in widespread changes to curriculum, governance, and policy directives. Despite these continual reforms the structures and the practices of special education have changed very little since the early twentieth century. This dissertation looks at special education policy historically (1965-1980) in Ontario and offers an explanation for this resistance to change. Policy archaeology is developed in this study to map policy texts backwards through time and to interpret the meaning of policy discourses in these texts. The discourses produced by various policy actors are interpreted within the historical context to illuminate the ideologically informed beliefs of society about children with disabilities and their education. The ideologies of conservatism, liberalism, and scientific rationalism continue to construct the identities of children with disabilities as deviant from “normal” children. These differences are scientifically measured and quantified by medical and psychological professionals. The hierarchical organization of schooling sorts students into homogeneous groups according to ability. The constructed identities and segregated placements marginalize children with disabilities from the opportunities available to children in the regular classroom. Ideologies are stable and enduring and contribute to the stability of beliefs about special education in spite of extensive and continuous reforms in other areas of education. This dissertation builds on the earlier theories of the policy web (Joshee & Johnson, 2005). The large policy web of special education is composed of individual webs of meaning that represent the condensation symbols of disability, education, professionalism, management, and equality in particular ways that support the marginalization of children with disabilities. These webs are internally cohesive and related to each other by shared discourses. These interconnections give the web an intricate, irregular design but also give the web strength. Based on Pierre Bourdieu’s theories of capital, the members of the Ontario Association for Children with Learning Disabilities, and its members as individuals, held high forms of capital that were used as power. This association shaped policy discourses in particular ways that influenced beliefs about learning disabilities, acquired resources for children with learning disabilities, and reproduced privilege for the association.	EDD	educat, equality	4, 5
Debnath, Mrinal Kanti	Olson, Paul	Living on the Edge: The Predicament of a Rural Indigenous Santal Community in Bangladesh	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2010-11	This thesis explores the ways in which the legacy of colonialism continues to shape the material and non-material conditions of rural indigenous communities in Bangladesh. This research examines the complex confluence of power, politics, economics, and identities in rural Bangladesh; it explores the web of local, national, and global mechanisms that (re)create and maintain oppressive systems and structures. Adopting an anti-colonial discursive framework and a case study approach, this research incorporates data from semi-structured and informal, in-depth individual interviews, focus-group interviews, an observational journal, and a review of relevant literature to study a remote Santal village in the Rajshahi division of Bangladesh. This study focuses on the voices of the local people, their experiences and narratives, and analyzes the data within the wider contexts of history, politics, and culture. The anti-colonial discursive framework that guides this study acknowledges the material and intellectual agency of local people and the value of their knowledge and lived experiences; it contributes to understanding local history and culture and the saliency of local resistance to oppressive practices. The research findings reveal that colonial structures of oppression are perpetuated by the devaluation of indigenous peoples’ mother tongue, education, culture, and religion and by distancing them from the land that has belonged to them for centuries. The findings present a shift from the ritual-based, cultural matrix of the rural indigenous community and its tradition-oriented socio-political and education systems. Exclusionary policies and practices of the nation state and Christian aggression have fragmented the Santal community, devalued their collectivist mode of living, and alienated them from their traditional ways of life. The process of land alienation has perpetuated the colonial legacy of terra nullius and displaced the indigenous Santal community’s sense of belonging and its inherent connection to Mother Earth, the bongas , and the spirits of their ancestors. This dissertation suggests that there is urgent need for activism to resist colonial structures of oppression that continue to this day. This study contributes to literature on anti-colonial struggles across the globe and offers a framework for understanding other colonial and indigenous contexts.	EDD	rural, educat	4, 11
Dechief, Diane Yvonne	Caidi, Nadia	Designing Names: Requisite Identity Labour for Migrants' Be(long)ing in Ontario	Information Studies	2015-06	This dissertation responds to the question of why people who immigrate to Ontario, Canada frequently choose to use their personal names in altered forms. Between May and December 2010, I engaged in semi-structured interviews with twenty-three people who, while living in Ontario, experienced name challenges ranging from persistent, repetitive misspellings and mispronunciations of their original names to cases of significant name alterations on residency documents, and even to situations of exclusion and discrimination. Drawing on critical perspectives from literature on identity and performativity, science and technology studies, race and immigration, affect, and onomastics (the study of names), I establish that name challenges are a form of "identity labour" required of many people who immigrate to Ontario. I also describe how individuals' identity labour changes over time. In response to name challenges, and the need to balance between their sometimes-simultaneous audiences, participants design their names for life in Ontario--by deciding which audiences to privilege, they choose where they want to belong, and how their names should be.	Ph.D.	labour	8
DeFalco, Randle Charles	BrunnĂŠe, Jutta	International Crimes as Familiar Spectacles: Socially Constructed Understandings of Atrocity and the Visibility Politics of International Criminal Law	Law	2017-11	This thesis examines the role aesthetic considerations play in the development of shared social and legal understandings of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. Utilizing a social constructivist, interactional legal theory analytical framework, I argue that aesthetic considerations play a major role in identifying these international crimes. The “visibility politics” resulting from this heavy reliance on aesthetic factors in turn, influence social interactions through which shared understandings of these crimes are developed, resulting in shared understandings of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes being embedded in a particular aesthetic model of atrocity. According to this model, atrocity crimes are expected to manifest themselves as familiar spectacles of violence and abuse that are both shocking and intuitively “criminal” in nature. While at first glance, this understanding may appear to merely reflect the extraordinary scale of atrocity crimes themselves, the notion that such crimes will necessarily manifest themselves according to this aesthetic model ignores the complexities of mass harm causation, and the substance of international criminal law (ICL). Chapter one, combining insights from interactional legal theory and the field of neuroaesthetics, theorizes ICL as an environment conducive to aesthetic considerations influencing relevant norm development processes. Chapter two, through an analysis of how the language of atrocity is deployed within ICL discourses, argues that shared understandings of atrocity crimes are grounded in an aesthetic model of atrocities as familiar spectacles of violence and abuse. Chapter three demonstrates that this aesthetic model fails to account for the complexity of real-world atrocity situations and the wide variety of means through which genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes may be committed. Chapter four examines how visibility politics have shaped social and legal understandings of processes of mass killing and abuse in Khmer Rouge era Cambodia and elsewhere. Chapter five argues that visibility politics undermine the aims of ICL and negatively influence historical memory and the distribution of human rights, transitional justice, and peacebuilding resources. Chapter six, returning to interactional legal theory, argues that the visibility politics of ICL also impair the legality legitimacy of ICL itself, by undermining ICL’s adherence in practice to interactionalism’s criteria of legality.	S.J.D.	JUSTICE	16
deGelder, Mettje Christine	Lambek, Michael ||Sanders, Todd	Reluctant Relations: And Ethnography of 'Outreach' in a Post-apartheid City	Anthropology	2011-03	This dissertation focuses on performance, moral practice, and self-respect in an urban South African setting. Taking as its point of departure the emergence and rapid expansion, in the 1990s and 2000s, of an outreach organization I call Jesus People Pretoria (JPP), it discusses this NGO’s attempt to create a ‘moral community’ in the post-apartheid city from the diverse vantage points of its Afrikaner leaders, its clients, and—most emphatically—its lay workers, the majority of whom are black women. Gradually moving from the everyday stage of outreach labour towards women’s gendered performances within and beyond the work environment, it proposes that at stake in the making of the JPP moral community is the negotiation of self-respect, which hinges upon the degree to which interactions imply the fostering or refutation of mutual respect, or the measure of the ‘equality’ of the exchange. As an urban entity deeply entwined in and illuminative of South Africa’s broader post-apartheid ironies, including ongoing race-based differentiation and the pervasiveness of HIV/AIDS and death, predominantly moral practice here remains but ambivalently constituted. Yet this does not denote the absence of the moral but temporarily rests it in the region of the indistinct, the unresolved, in the moment of its apparent impossibility or unachievability.	PhD	gender, equality, labour, worker, urban, environment	5, 8, 11, 13
Dehghan Najmabadi, Alireza	Peterson, Karl	Durability testing protocols for concrete made with alternative binders and recycled materials	Civil Engineering	2018-06	Recent strategies to reduce the carbon footprint and environmental impact of concrete include the reduction or elimination of portland cement and utilization of waste materials. The impact of these changes on the durability of concrete is an active area of research, but less-so in terms of the characterization and interpretation of the micro-structural responses of these new concrete mixtures to traditional durability tests. This research explores novel approaches for performing durability tests that are commonly used in the areas of chloride ingress, external sulfate attack, and alkali silica reaction (ASR) in an effort to refine and improve the current methods of testing. To validate a durability testing approach, its suitability and effectiveness should be checked against a wide range of concrete compositions, hence, various mixtures with different physical and chemical characteristics, including binders with either straight portland cement, alkali activated slag, alkali activated fly ash, or alkali activated metakaolin were prepared and tested. First, a micro x-ray fluorescence (µXRF) method was developed to measure chloride ingress through the use of multiple calibration curves to account for matrix effects across the variety of binder systems. Second, two different sulfate resistance testing protocols were compared, and a similar µXRF approach was developed to measure sulfate ingress, with phase changes evaluated by a scanning electron microscope combined with x-ray energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM/EDS). Third, a new digital-image-based approach for conducting the damage rating index (DRI) was developed and the indexes were compared with the traditional method. Finally, the addition of fibres recovered from recycled glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) was found to be innocuous in terms of ASR expansion in accelerated mortar beam and concrete prism tests, and the pozzolanic reactivity of the recycled GFRP fibres was confirmed by SEM/EDS.	Ph.D.	energy, waste, recycl, environment	7, 12, 13
Delaney, Sarah	Ito, Shinya||Colantonio, David	Drug Monitoring in Breast Milk: Novel Insights on Pharmacokinetics and Infant Exposure Estimates	Pharmacology	2018-11	The health benefits of breastfeeding are numerous and well described. It has been reported that ~70% of women take medication in the postpartum period; however, little is known about drug excretion into breast milk and infant exposure estimates are often unreliable. This gap in knowledge is due to the fact that women are excluded from clinical trials if they are lactating and carrying out a formal pharmacokinetic study is both ethically and practically challenging. The lack of knowledge and uncertainty on drug safety during lactation causes women to discontinue breastfeeding prematurely in order to take a medication or decide not to initiate breastfeeding altogether. While most drugs are considered to be compatible with breastfeeding, inaccurate infant exposure predictions of drugs in breast milk have led to infant adverse events and even fatalities. The overall aims of this thesis were to investigate the safety of three drugs and their use during lactation: methotrexate, escitalopram, and infliximab. Using a combination of newly developed analytical techniques, in silico methods, and animal lactation models, this thesis helps provide an updated framework for studying the safety of drugs during breastfeeding.	Ph.D.	health	3
Delano, Kaitlyn E.	Ito, Shinya	Utilizing Biomarkers to Assess Prevalence and Trends of Substance Use During Pregnancy in Canada	Pharmacology	2015-11	Substance use during pregnancy is associated with numerous risks to both mother and fetus. Studies of the prevalence and trends of substance use during pregnancy have predominantly relied on maternal self-report, which is known to be unreliable and inaccurate. The emerging use of biomarkers has presented researchers and clinicians with the opportunity to assess this complex matter in a more objective and reliable manner. The overall objective of the research described in this thesis is to utilize biomarkers to assess prevalence rates and trends of substance use during pregnancy in Canada. This objective was addressed through three studies focusing on distinct populations. The first study focuses on a highly specific population of methadone-using pregnant women involved in social services, and found that rates of polydrug use (specifically opioid use) were similar to a negative control group, with approximately half of individuals continuing to use additional opioids during pregnancy. The second study highlights a routine urine drug screen program within the obstetric unit of a regional hospital; we conclude that the prevalence of substance use in this population is close to three times the national average, and that drug use during pregnancy is associated with more maternal and neonatal complications. Lastly, the third study aims to estimate the prevalence of heavy fetal alcohol exposure through the analysis of fatty acid ethyl esters in meconium samples collected nationwide, and reveals that the prevalence ranges between 1.16 and 2.40%, the equivalent of at least 1,800 new cases of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder in Canada each year. Overall, this research provides new insights into the prevalence and trends of substance use during pregnancy, and aims to guide future public education initiatives and highlight the continuing need for more effective, accessible treatment options for pregnant women who struggle with substance use.	Ph.D.	women	5
Deligiannis, Athanasios Tom	Homer-Dixon, Thomas	Environmental and Demographic Change and Rural Violence in Peru: A Case Study of the District of Chuschi, Ayacucho	Political Science	2020-06	Considerable debate exists about whether and how human-induced pressure on the natural environment contributes to violent conflict. This dissertation examines whether human-induced environmental and demographic change helped generate rural violence in the District of Chuschi, in the South-Central Andes of Peru in the latter half of the 20th century, in the years leading up to the Sendero Luminoso insurgency in 1980. The dissertation’s findings reveal that long-term patterns of resource capture and human-induced environmental and demographic change, combined with prevailing local, regional, and national political-economic currents in Peru over the 20th century to increase inter-community competition for valuable but limited agricultural resources – over range lands, crop lands, and water resources. In particular, these changes conditioned patterns of violence between two neighbouring communities in the District – the Community of Chuschi and the Community of Quispillacta. Changes aggravated conflictual relationships between Chuschi and Quispillacta over rights to long-contested resources that were essential to increasingly pressured livelihoods in both communities. Change and contest resulted in winners and losers, with implications for social stability years into the future. Quispillacta largely emerged as the victor in these community resource conflicts. However, their victory fostered enduring resentment in Chuschi - the traditional administrative centre of the District - and among Chuschi’s associated hamlets. These grievances spilled out during the Sendero insurgency as some in rival communities falsely accused Quispillacta of being a centre of Sendero militancy, accusations likely stemming from community members who lost out in the inter-community land competition. Quispillacta suffered terribly as a result in the Peruvian military’s counter-insurgency bloodletting, disproportionately more than Chuschi and its associated hamlets – score-settling by counter-insurgency. Human pressure on the local environment and people’s adaptive choices to these pressures thus helped condition patterns of violence in the decades before the Sendero insurgency, and patterns of violence once the insurgency heated up in the area. Understanding why violence took the shape that it did in Chuschi during the insurgency and over the previous century in various small-scale confrontations requires examining the interface of human-induced environmental change and demographic change, in the relation to socio-economic changes in the region.	Ph.D.	water, rural, environment	6, 11, 13
Della Rovere Proia, Clelia	Ryan, James	Creating Inclusive Schools for LGBTQ Populations - A Study Exploring Strategies School Leaders Employ for LGBTQ Inclusion	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2016-11	The purpose of this study is to explore specific strategies that inclusive-minded elementary principals use to create more inclusive school environments for LGBTQ populations, which continue to be underrepresented in different facets of school community life. Qualitative interview data was collected across different school districts from thirteen elementary principals who actively promote the inclusion of LGBTQ populations in Ontario schools. The data suggests that, despite the number of barriers that principals face in their efforts to create more inclusive school environments for LGBTQ populations, school leaders employ many strategies to strategically and intentionally facilitate school environments that are welcoming, respectful, and inclusive for individuals who identify as LGBTQ. The findings of this research have implications for the urgency for this work as well as the possibilities to realize school communities which are inclusive of LGBTQ communities. The findings also have implications for professional learning for leaders in the area of inclusion and social justice. In addition, supports and appropriate resources that are needed to enhance the work of LGBTQ inclusion in schools are highlighted.	Ed.D.	inclusive	4
Deller, Fiona	Chambers, Anthony	Early Intervention Programs for Low Income Students: What Can Evaluations Reveal? A Systematic Review	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2018-06	In Canada and the United States, young people from low-income families are less likely than other youth to enroll in postsecondary education. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of early intervention programs on the participation of low-income students in postsecondary education, by looking at existing program evaluations. Early intervention is a programmatic approach to improving access to postsecondary education. Programs are designed to start early in the educational pathway and help those youth who might otherwise not participate in postsecondary education get the resources, support, counselling and information they need to participate. This study attempts to answer the question, what can evaluations reveal about the impact of early intervention programs on the postsecondary education preparation and enrollment of low-income youth. To try to answer the research question, this study examines 14 existing early intervention program evaluations, and the literature on program evaluations, to better understand the impact of these programs on the target population. The 14 program evaluations examined in this study include the following about how low-income students are served: the programs taken as a whole had moderate to strong impact on high school graduation and postsecondary enrollment, but moderate to nil impact on academic achievement and postsecondary retention; the effects seem to diminish when students leave the programs; the application process is a strong determinant of success in programs that require application, implying that these programs serve those students who are already motivated and aspirational; and, the impact of “place-based” programs which theoretically serve the most at-risk, low-income students, are ambiguous and require significantly more research. Finally, to better understand the impact of early intervention programs, it is recommended that there be a stronger emphasis on evaluation in these programs, and that future evaluations take into consideration the application process as a confounding variable in the effect of the program (i.e., have an experimental or quasi-experimental design with a control for application).	Ph.D.	educat	4
Demirtas, Derya	Chan, Timothy C.Y.||Kwon, Roy H.	Facility Location under Uncertainty and Spatial Data Analytics in Healthcare	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2016-06	Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a significant public health issue and treatment, namely, cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation, is very time-sensitive. Public access defibrillation programs, which deploy automated external defibrillators (AEDs) for bystander use in an emergency, have been shown to reduce the time to defibrillation and improve survival rates. The focus of this thesis is on data-driven decision making aimed at improving survival from OHCA by analyzing cardiac arrest risk and optimizing AED deployment. This work establishes a unique marriage of data analytics and facility location optimization to address both the demand (cardiac arrest) and supply (AED) sides of the AED deployment problem. In the demand side, we analyze the spatiotemporal trends of OHCAs in Toronto and show that the OHCA risk is stable at the neighborhood level over time. In other words, high risk areas tend to remain high risk, which supports focusing public health resources for cardiac arrest intervention and prevention in those areas to increase the efficiency of these scarce resources and improve the long-term impact. In the supply side, we develop a comprehensive modeling framework to support data-driven decision making in the deployment of public location AEDs, with the ultimate goal of increasing the likelihood of AED usage in a cardiac arrest emergency. As a part of this framework, we formulate three optimization models that consider probabilistic coverage of cardiac arrests using AEDs and address specific, real-life scenarios about AED retrieval and usage. Our models generalize existing location models and incorporate differences in bystander behavior. The models are mixed integer nonlinear programs, and a contribution of this work lies in the development of mixed integer linear formulation equivalents and tight and easily computable bounds. Next, we use kernel density estimation to derive a spatial probability distribution of cardiac arrests that is used for optimization and model evaluation. Using data from Toronto, Canada, we show that optimizing AED deployment outperforms the existing approach by 40% in coverage and substantial gains can be achieved through relocating existing AEDs. Our results suggest that improvements in survival and cost-effectiveness are possible with optimization.	Ph.D.	health	3
Demming, Keita	Quarter, Jack	Making Space for Social Innovation: What We Can Learn from the Midwifery Movement.	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2016-11	I contend that the emerging field of social innovation is at risk of â social innovation washingâ â organizations capitalizing on the trend of social innovation, rather than actually innovating. The current discourse is loaded with language and approaches that suggest market-force solutions to social change and largely ignore that notion that each time we attempt social innovation, we evoke a site of struggle. I draw on literature that is grounded in understanding society from a lens of domination of others to propose a strategic approach to social innovation as an alternative to current conceptualization of the term. The thesis explores the question, how can social innovation be understood or used as a strategic or intentional approach to social change? I use a reflective and iterative approach to conceptualize social innovation. I argue that for an activity or process to be considered a social innovation, it needs to accomplish three things: to have changed social practices, relations, or interactions; deeply challenged or changed our existing paradigms (or stances); and significantly changed resource flows within an existing social system. After considering several potential case studies (for example, credit unions, insurance, or the internal combustion engine), I selected midwifery. Midwifery was the only example I could find that had experienced social innovation multiple times. Prior to the invention of hospitals, all births happened in homes and within communities. Later, and in many parts of the world, birth moved into hospitals and many communities were excluded from the birthing process. Today, we are witnessing a trend toward births occurring in homes, birthing centres or hospitals, with varying degrees of community inclusion. The thesis argues that for agents to achieve social innovation they need free spaces where they can co-develop their collective identity. Next, agents need to transform current spatial and social practices, existing stances, and finally, the extent to which they can be autonomous or dependent on the existing system. The thesis explored, midwifery communities in Trinidad and Ontario and proposed a model that forefronts the production and reproduction of space as being integral to creating the conditions for generating social innovation.	Ph.D.	innovation, production	9, 12
Deng, Feng	Chen, Jing Ming	Global CO2 Flux Inferred From Atmospheric Observations and Its Response to Climate Variabilities	Geography	2011-06	Atmospheric inversion has recently become an important tool in estimating CO2 sinks and sources albeit that the existing inversion results are often uncertain and differ considerably in terms of the spatiotemporal variations of the inverted carbon flux. More measurements combined with terrestrial ecosystem information are expected to improve the estimates of global surface carbon fluxes which are used to understand the relationships between variabilities of the terrestrial carbon cycle and anomalies of climatic factors. Inversions using more observations have often been hampered by the intense diurnal variations of CO2 concentrations at continental sites. Diurnal variations of the surface flux are included with atmospheric boundary dynamics in order to improve the atmospheric inversion accuracy. Modeling experiments conducted in this study show that inverse estimates of the carbon flux are more sensitive to the variation of the atmospheric boundary layer dynamics than to the diurnal variation in the surface flux. It is however generally better to consider both diurnal variations in the inversion than to consider only either of them. Forest carbon dynamics is closely related to stand age. This useful terrestrial ecosystem information has been used as an additional constraint to the atmospheric inversion. The inverse estimates with this constraint over North America exhibit an improved correlation with carbon sink estimates derived from eddy-covariance measurements and remotely-sensed data, indicating that the use of age information can improve the accuracy of atmospheric inversions. Terrestrial carbon uptake is found mainly in northern land, and a strong flux density is revealed in southeastern North America in an improved multi-year inversion from 2002 to 2007. The global interannual variability of the flux is dominated by terrestrial ecosystems. The interannual variabilities of regional terrestrial carbon cycles could be mostly explained by monthly anomalies of climatic conditions or short-time extreme meteorological events. Monthly anomalies of the inverted fluxes have been further analyzed against the monthly anomalies of temperature and precipitation to quantitatively assess the responses of the global terrestrial carbon cycle to climatic variabilities and to determine the dominant mechanisms controlling the variations of terrestrial carbon exchange.	PhD	forest	15
Denney, Steven Charles	Wong, Joseph	Does Democracy Matter? Political Change and National Identification in South Korea and Beyond	Political Science	2019-11	What is the relationship between political system type and preferences for national membership and belonging? Existing research suggests that preferences and institutions align. Cross-national work indicates that citizens in countries with consolidated democratic institutions have national identities that are more open and inclusive, whereas those in countries with weak democratic or authoritarian institutions tend to have more closed and exclusive national identities. But what about citizens in new(er) democracies? Do identities forged under autocratic regimes change, or are they resilient over time? Using pooled cross-sectional data on South Korean national identity between 2003 and 2015, this thesis considers whether people who were socialized under authoritarian political conditions have national identities different from those who came of age under democracy. Further, using newly collected survey and interview data, this thesis also leverages a natural experiment in institutional change to isolate the effects of both “growing up autocratic” and exposure to democratic institutions by comparing responses from native South Koreans with that of resettled North Korean migrants. The research presented here confirms the association between system type and national identity; democrats have more pluralistic and voluntarist conceptions of national membership and autocrats hold higher barriers to belonging and have more ascriptive national identities. The thesis further indicates the type of political system in which citizens are socialized determines, at least in part, their national identity. Overall, the research findings presented in this thesis make three contributions. First, it adds further evidence to existing bodies of literature which hold that institutions and individual preferences tend to align. Second, it also confirms findings from existing literature on political socialization, showing that formative years’ experiences generate attitudes that endure over the life-cycle. Third, it adds new insight and understanding of changes in South Korean national identity across generations.	Ph.D.	inclusive	4
Dergal, Julie	McDonald, Lynn	Family Members' Use of Private Companions in Nursing Homes: A Mixed Methods Study	Social Work	2011-11	Families who are dissatisfied with the nursing home care of their family member may supplement their care by hiring a private companion. Families who have the financial resources pay for extra care, while families who cannot afford a private companion receive the current standard of care. Anecdotal evidence suggests that private companion use has increased over time. However, there is no research that examines private companions. The goal of this mixed methods study was to provide empirical evidence about who private companions are, what they do, and why they are needed. Andersen and Newman’s Health Service Utilization Model was used to understand private companion use. This study used both survey research and grounded theory. A mailed survey was completed by 280 of 432 family members of nursing home residents in a Toronto nursing home, yielding a response rate of 65 percent. Grounded theory principles were used to conduct interviews with 10 family members to understand why private companions were hired. Almost two-thirds of nursing home residents had a private companion. Family members reported that they paid about $475 per week for private companions who provided about 40 hours of care per week. Private companions were mostly women and immigrants. Private companions performed many activities including assisting with activities of daily living, toileting, feeding, escorting to activities, and providing social support. In the survey, family members reported hiring a private companion for reasons related to families’ needs (e.g. quality of care concerns), residents’ needs (e.g. deteriorating health); and staff recommendations. The family members reiterated these reasons in the interviews. Quality of care was the overarching theme that captured the reason for private companion use, which encompassed the following themes: inadequate staffing, unmet residents’ needs, overburdened family members, and suboptimal nursing home environment. The qualitative data emphasized the importance of building relationships with nursing home residents. The predictors of private companion use in the multivariate analysis were longer duration of nursing home stay, higher resident dependency, and family members’ concerns with quality of care. This research is among the first to study private companions, and has implications for research, policy, and practice.	PhD	health	3
Derrible, Sybil	Kennedy, Christopher A.	The Properties and Effects of Metro Network Designs	Civil Engineering	2010-11	Since 2008, more than half of the world population lives in cities. To cope with this rapid urbanization in a sustainable manner, transit systems all around the world are likely to grow. By studying 33 networks in the world, this thesis identifies the properties and effects of metro network designs by using a graph theory approach. After the literature review, a new methodology was introduced to translate networks into graphs; it notably accounts for various transit specificities (e.g., presence of lines). Metro networks were then characterised according to their State, Form, and Structure; where State relates to the development phase of metros; Form investigates the link between metros and the built environment; Structure examines the intrinsic properties of metros, by notably looking at their connectivity. Subsequently, the complexity and robustness of metros were studied; metros were found to possess scale-free and small-world features although showing atypical topologies; robustness emphasizes on the presence of alternative paths. Three network design indicators (coverage, directness and connectivity) were then related to ridership (annual boardings per capita), and positive relations were observed, which suggests that network design plays an important role in their success. Finally, these concepts were applied to the Toronto metro plans announced by the Toronto regional transportation authority, Metrolinx; it was found that the grid-pattern nature of the plans could hinder the success of the metro; seven possible improvements were suggested. Overall, the topology of metro networks can play a key role in their success. The concepts presented here can particularly be useful to transit planners; they should also be used along with conventional planning techniques. New transit projects could benefit greatly from an analysis of their network designs, which in turn may play a relevant role in the global endeavour for sustainability.	PhD	cities, urban, environment	11, 13
Dersnah, Megan Alexandra	Levi, Ron	Feminist Practice in an International Bureaucracy: Contestation Over the Field of Peace and Security at the United Nations	Political Science	2016-11	This dissertation looks at the community of feminists who seek to advance women’s rights from within the UN system. It broadly asks: how does this community that is invested in a set of ideals go on to develop practices that promote organizational change within a constrained bureaucratic setting? At its heart, this dissertation seeks to understand the role of these individuals in creating change within the UN system, both at the level of normative advancement, through the adoption of new institutional rules, and also at the level of practice, in terms of making these norms meaningful in the everyday functioning of the organization as a whole. It adopts a theoretical approach that brings Bourdieu’s field theory into the IR literature on communities of practice, drawing to the foreground the dynamics of power and contestation in the field as actors struggle to drive change. In accounting for change, it analyzes how these feminists navigate emerging and persistent challenges and opportunities in and through their everyday practices, capturing their successes, failures, and compromises. It looks in particular at the practice of writing documents as key to strategic efforts to advance women’s rights. Through this approach, this dissertation makes visible the interactions between institutional constraints and strategic agency within the UN. It analyzes the case of the evolution of the ‘Women, Peace, and Security’ normative agenda, as well as the creation of UN Women, to understand the complexity of feminist engagement in these bureaucratic spaces.	Ph.D.	women, rights	5, 16
Deruiter, Wayne	Guy, Faulkner	A Longitudinal Examination of the Interrelationship of Multiple Health Behaviours	Exercise Sciences	2014-11	Background: Evaluating the interrelationship of health behaviours could assist in the development of effective public health interventions. Furthermore, the ability to identify cognitive mediating mechanisms that may influence multiple behavioural change requires further evaluation. Purpose: The objectives of this nationally representative multi-wave longitudinal analysis were: (1) to evaluate co-variation among health behaviours; specifically alcohol consumption, leisure-time physical activity, and smoking, and (2) to examine whether mastery acts as a mediating cognitive mechanism that facilitates multiple health behaviour change.Methods: Secondary data analysis was conducted on the first seven cycles of the Canadian National Population Health Survey. Data collection began in 1994/1995 and has continued biennially to 2006/2007. This longitudinal sample consisted of 15,167 Canadians 12 years of age or older. Alcohol consumption, leisure-time physical activity, and smoking were assessed as continuous variables. Parallel process growth curve models were used to analyze co-variation between health behaviours as well as to evaluate the potential mediating effects of perceived mastery. Results: An increase in leisure-time physical activity was associated with a greater reduction in tobacco use, while a flatter positive trajectory in alcohol consumption was associated with a steeper decline in tobacco use. Co-variation between alcohol consumption and leisure-time physical activity did not reach statistical significance. For the most part, mastery was unsuccessful in mediating the interrelationship of multiple behavioural changes.Conclusions: Health behaviours are not independent, but rather interrelated. Although one could argue that the estimated magnitude of such behavioural changes were quite small, modest and attainable behavioural changes at the population level can have considerable effects on the morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. In order to optimize limited prevention resources, these results suggest that population level intervention efforts targeting multiple modifiable behavioural risk factors may not need to occur simultaneously.	Ph.D.	health	3
Despres-Bedward, Antoine	Brett, Clare	Exploring Online Engineering Education for Sustainable Development: Reconceptualizing Curriculum at Scale	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2019-11	Projected growth in urban centers will require increased engineering talent and resources to facilitate the infrastructure demands of growing cities (Ibrahim et al., 2016). This study sought to understand how universities in Kenya, Rwanda and Canada were currently equipped to scale and support engineering programs on sustainable development. I travelled to Kenya and Rwanda in July of 2016, and to Canada in August and September of 2018, to study engineering programs and interview faculty members at five universities. Pinar’s (1975) method of currere was used as a theoretical framework for studying online engineering education in post-colonial contexts. The study paired the theoretical framework with a case study methodology. The study generated six themes related to scaling engineering education for sustainable development online. The themes are the engineering curriculum, online learning, accreditation, the progression from an engineering graduate to a professional, the government influences and international influences. The findings provide insights for a researcher and an educator to consider when studying and designing online engineering education for sustainable development at scale. The findings emphasize the importance of incorporating hands-on solutions in the engineering curriculum, the need to negotiate with the stakeholders from the universities, accreditation boards, local and international governments, and the importance of contextualizing the curriculum to the students and their environments. The findings also revealed the significant involvement of China in government-sponsored infrastructure projects in East Africa, the increase in the number of MOOCs on sustainable development, the importance purposefully filling academic and development spaces in a good way, and how the method of currere can be used to bridge a gap between engineering and education university departments. Further research is needed to explore how educators and researchers can develop the necessary skills to collaborate with individuals with different worldviews, understand the impact that China’s involvement in East Africa has on sustainable development and engineering education, interview other stakeholders identified by the participants, and, how future sustainable development projects will affect engineers and their environments.	Ph.D.	sustainable development, infrastructure, cities, urban	8, 9, 11
Devereux, Kevin	Siow, Aloysius	Essays in Interpersonal Economics	Economics	2018-11	Do people vary in their ability to work with others? In Chapter 1 I compare a worker's productivity in solitary production to their value-added to team production to identify team skills: the contribution to team production beyond that given by general skills. The identifying assumption is that workers use general skills in both production functions, but team skills only in team production. Professional tennis provides a useful setting to compare solo work (singles) to teamwork (doubles). I find that 50% of variation in team output is explained by team skills. This is robust to nonlinear production specifications. Players sort positively-assortatively along both skill dimensions, yielding indirect returns to skills of about half the magnitude of the direct returns. Team skills matter beyond tennis. An accumulating body of evidence identifies interpersonal skills as a driver of labour market trends in developed economies, including wage polarization and the emergence of the female labour force. Chapter 2 summarizes an interdisciplinary body of evidence on how interpersonal skills predict tangible life outcomes, with a focus on the labour market. There is convincing evidence that interpersonal skills play a primary role among noncognitive skills, and contribute to the execution of nonroutine tasks. Partnerships can thrive or falter also in the personal realm. Nearly 40% of new marriages will end in divorce, and recent divorcees remarry quickly. This prompts re-examination of the gains to marriage in terms of risk sharing. In Chapter 3 myself and my supervisor Laura Turner explore marriage and divorce when individuals can engage in on-the-marriage search (OTMS). Introducing OTMS allows us to match the rapid remarriage rates seen in US microdata and to explore the connections between infidelity, divorce, and remarriage reported in the sociology literature. In a second-best contracting world, OTMS has ambiguous implications for marriage as a consumption smoothing device and platform for raising children. We find that OTMS has variable effects on the first and second moments of consumption, making women worse off and men better off. Counterintuitively, OTMS has a positive effect on fertility because it increases the attractiveness of having children for men in mediocre marriages.	Ph.D.	production, labour, wage	8, 12
Devine, Cheryl E.	Edwards, Elizabeth A.	Identification of Key Organisms, Genes and Pathways in Benzene-degrading Methanogenic Cultures	Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry	2013-11	Benzene is a carcinogenic hydrocarbon and a widespread groundwater contaminant. Microbial mineralization of benzene is possible, but the process is slow and not well understood under the anaerobic conditions that are often prevalent at contaminated sites. The goals of this study were to gain a better understanding of key organisms, genes and metabolic pathways associated with benzene degradation in methanogenic enrichment cultures. Conditions required for the successful growth of the cultures were also explored. Potential key organisms were identified via 16S rRNA gene cloning studies, performed using several cultures that had been enriched in parallel from the same hydrocarbon-contaminated site. In all cultures, closely related members of the Syntrophobacterales were found to have survived and thrived over nearly a decade of enrichment. These organisms, referred to as ORM2-like organisms, were phylogenetically most similar to those present in cultures enriched from other benzene-contaminated sites. To link organisms with their potential roles in anaerobic benzene biodegradation, we sequenced, assembled and analyzed the metagenome of one of the benzene-degrading methanogenic cultures. Several assemblies were created from Illumina sequencing data and a combination of these proved to be optimal. An unsupervised binning method was developed to achieve near-complete genomes of the three most abundant phylotypes, including a group of three closely-related ORM2-like species, a hydrogen-utilizing Methanoregula sp., and a previously unidentified organism in the culture, classified as a member of the Candidate Division OD1. The ORM2-like organisms were found to harbor a suite of genes linked to the degradation of the central metabolite benzoyl-CoA. Proteomic data confirmed that these genes were expressed under benzene-degrading conditions, providing strong evidence for the role of ORM2-like organisms as benzene fermenters. Activity of hydrogenotrophic and acetoclastic methanogens was confirmed; other organisms may play peripheral roles that increase the culture robustness. The absence of an easily identified putative anaerobic benzene carboxylase in the ORM2-like genomes suggests a novel mechanism for benzene activation by these organisms. The work presented here provides a valuable blueprint that could be used in identifying biomarkers of anaerobic benzene biodegradation, or in exploring the genomes of organisms from novel genera, orders and even phyla.	PhD	water, pollut	6, 13
Di Ruggiero, Erica	Cohen, Joanna E.	Agenda Setting in Global Policy Development: The Case of the International Labour Organization Decent Work Agenda	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2015	Structural inequality, employment insecurity, and unhealthy working conditions continue to rise. Confronted by these challenges, global institutions such as the International Labour Organization (ILO) are providing policy advice to protect and promote the health and well-being of workers. This dissertation focuses on agenda setting - how health and social problems get and stay on policy agendas and how agendas are set and produced through the political interactions of social actors -to better understand why global progress in improving poor working conditions through policy may be stalled. I conducted a qualitative study using data from interviews and publicly accessible archival policy texts about the Decent Work Agenda (DWA) and related texts. Interviews with 16 participants from the ILO, World Health Organization (WHO) and World Bank (WB) helped to further understand what role the DWA has played in setting these institutions' work policy agendas. A critical discourse analysis of 10 policy texts surfaced different health, economic, and social conceptualizations of `decent work' in the work policy agendas of these institutions. My findings indicate that the DWA has not been fully embraced by the WHO and WB, although there is evidence of policy coherence within the UN multi-lateral system. I found evidence of resistance to "ILO language" by the WB and shift in ILO language from decent work to job over time (1999-2012). I observed a drift towards privileging macro-economic measures to foster job creation particularly in WB texts but also evidence of strategic appeals to economic interests in WHO texts. Deeply-held beliefs of neoliberalism that are embedded in global policy enabled pro-market and pro-economic discourses in the case of all three institutions I found that catalytic events such as the 2008-09 economic crisis and policy precedents contributed positively to attention to and use of the Decent Work Agenda as a policy instrument. I also found differences in the implicit and explicit use of terms such as decent work, health, health equity and economics within and across policy texts. How these concepts come to be interpreted differently in policy texts and contested globally in the face of vested institutional interests partially explains why efforts to improve global working conditions have been stalled.	Ph.D.	equality, employment, labour, worker, inequality, institution	5, 8, 10, 16
Diane, Susan	Jackson, Nancy||Sykes, Heather	Willful Women Creating the World: Life Stories of Feminist and Queer Activists	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2015-06	This thesis documents themes from the lives of three women who have been high-profile activists in the women's and LGBTQ communities of Toronto for more than 20 years. There has been no previous major work that documents and examines their lived experiences, their social/historical contexts, and their personal resistance and political strategies. This research explores how these women have responded to multiple oppressions such as homophobia, heterosexism, sexism, racism and poverty, and used collective political action to pursue new visions, structures, and spaces for women and LGBTQ people in the public world.The research draws on multiple methodological and theoretical influences. It is guided by several strands of feminist scholarship broadly informed by the "post" traditions, including intersectionality, the attribution of willfulness, feminist world-building and queer world-making. Particular attention is given to the diverse ethno-cultural, historical and socio-economic contexts of these women's lives, and to the shaping of individual experience through Canada's history as a white-settler nation.The author employs narrative and autoethnographic writing strategies to present life histories, using the metaphor of a tree to tell each life story. Data was gathered through multiple in-depth interviews focused on significant life events, photographs/artifacts and memories. The findings are presented using an arts-informed approach that includes drawings and photographs, and aims to educate and inspire audiences both within and beyond the academy.	Ph.D.	poverty, women, queer	1, 5
Dick, Jennifer Marie Abbass	Dennis, Cindy-Lee	Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Coparenting Breastfeeding Support Intervention (COSI) on Exclusive Breastfeeding Rates at Twelve Weeks Postpartum	Nursing Science	2013-11	Breastfeeding is the infant feeding method recommended by leading health authorities. Breastfeeding rates in Canada are suboptimal. Fathers’ support for breastfeeding has been found to positively impact breastfeeding exclusivity and duration. Intervention studies have not been conducted to determine the best way to involve fathers and assist them in providing support to breastfeeding mothers. Therefore, a randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of a coparenting breastfeeding support intervention. Coparenting teaches parents to work in partnership towards meeting their jointly determined child health goals. The primary outcome was exclusive breastfeeding at 12 weeks postpartum. The secondary outcomes were breastfeeding duration, breastfeeding support, and coparenting at 6 and 12 weeks as well as paternal infant feeding attitude and breastfeeding self-efficacy at 6 weeks. First-time breastfeeding women (n=214) and the infants’ fathers were recruited on the postpartum unit. Parents were randomized to the usual care groups or the intervention group, which received standard postpartum care, plus a multifaceted support intervention. The intervention included an in-hospital discussion, take-home booklets, video, access to a secure study website, follow-up emails, and a telephone call. All components of the intervention contained extensive information on breastfeeding and coparenting. The results of this study indicated that more mothers in the intervention group were exclusively breastfeeding at 6 (n= 75, 72.1% compared to n=62, 60.8%) and 12 weeks (n=70, 67.3% compared to n=63, 60.0%) and practicing any breastfeeding at 6 weeks (n=102, 98.1% compared to n=94, 92.2%); however, the differences were not significant. There were significantly more mothers in the intervention groups practicing any breastfeeding at 12 weeks (n= 100, 96.2% compared to n= 92, 87.6%, RR 1.10, 95% CI [1.01, 1.19]; x2=5.09, p=0.02). No significant differences were found between the groups in relation to breastfeeding support, the coparenting relationship or paternal infant feeding attitude. However, the intervention group had a significantly greater increase in paternal breastfeeding self-efficacy over the first 6 weeks postpartum (F=4.84, p=0.03). This trial appeared to be feasible in the postpartum period and provides preliminary evidence suggesting this intervention may increase breastfeeding outcomes; however, more research is warranted.	PhD	health	3
Dickinson, Thea L	Gough, William	Advancing Climate Change Adaptation	Physical and Environmental Sciences	2019-06	The impacts of climate change are vast and consequential. The years 2012 to 2016, using conservative estimates, revealed more than 1500 climate-related disaster events displacing over 3.2 million people and causing USD$450 billion in financial losses. Recent studies confirm that extreme weather events and the failure of climate change mitigation and adaptation are the leading risks to global stability. Climate change adaptation is advancing differently in nations across the world. Using pragmatism as a theoretical framework and applying a mixed methods approach, this dissertation seeks to identify determinants of adaptation. Grounded theory analysis of 403 national documents from 192 parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change identified 35 themes of climate change adaptation. A mixed methods data transformation model was applied to study the influence of several relatively stable parameters on the level of climate change adaptation. Nineteen variables were suitable for Principal Component Analysis, which further categorized 15 as determinants. The top 5 determinants were identified using between groups multivariate analysis. The influence of geopolitical variables on climate change adaptation were analyzed, these included: GDP per capita, economic classification, system of government, level of democracy, land type, region, level of conflict, and refugees. The research resulted in several significant and unexpected findings. Countries with the highest levels of adaptation appear to have many key commonalities. This dissertation seeks to identify ways in which we can collectively advance climate change adaptation.	Ph.D.	climate, weather, conserv	13, 14
Ding, Ding	Zhu, Xiaodong||Aivazian, Varouj A	Essays on Market Conditions and Corporate Investment Decisions	Economics	2015-03	This thesis investigates how market conditions -- different beliefs about firm value, the business cycle, and financial regulations -- affect corporate investment decisions in firms, and the impact of these decisions on corporate performance. In Chapter 1, I document evidence that belief dispersion affects corporate investment allocation. When investors disagree with each other on expectations about future project returns, firms allocate a larger share of total investment in riskier projects (for example, R and M), in order to exploit the disagreement, and they allocate less in physical capital investment. This effect becomes amplified when firms experience a positive return shock to CAPX, when more investment in CAPX would be expected. To establish causality, I use mergers between brokerage houses to provide a source of exogenous shocks to belief dispersion. Chapter 2, written jointly with Mohammad Rahaman, uses economic recessions as settings for `creative destruction' and examines the efficiency of pro-cyclical capital reallocation through the corporate-control market. It shows that the efficacy of M investment activities varies with time and in intensity, as firms that concentrate most of their M activities in the good times are more likely to exit inefficiently in a subsequent recession. The results suggest that firms misallocate capital through excessive M\ during expansions, thus becoming more vulnerable when there is a negative aggregate shock. Chapter 3, written jointly with Varouj Aivazian and Mohammad Rahaman, provides cross-country evidence to show that adverse financial shocks to firms can be attenuated through regulations. Episodes of systemic banking crises across many countries are examined to identify unanticipated credit contractions; firm investment growth during and post crisis periods are compared to their pre-crisis levels. The chapter shows that credit contractions are costly for firms, and that they are more costly for firms that are more reliant on the external capital market. It is also shown that declines in investment growth are greater for externally dependent firms if such firms are embedded in ex-ante ``repressively" regulated financial markets. The results suggest that specific financial reforms play a significant role in attenuating the propagation of a banking crisis to the real sector.	Ph.D.	financial market	10
Ding, WeiDan	Park, Chul B.||Sain, Mohini M.	Development of Polylactic Acid/Cellulose Nanofiber Biocomposite Foams	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2016-06	The development of sustainable polymeric materials has been receiving increasing attention largely due to the rising environmental awareness and stringent governmental regulations. Biorenewable resource based biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most promising alternatives to petroleum-based polymers. Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), derived from renewable resources, are being regarded as the next generation renewable reinforcements for the production of high performance biocomposites. The combination of PLA and CNFs not only endows the resulting composites with fully biodegradable feature, but also gives them significantly improved performance properties. In this context, the objective of this thesis is to develop uniform fine-cell PLA/CNF composite foams with improved mechanical properties. The material properties of PLA/CNF biocomposites, foaming mechanisms, and the mechanical properties of the composite foams were investigated. During the isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization process, CNFs, acting as effective crystal nucleating agents, enhanced the crystal nucleation density, decreased the crystallite sizes, and accelerated the crystallization of PLA. Pressurized CO2 also affect the crystallization kinetics of PLA/CNF composites significantly. The addition of CNFs increased the melt viscosity of PLA dramatically due to the formation of 3D network structure of CNFs and a good interaction between PLA and CNFs. In-situ observation revealed that CNFs were effective cell nucleating agents during foaming. Compared to the neat PLA and PLA/micro-size fiber composite foams, PLA/CNF composite foams showed a much finer and uniform cell structure. Different void fractions of PLA/CNF composite foams were obtained by altering the processing conditions. The flexural strength and modulus of the composite foams decreased with increased void fraction. Comparable specific flexural strength to the neat PLA was achieved in PLA/CNF composite foams and the toughness was increased up to 3.5 times. Notched Izod impact strength was improved by 55 % at 70 % void fraction. The addition of CNFs also improved foams' dynamic mechanical properties.	Ph.D.	renewable, production, environment	7, 12, 13
Dinnage, Russell	Abrams, Peter	The Role of Consumer Interactions in the Consequences and Causes of Community Phylogenetic Structure	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2013-11	Phylogenetic structure measures patterns of evolutionary history within communities – are some communities composed of species more distantly or closely related than expected by chance? Due to common descent, closely related species are more ecologically similar, and so degrees of relatedness in a community may be good predictors of its ecology, more so than the number of species. Whether we are speaking of how phylogenetic structure arises as a consequence of ecological processes, or how phylogenetic structure affects the functioning of communities, the role of consumer organisms has received less attention than the role of resources. In this thesis, I ask what are the consequences and causes of phylogenetic structure of a potentially multi-level community, focusing on the underappreciated effects of consumer-resource interactions. In Chapter 2, I show how phylogenetic diversity of plant communities predicts the diversity and abundance of arthropods captured in a long-running biodiversity experiment better than species richness alone. In Chapter 3, I show how phylogenetic diversity and species richness interact to explain herbivore damage at a whole community level. In Chapter 4, I explore how phylogenetic structure of old field plant communities differs in plots of contrasting disturbance history, and speculate as to what factors – such as herbivory – may have contributed to these differences. In Chapter 5, I present a model which incorporates competition – through both resources and consumers of a focal trophic level – and environmental filtering, two factors which are thought to impact phylogenetic structure through their influence on ecological similarity. I show that environmental filtering interacts with competition to determine the coexistence of similar species, and that consumers may have different effects than do resources. My dissertation provides new insight into the importance of consumers in ecological communities, both through their effect on, and through their response to, patterns of evolutionary history in their prey.	PhD	ecology, biodiversity, environment	13, 15
Dintsman, Elise Weinstein	Livingstone, David W.	Tattered Cloth Tells More: Women's Work and Museum Representation	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2012-11	The past two decades posed some challenges for the museum world. Questions about the production of meaning, museum relationships with community groups, and the politics of representation in exhibitions, occupy both museum practitioners and scholars. These questions are further related to the general issues that are at the forefront of contemporary society, which include problems of social inclusion, cultural diversity and social equity (Sandell, 2002; 2007). Most of the discussion has been framed around racial, ethnic and cultural communities and their access to and participation in museum programming. Gender relations and feminist issues have been largely overlooked (Conlan and Levin, 2010: 308). This study considers the representation of women’s work in museums. In particular, I examine portrayals of “culture” and “work” in women’s textile production. Museum literature has documented the subordination (or absence) of women and their work in exhibitions and the hegemonic, patriarchal approach within which they were represented (Porter, 1996; Levin, 2010). Using an ethnographic case study of a museum dedicated to textile collection, I suggest seeing this museum as a potential challenge to mainstream museums’ traditional approach and silence on the women’s work that has created most textiles on display. I examine the meanings that are produced in relation to the textiles, the organization and dissemination of these meanings through exhibitions and the ways in which the public (visitors and members) responds to these exhibitions. In order to explore these questions, Hall’s communication model (1993) was applied to trace the process of encoding and decoding meanings at the museum. My approach to meaning production is realized through observations of the museum’s committee meetings. The second stage is the circulation of meanings in exhibitions. I examine this through an analysis of exhibitions’ texts and docent tours. Decoding these meanings is realized through surveys of museum members and visitors together with short interviews. My findings suggest that initially, the museum offered some oppositional elements in exhibiting practices. However, a shift occurred towards a dominant, hegemonic view of museum work and re-effacing of women’s work with the departure of the founders.	PhD	gender, women	5
Dippel, Christian	Trefler, Daniel	Essays in Internationsl Political Economy	Economics	2012-03	This dissertation studies three important questions in international political economy: The long run consequences of social divisions created by historical colonialism, the importance of trade shocks in shifting political power balances and shaping institutional development and the influence that major political powers have over the decisions of smaller nations. I study these three questions empirically in four papers that span three distinct regions and time periods. The first paper asks whether the large differences in economic development across Native American reservations today can be explained by social divisions that were created more than 150 years ago when the US government forcibly integrated distinct Native American bands into shared reservations, condemning them to a system of shared governance that was not consistent with their political traditions and tribal identities. The second and third papers study the effect of the first globalization on the political and economic equilibrium in seventeen 19th century British Caribbean plantation colonies. I use this set of highly comparable but in precise ways distinct islands as a laboratory to study the effect of globalization on the long run development of representative institutions and on the coerciveness of labour markets at the time. The first of two papers provides insights into the working of colonial institutions and traces the mechanisms through which the planter elite managed to maintain a monopoly over policy making and retard long run development. The second paper highlights the importance that exogenous output price changes had for the willingness of planter elites to engage in costly coercion that distorted labour markets in their favour. In the final paper I test whether major aid donors use foreign aid to buy the votes of developing countries. Taking advantage of a unique long-running dispute between major donors in the International Whaling Commission, I am able to address the three major empirical challenges in answering this question: that aid moves much slower than voting behaviour, that alliances constantly change with issues and that most international organizations vote frequently and on a range of issues while data on aid disbursals is available only in yearly aggregates.	PhD	labour	8
Doberstein, Carey	David, A Wolfe	Governing by Networks: the Policy Implications of Civil Society Participation in Decision Making	Political Science	2014-11	Why has Vancouver developed and implemented more effective homelessness policy in the last 20 years than Toronto, despite sharing similar homelessness challenges? Finding that none of the traditional theories for policy divergence--such as executive and council leadership, local political institutions or ideational paradigms--adequately explain the policy variation, this dissertation identifies one key difference in the two cities: the properties and dynamics of homelessness governance networks--where state and civil society actors jointly craft policy. Through empirical analysis involving archival research, interviews, extended participant observation, and quantitative decision making data, the study finds that highly institutionalized and inclusive governance networks in Vancouver are largely responsible for the superior policy innovation and coordination over the past twenty years. The research then breaks new theoretical terrain by specifying and modeling the causal mechanisms that link network governance to public policy outputs, establishing that `brokerage' and `persuasion' are the key emergent dynamics from governance networks as deliberative systems of policymaking. The theory-building bridges the metagovernance, network governance, and deliberative democracy bodies of literature to construct a generalized and falsifiable model linking network governance to policy outputs that can be applied across a number of policy domains.	Ph.D.	inclusive, innovation, cities, governance	4, 9, 11, 16
Doda, Lider Baran	Restuccia, Diego	Three Essays on Macroeconomics	Economics	2011-06	This dissertation consists of three independent essays in macroeconomics. The first essay studies the transition to a low carbon economy using an extension of the neoclassical growth model featuring endogenous energy efficiency, exhaustible energy and explicit climate-economy interaction. I derive the properties of the laissez faire equilibrium and compare them to the optimal allocations of a social planner who internalizes the climate change externality. Three main results emerge. First, the exhaustibility of energy generates strong market based incentives to improve energy efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions without any government intervention. Second, the market and optimal allocations are substantially different suggesting a role for the government. Third, high and persistent taxes are required to implement the optimal allocations as a competitive equilibrium with taxes. The second essay focuses on coal fired power plants (CFPP) - one of the largest sources of CO2 emissions globally - and their generation efficiency using a macroeconomic model with an embedded CFPP sector. A key feature of the model is the endogenous choice of production technologies which differ in their energy efficiency. After establishing four empirical facts about the CFPP sector, I analyze the long run quantitative effects of energy taxes. Using the calibrated model, I find that sector-specific coal taxes have large effects on generation efficiency by inducing the use of more efficient technologies. Moreover, such taxes achieve large CO2 emissions reductions with relatively small effects on consumption and output. The final essay studies the procyclicality of fiscal policy in developing countries, which is a well-documented empirical observation seemingly at odds with Neoclassical and Keynesian policy prescriptions. I examine this issue by solving the optimal fiscal policy problem of a small open economy government when the interest rates on external debt are endogenous. Given an incomplete asset market, endogeneity is achieved by removing the government's ability to commit to repaying its external obligations. When calibrated to Argentina, the model generates procyclical government spending and countercyclical labor income tax rates. Simultaneously, the model's implications for key business cycle moments align well with the data.	PhD	climate, production, consum, energy	7, 12, 13
Dong, Ping	Zhong, Chen-Bo||Aggarwal, Pankaj	Strength in Numbers: The Moral Antecedent and Consequence of Consumer Conformity	Management	2017-06	Consumers often encounter moral violations in their daily life, from every day transgressions such as adultery and tax evasion to infamous company frauds. News reports about immoral behaviors of one type or another have become regular features on TV programs, radio stations, and social media websites. Previous research has mainly focused on how exposure to others’ moral violations can influence one’s own behaviors in a personal setting. However, we know very little about how moral violations may affect the way consumers relate to others. To fill this gap, my dissertation focuses on understanding the social nature of morality by exploring the moral antecedent (Essay 1) and consequence (Essay 2) of consumer conformity. Essay 1 investigates the moral antecedent of consumer conformity. By synthesizing insights from research on social order and conformity, I propose that exposure to others’ immoral behaviors can heighten the perceived threat to social order, which may increase consumers’ endorsement of conformist attitudes and hence their preferences for majority-endorsed choices in subsequently unrelated consumption situations. Moreover, I show that the effect disappears (a) when the moral violator has already been punished by third parties (Study 4) and (b) when the majority-endorsed option is perceived as immoral and therefore may be viewed as being complicit with the moral violators (Study 5). Essay 2 examines the moral consequence of consumer conformity. Extending the results of Essay 1, I propose and demonstrate that perceptions of being in the majority (vs. minority) group, even in a completely unrelated domain (e.g., consumption), can induce perceptions of being in the moral majority and signal social order to consumers, which has important downstream consequences on consumers’ moral judgments such as reducing their concerns about condemning and punishing moral transgressors. Three studies provide support for these propositions. By advancing our understanding of the moral antecedent and consequence of consumer conformity, this dissertation adds to a growing research stream showing that moral concerns can affect consumer behavior by exploring (a) how moral principles could serve as a basis for consumers’ preferences and choices and (b) how consumption conformity can buffer moral threats.	Ph.D.	consum	12
Donnelly, Michael Anthony	Henderson, Greig	For All Peoples and All Nations: Anglophone Literature and the Imaginative Work of International Law (1884-2017)	English	2017-11	This thesis explores how Anglophone literature debated the rise of modern international law since the late nineteenth century, including the founding of the United Nations and the 1948 declaration of human rights. While international law has its origins in the early modern period, it was largely at the turn of the century, with the Berlin Conference, that it began taking shape as a colonial and then a postcolonial, global ethics. In this thesis, I lay claim to literature’s capacity to legislate by examining instances where Anglophone novelists—including Joseph Conrad, Bryher, Vladimir Nabokov, Chinua Achebe, and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie—work through the promises and problems of international jurisprudence. More than a mere reflection of international law’s evolving theory and practice, the literature I treat registers the law’s presumptions and first principles while interrogating its capacity to follow through with its declarations. In spreading the law’s claims while also submitting them to the scrutiny of close reading, these novels are both advocates of and at times stubborn liabilities for international law’s normative worlds. Collectively, these Anglophone novelists scrutinize international law’s ability to shape the ways we come to know ourselves and one another as rights-bearing individuals, international actors, advocates, and activists. Recent work in the humanities has begun to address the ways in which international law is a set of interlocked narratives that claim to enshrine common sense when, in fact, they curate and confine modern ways of knowing, feeling, and belonging. By attending to issues that often go unacknowledged in the ordinary practices of international law—questions about subjectivity and self-fashioning, concerns about security and citizenship—I continue the work of examining international law’s epistemologies. In approaching literature as responsive to legal developments, and law as dependent on the narrative logic conventionally reserved for literature, I narrate the kinds of life and liberty that international law makes both conceivable and inconceivable, while at same time examining the literary contexts that continue to shape its apparent common sense.	Ph.D.	rights	16
Dookie, Lesley	Esmonde, Indigo	Examining Marginalizing Acts of Social Positioning in Mathematical Group Work: Towards a Better Understanding of how Microaggressions and Stereotype Threat Unfold in Intergroup Interactions	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2015-11	Mathematics learning is documented as being racialized and gendered. Power dynamics between students from various social groups can become particularly problematic during collaborative group work when students from dominant social groups position group members from stereotyped social groups in ways that hinder their opportunities to learn. The present study seeks to investigate how marginalization unfolds during everyday interpersonal interactions within mathematical group work and how students from stereotyped social groups talk about these experiences. Employing an interdisciplinary theoretical framework that cuts across the fields of the learning sciences and social psychology, this qualitative study aims to further understand not only the sociohistorical stereotypes and systems of power that are entrenched within mathematics classrooms, but also how power is constructed through the ways students position one another in their moment-to-moment interactions. Drawing from six episodes of videotaped collaborative group work wherein students from stereotyped social groups are working with students from dominant social groups, the study examines the microdynamics of marginalizing acts of social positioning. Using a stimulated recall interview technique, the study also explores how six focal students from stereotyped social groups, identify, interpret, and discuss their experiences with marginalization. The findings demonstrate the verbal and non-verbal dimensions of marginalization; highlight the intersectionality of race and gender and pinpoint racialized and/or gendered patterns in social positioning; and acknowledge the different interpretations and observations of the researcher versus the focal students. The findings also demonstrate how the focal students responded to potential threats to their identity and pushed back against marginalization: While two of the focal students appeared to adopt silence as a means of resistance to marginalization; two of the other focal students verbally contested marginalizing acts of positioning; and the remaining two focal students pretended to agree and get along with group members in an attempt to maintain group cohesion. The study’s theoretical contributions include a synthesis of sociocultural theories of learning with social psychological theories that foreground race and gender. Implications for mathematics education are also raised, including suggestions for the design and implementation of collaborative group work as well as incorporating video methods into professional development initiatives.	Ph.D.	gender	5
Dorries, Heather	McGregor, Deborah	Rejecting the False Choice: Foregrounding Indigenous Sovereignty in Planning Theory and Practice	Planning	2012-06	During the latter half of the 20th century, the term sovereignty has become a pivotal concept for describing the political goals of Indigenous movements. The term has come to stand for the general rights of Indigenous peoples to be self-governing and describe efforts to reverse and resist processes of ongoing colonization, dispossession and assimilation. The purpose of this dissertation is two-fold. First, it explores the role of planning in the erosion of Indigenous sovereignty and the creation of conflicts over urban land use and development. More specifically, it examines the role of planning in the project of securing, aggrandizing and normalizing Canada’s sovereignty claims, and illustrates how the idea of sovereignty influences the configuration of relations between Canada and Indigenous peoples. While the concept of sovereignty is not commonly discussed in planning literature or planning policy, it is argued that concepts such as property, jurisdiction, and Aboriginal rights serve as a cipher for sovereignty in the context of planning. This dissertation research finds that the practices and principles of planning aid in the narration of a political imaginary and the creation of a legal geography which affirms Canada’s territorial and moral coherence. This examination of planning is placed against the backdrop of broader historical tendencies in Canadian Aboriginal policy. The second purpose of this dissertation is to consider how taking Indigenous political authority seriously can present new ways of thinking about both planning and sovereignty. It is argued in this dissertation that Indigenous understandings of sovereignty originating in Indigenous law and Indigenous interpretations of Canadian law must be placed in the foreground in planning theory and practice. In the past, the interventions and alternatives advocated by planning both theorists and policy makers to improve the position of Indigenous peoples in planning processes have largely emphasized the recognition and inclusion of Indigenous peoples and reduced Indigenous struggles over territory to the realm of identity politics. As an alternative, foregrounding Indigenous political authority can present new ways of thinking about both planning and sovereignty.	PhD	rights, land use, urban	11, 15, 16
Douglas, Lisa Marie	Sherwood Lollar, Barbara	Investigating Controls on Variation in Isotopic Fractionation during Biodegradation of Chlorinated Ethenes and Ethanes	Earth Sciences	2015-06	Kinetic isotope effects occur due to different reaction rates for light and heavy isotope-containing molecules, and are controlled by the bonds broken during degradation. For many primary pollutants, stable carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine isotope effects have been found to fit a Rayleigh model, indicating a single rate-limiting step. This thesis examines biodegradation pathways where additional controls and rate-limiting steps may affect observed isotope fractionation. Two haloalkane dehalogenases catalyzed aerobic 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA) dechlorination with very different enzyme affinities and turnover rates. However, carbon isotope enrichment factors were the same for both enzymes, reflecting the intrinsic kinetic isotope effect associated with C-Cl bond breakage. Carbon isotope fractionation was also largely constant during anaerobic 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA) biodegradation, even when the rate of biodegradation was inhibited by trichloroethene (TCE) co-contamination. This finding provided the basis for carbon isotope-based assessment of 1,1,1-TCE biodegradation at a TCE co-contaminated field site. The wide range of carbon isotope fractionation observed for anaerobic tetrachloroethene (PCE) biodegradation has been a matter of longstanding controversy. This work found the magnitude of carbon isotope fractionation for PCE biodegradation is related to the phylogenetic relationships between PCE-degrading organisms, which may allow for better selection of enrichment factors when assessing PCE biodegradation at field sites. Unexpectedly large variations in carbon isotope fractionation have also been observed for anaerobic TCE biodegradation. During C-Cl bond breakage, slopes of dual element carbon and chlorine isotope effects are typically constant for a given reaction because additional rate-limiting steps affect both elements in a similar way. Hence, characteristic combinations of C/Cl isotope effects can be used to investigate the underlying mechanistic details of a reaction. For TCE biodegradation, C/Cl isotope slopes indicate different reductive dehalogenases may catalyze different reductive dechlorination reaction pathways. This thesis advances the application of compound specific isotope analysis for assessing bioremediation of chlorinated ethenes and ethanes, as well our understanding of the enzymatic degradation mechanisms that catalyze biodegradation.	Ph.D.	pollut	13
Dowling, Kristen Brooke	Gillis, Joseph R	Homophobic Bullying: Understanding Teacher, LGBTQ Youth, and Advocate Perspectives	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2016-11	Recent research shows that the use of derogatory terms, threats, and violence against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ) youth in schools continues to occur (Collier, Bos, Sandfort, 2013; Taylor Peter, 2011). Moreover, the frequency of LGBTQ youth suicides (McFarland, 1998) and the extent of short- and long-term psychosocial issues experienced by LGBTQ youth are concerning (Deisher, 1989; Mufioz-Plaza, Quinn, Rounds, 2002). Research involving teachers has found that teachers were frequently aware that homophobic bullying was occurring, but they didn’t know how, or were unwilling, to address it (Warwick, Aggleton, Douglas, 2001). The current study was a qualitative investigation of teacher, LGBTQ youth, and bullying expert and advocate perspectives on homophobic bullying. Grounded theory methods were utilized to analyze the 18 semi-structured interviews. Four themes were identified around the participants’ understanding of what homophobic bullying is: Words as Weapons, Understanding “That’s so Gay”: Harmful Discrimination or Innocuous Slang, Exclusion as a Weapon, and It’s not Getting Better. Four additional themes emerged around how to facilitate positive change in the school system: Understanding Action: Explicit and Implicit Messaging, Understanding School Culture, Suggestions for Change: Stopping the Silence, and Creating Change: Top Down or Bottom Up? More specifically, the qualitative findings illustrated that verbal homophobic bullying is rampant and perceived as challenging for school staff to address and lessen, and the climate for LGBTQ students continues to be viewed as negative and hostile. Teachers reported acting on homophobic bullying regularly, whereas LGBTQ youth participants felt teacher action was minimal. Homophobic bullying was considered by participants to be a broad issue that required attention from various micro- to macro-systems. From these findings, a model for conceptualizing the influences of change around homophobic bullying was developed and is presented here. This model utilized Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory (1977; 1989; 1999) as a guide to capture the key players that participants felt were most influential on homophobic bullying, from the individual level to the larger socio-political influences.	Ph.D.	queer, inclusive	4, 5
Doyle-Jones, Carol Sarah	Stagg Peterson, Shelley	Importance of Working Collaboratively and Risk-taking with Digital Technologies when Teaching Literacy	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2015-06	As classroom landscapes and digital technologies are constantly changing, this qualitative research study investigated the challenges for elementary educators as they implement and sustain digital-based literacy practices. The perceptions of 15 participating elementary teachers, from rural and urban Ontario, Canada, as they reflected on their own teaching practices and curriculum planning involving literacy and digital tools, were explored through the lens of New Literacies (Coiro et al., 2008). The following research questions guided this study: a) What do teachers who use multimodal practices perceive as their teaching strengths? b) How do teachers describe their understanding of literacy and learning? c) How do teachers utilize digital technologies to support teaching and learning through multimodal methods? d) What types of environments support teachers to address the challenges of teaching with multimodal practices? Primary sources of data for this study were semi-structured interviews and the teachers' educational resources and documents, sourced to plan teaching and learning literacy activities, and collected and analyzed through a grounded theory approach. Findings suggest that the 15 teachers effectively integrate multimodal and digital tools and resources into their literacy curriculum, through supportive environments and peer collaborations. This shift in teaching and learning illustrated challenges with common technological and connectivity issues as well as finding space for professional development with Web 2.0 applications. The teachers experienced tensions when teaching through multimodal means, such as inequity of access to digital resource sharing and daily implementing digital tools in the elementary literacy curriculum. Constantly seeking out new ways to integrate digital technologies, tools and resources, while embracing the tensions of teaching digitally, these pedagogical risk-takers provided opportunities to further understand the importance and challenges of facilitating multimodal practices in the elementary literacy classroom.	Ph.D.	urban, rural, innovation	9, 11
Doyle-Wood, Stanley	Dei, George Jerry Sefa	A Trace of Genocide: Racialization, Internal Colonialism and the Politics of Enuncation	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2011-11	This analysis examines the implicatedness of the self as an embodied space of marginality, knowledge, and resistance to the discursive and material effects of systemic oppression. It explores the implications and possibilities as they relate to social collectives [in nation-state contexts] in resisting and contesting the constraining forces of dominant/dominating institutionalized power and authority in the context of speaking and/or enunciating from the space of abjectification, racialization, and outcastness that has been constructed historically by the nation-state of Britain as a body codified as included-as-excluded-as-removed from the dominant sociopolitical collective’s sense of self and identity? This study argues that enunciation in this form carries with it a politics of ontological transformation that has profound implications for the social collective that is Britain as a whole specifically in the context of social justice affirmation and the reclamation [and assertion] of a collective sense of self that is grounded in a refusal and contestation of the multi-layered hegemonic conceptual frameworks that continue to naturalize, {re}produce and sustain systemic oppression as a state of permanency [Bell, 1992]. This study will explore the permanency of oppression further in relation to the discursive and material negation and amputation of social difference [i.e. class, gender, disability, and sexuality] while centering race [and its prostheticization] as a salient organizing tool in the (re)production of a hegemonic social order. To this end this study utilizes two key interconnecting concepts, internal/internalized colonialism, and racialization. ii It suggests that racialization mediated and channeled by and through a process of internal/internalized colonialism underpins the hegemonic social order of Britain and as such both terms are re-conceptualized and subjected to a complex analysis. Finally, this study examines the theoretical possibilities for developing an anti-racialization framework as a politics of enunciation that makes usage of the concept of racialization as a tool for [1] demystifying systems of oppression, [2] understanding the processes of collective implicatedness in oppression, [3] refusing pathologization and [4] mobilizing transformation through and within a refusal of the amputative and negative capacities of the racialization process.	PhD	justice, gender	5, 16
Drah, Bright Bensah	Sellen, Daniel	Crisis Foster Care in an Age of HIV and AIDS: Experiences of the Queen Mothers of Manya Klo, Ghana	Anthropology	2011-11	Older women in communities ravaged by HIV and AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa have been hailed as constituting the most effective response to the growing number of orphans, which has overwhelmed the customary mechanisms of support. Over 80 percent of orphans in Ghana are fostered by women, because an orphan’s kinship networks - and particularly the female members of the networks - are expected to assume responsibility for her/him. Unfortunately, in the Manya Klo Traditional Area of Ghana, AIDS, poverty and other factors have weakened kinship support and cooperation, resulting in patchy external responses to physically frail and economically disempowered traditional female leaders (queen mothers) acting as caregivers. Most of the existing research about orphan care has focused exclusively on the woman-child dyad, thereby obscuring other forms of care. In particular, the “grandmother-led household” has become a self-fulfilling truism that has blinded researchers to other relationships of care. Moreover, the analyses of the situation of orphans are based on frameworks that ignore orphans' perspectives and the social context in which fostering is negotiated. In this study, I employ mixed methods to analyze an orphan care project run by the Manya Krobo Queen Mothers Association (MKQMA) and address three issues: (1) What is the socio-economic and cultural context in which queen mothers foster orphans? In particular, how do queen mothers’ positions as traditional leaders, HIV and AIDS, poverty, and external assistance programs (state and NGO) all shape the organization of orphan care? (2) What are the challenges for depending on the Queen Mothers Association to support orphans? (3) How are orphans’ needs identified and described (from the perspectives of the caregiver, the orphans and those who assist them). In particular, can community-derived measures of childcare rather than the current measures typically used in international development and children’s projects provide better indices of the needs of children after losing a parent?	PhD	women, poverty	1, 5
Drake, Andrew	Harvey, Harold ||Mandrak, Nicholas E.	Quantifying the Likelihood of Human-mediated Movements of Species and Pathogens: The Baitfish Pathway in Ontario as a Model System	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2011-06	Estimating the risk associated with species and pathogen movements involves considerable uncertainty. One key uncertainty concerns the extent and frequency of human-mediated species and pathogen movements relative to the distribution of recipient ecosystems. Baitfish use in Ontario, Canada is one of many pathways with the potential to introduce and spread biota to beyond their current geographic range. To determine the biological risk associated with baitfish use, models were used to estimate the probability of species occurrences throughout pathway levels, from the commercial harvest level, to retail tank and angler purchases, to movement and release by the end-user (i.e., the angler). Vector activity, as the primary contributor of species movements and introductions associated with this pathway, was modeled within a spatial interaction framework that incorporated landscape structure (e.g., the distribution of angling populations, lake size and sportfish richness, and their physical separation via least-cost routing of transportation networks) to predict the extent of movement. Agent-based models of vector activity were used to relate vector movements to region-specific probability thresholds of risk activity. Model outputs were used to estimate the movement and introduction of species and pathogens to lake ecosystems resulting from a variety of infection scenarios. Species results identified a pronounced reduction in the probability of non-target species occurrences throughout pathway levels. However, the occurrence of biological invaders and other non-target fishes at retail levels implied incidental bycatch throughout the pathway. Relatively short, frequent vector movements associated with incidentally purchased species were very likely, yet would not contribute to species range expansions due to the homogeneity of biological communities at those levels. However, rarer, yet considerably lengthier, vector movements associated with key species and pathogens implied the potential for low-probability, long-distance species and pathogen movements resulting from human activities.	PhD	fish	14
Drieschova, Alena	Adler, Emanuel	Change of International Orders: Empire, Balance of Power, and Liberal Governance	Political Science	2016-11	There is a persistent gap between the abstract concepts elites use to understand the elements of international orders and the actual material foundations that underpin those orders. In medieval times European societies conceived of international order in the form of Universal Monarchy, although material power was not sufficiently concentrated to permanently reach further than to the next town. In the early eighteenth century, rulers practised international order as a territorial balance of power, while territorial states were fully formed only in the early nineteenth century. This begs the question of how the abstract concepts that IR practitioners work with to order international interactions actually emerge on the ground. I propose that they result from concrete forms of representation, like warfare practices, diplomatic practices, or representative buildings, which create IRâ s macro-phenomena in the daily interactions between people. Forms of representation characterize the units of the international system and position them towards each other in relations of subordination, superiority, or equality. These spatial configurations constitute the deep generative grammar of an international order. When the forms of representation change the international order changes. I develop two mechanisms of change based on struggles over forms of representation and on contingent changes in representative forms. To trace the effects of representative forms as material signs I propose a new methodological apparatus based on Peircean semeiotics. I empirically study the transition from a medieval ordering mechanism of empire to the ordering mechanism of a territorial balance of power, and use the findings to illustrate how we might understand the potential emergence of a postmodern order in Europe.	Ph.D.	equality	5
Drinkwater, Mary Anne	John, P. Portelli	Democratizing and Decolonizing Education: A Role for the Arts and Cultural Praxis: Lessons from Primary Schools in Maasailand, Southern Kenya	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2014-11	Under the impact of global neoliberal educational policies and the continuing influence of colonial-informed policies and pedagogical approaches, the arts, in schools around the world, are either being devalued or their conception is being narrowly focused towards market-based purposes. Researchers and critical theorists have argued that the arts are a vital educational tool for promoting the creative, critical and culturally responsive skills necessary for a robust democratic society. For centuries, the arts and cultural practices have been deeply embedded in the rich cultural heritage of many indigenous peoples as tools for giving voice, building community and sharing knowledge. For nation-states, like Kenya, which have struggled along a rocky road toward democracy, the arts and cultural practices could play a key role in supporting the development of critically engaged citizens for the broader purposes of democratic and transformative education. This thesis uses a two-pronged lens informed by critical-democratic theory and decolonial theory to explore teachers' understanding of their use of the arts and cultural praxis in a purposely selected case study located in Maasailand, southern Kenya. The research design followed an international case study approach and drew from comparative international education theory and methods. In order to deepen the understanding of the multi-contextual factors influencing teachers' use of the arts and cultural praxis, the study also included data gathered from policy documents and from other educational stakeholders including head-teachers, principals, supervisory officers, parents, curriculum coordinators, policy makers and community members. The analysis and discussion of the findings provides a critique of the continuing impact of colonial and neoliberal educational policies on teachers' use of the arts and cultural praxis for transformative education, and highlights the need for a broader and more equitable conception of the arts and cultural practice as	Ph.D.	equitable	4
Dryden, OmiSoore H.	Walcott, Rinaldo W	Unrepresentable Blood: Canadian Blood Donation, “Gay Blood” and the Queerness of Blackness	Social Justice Education	2016-06	In this dissertation, I explore the Canadian Blood Services blood donation questionnaire and how the blood stories assembled within this document, and in the larger blood system, intersect with and depict blackness, queer (diaspora) sexualities, and Canadian (homo)nation-making. Narratives on blood produce moments of discipline, regulation, and confinement. Canadian Blood Services argues that its donor questionnaire is designed to effectively screen potential blood donors, with a number of questions focused on preventing an HIV/AIDS outbreak in the general population. The information gathered from these diverse questions constructs a figure of the ideal blood donor, thus creating a distinction between people whose blood gives life and people whose blood brings death. These distinctions result in the ban of particular groups of people, including bisexual and gay men and African people. Through centring a black queer diasporic analytic and reading practice, I am able to interrogate the ontological problem made of blackness. I contend that queerer modalities of thought are necessary to account for the complicated realities of racialized sexuality lived through black queered bodies and by black queer and trans people (and their blood). I analyze a diverse set of archives, including the donor questionnaire; websites of social and political organizations involved in the gay-blood debates; and legal, news, and government documents pertaining to the Canadian blood system. I seek to break the public silence on how blood continues to be used to justify the denigration of the lives of black people, both inside and outside of gay spaces, to push against the narrow, normative Eurocentric structures of gay blood. Thus, this reading acts as a decolonial, diasporic, transgressive project of writing blackness. My intervention into these anti-normative, anti-colonial discussions of blood, queerness, and blackness engages in a form of â epistemic disobedienceâ necessary to think differently about and disrupt both the homonationalist framing of gay blood and, more importantly, how we envision queer communities in our diasporic home-making. It is this that I seek to provoke in this thesis: to bring together the tangible and incoherent realities of our lives in order to articulate and engage in transformative justice.	Ph.D.	queer, justice	5, 16
Dubois, Janique F.	White, Graham ||Williams, Melissa	Just Do It! Self-Determination for Complex Minorities	Political Science	2013-11	This thesis explores how Indigenous and linguistic communities achieve self-determination without fixed cultural and territorial boundaries. An examination of the governance practices of Métis, Francophones and First Nations in Saskatchewan reveals that these communities use innovative membership and participation rules in lieu of territorial and cultural criteria to delineate the boundaries within which to exercise political power. These practices have allowed territorially dispersed communities to build institutions, adopt laws and deliver services through province-wide governance structures. In addition to providing an empirical basis to support non-territorial models of self-determination, this study offers a new approach to governance that challenges state-centric theories of minority rights by focusing on the transformative power communities generate through stories and actions.	PhD	rights, institution	16
Duggan, Mark	Hartenberger, Russell	Tradition and Innovation in Brazilian Popular Music: Keyboard Percussion Instruments in Choro	Music	2011-06	The use of keyboard percussion instruments in choro, one of the earliest forms of Brazilian popular music, is a relatively recent phenomenon and its expansion into university music programs and relocation from small clubs and private homes to concert halls has changed the way that choro is learned and performed. For many Brazilians, this kind of innovation in a “traditional” genre represents a challenge to their notion of a Brazilian cultural identity. This study examines the dynamic relationship that Brazilians have with representations of their culture, especially in the area of popular music, through an in depth discussion of the use of keyboard percussion instruments within the genre of choro. I discuss the implications of using keyboard percussion in choro with a detailed description of its contemporary practice and a critical examination of the sociological and academic issues that surround choro historically and as practiced today. This includes an historical overview of choro and organology of keyboard percussion instruments in Brazil. I discuss multiple perspectives on the genre including a consideration of choro as part of the “world music” movement and choro’s ambiguous relationship to jazz. Through an examination of the typical instrumentation and performance conventions used in choro, I address the meanings and implications of the adaptation of those practices and of the various instrumental roles found in choro to keyboard percussion instruments. Solutions to problems relating to instrumental adaptation are offered, with particular attention to issues of notation, improvisation, rhythmic approach and the role of the cavaquinho. I also discuss the significance of rhythmic feel and suingue (swing) in relation to the concept of brasilidade (brazilianness) as informed by and expressed through Brazilian popular music.	PhD	innovation	9
Dugoua, Jean-Jacques	Koren, Gideon ||Einarson, Thomas Ray ||Mills, Ed	Natural Health Products (NHPs) in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Review of the Landscape and Blueprint for Change	Pharmaceutical Sciences	2011-06	Introduction: Based on the perceived risk to newborns and pregnancy outcomes associated with certain drugs, women may be hesitant to prescribe and take drugs during pregnancy. In cases like these, pregnant women may seek treatment using natural health products (NHPs) as alternatives to drugs. Unfortunately, evidence of safety in pregnancy and lactation is unknown for many NHPs. Objectives: To review the present state of evidence on the safety of NHPs during pregnancy and lactation. To create a new system to validate evidence on NHPs during pregnancy and lactation designed to affect medical decision. Methodology: NHPs were systematically reviewed and in some cases, meta-analyzed for evidence of safety during pregnancy and lactation. Results: In total, 79 NHPs were systematically reviewed and 2 NHPs were meta-analyzed in order to determine the evidence of safety in pregnancy and lactation. Despite the presence of data (72/79 NHPs in pregnancy and 53/77 NHPs in lactation), the quality of the data was generally poor. Using evidence-based medicine principles, a new system of evaluating evidence was established for studies involving NHPs in pregnancy and lactation. A number of NHPs were identified as being of potential risk in pregnancy. A number of NHPs were identified as potentially being apparently safe in pregnancy and lactation. Blue cohosh is of potential concern for harm in pregnancy given an apparent dose-dependant relationship. Conclusion: There is a large knowledge gap on the safety of NHPs in pregnancy, even more so in lactation. The new system for evaluating NHP safety in pregnancy and lactation will require validation. In order to improve the knowledge gap, future studies are proposed on NHPs in pregnancy and lactation as part of the newly formed MotherNature research network.	PhD	health, women	3, 5
Duke, Guy Stephen	Swenson, Edward R	Consuming Identities: Communities and Culinary Practice in the Late Moche Jequetepeque Valley, Peru	Anthropology	2017-06	This dissertation explores the interconnections between food and identity in the Late Moche Jequetepeque valley (AD 650-850). The peripatetic nature of Late Moche lifeways in the Jequetepeque valley, in which farmers, fishers, and pilgrims of all statuses participated in a political-religious-economic round, guided the everyday consumptive practices of valley residents. Utilizing a practice-based materialist approach, I assess the preparation, consumption, and disposal of food and food-related materials at two sites: Wasi Huachuma and Huaca Colorada. I critique binary conceptions of consumption (e.g., feasts vs. daily meals, ritual vs. non-ritual consumption) by analyzing in detail the plant, animal, and ceramic materials recovered from excavations at the two settlements. The application of discriminant analysis to the ubiquity data from the two sites identified statistically correlated assemblages of materials. The results of these assays challenge some of the assumptions of previous Moche studies which ascribe somewhat rigid class associations to specific materials, such as camelid meat and chili pepper. In specific, this dissertation demonstrates that strict class designations are not represented in the culinary practices of the Late Moche inhabitants of Wasi Huachuma and Huaca Colorada. Instead, this dissertation recognizes that class distinctions, and identity in general, are often fluid constructs. Based on these insights, this dissertation has reinterpreted Moche diet and cuisine by identifying that the contingency of consumptive practices is effectively entangled with culturally specific conceptions of space, place, and time, as well as group and individual identity.	Ph.D.	consum	12
Dumouchel, Joelle	Pauly, Louis W||Adler, Emanuel	Regulating International Finance: The Genesis and Transformation of Central Banking Practices	Political Science	2016-06	This dissertation investigates the development of financial regulation since the nineteenth century through central banks’ governing practices in industrial countries. Since central banks adopted the lender-of-last-resort function in the 1870s, they have been continuously contributing to the stabilization of financial markets. However, the nature of their governing practices has transformed. This dissertation addresses the sociological and historical underpinnings of central banks’ authority. By combining theoretical insights from interactionist sociology (e.g., Pierre Bourdieu, Norbert Elias, and Etienne Wenger) and from the philosophy of modernity (e.g., Hannah Arendt, Michel Foucault, and Jürgen Habermas), it looks into the crucial role of knowledge for financial governance in general and central banks’ authority in particular. Knowledge shapes governance in two ways. It structurally creates the conditions of possibility for certain practices to develop and it cognitively represents reality. Such representations become incorporated into the background knowledge of the community of practice. The thesis highlights the importance of modern science for governance to occur. The rise of science in economics and finance has transformed legitimate representations of the financial environment and concepts of competence and credibility defining who is entitled to act. The dissertation details three practices of financial stabilization by central banks through time, each of which stem from a distinct market representation and cultural configuration of the community of practice. The practices investigated are monetary-based, capital-flow-based, and standard-based practices of governance.	Ph.D.	financial market	10
Dungan, Sarah	Chang, Belinda S.W.	The Molecular Evolution of Cetacean Dim-Light Vision: In Vitro Studies of Rhodopsin Over a Macroevolutionary Transition	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2018-06	Cetaceans (whales and dolphins) are fully aquatic mammals that have captured the imagination of biologists due to their iconic evolutionary transformation from terrestrial ancestors. Nevertheless, much about how this extreme macroevolutionary transition occurred at the molecular level remains unknown. The vertebrate visual system is ideal for studying molecular adaptation due to the reliance organisms place on it for fitness-related behaviours, and because key molecular components of the visual transduction cascade in photoreceptors are relatively well understood. Light activation of the dim-light pigment, rhodopsin, is the first step of the visual transduction cascade, and is thought to have been the target of selection across a wide variety of vertebrate lineages. Cetaceans, due to their rich evolutionary history, are model organisms for understanding how changing environments put selective pressure on sensory processes. In this dissertation, I investigate the molecular basis for adaptive evolution in cetacean rhodopsin using a combination of in vitro expression experiments and computational analyses. First, I evaluate evidence for adaptation in cetacean rhodopsin through characterization of its spectral properties in the killer whale (Orcinus orca), and a statistical assessment of selection patterns in a representative dataset of cetacean rhodopsin genes. Next, I focus on the evolutionary significance of key amino acid substitutions in killer whale rhodopsin that confer both spectral and non-spectral (kinetic) functional shifts, specifically through comparison with rhodopsin pigments from two outgroup species (bovine and hippopotamus). Finally, I use an ancestral sequence reconstruction and protein resurrection approach to establish functional and corresponding molecular shifts across the terrestrial-aquatic transition at the root of Cetacea. Together, these projects provide a more complete investigation of cetacean rhodopsin, not only addressing questions regarding dim-light (aquatic) adaptation in cetaceans, but also generating new hypotheses about how the ecology of living and ancient cetaceans has shaped the visual system.	Ph.D.	ecology, environment	13, 14
Dunlop, Wendy Anne	Portelli, John	The Legal Duty to Accommodate Faith and Religion in Ontario's Public Schools: An Exploratory Case Study	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2017-11	Abstract Ontario public schools have become a focal point—and contested sites—where the dichotomy of a proclaimed secular stance must be reconciled with the legal duty to accommodate diverse faiths and religions. This exploratory case study examines the experiences of principals in addressing the challenge of ensuring the public school is positioned as secular, while simultaneously accommodating the faiths and religions of Ontario’s increasingly diverse, multi-cultural society. When competing rights under the Canadian Charter or Human Rights Code come into conflict it can present a complex challenge. To provide context for this exploratory case study jurisprudence, legislation and school policy, developed post-Charter, are reviewed. With this legal framework data from interviews with twelve elementary and secondary principals from five Ontario public boards are examined to learn how the principals enact, integrate, and mobilize the duty to accommodate faith and religion in their ‘secular’ schools. What is the impact on how schools function? How is conflict managed when religious tenets conflict with other equal but competing rights, such as sex equity, same sex relationships, or freedom of speech? Is there a tipping point—a point of ‘undue hardship’—where a principal must declare a religion-based request as deleterious to the rights of others, and thus impossible to accommodate? The study demonstrates the legal duty to accommodate faith and religion in Ontario’s bourgeoning multi-faith society adds to the complexity of the principal’s role in ensuring the religious diversity of students and staff is recognized, included and integrated into the fabric of our public schools. The study also demonstrates the successful accommodation of faith and religion is facilitated through the principal’s mindset of inclusivity, respect for difference, engagement with the community—including religious leaders—and knowledge of the law. The growing influence of Muslims and Islam in our schools and their accommodation needs are also recognized. Principals particularly acknowledge the new health education curriculum which has created discord with Christians and non-Christians. Opposition to content on same-sex relationships places principals in an untenable position between accommodating religious beliefs and safeguarding the rights of the LGBTQ communities. Principals are greatly challenged by the dilemma.	Ph.D.	inclusive	4
Dunmore, Catherine Elizabeth	Su, Anna	Why no one comes running for the boys who cry rape: The response of domestic and international criminal justice systems to sexual violence against men and boys during conflicts	Law	2017-11	Sexual violence against men and boys is prevalent throughout situations of conflict, yet this study outlines the significant challenges to male victims accessing justice at either a national or international level. The legal community has the unique potential to acknowledge and address such violence. However, utilising a case study of Uganda exposes the multiple hurdles male victims may face, with domestic legislation both failing to criminalise their rape and prosecuting individuals perceived as homosexual, including through implementation of forced anal testing. Meanwhile, the countryâ s International Crimes Division faces constraints to its available resources, caseload and jurisdiction. A review of International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and International Criminal Court jurisprudence demonstrates that international criminal tribunals may be better placed to ensure effective redress for male victims. Nevertheless, further progress is essential to achieve justice for all boys and men who cry rape.	LL.M.	justice	16
Dunsworth, Edward Ira	Radforth, Ian	The Transnational Making of Ontario Tobacco Labour, 1925-1990	History	2019-11	This dissertation explores the transformations in tobacco farm labour in Ontario from approximately 1925 to 1990, advancing a significant reinterpretation of the histories of agricultural labour and guestworker programs in Canada. Contrary to portrayals of Canadian agriculture as permanently plagued by labour shortage, this case study demonstrates the heterogeneity of the sector, which included not only labour-starved growers but also farmers like those in tobacco whose high profits enabled them to attract a diverse range of harvest workers each year. Indeed, for much of the 20th century, Ontario’s tobacco sector, located primarily in Norfolk County and the surrounding areas, was the premier destination for seasonal farmworkers in Canada. In the sector’s early decades, tobacco workers enjoyed significant freedom of movement, unusual opportunities for social mobility, and a vibrant culture of worker organization and resistance. However, the opportunities in Ontario tobacco were never equally available to all prospective workers, and incorporation into the sector was always marked by patterns of inclusion and exclusion. For those workers who could gain access to the tobacco labour market, the benefits of working in tobacco steadily declined over the 20th century. By the 1980s, the sector no longer offered opportunities for social mobility and the possibilities of worker organization were greatly constrained. Guestworkers from the Caribbean and Mexico found their labour and geographic mobility much more tightly restricted than any previous or contemporary groups of tobacco workers. These transformations were complex and the result of many contingent factors (in both Canada and migrant-sending countries), including: political economic trends; ideologies of race and gender; the actions of employers, local communities, and workers themselves; and the efforts of multiple levels of the state to exert greater control over tobacco farm labour. The thesis pays particular attention to the transnational dynamics of labour migration systems, guestworker program structures, and worker resistance. By historicizing farm labour in a single crop and single region over approximately seven decades, the dissertation demonstrates that farm labour is not by definition a station of poverty and extreme exploitation, but instead is made so by historical processes.	Ph.D.	worker, labour, gender, agriculture, poverty	1, 2, 5, 8
Durbin, Anna	Glazier, Richard H	Mental Health Service Use Patterns for Immigrant Groups in Ontario: Population Based Studies	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2015-06	Background: Immigrants have diverse pre-immigration, peri-immigration, and post-immigration experiences. Despite being exposed to distinct mental health stressors, little is known about immigrant groups' service use for non-psychotic mental health disorders in the host country.Objective: Three studies assessed mental health service use by recent newcomers who settled in Ontario, Canada compared to use by age-and-sex matched long term residents (Canadian-born individuals or pre-1985 immigrants). Each study focused on one factor associated with one of the three stages of immigration: pre-immigration (region of origin), peri-immigration (admission class), and post-immigration (area material deprivation).Methods: Population-based administrative data sources were linked to measure primary care visits, psychiatrist visits, and hospital use (i.e., emergency department visits or hospital admissions) for non-psychotic disorders by recent immigrants (i.e., within five years of arrival)in Ontario during 1993-2012. Results: Immigrants' service use patterns for non-psychotic mental health disorders differed from long term residents, with immigrants generally using less mental health care. In the pre-immigration study on world region of origin, immigrants from all regions used less psychiatry and hospital services than long term residents, while immigrants' use of primary care relative to long term residents varied by region of origin.In the peri-immigration study on admission class, male refugees were more likely to use primary care than long term residents. No admission class of immigrants had greater use of psychiatry or hospital care than comparators. In the post-immigration study on material deprivation, immigrants were over-represented in deprived areas. While residence in more deprived areas was associated with greater use of primary and hospital mental health care, immigrants exhibited smaller increases in use than long term residents.Discussion: Given rising immigration levels globally and Ontario, reviews of existing practices and policies are necessary to better understand immigrants' lower use of mental health service use and different patterns of use than long term residents.	Ph.D.	health	3
Dusha, Elton	Shi, Shouyong	Essays on Intermediated Corruption, Financial Frictions and Economic Development	Economics	2013-06	Distortions that affect macroeconomic outcomes are an important avenue through which we can explain differences in cross country output and productivity. In this thesis I concentrate on two types of distortions, political economy and informational distortions. In Chapter one, I build a model of intermediated corruption where interactions between government bureaucrats and those who bribe them are mediated by a third party. I show that intermediation has significant effects on the incidence of corruption and the prices entrepreneurs pay for permits. When corruption is particularly acute, measures that increase the frequency with which government bureaucrats are audited often have the undesirable result of increasing the prevalence of corruption because of intermediation. In Chapter two I explore the link between corruption and inequality by building a model in which tax collectors are corrupt. I find that as inequality increases, the frequency of corrupt transactions increases as well. I also find that where corruption is more severe, because wealthier individuals tend to pay lower taxes, inequality is higher. I perform a few quantitative experiments to better understand this linkage. Chapter three explores distortions that are caused by adverse selection in markets with search frictions. I find that when participants are concerned about the information they reveal through their interactions in the market, the distortions to liquidity are deeper and that equilibrium selection is significantly affected. I also find that markets with reputational concerns are more sensitive to outside shocks.	PhD	inequality, equality	5, 10
Dutton, Jessica Nancy	Fox, Ann||Myers, Ted	Lessons from Stories of Diabetes Self-Management: Enunciating Culture in Health Decision-Making in the Third Space	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2018-11	Increasing rates of type 2 diabetes in Indigenous populations are a complex and critical problem. The requirements of diabetes self-management are challenging and few interventions have produced meaningful improvements for Indigenous people with diabetes. Studies have reported that when Indigenous people seek help with diabetes from the medical system they face racial discrimination and barriers rooted in cultural difference and misunderstanding. In this dissertation, I explore the intersections of culture and health care in the context of Indigenous peoples’ experience with diabetes self-management. This study combines critical ethnographic methods with the theory of postcolonial scholar Homi Bhabha to provide new insights into how members of a colonized group (the subaltern) experience the world from a figurative third space between the culture of the colonizer and the culture of the colonized. In the third space, experiences are translated uniquely, since the subaltern has knowledge of both the culture of the colonizer and their own culture. Based on this process of translation, a person in the third space enunciates their cultural difference through words and actions that challenge, unsettle, or infiltrate the colonial power. I conducted storytelling sessions with ten Indigenous community members in Fort Smith, Northwest Territories in Canada to explore how Bhabha’s third space theory can applied to the experiences of Indigenous people navigating the third space between the mainstream Canadian medical culture and Indigenous culture and enunciating cultural difference through diabetes self-management behaviours. This work disrupts the traditional understanding of individual level behaviour change by addressing the mechanism through which individual health decision-making is influenced by experience translated through the lens of colonization. I argue that, while the Western medical system is part of a colonial structure, the third space model provides an opportunity to understand how Indigenous people develop self-management behaviours that are culturally informed and discursively strategic.	Ph.D.	health	3
Dyer, Ellen Louise Elizabeth	Jones, Dylan B A	Sahel and Congo Basin Precipitation: Variability and Teleconnections	Physics	2016-11	Future projections of African precipitation are still mired in uncertainty. Reducing this uncertainty requires a better understanding of the processes that drive variability in present day African precipitation. Using the Community Earth System Model (CESM), we examined the linkages between regional and local atmospheric circulation patterns and their impact on precipitation in the Sahel and Congo Basin, with a particular focus on the influence of the Indian Ocean on precipitation in these regions. The influence of the Indian Ocean on Sahel precipitation was investigated using a series of sea surface temperature (SST) sensitivity experiments. We identified two mechanisms by which the Indian Ocean can alter Sahel precipitation. The first mechanism is associated with perturbations on the equator that alter Sahel precipitation by modulating the Asian monsoon circulation and driving changes in descent in North Africa. The second mechanism is associated with SST perturbations that cover more of the basin and alter the overturning circulation between the Indian and Atlantic Oceans. These two mechanisms result in different precipitation responses in the Sahel. The first mechanism induces an increase in precipitation as a result of warming in the Indian Ocean, whereas the second mechanism produces a decrease in Sahel precipitation in response to warming. Congo Basin precipitation was examined with regional water tagging and stable isotope tracers in CESM. Using regionally defined water tags, the moisture contribution from different sources to Congo Basin precipitation was investigated. We found that the Indian Ocean and evaporation from the Congo Basin are the dominant moisture sources, and that the Atlantic Ocean is a comparatively small source of moisture. Variability in Congo Basin precipitation was found to be a result of changes in the available moisture and in the atmospheric circulation in the region. In wet years, more of the precipitation in the Congo Basin is derived from Indian Ocean moisture, although the spatial distributions of the dominant sources is shifted, reflecting changes in the mid-tropospheric circulation over the Indian Ocean. The isotopic signatures in precipitation were consistent with the dominant influence of moisture from local evaporation and the ocean sources.	Ph.D.	water, ocean	14
Dyer, Hannah M.	Dina, Georgis	Becoming Otherwise: The Queer Aesthetics of Childhood	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2014-11	This dissertation examines the relationship between discourses of childhood, theories of sexuality and cultural production. The theoretical framework draws on the psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud, Melanie Klein and D.W. Winnicott. I read literature published in the fields of education, queer theory and childhood studies to posit a theory of childhood that acknowledges the role of the unconscious in learning and in sexual development. I ask how theories of childhood create the material conditions amidst which children develop, and how the adult's own history of dependence, individuation, and relationality informs their theory of what defines a normal childhood. Throughout the dissertation, I theorize queer childhood as that which exceeds the confines of normalcy and resists normative assessments of growth. In the scope of this project, queer childhood is that which transcends and troubles normative metrics of growth. Here, queer references both non-normative sexuality and childlike qualities, such as curiosity, creativity and the desire for play, which do not expire when adulthood is obtained.In order to use the proposed framework, I test theories of childhood development as they relate to sexuality, learning and loss by applying them to representations of childhood in film. I suggest that the adult's non-conscious dynamics operant in encounters with children and childhood instruct pedagogy and curriculum used to educate children. Methodologically, I examine aesthetic representations of childhood in four films in order to theorize the relationship between adult constructions of childhood and the experience of being a child. My intent is to show how the viewing of these films forms an aesthetic experience that can assist in the symbolization of an unconscious constellation of affect, defense and desire. To this end, I privilege psychoanalytic theories of how aesthetic objects describe and clarify subjective experience, and narrate conflict, in order to contribute a theory of queer childhood attentive to both social and instinctual life.	Ph.D.	queer	5
Dylan, Arielle	Chambon, Adrienne S.	"Three Hundred Leagues Further into the Wilderness" Conceptualizations of the Nonhuman during Wendat-French Culture Contact, 1609-1649: Implications for Environmental Social Work and Social Justice	Social Work	2010-06	This study concerns an essential but, until recent years, little explored area of social work: environmental social work. The social work profession has long considered persons in their environment; however, use of the term environment has typically referred to social rather than nonhuman physical dimensions of space and place. It is common knowledge that we face today a number of serious environmental challenges, but less common is an understanding of how things came to be as they are. Why, for example, did things not develop differently? Why is our human-nonhuman relationship so strained? This research asserts human conceptualisations of the nonhuman other influence treatment of not only the nonhuman but also other human beings. Having an interdisciplinary focus involving social work, environmental studies and early Canadian history, Wendat and French conceptualisations of the nonhuman are explored through an ecofeminist framework in a culture-contact context to initiate consideration of, and in due course attending to, the uneasy intersection of the human and the nonhuman, social work and environmental issues, and current Aboriginal-non-Aboriginal relations. Through locating our environmental crisis within a historical context, it is possible to unsettle some contemporary assumptions about the human-nonhuman relationship, drawing attention to the fact that things could have been otherwise, that the environmental challenges experienced today were not inescapable. While there are certainly many ways to approach a history of our present environmental crisis, this investigation in the Canadian context involving a clearly defined case of culture contact between the Wendat and French in the early seventeenth century offers a variety of advantages deriving, in part, from the comparable but different complexities belonging to each group and the opportunity to explore two highly dissimilar cultural practices and belief systems from the time of initial contact. This study examines in detail how the two cultures understood and interacted with the nonhuman, and each other, through a forty-year period from 1609-1649. From this historical exploration of Wendat and French worldviews and land-use practices implications for social work are described and a model for place-based social work is generated.	PhD	environment	13
Dziedzic, Rebecca	Karney, Bryan W	Decision Support Tools for Sustainable Water Distribution Systems	Civil Engineering	2015-06	Sustainability relies on the balance between economic, social, and environmental objectives. Although seemingly divergent at times, the connections between them elucidate opportunities for improving different components simultaneously. In water distribution systems, aging infrastructure, insufficient funds, water scarcity, leakage, and high energy use have prompted the pursuit of sustainability through different strategies. These conditions demand improvement and create the opportunity to rethink the system. The present study proposes five separate decision support approaches that underlie a systems approach. These address current issues of North American water distribution systems and lessen the gap between research and application.The first two focus on the interface between users and networks. The relation between user characteristics and demand is studied by building an integrated database to support planning, especially demand management. Data from three Ontario municipalities are used to define metrics, benchmarks, conservation targets, and user clusters. The relation between users and service requirements is further explored qualitatively through a survey on water user expectations, addressing the disconnection between utilities and stakeholders. Applied to the City of Guelph, it informs the utility of knowledge gaps and preferred solutions.While these approaches concentrate on the needs of the stakeholders, inputs to more thorough planning, the next two assess the resulting systems. A set of energy metrics addresses the issue of inefficient energy use and provides indicators of system capacity, costs, and greenhouse gas emissions. The metrics are applied to the Toronto water network, and allow for the identification of specific areas for improvement. In order to further evaluate how complex networks respond to variations, a more comprehensive set of performance metrics are proposed and applied to two example networks.The final approach seeks to improve the design process by reducing the computational intensity of optimization procedures and thereby allowing for the analysis of more system objectives and uncertainties. The procedure, applied to Anytown, uses shorter time cycles to approximate full costs of systems with varying loads. Overall, the approaches facilitate current-day decision-making by applying systems thinking to the development of new solutions that collect, integrate, analyse, and re-interpret readily available data and models.	Ph.D.	water, energy, infrastructure, greenhouse gas, environment, conserv	6, 7, 9, 13, 14
Eastham, Laura Campbell	Begun, David R	Stable Isotope and Trace Element Paleoecology of the Rudabánya II Fauna: Paleoenvironmental Implications for the Late Miocene Hominoid, Rudapithecus hungaricus	Anthropology	2017-11	The Late Miocene extinction of great apes in Europe has generally been regarded as the consequence of environmental changes that occurred in correlation with global Late Miocene cooling. However, given the range of dietary and locomotor adaptations observed among the different hominoid genera it is unlikely that the same environmental factors can account for the decline of the entire group. To better understand the factors that influenced the extinction of European Miocene apes it is necessary to evaluate their paleoecology on a regional scale. This research utilizes stable carbon and oxygen isotope (δ13C and δ18O) and strontium/calcium (Sr/Ca) trace element ratios measured in fossil ungulate tooth enamel to reconstruct the paleoecology and paleoclimate of Rudabánya II (R. II), an early Late Miocene (~10 Ma) hominoid locality in northeastern Hungary. The fossiliferous deposits at R. II preserve abundant samples of the extinct great ape Rudapithecus hungaricus. Primary aims of this research include: 1) evaluating the types of habitats present in terms of forest canopy cover, 2) examining trophic niche dynamics among the diverse ungulate community, and 3) estimating key climatic variables including mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP), and degree of seasonality. Stable isotope and Sr/Ca values indicate the presence of a heterogeneous wetland-forest environment, with a gradient of more open to closed canopy habitats. Significant differences in stable isotope and Sr/Ca values were observed among the sampled ungulate fauna, supporting the interpretation of resource specialization and partitioning. A MAP of 1030-1333 mm/yr, and a MAT of 14°C were calculated from the average δ13C and δ18O values of the equid Hippotherium intrans. Intra-tooth δ18O values revealed low amplitudes of variation indicating that seasonal changes in temperature and precipitation were relatively mild. The paleoenvironment that Rudapithecus inhabited was similar to that of contemporaneous hominoids in Western Europe, but strikingly different from that of hominoids in the Eastern Meditterranean. While adaptations to fallback feeding and efficient suspensory arboreality would have allowed Rudapithecus to endure some degree of environmental deterioration, the progressive restriction and fragmentation of humid wetland-forests following the retreat of Lake Pannon would have eventually led to its extinction.	Ph.D.	climate, environment, forest	13, 15
Easton, Mark David	Kervin, John	Gender-Pay Inequality and Organizational Culture: A Multi-Organizational Analysis	Sociology	2015	According to sociologists, more female-concentrated occupations pay less mainly because societal culture devalues work associated with women. But less clear is how much the cultural context of the work organization fosters or suppresses this devaluation. This question is vital because pay and work are not formally linked at the occupation level, but at job level - through a formal workplace practice known as job evaluation. And as researchers often note, the outcomes of this practice are ultimately influenced by organizational culture. Drawing from the literature on gendered organizations, organizational culture, job evaluation, and stereotyping theory, this dissertation examines whether organizations with more masculine cultures have intensified levels of devaluation in their job-reward systems - reflecting the logic that more masculine cultures prescribe wider status differences between what is stereotyped as masculine and feminine. The analysis draws from a confidential dataset linking over 50 thousand jobs to 68 separate government organizations of a single country. Main findings suggest that while the statistical effect of organizational culture is modest, the amount of devaluation in an organization's job-reward system intensifies in more female-concentrated jobs that are located in more masculine organizational cultures. Further, in some instances, the traditional framework of job evaluation might encourage gender stereotypes to manifest as pay inequalities that benefit more female-concentrated jobs. But this counterintuitive form of inequality is largely masked in more masculine organizational cultures. Collectively, this dissertation contributes to a more organizational-cultural understanding of pay determination by considering how the cultural context of work organizations influences formal organizational activities that were intended to be gender neutral. It also contributes to the more recent gendered-organizations literature that has become increasingly concerned with the impact of organizational context on gender inequalities, and to some of the more recent social-psychological literature concerned with the impact of background effects on stereotyping outcomes.	Ph.D.	gender, women, equality, inequality	5, 10
Eastwood, Alexander	Cobb, Michael	Strange Dwellings: Inhabiting American Literary Modernism	English	2015-11	This dissertation probes the relationship between sexuality and the home in American literature from the early twentieth century, asserting forms of dwelling that challenge the values given to itinerancy and vagrancy in criticism on queer modernism. Within queer theory, which since its inception has prescribed an anti-social, anti-normative position, scholars have mined modernist texts for their transgressive potential. Indeed, modernist texts frequently exhibit precisely the qualities that American culture negatively associates with queerness: urbanism, exile, dislocation, disorientation, loss, and infertility. However, I argue that narratives of queerness that privilege anti-social behaviour risk occluding more granular discussions of the murky relationships that queer subjects have with ordinariness and normativity. The basic premise of “Strange Dwellings” is, therefore, that sexuality in American modernism indexes a range of concomitant concerns and anxieties, including a pervasive fascination with home. Affective ambivalence permeates many of the texts in this project, which simultaneously express profound nostalgia and strain toward new aesthetic, social, and political realities. While the home may find its form in the house, home is ultimately an affective state, I conclude, rather than a material space. I re-direct our attention to the ways in which modernist texts refuse to assimilate to traditional social and literary formations, and yet strive to recuperate and transform them. “Strange Dwellings” examines instantiations of the queer home in texts by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Gertrude Stein, Wallace Thurman, Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, Willa Cather, and James Agee. While my aims extend well beyond those of a revisionist project, I deliberately return to well-trodden critical ground in order to consider modernism’s fraught relationship to the peripatetic. Rather than pursuing questions of recovery or canonicity, I contend that the authors I take up envision their place within literary history by conceiving of place in physical terms. Just as their texts come to constitute forms of housing, writing serves as an act of homemaking. These authors mobilize form itself as a dwelling space, recasting the home as a site of endurance. In doing so, they treat writing as a practice with the capacity to aesthetically re-imagine the social.	Ph.D.	queer	5
Eaton, Emily Marie	Prudham, W. Scott	Getting Behind the Grain: The Politics of Producer Opposition to GM Wheat on the Canadian Prairies	Geography	2009-11	On May tenth, 2004 Monsanto announced that it would discontinue breeding and field level research of transgenic Roundup Ready (RR) wheat. This decision was heavily influenced by the widespread rejection of RR wheat by Canadian prairie producers who voiced their opposition through a diverse coalition of rural and urban organizations. With six of the nine member organizations representing rural and farm groups, this research departs from the most common representation of anti-GM movements as being urban and European-centred. This dissertation contrasts the general acceptance of Monsanto’s Roundup Ready canola just five years earlier (in the mid 90s) with the widespread opposition amongst prairie producers to RR wheat. It uses an updated version of the agrarian question and the production of nature thesis to show how capitalist relations are differentiated across place and commodities. The research finds that producer resistance to RR wheat hinged on the specificities of local histories and institutions, cultural conceptions of worth and economic fair treatment, and the character of wheat as a commodity with particular biophysical properties. The research is also concerned with the ways in which producers articulated their resistance with and through discourses of consumption, while at the same time rejecting the attempts made by proponents of RR wheat to relegate them to consuming subjects, who would best register their dissent by voting with their dollars on the market. For many prairie farm organizations, the fate of the family farm is tied up with the future of wheat farming and the capacity of farmers to collectively market their wheat in international markets. Monsanto’s vision for the future of prairie wheat crossed moral and cultural boundaries for producers and organizations that understood themselves as active subjects.	PhD	cities, urban, rural, agriculture	2, 11
Eaton, Sarah	Pauly, Louis	China's State Capitalist Turn: Political Economy of the Advancing State	Political Science	2011-11	The thesis explores puzzling change in Chinese state sector over the past two decades. China’s debt-ridden state-owned enterprises (SOEs) were long seen as the most thorny reform dilemma; however, in the past decade, the surging profitability of large SOEs in the so-called “monopoly sectors” (longduan hangye 垄断行业) have made them lynchpins of an emerging state capitalist system. The main argument is that the state sector’s apparent reversal of fortunes is, in large measure, a legacy of the brief period of neoconservative rule (1989-1992) following the Tiananmen uprising in spring 1989. The fleeting ascendance of Chen Yun’s neoconservative faction provided them the opportunity to redirect the reform course set by Deng Xiaoping and embed a market vision which saw SOEs as pillars of the economy. The neoconservative leadership laid the normative and institutional foundations of a robust SOE-directed industrial policy regime which has gained momentum through the 1990s and into the last decade. The study also sheds lights on the political and economic drivers of China’s unfolding market order through analysis of the industry foundations of China’s emerging state capitalist system. In recent years, state ownership has concentrated in some industries and largely retreated from others. What is driving this process of what Pei (2006) terms the “selective withdrawal” of the state from the economy? To address this question, the nature of ownership change across Chinese industry in recent years is first analyzed. Focus then shifts to comparative analysis of the reform pathway of two industries in which state ownership remains dominant: telecommunications and airlines. Combining insights from the partial reform equilibrium model and historical institutionalism, the study argues that both the particularist interests of “short-term winners” in industry and the neoconservative policy legacy have left an imprint on the process of selective withdrawal.	PhD	industr, institution	9, 16
Eaves, Nickolas Anthony	Thomson, Murray J||Dworkin, Seth B	The Effect of Reversibility and High Pressure on Soot Formation	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2016-11	Reducing soot emissions from combustion processes is important due to the negative health and environmental effects of atmospheric soot. In order to achieve this goal, there has to be a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms of soot formation to allow for the determination of economically viable methods of reducing these emissions. Due to the highly complex nature of soot formation, detailed numerical models are employed to gain fundamental understanding of the factors that affect each mechanism of soot evolution. Since most practical combustion devices operate at elevated pressures, it is important to understand the effect of pressure on soot formation. The overall goal of this thesis is to improve the currently employed models by replacing tunable constants with fundamental physics, with secondary goals of applying the model to high pressure conditions. This thesis is divided into four research studies. The first is a detailed description and validation of the numerical code utilized to simulate soot formation, denoted as the CoFlame code. The second study develops a novel model for two key soot formation processes, which are the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) nucleation and condensation processes. The novel reversible PAH clustering (RPC) model is shown to be superior to previous models. The third study enhances the RPC model to include nucleation and condensation events from a wide range of PAHs. It is shown that smaller PAHs contribute the most to the nucleation process, while all PAHs contribute to the condensation process. The fourth and final study applies the CoFlame code to high pressure flames and determines that shear between the air and fuel streams is responsible for the formation of recirculation zones at elevated pressures and complete conversion of fuel to soot.	Ph.D.	environment	13
Ebrahimi, Neda	Ito, Shinya	PREGNANCY, NEONATAL AND DISEASE OUTCOMES IN WOMEN WITH RELAPSING REMITTING MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS	Pharmaceutical Sciences	2018-06	Objective To compare pregnancy, neonatal and disease outcomes in women with Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS) exposed to different therapeutic agents— natalizumab (Tysabri®) and Vitamin D. Methods Data from German and Canadian Multiple Sclerosis (MS) pregnancy registries was compared to evaluate neonatal and pregnancy outcomes in natalizumab exposed and unexposed groups. A healthy control group of pregnant women unexposed to teratogens was also utilized; primary outcome of interest was birth defects and miscarriage rates. For the Vitamin D study we first compared postpartum disease outcomes using Kaplan Meier and Cox Regression in a German (GER) cohort not supplementing with Vitamin D to a Canadian (CAN) cohort with Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy; primary outcome of interest was time to disease resurgence in the postpartum period. We then evaluated neonatal outcomes in Canadians with high dose Vitamin D (>4000IU/day) in pregnancy to ones with lower intake. Primary outcome of interest was birth weight. Results There were no significant differences in birth defects or other adverse neonatal outcomes between the 101 natalizumab exposed, 78 disease matched, and 97 healthy controls. The rates of miscarriage were higher in both MS groups in comparison to the healthy controls. In the Vitamin D study, significantly more GERs used Disease Modifying Drugs (DMDs) in pregnancy and postpartum compared to CANs. There was no difference in disease resurgence between the two cohorts. Neonatal outcomes including birth weight did not differ significantly in the 29 women that exceeded 4000IU/day in pregnancy, compared to women that took lower doses. Conclusion Gestational exposure to either therapy, natalizumab or Vitamin D, is not associated with adverse outcomes. Larger studies are needed to investigate the longer duration of therapy with natalizumab and higher doses of Vitamin D >4000IU/day in pregnancy.	Ph.D.	health, women	3, 5
Edelson, Miriam Karin	Eichler, Margrit	Mental Health in the Workplace: Unions' Role in Identifying and Combating Psychosocial Hazards	Social Justice Education	2016-11	The world of paid work has shifted extraordinarily in the last several decades. Globalization, technology, lean production, the intensification of work, mergers and reorganizations and precarious work have all meant a toughening of the conditions for workers. Unions organize in these conditions, confronting issues of concern to workers. Very little has been written about the role unions play in trying to protect the psychological health of their members. The major question of this thesis is whether unions are identifying and combating psychosocial hazards in the workplace. The thesis adds to knowledge on this subject by analyzing two data sets. First I conduct an analysis of grey literature on the Internet about psychological health and safety concerns. Second, I explore a series of questions with union health and safety experts representing every major Canadian union from each sector of the economy. The questions probe how unions are dealing with psychosocial risks in the workplace, how unions are organizing resistance and building solidarity. My inquiry also explores the issue of how unions deal with return-to-work for workers who have been absent for mental health reasons. I am not a neutral observer: I write from the standpoint of workers. My work has a practical utility to the degree that it can be directly applied to these real life problems facing health and safety practitioners. It attempts to theorize that which these union specialists should do. It also tries to anticipate some practical problems they may need to solve in future as a result of current health and safety practices. I observe real life phenomena and develop theory around them. One of these is that unions resist employer restraints and power and in so doing bump up against managementsâ right to control production and dictate work organization. In this thesis, I show the fledgling ways in which unions are challenging managementsâ typical rights in the interests of better working conditions. I give evidence of three promising practices that unions are adopting and propose that these may be adapted further for initiatives in other sectors. I argue that workersâ psychological health is one potential winner of these strategies. I also propose that union representatives be educated to deal more empathically with members that are absent for reasons of psychological ill health, in advocating for them when they return and by building solidarity among co-workers.	Ed.D.	health, worker	3, 8
Edelsparre, Allan Holmquist	Sokolowski, Marla B||Fitzpatrick, Mark J	Movement Ecology: How Genes, Food, and Climate Influence Dispersal in Drosophila melanogaster	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2020-06	Organisms have colonized virtually all types of life-sustaining habitats on our planet resulting in the extraordinary distribution and diversity of life existing today as well as in the past. Elucidating the genetic and environmental contributions to dispersal is important to advance our understanding of how such factors influence the distribution of species and communities. In my thesis, I advanced this understanding by examining adult dispersal in Drosophila melanogaster in strains known to differ in larval foraging behaviour. In the first part of my thesis, I investigated strains of Drosophila melanogaster that are naturally polymorphic in larval foraging behaviour. This polymorphism is mainly due to allelic variation at the foraging (for) locus. forR larvae (rovers) have longer foraging path-lengths compared to fors larvae. In laboratory and field experiments I demonstrated that these strains differ in adult dispersal. Using mutant and transgene fly strains I verified that for was the causal agent contributing to differences in adult dispersal and that for mediates a link between foraging and dispersal via pleiotropy. In the second part, I investigated the effect of habitat loss on connectivity in rovers and sitters. Competing hypotheses propose that connectivity decreases either linearly or nonlinearly with increasing habitat loss. My results support the latter hypothesis. I found critical distances where dispersal and therefore connectivity was reduzed to zero. This critical distance can be manipulated by differentially expressing for in flies suggesting that habitat loss can directly influence genetic variation in populations with multiple dispersal strategies. In the third part of my thesis, I tested whether the distribution of food in landscapes interacted with dispersal. When food was limited rovers and sitters adopted similar strategies to track the distribution of patches, however, when the amount of food increased with the distribution of patches rovers and sitters tracked the distribution of food differently. In the last part of my thesis, I examined how dispersal in flies responded to changes in climate. In a mark-release-recapture experiment I combined capture data with temperature and wind factors in dynamic models to estimate dispersal rates for rovers, sitters and an outbred strain of flies. I found that temperature elicited a similar response in rovers and sitters. This response differed from an outbred strain. I also detected a strong response to wind with wind-advection rates increasing with wind speed for all three fly strains. Surprisingly, my results suggest that response to temperature and wind might minimize known differences in dispersal propensity. My results also strongly suggest that the direction and magnitude of wind may play a key role in the colonization and distribution of fly populations. Taken together, these findings are relevant to the study of the spread of pests and invasive species, particularly in taxa where for might contribute to dispersal. More broadly, my findings have implications for understanding how genes and the environment interact to produce dispersal at the population-level and ultimately the distribution of species and communities.	Ph.D.	ecology	15
Edwards, Bret Joel	Penfold, Steve	A Bumpy Landing: Airports and the Making of Jet Age Canada	History	2017-11	This dissertation examines changes at and around Canadaâ s major airports in the early jet age. It traces how airports in major Canadian cities evolved into mass transport hubs between the 1950s and 1980s and also materialized as complex technical systems that connected aviation to wider contemporary issues. During this period these airports assumed a dual role, operating in the background to help move people and planes and emerging at key times to occupy public consciousness. Historical changes there can thus help explain how airports grew increasingly visible as fixed, but active, modern infrastructure that both facilitated jet age mobility and were deeply embedded in the postwar order. This dissertation links the transformation of major airports to the rise of mass air travel, postwar change, and federal stewardship. Aviationâ s rapid growth and technological advances beginning in the 1950s invariably transformed how these airports looked, worked, and were experienced by different groups of people. Various central developments in postwar Canada beyond aviation also migrated to these airports and made them more visible as public infrastructure that were both imagined in the national sphere and part of globalization. Moreover, airports were federally operated until the early 1990s and thus a state infrastructure project. The federal government and its partners used a combination of anticipatory and reactive strategies to manage airports that emphasized national interests, but also cared about cities and capital. This approach blended multiple scales and dynamics and constantly shifted as conditions changed, generating problems and tensions along the way that shaped the particular trajectory of airport development between the 1950s and 1980s. Taken together, this dissertation strengthens and advances historical knowledge about airports and aviation in Canada. It also contributes to the history of technology and mobility and its relationship to social and cultural change. Lastly, it contributes to the political, social, and cultural history of postwar Canada by bringing air travel into the narrative. In so doing, it shows how airports helped to make jet age Canada, a process that encompassed the local, national, and global arena and stretched well into the late twentieth century.	Ph.D.	infrastructure, cities	9, 11
Edwards, Brie Anna	Jackson, Donald Andrew	Temporal Change in Crayfish Communities and Links to a Changing Environment	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2013-11	Community ecology and conservation are complementary disciplines under the umbrella of ecology, providing insight into the factors that determine where and how communities exist, and informing efforts aimed at sustaining the diversity and persistence of the organisms that comprise them. Conservation ecologists apply the principles of ecology and other disciplines, to the maintenance of biodiversity. This thesis uses this approach to assess the status of freshwater crayfish in south-central Ontario and investigate potential anthropogenic drivers of crayfish community change. I start with a temporal analysis of crayfish relative abundance over a period of 18 years and find that all species have experienced significant population declines across the sampled range, resulting in reduced species distributions and crayfish community diversity. Next I employ multivariate statistical techniques to relate changes in crayfish communities between the two time periods to ecological and anthropogenic changes. I identify a number of threats in the region that are correlated with crayfish decline and are likely to pose a threat to aquatic ecosystems more broadly in the region, including calcium (Ca) decline, metal pollution, human development, and species introductions. In the latter two chapters I look more closely at Ca decline as a mechanism driving crayfish declines. First, laboratory analysis of the effect of Ca availability on juvenile Orconectes virilis (a Shield native) reveals that survival is significantly reduced below 0.5-0.9 mg·L-1, which is one of the lowest ever reported Ca requirement thresholds for a crustacean. Second, a correlative study using adult inter-moult crayfish collected from lakes that range broadly in their Ca concentrations, indicates that for O. virilis, carapace Ca content is significantly related to lake Ca concentration, and is under-saturating below 8 mg·L-1. This collective body of work identifies significant anthropogenic threats to crayfish and their aquatic ecosystems in south-central Ontario.	PhD	ecology, biodiversity, fish, conserv, pollut, water	13, 14, 15
Edwards, Sarah Allison	Bondy, Susan J	Push & Pull: Social determinants of the use of smoking cessation support in Ontario	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2017-11	Tobacco use continues to undermine the health of the Ontarian population. In addition, socio-economic disparities in smoking rates persist in Ontario, despite public health care and universal tobacco control policies. Public health strategies require a detailed understanding of how people are actually quitting smoking in order to develop appropriate interventions and strategies. This thesis used existing evidence and data from the Ontario Tobacco Survey (OTS) to explore unassisted and assisted quitting. The first manuscript estimated the proportion of adult smokers who report attempting to quit unassisted, without the use of pharmacological and/or behavioural assistance, by systematically reviewing population-based studies. A majority of quit attempts were unassisted; however, across and within countries over time, a trend toward lower prevalence of unassisted quit attempts was identified. The second manuscript estimated the prevalence of unassisted quitting and the reach and pattern of use of assisted methods in Ontario. Unassisted quitting was the dominant method reported (58.8%, 95% CI: 56.0-61.6). For assisted methods, pharmaceutical support was the most common (92.9%, 95% CI: 91.1-94.6). Use of behavioural support either alone (2.5%, 95% CI: 1.5-3.6) or in combination with pharmaceutical support (4.6%, 95% CI: 3.3-5.9) was rare. The third manuscript examined the associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and access to care measures and use of cessation strategies using multinomial regression models. Smokers living in areas with the lowest ethnic concentration were more likely to make an assisted quit attempt compared to unassisted quitting (RR=1.67; 95% CI=1.08-2.60) or making no quit attempt (RR=1.65; 95% CI=1.14-2.41). Smokers who reported visiting a doctor in the previous 6 months were more likely to quit with assistance versus unassisted, whether they were advised (RR=1.96, 95% CI=1.49-2.59) or not advised to quit (OR=1.37, 95% CI=1.04-1.82). Together, these studies make a substantial contribution to understanding how smokers are choosing to quit smoking.	Ph.D.	socioeconomic, health	1, 3
Edwards, Steven	Harrison, Timothy P.	Ebla’s Hegemony and Its Impact on the Archaeology of the Amuq Plain in the Third Millennium BCE	Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations	2019-03	This dissertation investigates the emergence of Ebla as a regional state in northwest Syria during the Early Bronze Age and provides a characterization of Ebla that emphasizes its hegemonic rather than imperial features. The texts recovered from the Royal Palace G archives reveal that Ebla expanded from a small Ciseuphratean kingdom into a major regional power in Upper Mesopotamia over the course of just four or five decades. To consolidate and maintain its rapidly growing periphery, Ebla engaged in intensive diplomatic relations with an array of client states, semi-autonomous polities, and independent kingdoms. Often, political goals were achieved through mutual gift-exchange and interdynastic marriage, but military activity became increasingly common towards the end of the period covered by the texts. However, apart from installing palace officials at some cities, Ebla did not appear to have invested heavily in building infrastructure, such as roads or forts, along its periphery, preferring instead to leave matters of defense up to client and allied states. As a result, the archaeological impact of Ebla’s political hegemony along parts of its periphery was minimal. In re-evaluating the archaeological evidence for Ebla’s growth in the mid-third millennium BCE, this dissertation shows that in only a few instances—for example, in changes to regional settlement patterns in the Amuq Plain, subsistence strategies at Tell es-Sweyhat, and the distribution of ceramic assemblages—can an Eblaite influence on material culture along its periphery be inferred, and even then, only indirectly. While Ebla’s sphere of interaction extended over a considerable territory, this dissertation restricts most of its discussion to Ebla’s northwestern frontier, and particularly to the archaeology of the Amuq Plain. This study demonstrates that even though Ebla had installed an official at Alalaḫu—the major polity in the Amuq Plain—local historical trajectories remained largely intact, and Ebla’s hegemony left only an ephemeral archaeological legacy in the area.	Ph.D.	infrastructure	9
Eetezadi, Sina	Allen, Christine	Nanomedicines and Combination Therapy of Doxorubicin and Olaparib for Treatment of Ovarian Cancer	Pharmaceutical Sciences	2016-03	Ovarian cancer is the fourth leading cause of death in women of developed countries, with dismal survival improvements achieved in the past three decades. Specifically, current chemotherapy strategies for second-line treatment of relapsed ovarian cancer are unable to effectively treat recurrent disease. This thesis aims to improve the therapeutic outcome associated with recurrent ovarian cancer by (1) creating a 3D cell screening method as an in vitro model of the disease (2) developing a nanomedicine of doxorubicin (DOX) that is more efficacious than PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD / Doxil ® ) and (3) evaluating additional strategies to enhance treatment efficacy such as mild hyperthermia (MHT) and combination therapy with inhibitors of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase enzyme family (PARP). Overall, this work demonstrates the use of 3D multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) as an in vitro drug testing platform which more closely reflects the clinical presentation of recurrent ovarian cancer relative to traditional monolayer cultures. With the use of this technology, it was found that tissue penetration of drug is not only an issue for large tumors, but also for invisible, microscopic lesions that result from metastasis or remain following cytoreductive surgery. A novel block-copolymer micelle formulation for DOX was developed and fulfilled the goal of iicontrolling drug release while enhancing intratumoral distribution and MCTS bioavailability of DOX, which resulted in a significant improvement in growth inhibition, relative to PLD. MHT appeared to enhance drug accumulation in MCTS in the short term, but not after 48 h of drug treatment. Drug combination studies of DOX together with the PARP inhibitor, olaparib (OLP, Lynparza ® ) were conducted in 2D monolayers and 3D MCTS. In these studies, the effectiveness of the DOX:OLP combination therapy in monolayers and MCTS was found to be ratio dependent such that equimolar ratios resulted in an additive effect, while a greater level of synergy was observed with more extreme ratios. The synergistic effect observed bears promise for future evaluation in vivo which warrants an appropriate delivery method to ensure that the determined molar ratios of both drugs accumulate at the tumor as such, despite differences in the pharmacokinetic profile of each drug, respectively.	Ph.D.	women	5
Eidelman, Gabriel Ezekiel	Stren, Richard	Landlocked: Politics, Property, and the Toronto Waterfront, 1960-2000	Political Science	2013-06	Dozens of major cities around the world have launched large-scale waterfront redevelopment projects over the past fifty years. Absent from this list of noteworthy achievements, however, is Toronto, a case of grand ambitions gone horribly awry. Despite three extensive revitalization plans in the second half of the 20th century, Toronto’s central waterfront, an area roughly double the city’s central business district, has remained mired in political gridlock for decades. The purpose of this dissertation is to explain why this came to pass. Informed by extensive archival and interview research, as well as geospatial data analyzed using Geographic Information Systems software, the thesis demonstrates that above and beyond political challenges typical of any major urban redevelopment project, in Toronto, issues of land ownership — specifically, public land ownership — were pivotal in defining the scope and pace of waterfront planning and implementation. Few, if any, waterfront redevelopment projects around the world have been attempted amidst the same degree of public land ownership and jurisdictional fragmentation as that which plagued implementation efforts in Toronto. From 1961-1998, no less than 81% of all land in the central waterfront was owned by one public body or another, dispersed across a patchwork of public agencies, corporations, and special purpose authorities nestled within multiple levels of government. Such fragmentation, specifically across public bodies, added a layer of complexity to the existing intergovernmental dynamic that effectively crippled implementation efforts. It created a “joint-decision trap” impervious to conventional resolution via bargaining, problem solving, or unilateral action. This tangled political history poses a considerable challenge to conventional liberal, structuralist, and regime-based theories of urban politics derived from US experiences. It also highlights the limits of conventional implementation theory in the study of urban development, and calls into question longstanding interpretations of federal-provincial-municipal relations and multilevel governance in Canada.	PhD	water, cities, urban	6, 11
Eidoo, Sameena	Mundy, Karen	"When you witness an evil act, you should stop it with your hand." Citizenship Learning and Engagement of Muslim Youth Activists in Toronto, Canada	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2014-11	This thesis is about being young, Muslim and politically engaged in contemporary Toronto, Canada. Young Muslims attempting to come to terms with the complex and contradictory promises of Canadian citizenship must confront what it means to "be Canadian"—a national identity marked by historical legacies of oppressions, and shaped by ideals of western liberal democracy. Post-9/11 Canada is marked by intensified suspicion and repression of Muslims and those who “look like” Muslims. This thesis examines how 18 young people, ages16 to 29, who self-identity as “Muslim” and “activist” learned “to reflect and act upon the world in order to transform it” (Freire, 1970). Through life history interview methods, this study attempts to capture how the participants had come to their political activism, critical experiences of learning inside and outside of schools that they understood as influential in shaping their political subjectivities and practices, the range of issues of injustice that concerned them, and the various actions they took to address those issues. The young Muslims expressed concern for and acted on access to quality affordable housing, police brutality, gender-based violence, Islamophobia and other forms of hate, and the question of Palestine. Their actions included creating safe spaces, (dis-) engaging formal systems of governance and public authority, providing public education, producing cultural narratives, and engaging in various forms of direct action. Their voices and stories maintain centrality throughout this work. This thesis is based on a broad definition of “education” that encompasses formal and non-formal education and informal learning. It is also based on the premise that “all education is citizenship education.” It demonstrates how the young Muslims’ multiple learning experiences in families, neighborhoods, communities, youth subcultures, social movements and school--embedded in histories of war and migration—enable them to name and to take action to transform the concrete situations of oppression that impact them and their communities. Particularly important for the young Muslims were the cultural and political spaces in which they were able to critically and collectively explore and question their lived experiences, identities, and binding solidarities.	PhD	governance, justice, gender	5, 16
Eizadirad, Ardavan	Trifonas, Peter P	Assessment as Stereotyping: Experiences of Racialized Children and Parents with the Grade 3 EQAO Standardized Testing Preparation and Administration in Ontario	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2018-11	This exploratory qualitative study uses Critical Theory, specifically Critical Race Theory, to examine the subjective experiences of racialized children and parents with the Grade 3 EQAO standardized testing preparation and administration in Ontario, Canada. Standardized testing as a tool for measuring accountability in schools was introduced in 1996 by the Education Quality and Accountability Office (EQAO) which is an arm’s length agency of the Ministry of Education. Each year EQAO assesses students in publicly funded schools in Grades 3, 6, 9, and 10 focusing on numeracy and literacy using criterion-referenced standardized tests to provide an independent gauge of students’ learning and achievement. Data was collected via audio and video recording of semi-structured interviews with eight Grade 3 children and their parent(s). Although there are research studies conducted on EQAO testing, majority has been at the secondary level. Insights from this study contributes to filling in the gap in the field by focusing on EQAO testing in elementary schools and how it impacts racialized children and parents whose voices are often silenced within educational settings due to systemic barriers. Eight findings emerged through focused coding and thematic analysis. Findings indicate the way the Grade 3 EQAO standardized test is prepared for and administered is more harmful than beneficial. The harmful impact of standardized testing is identified under the umbrella term invisible scars and traumatizing effects of standardized testing particularly how EQAO testing marginalizes racialized children and those from lower socio economic backgrounds. Identifying external assessment as stereotyping, it is argued EQAO tests are culturally and racially biased as it promotes a Eurocentric curriculum and way of life privileging white students and those from higher socio-economic status. A shift from equality to an equity approach is recommended to tackle closing the achievement gap. The achievement gap will not be minimized in a sustainable manner without first addressing inequality of opportunity. Education alone, and quality of education, cannot be judged exclusively through standardized tests and their quantifiable indicators. Children have to be viewed as holistic beings with different social, cognitive, emotional, developmental, spiritual and academic needs.	Ph.D.	equality	5
El-Gawad, Hossam Mohamed Abd El-Hamid Abd	Abdulhai, Baher	Optimization of Multimodal Evacuation of Large-scale Transportation Networks	Civil Engineering	2010-11	The numerous man-made disasters and natural catastrophes that menace major communities accentuate the need for proper planning for emergency evacuation. Transportation networks in cities evolve over long time spans in tandem with population growth and evolution of travel patterns. In emergencies, travel demand and travel patterns drastically change from the usual everyday volumes and patterns. Given that most US and Canadian cities are already congested and operating near capacity during peak periods, network performance can severely deteriorate if drastic changes in Origin-Destination (O-D) demand patterns occur during or after a disaster. Also, loss of capacity due to the disaster and associated incidents can further complicate the matter. Therefore, the primary goal when a disaster or hazardous event occurs is to coordinate, control, and possibly optimize the utilization of the existing transportation network capacity. Emergency operation management centres face multi-faceted challenges in anticipating evacuation flows and providing proactive actions to guide and coordinate the public towards safe shelters. Numerous studies have contributed to developing and testing strategies that have the potential to mitigate the consequences of emergency situations. They primarily investigate the effect of some proposed strategies that have the potential of improving the performance of the evacuation process with modelling and optimization techniques. However, most of these studies are inherently restricted to evacuating automobile traffic using a certain strategy without considering other modes of transportation. Moreover, little emphasis is given to studying the interaction between the various strategies that could be potentially synergized to expedite the evacuation process. Also, the absence of an accurate representation of the spatial and temporal distribution of the population and the failure to identify the available modes and populations that are captive to certain modes contribute to the absence of multimodal evacuation procedures. Incorporating multiple modes into emergency evacuation has the potential to expedite the evacuation process and is essential to assuring the effective evacuation of transit-captive and special-needs populations . This dissertation presents a novel multimodal optimization framework that combines vehicular traffic and mass transit for emergency evacuation. A multi-objective approach is used to optimize the multimodal evacuation problem. For automobile evacuees, an Optimal Spatio-Temporal Evacuation (OSTE) framework is presented for generating optimal demand scheduling, destination choices and route choices, simultaneously. OSTE implements Dynamic Traffic Assignment (DTA) techniques coupled with parallel distributed genetic optimization to guarantee a near global optimal solution. For transit evacuees, a Multi-Depots, Time Constrained, Pick-up and Delivery Vehicle Routing Problem (MDTCPD-VRP) framework is presented to model the use of public transit vehicles in evacuation situations. The MDTCPD-VRP implements constraint programming and local search techniques to optimize certain objective functions and satisfy a set of constraints. The OSTE and MDTCPD-VRP platforms are integrated into one framework to replicate the impact of congestion caused by traffic on transit vehicle travel times. A proof-of-concept prototype has been tested; it investigates the optimization of a multimodal evacuation of a portion of the Toronto Waterfront area. It also assesses the impact of multiple objective functions on emergency evacuation while attempting to achieve an equilibrium state between transit modes and vehicular traffic. Then, a large-scale application, including a demand estimation model from a regional travel survey, is conducted for the evacuation of the entire City of Toronto. This framework addresses many limitations of existing evacuation planning models by: 1) synergizing multiple evacuation strategies; 2) utilizing robust optimization and solution algorithms that can tackle such multi-dimensional non deterministic problem; 3) estimating the spatial and temporal distribution of evacuation demand; 4) identifying the transit-dependent population; 5) integrating multiple modes in emergency evacuation. The framework presents a significant step forward in emergency evacuation optimization.	PhD	cities	11
El-Hadi, Nehal	Mahtani, Minelle||Rankin, Katharine	The Production Of Presence: How Women Of Colour Transmute Online Activities Into Offline Change	Geography	2018-11	This dissertation project explores the intersections of and interactions between virtual and material spaces as studied through the online activities of women of colour social justice activists in Toronto. Internet technologies and services have reshaped everyday urban life, and the growing availability of devices and access to online spaces and networks are changing how we engage with the city. In this dissertation, I examine how the internet facilitates access to the right to the city for racialized and gendered individuals who may have been excluded from city-building processes. Using a mixed methods approach, I combine participant interviews with digital archival research; I also use mainstream media coverage as a secondary data source to provide verification and reinforce my findings. Through what I term “the production of presence,” I investigate the relationships between online user-generated content and its effects on offline lives, spaces, and processes. First, I describe the how women of colour social justice activists in Toronto use their online activities to access their right to the city, extending this to include the right to represent the city. I look at the characteristics of virtual spaces that uniquely enable and facilitate different ways of being in urban spaces. Second, I apply an object-oriented framework to user-generated content to examine the how this data has the agency to both produce presence that extends beyond the tokenism of visibility politics, and to organise readers into audience, publics, or communities. Examining user-generated content as object reveals the agency of data and raises questions about the ethics of accessing and using user-generated content in professional practice, which I explore in further depth in the third paper of this dissertation. In this final paper, I look at planning and journalism as two professions involved in shaping and representing the city, and I examine how the online personal archives of women of colour social justice activists can be accessed to inform reporting on and designing the city.	Ph.D.	justice, urban, women	5, 11, 16
El-Meehy, Asya	Sandbrook, Richard	Rewriting the Social Contract: The Social Fund and Egypt's Politics of Retrenchment	Political Science	2010-03	The politics surrounding retrenchment and social protection in the Middle East have been obscured by a broad ideological consensus that civil society has replaced the state as the site of social provisioning since the nineties. Contrary to the dominant “state retreat” narrative, the adoption of neo-liberalism in the region was not in fact uniformly accompanied by convergence around a minimal welfare regime. Why have processes of welfare retrenchment unfolded along contrasting patterns across the Middle East with some states explicitly redefining social policy frameworks, and others undermining access and effects of prevailing programs without dismantling them? The dissertation aims to contribute to our understanding of state-society relations in the region by closely examining recent welfare regime changes in Egypt. Why has Egypt pursued “hidden retrenchment” entailing dilution of universal benefits, conversion of social programs to new beneficiaries and institutional layering, without the explicit overhaul of welfare policy frameworks? What are the micro-level political influences shaping the retrenchment process on the ground? Using the Social Fund for Development as a window for understanding hidden retrenchment in Egypt, the dissertation demonstrates that external dynamics of globalization, and donor assistance do not mainly account for welfare regime restructuring. Similarly, the state’s fiscal status, and the underlying switch in development strategies cannot explain retrenchment patterns. Rather, I argue that the internationally dominant neoliberal development discourse has influenced some aspects of retrenchment reforms, and domestic political dynamics have molded hidden retrenchment in Egypt. The regime’s power maintenance logic and a prevailing moral economy of social entitlements explain the process. Micro-level qualitative and statistical analyses of retrenchment politics also reveal that intra-state agencies struggles, regime security concerns, the state’s tendency to fiscally penalize areas with a history of Muslim Brotherhood support, as well as the National Democratic Party’s patronage networks influence outcomes on the ground. My findings suggest that variations in retrenchment patterns across the region reflect important differences in states’ social bases of power, rather than external pressures or domestic economic dynamics.	PhD	institution	16
El-Sabek, Luai M.	McCabe, Brenda Y.	FRAMEWORK FOR MANAGING INTEGRATION CHALLENGES OF PRODUCTION PLANNING AND CONTROL IN INTERNATIONAL CONSTRUCTION MEGA-PROJECTS	Civil Engineering	2017-11	The public often associates mega-projects with poor performance due to delays and budget overruns. International mega-projects (IMPs) comprise multiple subprojects across widely spread areas, often with independent resources and individual plans. Such decentralization into clusters increases the integration planning and execution challenges. Changes to the schedule, budget, and scope, as well as poor design, are critical integration challenges within and across subprojects of mega-projects. International characteristics of project delivery compound additional complexity on integration aspects. It is essential for the production planning system in IMPs to be robust in addressing integration challenges to achieve necessary interface and realistic reporting. This study aimed to reveal the significance of operational gaps and resolve the integration challenges in IMPs. To achieve its goal, the study was divided to three phases. They are: 1) synthesize literature and practice with respect to production planning and control systems; 2) evaluate the performance of the production planning and control system at a mega-scale in a case study; 3) develop a framework to provide workable solutions to address the unique and complex integration challenges of IMPs. The Last Planner速 System (LPS速) was found to be an emerging production planning and control system with a promising potential. Fostered to complement, not to replace, the existing LPS速 model, the proposed IMPact framework is a roadmap aiming to improve the operations of IMPs, keeping them on track, and potentially replacing the negative image of IMPs with positive impressions. The validated framework provided a conceptual practical solution, based in LPS速, to address the challenges that project teams on IMPs have within and across subprojects. It is intended to be an adaptive system in an effort to improve delivery and performance of IMPs.	Ph.D.	production	12
El-Sayed, Nosayba	Schroeder, Bianca	Exploiting Field Data Analysis to Improve the Reliability and Energy-efficiency of HPC Systems	Computer Science	2016-06	As the scale of High-Performance Computing (HPC) clusters continues to grow, their increasing failure rates and energy consumption levels are emerging as two serious design concerns that are expected to become more challenging in future Exascale systems. The efficient design and operation of such large-scale installations critically relies on developing an in-depth understanding of their failure behaviour as well as their energy consumption profiles. Among the main obstacles facing the study of HPC reliability and energy efficiency issues, however, is the difficulty of replicating HPC problems inside a lab environment or obtaining access to operational field data from HPC organizations. Examples of such field data include node failure logs, hardware replacement logs, system event logs, workload traces, data from environmental sensors, and more. Fortunately, the recent decade has witnessed an increasing number of HPC organizations willing to share their operational data with researchers or even make them publicly available. In this work, we exploit field data analysis in improving our understanding of HPC failures in real world systems, and in optimizing HPC fault-tolerance protocols while analyzing their respective performance and energy overheads. Throughout our analyses, we investigate various HPC design tradeoffs between system performance, system reliability, and energy efficiency. Our results in the first part of this thesis provide critical insights into how and why failures happen in HPC installations as well as which types of failures are correlated in the field. We study the impact of various factors on system reliability, including environmental factors such as data center temperature and power quality. We find that the effect of temperature, for example, on hardware reliability in large-scale systems is smaller than often assumed. This finding implies that the operators of these facilities can achieve high energy savings by raising their operating temperatures, without making significant sacrifices in system reliability. Our analysis of power problems in large HPC facilities, on the other hand, revealed strong correlations between different power issues (e.g. power outages, voltage spikes, etc.), and increased failure rates in various hardware and software components. Based on our observations, we derive learned lessons and practical recommendations for the efficient design and operation of large-scale systems. The second part of this thesis utilizes the knowledge obtained from our HPC failure analysis in improving HPC fault-tolerance techniques. We focus on the most widely used fault-tolerance mechanism in modern HPC systems: "checkpoint/restart". We study how to optimize checkpoint-scheduling in parallel applications for both performance and energy efficiency purposes. Our results show that exploiting certain failure characteristics of HPC systems in designing checkpoint-scheduling policies can reduce the energy/performance overheads that are associated with faults and fault-tolerance in HPC systems significantly.	Ph.D.	energy, consum	7
El-Tantawy, Samah	Abdulhai, Baher	Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning for Integrated Network of Adaptive Traffic Signal Controllers (MARLIN-ATSC)	Civil Engineering	2012-11	The population is steadily increasing worldwide resulting in intractable traffic congestion in dense urban areas. Adaptive Traffic Signal Control (ATSC) has shown strong potential to effectively alleviate urban traffic congestion by adjusting the signal timing plans in real-time in response to traffic fluctuations to achieve the desired objectives (e.g., minimizing delay). Efficient and robust ATSC can be designed using a multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) approach in which each controller (agent) is responsible for the control of traffic lights around a single traffic junction. Applying MARL approaches to ATSC problem is associated with a few challenges as agents typically react to changes in the environment at the individual level but the overall behaviour of all agents may not be optimal. This dissertation presents the development and evaluation of a novel system of Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Integrated Network of Adaptive Traffic Signal Controllers (MARLIN-ATSC). The MARLIN-ATSC control system is developed to provide a self-learning ATSC using a synergetic combination of reinforcement learning approaches and game theory. MARLIN-ATSC operates in two modes: (1) independent mode, i.e. each intersection controller operates independently of other agents; and (2) integrated mode, where each controller coordinates the signal control actions with the neighbouring intersections. The system was tested on three networks (i.e., small, medium, large-scale) to ensure seamless transferability of the system design and results. The large-scale application was conducted on a computerized testbed network of 60 intersections in the lower downtown core of the City of Toronto for the morning rush hour handling 25,000 trips. The results show unprecedented reduction in the average intersection delay ranging from 27% in mode 1 to 39% in mode 2 at the network level; and travel time savings of 15% in mode 1 and 26% in mode 2, along the busiest routes in downtown Toronto. The thesis shows how mathematical modelling of the traffic control problem as a stochastic control problem, combined with the utilisation of artificial intelligence techniques such as reinforcement learning in a game-theory setup, can provide highly useful and economically inexpensive solutions to real-life problems such as urban traffic congestion.	PhD	environment, urban	11, 13
Eldem, Tuba	Kopstein, Jeffrey	Guardians Entrapped: The Demise of the Turkish Armed Forces as a Veto-Player	Political Science	2013-11	This study examines how and why Turkey's civil-military relations regime transformed since the soft coup of 28 February 1997. It argues that major changes in the international security structure -the renaissance of democratic control of armed forces, the change of US foreign policy in the Broader Middle East and the process of Europeanization- opened a window of opportunity for demilitarization in Turkey. The recognition of Turkey's EU membership candidacy at the Helsinki Summit of December 1999 and the required alignment of Turkey's civil-military relations with that of EU best practices were the most important external factors that altered Turkey's domestic political opportunity structure in favor of change. Voter re-alignment in the November 2002 elections, the emergence of a single-party government with a strong will to change the domestic balance of power in its own favor, and the domestic mobilization of opposition to the military mediated between the EU's external pressure and domestic change. The military, in turn, failed to veto reforms that targeted its own prerogatives as such an action would generate substantial cost to its ideational interests including loss of prestige, credibility, and legitimacy as a result of being perceived as obstructing Turkey's century-old Westernization-cum-modernization process. An analysis of the behavioral, attitudinal, and institutional dimensions of democratic control shows that in the post-Helsinki period Turkey has not attained democratic control of the armed forces, but instead has shifted from the tutelary regime category to the defective democratic control category. Regarding the implications of this institutional change for the trajectory of Turkey's democratization, the study does not provide as optimistic a view as those advanced by the country's liberal and Muslim intellectuals. By conceptually differentiating between civilianization and democratization, this study argues that although the Turkish regime has become substantially civilianized in the last decade - i.e., political power has shifted markedly into the hands of civilians- the extent of the regime's democratization failed to match this level of civilianization.	PhD	institution	16
Elias, Brenda Mary	Quarter, Jack	Without Intention: Rural Responses to Uncovering the Hidden Aspects of Homelessness in Ontario 2000 to 2007	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2009-11	This thesis analyzes the impact of the political decision to broaden the scope of the Government of Canada's 3-year National Homelessness Initiative (Human Resource Development Canada, NHI, 2002) from an urban focus to one that includes smaller communities. This change provided the opportunity to study the phenomenon of homelessness and how rural responses are formed. This author postulates that this focus of attention on an almost invisible phenomenon—rural homelessness—and the accompanying community planning processes funded by the Supportive Community Partnership Initiative (SCPI) will impact local social policy development. A multi-dimensional analytical approach was adopted and considered three components: first, a policy review, a broad look at the policy agenda framework in Canada; then, a case study to illustrate implementation issues related to the National Homelessness Initiative; and, finally, a reflection on current practice in order to realize a holistic critique of public policy. The influence of socio-economic, political, and cultural factors on local planning and capacity building will be highlighted. Various models of governance were adopted across the country and guided the collaborative processes. This thesis presents an in-depth look at the community action plans and activities of the Simcoe County Alliance to End Homelessness (SCATEH) in both the rural and urban settings of Simcoe County. The processes adopted, capacity building components identified, and outcomes over the 7 years covered by the SCPI agreement are examined. The limitations of using participatory local action planning to respond to complex issues such as homelessness are detailed along with a modified community-based policy development model recommended as a learning tool to be used by those volunteers acting as agents of change. It is widely recognized that safe, affordable social housing is a fundamental need, and one that is extremely difficult to meet. The contribution this research makes is to reveal how effective government-community partnerships can be in a rural setting.	PhD	urban, rural, governance	11, 16
Elliott, Laura Leigh	MacNeill, Margaret	The “Missing Discourses of Desire”: Young Women’s Health and Physical Education Experiences in Toronto and Porto Alegre	Exercise Sciences	2018-06	Through a feminist poststructural lens, this dissertation explores: (a) the range of understandings about gendered and racialized bodies held by young women in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (b) a comparison of the discourses embedded in health and physical education (HPE) policy with respect to gender, sexuality, and fitness in two urban high schools in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and two urban high schools in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; and (c) the effects that gendered and racialized narratives mediating HPE policy and media consumption have on young women in these cities. This study involved a policy analysis of HPE documents and 40 semi-structured interviews with young women 14-17 years of age (n=20 in Canada; and n=20 in Brazil) in order to investigate the myriad of ways in which the body is gendered, sexualized and racialized in HPE and media. Interviews in Toronto and Porto Alegre reveal that students who took part in this study embody a form of healthism promoted in school and throughout the wide range of media platforms the young women consume. In Toronto, the consequence is what Michelle Fine (1988) calls a “missing discourse of desire” that tends to negate pleasure for students. Porto Alegre students taking part in this study also exhibit healthist biopedagogies, although self-acceptance and pleasure emerged as dominant themes. These latter themes emerging from the Porto Alegre responses, diverge from the Toronto youth responses; as the Porto Alegre youth celebrate more diverse visions of the female body, whereas Toronto students discuss a discourse of ‘moderation.’ This moderation discourse narrows positive embodied practices. Utilizing Fine’s argument about “missing discourses of desire” in education, Ontario HPE is then examined and questioned in relation to embodied pleasures made possible for young people in HPE. Policy recommendations include: addressing the social determinants of health in policy, adding opportunities for joyful experiences in physical education, and including critical health literacy and social media literacy in future policy. Young women are encouraged to find embodied pleasure in their physical education experiences and to critically question media representations of the female form.	Ph.D.	health, gender, women, cities	3, 5, 11
Elliott, Nicole Estella	Stewart, Suzanne L	Stories of Spirit and the streets: Indigenous mental health, trauma, traditional knowledge and experiences of homelessness	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2018-06	Indigenous people in Canada have endured many traumas as a result of the consequences of colonization observed through poor social determinants of health. Homelessness, particularly, has been noted as at a state of crisis for Indigenous people. This study seeks to understand the intersections of homelessness, traditional knowledge and mental health by interviewing sixteen Indigenous homeless people in a large Canadian city. Results revealed some psychological factors, cultural identity and external factors as being integral in the overall experiences of homelessness. The results of this study help identify a need for integrative mental health services that focus on the Indigenous culture as a strength in the promotion of healing and recovery. Specific implications are inclusive of policy and psychological approaches that are based on the needs of Indigenous homeless peoples themselves that can build and improve the current models of mental health care that embrace the Indigenous approaches to mental health and trauma. These results also provide some rich data regarding the actual lived experiences of marginalized people that have been silenced by recognizing the importance of cultural connection and the utilization of Indigenous approaches in the field of mental health and trauma service.	Ph.D.	health, inclusive	3, 4
Ellis, Everton	Muzzin, Linda J.	‘Seamless’ Transition to Citizenship? International Student Graduates, Race, and Structural Inequities in Canada’s (Im)migration-Labour Market	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2019-11	Abstract Canada, like other economically-advanced nations, has gradually been implementing internationalization strategies to respond to the pressures brought on by globalization. The federal government, in 2014, launched an International Education Strategy, a university/college-led scheme to increase the number of international students to Canada. After completing Canadian postsecondary studies, they may transition to the labour market and then to permanent residence (reputedly ‘seamlessly’) via one of Canada’s economic immigration programs. This research critically analyzes the trajectory of international student graduates originating from the Caribbean and South/Southeast Asia as they navigate the labour market-immigration transition. The qualitative study is framed by theoretical perspectives drawn from anti-racist/postcolonial prisms, critique of neoliberalism, and conceptualizations of social capital and social closure to understand and interpret the lived experiences of 18 international student graduates of Ontario colleges and universities. My analysis as well as five key informants supported the conclusion that Black Caribbean and South/South Asian student migrants with Canadian credentials do not experience a seamless transition from their post-graduation phase to Canadian permanent residence (PR). The findings reveal ‘hidden’ problems behind the apparent neutrality of Canada’s points system, and protracted wait times associated with Canada’s economic immigration programs as well as the emotional and psychological pain experienced by student migrants. It also demonstrates how federal policies such as the National Occupational Classification (NOC) codes and the Labour Market Impact Assessment (LMIA) influence the transition of international student graduates. These racialized participants ‘whiten’ their resumés, and call upon various types of consultants and actors in their racial and interracial networks to circumnavigate structural inequities in obtaining employment. Not all the consultants are fully informed about immigration policy and omit crucial information or advise strategies that ‘off-ramp’ those applying for PR. Further, there are differences between applicants in their access to interracial networks necessary for obtaining employment. Finally, my study indicates that the labour market integration of Black Caribbeans and South/Southeast Asians in Canada is influenced by the complexities of gender, race, and racialization.	Ph.D.	educat, inclusive	4
Elrick, Jennifer Margaret	Korteweg, Anna	Family|Class: Race and Third-Order Immigration Policy Change in Post-War Canada	Sociology	2017-06	This dissertation addresses the scholarly debate about what happened to “race” as a core idea in immigrant selection policies during the shift – in Canada and elsewhere – from a nationalist-particularist policy paradigm to a liberal-universal one after World War II. The standard account of this “third-order” policy change is that race was replaced by universal human rights and equality as the main ideas according to which immigrant inclusion/exclusion is determined. Critics argue that race never truly stopped guiding immigrant selection frameworks and practices, and that racialized exclusion remains a core component of immigration policy and its implementation. I contribute to this debate by focusing on the micro-level dynamics of how the Canadian immigration bureaucracy negotiated the removal of explicitly racist clauses from immigration policy from 1952 and 1967. I adopt a discursive institutionalist framework that draws attention to how bureaucrats engage in interpretive practices that are shaped by – and shape – the repertoire of ideas present in the policymaking context. Using archival records, I examine how bureaucrats racialized potential immigrants in the policymaking context, how they linked this racialization (positive or negative) to the notion of immigrant admissibility, and whether/how racialization processes and their links to admissibility changed during the post-war era. My analysis yields three main findings. First, it shows that bureaucrats used the idea of race to construct differences between groups not just in terms of innate biological differences, but also in terms of class and status. Second, I reveal two mechanisms (“recasting” and “crossing individuals”) by which immigration bureaucrats changed the relative salience of these two components of the idea of race and show how these affected individual and group-level admissibility. Finally, I modify the punctuated equilibrium account of this post-war policy shift, which highlights bureaucratic resistance to exogenous pressures for change. I do this by showing how the substantive content of universalized entry categories in the 1967 Immigration Regulations emerged endogenously through the interpretive practices of immigration bureaucrats. The dissertation concludes by outlining the implications of these findings for scholarship on immigration, race and nation; immigration policy theory; and the role of states in boundary change processes.	Ph.D.	equality, institution, rights	5, 16
Elshenawy, Mohamed Mostafa Ata	Abdulhai, Baher||El-Darieby, Mohamed	A Three-Pillar Methodology and Framework for Seamlessly Integrated Cyber-Physical Intelligent Transportation System of Systems	Civil Engineering	2017-06	Novel smart city initiatives rely on information and communications technologies to manage mobility in metropolitan areas. The proliferation of mobile devices, wearables, and connected vehicles has resulted in many dynamic mobility applications that offer isolated and segregated services covering different needs of the transportation system such as advanced traveller information, smart parking management, and integrated dynamic transit services. The majority of these applications focus on solving a single problem; hence they offer limited support to provide regional, multi-modal, and multi-jurisdictional services capable of meeting the rising expectations of travellers. A contemporary challenge in intelligent transportation applications is to amalgamate sensors, services, and city infrastructure into an integrated intelligent transportation system of systems where isolated applications are seamlessly combined to render integrated mobility services to stakeholders and end users. The integrated system of systems provides a unifying framework to support the automatic formulation of regional and integrated ITS services in response to different situational changes. This thesis proposes a coordination and integration framework based on semantic web technology that supports day-to-day intelligent transportation operations in smart cities in the context of Internet of Things (IoT). The framework defines three pillars to coordinate and integrate dispersed cyber and physical components, provide higher order mashed ITS services, and facilitate collaboration, coordination, and knowledge sharing across different city stakeholders. The first pillar of the framework is the Ontological Semantic Knowledge Representation (OSKR) pillar which reduces the conceptual and terminological confusion involved in the coordination process by introducing a four-tier ontological model of: (1) abstract ITS processes based on the Canadian ITS Architecture, (2) web services, (3) ITS sensors and (4) transportation infrastructure. The overall ontology describes the shared concepts and their relationships in a machine-understandable, uniform and consistent manner. The second pillar of the framework is the Integrated Service Planning (ISP) pillar which orchestrates, based on the collaboration of stakeholders, the composition of the cyber-physical resources satisfying the objectives, constraints and conditions required by the envisioned higher order intelligent transportation operation. The ISP pillar identifies the characteristics of the integrated application including needs and scope, key functionalities to be integrated, functional requirements, interfaces and key hierarchical tasks. The third pillar of the framework is the real-time Integrated Service Execution (ISE) pillar which enables the creation and execution of hierarchical task networks, hierarchical service discovery and invocation/execution to ultimately provide the composite integrated higher order ITS service. The ISE pillar also provides the level of abstraction required to manage the heterogeneity of the shared cyber-physical components offering several functionalities such as data mapping, message routing, and message validation. This thesis presents the three pillars of coordination and demonstrates how they can be used to enable the dynamic provisioning of advanced traveller information services within the Greater Toronto Area.	Ph.D.	cities, infrastructure	9, 11
Elton, Sarah	Poland, Blake	A Posthumanist Study of Health and the Food System: Vegetal Politics in Toronto Urban Gardens in the Anthropocene	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2019-11	This critical qualitative study explores the ontological split between humans and nature, identified by scholars including Val Plumwood and Donna Haraway, and considers human health and the food system in the Anthropocene. I draw on posthumanist theory to investigate what happens to understandings of food systems and health if the ontological dualism in Euro-Western thought that separates humans from nature is challenged, or even undone. What is a posthumanist understanding of health in the food system? What is a posthumanist approach to food systems and health in the context of the city, during this time of rapid urbanization, environmental destruction and climate change? I engaged with gardeners who grow food in the City of Toronto and their plants. Garden visits and interviews were conducted with 23 gardeners about their growing practices, plants and conceptions of health and wellbeing. To place these growers in context I conducted key informant interviews on urban agriculture; consulted grey literature including municipal reports, seed catalogues and archival material; and implemented a survey (N=103) with a wider group of growers. Participant observation involved working in community gardens during the growing season of 2018 as part of a multispecies ethnography where plants were considered as participants of equal importance to humans. Part One explores the theoretical underpinnings and the methodology I developed to identify plant agency in gardens. Part Two presents the empirical work that investigates health, vegetal politics and plant agency in Toronto. Part Three lays out the contributions of the thesis. The theoretical contribution is a posthumanist understanding of health in the food system. The methodological contribution is a three-step approach to accounting for plant agency. The substantive contribution is about plant agency. I argue that plants are actors in the redevelopment of the Toronto’s Regent Park and that plants co-produce food sovereignty and support the ecological determinants of health. These findings contribute to an understanding of what is being called ‘vegetal politics’ and expand on definitions of health as related to food production and consumption.	Ph.D.	agriculture, food, urban, consum, production, climate	2, 11, 12, 13
Embleton, Lonnie Elizabeth	Braitstein, Paula||Kaul, Rupert	Adapting and Piloting a Combined Gender, Livelihoods, and HIV Prevention Intervention with Street-connected Young People in Eldoret, Kenya	Medical Science	2019-11	Despite being highly vulnerable to acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), no effective evidence-based interventions exist for street-connected young people in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In Kenya, street-connected young people have a heightened HIV prevalence, engage in sexual practices that elevate their exposure to HIV, and experience structural drivers of HIV acquisition, such as gender inequities and economic marginalization. Therefore, the overall objective of this doctoral thesis was to adapt and pilot a combined gender, livelihoods, and HIV prevention with street-connected young people in Eldoret, Kenya using a multi-stage mixed methods study design. In the first stage, the Stepping Stones and Creating Futures interventions and a matched-savings programme were adapted using a modified ADAPT-ITT model. During adaptation, we used community-based research methods informed by a rights-based approach, with four Peer Facilitators and 24 street-connected young people aged 16 to 24 years. Numerous adaptations came forth to the programme content and delivery. This adaptation process resulted in producing a comprehensive intervention entitled ‘Stepping Stones ya Mshefa na Kujijenga Kimaisha’. In the second stage, we piloted the adapted intervention with 80 street-connected young people using a pre- and post-intervention convergent mixed methods design. The primary outcomes of interest were HIV knowledge and gender equitable attitudes. Secondary outcomes included condom-use self-efficacy, sexual practices, economic resources, and livelihoods. Participants had significant increases in HIV knowledge and gender equitable attitudes from pre- to post-intervention. Attendance level at the intervention was a significant predictor of HIV knowledge and gender equitable attitudes change scores. Intervention participants reported encouraging changes in condom use knowledge, condom use self-efficacy, health-seeking practices, daily earnings, housing, livelihood activities, and street-involvement. Overall, this research demonstrated that it was feasible to adapt an evidence-based intervention with street-connected young people and provides a model for other researchers and organizations in LMICs to use, which may assist in addressing the knowledge gap in effective interventions for street-connected young people. The pilot findings support the potential for further testing with a rigorous study design to investigate how best to tailor the intervention, particularly accounting for gender differences, and increase the overall effectiveness of the programme.	Ph.D.	rights, gender, equitable, health	3, 4, 5, 16
Emrich, Teri Elyse	Mary, R L'Abbe	Front-of-Pack Nutrition Rating Systems and Symbols in Canada	Nutritional Sciences	2014-11	Front-of-pack (FOP) nutrition rating systems and symbols provide simplified information on the nutritional content of foods. Despite concerns that the presence of multiple FOP systems may be confusing and misleading to consumers, the government has rejected recommendations to implement a single, standardized FOP system claiming that the current unregulated marketplace is already meeting the needs of Canadians. The overall objective of this work was to generate Canadian evidence to determine the legitimacy of the government's position.The specific objectives were to evaluate the extent to which foods meeting the criteria of voluntary FOP systems are identified by the system's symbol, to compare the nutritional quality of foods with and without FOP systems, to describe Canadians' attitudes towards FOP systems, and to determine experimentally the most liked and understood FOP system by consumers. We generated evidence through three studies. Studies 1-2 employed a 2010 database of Canadian packaged food labels. Compared to products without FOPS, products with FOPS were not being used to market foods consistently lower in calories, saturated fat, sodium, and sugar in 10 food categories and 60 subcategories. Significantly many more products qualified to carry two major Canadian FOPS than actually displayed these FOPS on their label. Study 3 used a national survey panel to test Canadians preferences for four FOPS. 86% of consumers supported the implementation of a single, standardized FOPS. Nutrient-specific systems (a traffic light and a Nutrition Facts table based FOPS) were preferred and rated more consumer friendly than other systems. In summary, FOPS are not being used to promote the healthiest products in the Canadian marketplace, and could be misleading consumers. Despite the government's position not to adopt a single, standardized FOPS, Canadian consumers would support such an initiative and would prefer a nutrient specific FOPS.	Ph.D.	food, consum	2, 12
Encalada Grez, Evelyn Viviana	Chun, Jennifer Jihye	Mexican Migrant Farmworker Women Organizing Love and Work Across Rural Canada and Mexico	Social Justice Education	2018-06	This is a transnational ethnographic study focusing on Mexican women in the Canadian Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program (SAWP), a temporary visa arrangement that annually employs an average of 40,000 Mexican and Caribbean migrant farmworkers. Migrant women defy patriarchal norms by migrating across borders to work, assuming the role of principal breadwinners in their families, and working in a masculinized labour force. I situate their intimate practices of love, sexuality, and carework in conjunction with the roles of states, the global economy and Canadian agriculture in a practice I term transnational storytelling to complicate the one-dimensional and masculinized lens of migrant labour in the literature and logics of the SAWP. I claim that migrant women not only work in Canadian agriculture but in the management of transnational family economies involving care and emotional labour. Similarly, as migrant domestic workers, Mexican migrant women form part of the global care chain organizing themselves with their non-migrating kin for household survival. This study is rooted in community-engaged scholarship of several years in my role as a community-labour organizer and co-founder of the collective, Justicia for Migrant Workers (J4MW). Additionally, I used qualitative research methods, primarily convivir, or accompaniment of migrant workers and their families throughout rural Mexico and Canada, to understand their lives. Fundamental to this study is the importance of activist research that assigns critical value to knowledges of not only migrant workers and their non-migrating kin but also of community organizers and community-engaged scholarship in order to collectively build social justice projects that offset transnational casualties experienced through this labour migration. I detail how community-labour organizing is emotional labour as well, involving heartbreak, disempowerment but also resistance. Principally, this study seeks to make visible Mexican women beyond their work in Canadian farms and transnationally in relation to their families in transnational labour chains. It concludes with proposals for directions in organizing and research.	Ph.D.	justice, rural, worker, women, agriculture	2, 5, 8, 11, 16
Erler, Andre Richard	Peltier, William R	High Resolution Hydro-climatological Projections for Western Canada	Physics	2015-11	Accurate identification of the impact of global warming on water resources and hydro-climatic extremes represents a significant challenge to the understanding of climate change on the regional scale. Here an analysis of hydro-climatic changes in western Canada is presented, with specific focus on the Fraser and Athabasca River basins and on changes in hydro-climatic extremes. The analysis is based on a suite of simulations designed to characterize internal variability, as well as model uncertainty. A small ensemble of Community Earth System Model version 1 (CESM1) simulations was employed to generate global climate projections, which were downscaled to 10 km resolution using the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF V3.4.1) with several sets of physical parameterizations. Downscaling was performed for a historical validation period and a mid- and end-21st-century projection period, using the RCP8.5 greenhouse gas trajectory. Daily station observations and monthly gridded datasets were used for validation. Changes in hydro-climatic extremes are characterized using Extreme Value Analysis. A novel method of aggregating data from climatologically similar stations was employed to increase the statistical power of the analysis. Changes in mean and extreme precipitation are found to differ strongly between seasons and regions, but (relative) changes in extremes generally follow changes in the (seasonal) mean. At the end of the 21st century, precipitation and precipitation extremes are projected to increase by 30% at the coast in fall and land-inwards in winter, while the projected increase in summer precipitation is smaller and changes in extremes are often not statistically significant. Reasons for the differences between seasons, the role of precipitation recycling in atmospheric water transport, and the sensitivity to physics parameterizations are discussed. Major changes are projected for the Fraser River basin, including earlier snowmelt and a 50% reduction in peak runoff. Combined with higher evapotranspiration, a significant increase in late summer drought risk is likely, but increasing fall precipitation might also increase the risk of moderate flooding. In the Athabasca River basin, increasing winter precipitation and snowmelt is balanced by increasing evapotranspiration in summer and no significant change in flood or drought risk is projected.	Ph.D.	water, recycl, climate, greenhouse gas, global warming, weather	6, 7, 13
Erman, Aysegul	Krahn, Murray D.	Estimation of Hepatitis C Prognosis to Inform Treatment Prioritization Decisions	Pharmaceutical Sciences	2020-06	Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is a leading cause of hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. Fortunately, treatment has been revolutionized by the recently introduced direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). However, prompt access to DAA therapy remains a challenge owing to exorbitant drug costs, as well as other health system constraints. Given that HCV disease progression is highly variable, delaying curative treatment could have varying levels of health impact for different CHC subpopulations. To address these issues, the three studies presented in this thesis aim to 1) derive updated estimates of the natural history of HCV, 2) explore the variability in disease progression, and 3) use these prognostic estimates to help inform decisions on the prioritization of highly effective but costly DAA therapy. The first study derived updated estimates of HCV-related liver disease progression (i.e., FPRs, or fibrosis progression rates) through a systematic review and meta-analysis of the current literature evaluating hepatic fibrosis in treatment-naive individuals with CHC; and explored sources of heterogeneity. Stratified analysis revealed substantial heterogeneity across study populations. The second study complemented the biopsy-based estimates of HCV disease progression derived in the first study by generating alternative estimates of prognosis (i.e., LSPR or liver stiffness progression rates) based on a newer non-invasive assessment of liver disease through a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature on transient elastography (TE)-based assessment of hepatic fibrosis in treatment-naive individuals with CHC. The study suggested that non-invasive prognosis of HCV is consistent with FPRs in predicting time-to-cirrhosis. However, the current literature was limited and more longitudinal studies of liver stiffness are needed to obtain refined estimates. The third study employed detailed information on HCV prognosis obtained from meta-regression models derived from the first study to help inform treatment prioritization decisions by quantifying the health impact (i.e., life expectancy and quality-adjusted life expectancy) associated with delaying DAA therapy for various CHC subgroups using decision-analytic methods. Taken together these studies present detailed prognostic information for various subpopulations of patients. The data presented in these studies should be a valuable resource for patients, clinicians, and clinical policymakers in the DAA era.	Ph.D.	health	3
Erochko, Jeffrey A.	Christopoulos, Constantin	Improvements to the Design and Use of Post-tensioned Self-centering Energy-dissipative (SCED) Braces	Civil Engineering	2013-06	The self-centering energy dissipative (SCED) brace is an innovative cross-bracing system that eliminates residual building deformations after seismic events and prevents the progressive drifting that other inelastic systems are prone to experience under long-duration ground motions. This research improves upon the design and use of SCED braces through three large-scale experimental studies and an associated numerical building model study. The first experimental study increased the strength capacity of SCED braces and refined the design procedure through the design and testing of a new high-capacity full-scale SCED brace. This brace exhibited full self-centering behaviour and did not show significant degradation of response after multiple earthquake loadings. The second experimental study extended the elongation capacity of SCED braces through the design and testing of a new telescoping SCED (T-SCED) brace that provided self-centering behaviour over a deformation range that was two times the range that was achieved by the original SCED bracing system. It exhibited full self-centering in a single storey full-scale frame that was laterally deformed to 4% of its storey height. The third experimental study confirmed the dynamic behaviour of a multi-storey SCED-frame in different seismic environments and confirmed the ability of computer models of differing complexity to accurately predict the seismic response. To achieve these goals, a three-storey SCED-braced frame was designed, constructed, and tested on a shake table. Lastly, a numerical six-storey SCED-braced building model was constructed. This model used realistic brace properties that were determined using a new software tool that simulates the full detailed mechanics of SCED and T-SCED braces. The building model showed that initial SCED brace stiffness does not have a significant effect on SCED frame behaviour, that T-SCEDs generally perform better than traditional SCEDs, and that the addition of viscous dampers in parallel with SCED braces can significantly reduce drifts and accelerations while only causing a small increase in the base shear.	PhD	energy	7
Erueti, Andrew Kaponga Clifford	Knop, Karen	The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: A Mixed-Model Interpretative Approach	Law	2016-11	This dissertation offers a distinctive means of reading the key international instrument for promoting indigenous peoplesâ rights, the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2007. The current orthodoxy is to read the Declaration as containing human rights adapted to the indigenous situation. This is supported by a particular reading of the political history of the Declaration â that is, that initial claims based on anti-colonialism advanced by Northern indigenous advocates were abandoned in favor of a more pragmatic human rights model. However, this reading does not do full justice to the complexity and diversity of indigenous peoplesâ participation in the Declaration negotiations. I provide a fresh account of the political history of the international indigenous movement as it intersects with the Declaration negotiations. What this reveals is tension between two movements that can be broadly separated along the lines of the North and South. Northern indigenous peoples were the originators of the international movement and sought to shoehorn their sovereignty-based claims into an international project. They relied in particular on anti-colonial justifications drawn from the UN-directed decolonization movement (decolonization model). But they were soon joined by a vibrant and skilled Southern movement of indigenous peoples representing Latin America, Asia and Africa. This movement placed greater emphasis than their Northern counterparts on human rights and especially the right to culture (human rights model). One of my core arguments is that contrary to conventional accounts, the decolonization model was not eclipsed by the human rights model but maintained throughout the Declaration negotiations. And it is the decolonization model that accounts for what I describe as the self-determination framework in the Declaration. This argument is developed through chapters 1-3. As a result the Declaration reflects two normative models, aimed at the two different regions: human rights for the South; and decolonization for the North (the mixed-model). The principal benefit of this bifurcated reading of the Declaration is that it enables both the Northern and Southern indigenous movements to gain the rights they seek from the Declaration. But how, precisely, does this political history translate into a legal justification for this mixed-model? In Chapter 4, I argue that the mixed model is also supported by legal and political justificatory arguments. The challenge of my mixed-model is to avoid the decolonization model being absorbed by the human rights model through the practices of interpretation. I hope to assist advocates to reposition their arguments and set out two case studies in chapter 5 that seek to show the potential implications of the decolonization model.	S.J.D.	rights	16
Esensoy, Ali Vahit	Carter, Michael W	Whole-System Patient Flow Modelling for Strategic Planning in Healthcare	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2016-11	Health systems are under pressure to deliver high quality care to improve outcomes, access and financial sustainability. In the past decade, Ontario pursued such improvements through a series of transformation initiatives aimed at moving care provision to the community settings and integrating care around patient pathways through system. In this dissertation we present operational research (OR) approaches to facilitate whole-system strategic planning for health systems, with a focus on patient flow among care sectors to address transformation challenges in Ontarioâ s health care system and its regional health authorities. Firstly, we expand on Soft OR methods to collaboratively develop a qualitative model to capture the boundary and transitional view of patient flows across major care sectors in a health region. The model is not scoped around a specific question, but is meant to be a broad platform for exploring the patient flow relationships among multiple care domains. Secondly, we build on the findings of the qualitative model, and leverage the administrative datasets across these major care sectors to develop a high fidelity simulation model to evaluate the effects of policy interventions and their effects on system-wide patient flows. Methodologically this simulation builds on the structural simplicity of system dynamics with comprehensive, patient-level data to achieve a highly flexible simulation to model flows for a broad and modifiable range of patient cohorts and interventions. Finally, we implement both models in the analysis of whole-system care policies. The qualitative model is used for the analysis of slow stream rehabilitation policy options and is utilized to identify conflicts of this initiative with existing patient flow interventions. The simulation model is used to assess the cross-sector patient flow impacts of implementing stroke best practices. The results highlight the importance of community care investments and cross-sector referral patterns in realizing the greatest benefits from this policy.	Ph.D.	health	3
Esfarjani, Sanaz Arabzadeh	Mostaghimi, Javad ||Dworkin, Seth Benjamin	A Modeling Framework for the Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes by RF Plasma Technology	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2013-11	The novel, cost and energy-efficient synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by radio-frequency (RF) induction thermal plasma is a promising process for large scale production of CNTs for industrial and commercial applications. Techniques and conditions for producing larger quantities of CNTs have mainly depended on trial-and-error empirical variations of several operating parameters. Therefore, a detailed kinetic mechanism for CNT production in numerical simulations of an RF plasma system is required for understanding the process and identifying the parameters that mainly influence nanotube production. Such a model could also be used to enhance and optimize the design of synthesis systems. In this work, a two-dimensional axisymmetric model was constructed for a RF processing system for the production of CNTs. The plasma field was solved using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) Eulerian frame of reference. The interactions between the plasma and injected feed particles were considered using momentum, heat and mass transfer source terms in the plasma field governing equations. The trajectory and temperature history of the injected particles into the plasma were computed using a Lagrangian method. The effects of plasma gas composition and the raw material feed rate in the system on the plasma thermo-fluid fields were studied. It was found that when 100% He sheath gas was employed, compared to an Ar-He mixture, the evaporation rate of the injected feedstock particles in the plasma increased due to the higher thermal conductivity of the He gas. Based on the raw material feed rate analysis, a higher loading rate of feedstock reduces down the plasma temperature along the injection zone and increases the average evaporation time of the feedstock in the plasma. A chemistry model for the formation of CNTs from feedstock material was implemented into an in-house two-dimensional axisymmetric parallelized CFD code. 36 elementary chemical reactions representing the formation of CNTs were numerically solved in the computational domain parallelized for execution on 64 Central Processing Units (CPUs). It was shown that the reaction rates of key reactions could be adjusted within their uncertainty range to improve the predicted yield of CNTs to within the yield rate reported from the experiments.	PhD	energy, industr	7, 9
Esmail, Laura Caroline	Kohler, Jillian Clare	The Politics of Canada's Access to Medicines Regime: The Dogs that Didn't Bark	Pharmaceutical Sciences	2012-03	Decisions to reform pharmaceutical policy often involve trade-offs between competing social and commercial goals. Canada's Access to Medicines Regime (CAMR), a reform that permits compulsory licensing for the production and export of medicines to developing countries, aimed to reconcile these goals. Since it was passed in 2004, only one order of antiretroviral drugs, enough for 21,000 HIV/AIDS patients in Rwanda for one year, has been exported. Future use of the regime appears unlikely. This research aimed to examine the politics underlying the formation of CAMR. Parliamentary committee hearing transcripts from CAMR's legislative development (2004) and from CAMR's legislative review (2007) were analyzed using a content analysis technique to identify how stakeholders who participated in the debates framed the issues. These findings were subsequently analyzed using a framework of framing, institutions and interests to determine how these three dimensions shaped CAMR's final policy design. In 2004, policy debates were dominated by two themes: intellectual property rights and TRIPS compliance. Promoting human rights and the impact of CAMR on innovation were hardly discussed. With the Departments of Industry Canada and International Trade as the lead institutions, the goals of protecting intellectual property and ensuring good trade relations with the United States appear to have taken priority over encouraging generic competition to achieve drug affordability. The result was a more limited interpretation of patent flexibilities under the WTO Paragraph 6 Decision. The most striking finding is the minimal discussion over the potential barriers developing country beneficiaries might face when attempting to use compulsory licensing, including their reluctance to use TRIPS flexibilities, their desire to pursue technological development and the constraints inherent in the WTO Paragraph 6 Decision. Instead, these issues were raised in 2007, which can be partly accounted for by a greater representation of the interests of potential beneficiary country governments. While the Government attempted to strike a balance between drug affordability and intellectual property protection, it designed CAMR as a last resort measure. Increased input from the developing country beneficiaries and shifting to institutions where the right to health gets prioritized may lead to policies that better achieves affordable drug access.	PhD	health, industr, trade, production, institution	3, 9, 10, 12, 16
Estrada, Vivian Jimenez	Iseke, Judy	Indigenous Maya Knowledge and the Possibility of Decolonizing Education in Guatemala	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2012-11	Maya peoples in Guatemala continue to practice their Indigenous knowledge in spite of the violence experienced since the Spanish invasion in 1524. From 1991 until 1996, the state and civil society signed a series of Peace Accords that promised to better meet the needs of the Maya, Xinka, Garífuna and non-Indigenous groups living there. In this context, how does the current educational system meet the varied needs of these groups? My research investigates the philosophy and praxis of Maya Indigenous knowledge (MIK) in broadly defined educational contexts through the stories of 17 diverse Maya professional women and men involved in educational reform that currently live and work in Guatemala City. How do they reclaim and apply their ancestral knowledge daily? What possible applications of MIK can transform society? The findings reveal that MIK promotes social change and healing within and outside institutionalized educational spaces and argues that academia needs to make room for Indigenous theorizing mainly in areas of education, gender, knowledge production, and nation building. I analyze these areas from anticolonial and critical Indigenous standpoints from which gender and Indigenous identities weave through the text. Thus, I rely on Maya concepts and units of analyses (Jun Winaq’) guided by an Indigenous research methodology (Tree of Life) to conduct informal and in-depth interviews that lasted 2 to 4 hours. In addition, I held a talking circle with half of the participants. My analysis is founded on my own experience as an Indigenous person, my observations and participation in two Maya organizations in 2007 and a review of secondary literature in situ. The study contributes to a general understanding of contemporary Maya peoples and knowledge, and describes the theoretical validity of the Maya concept of Jun Winaq’. I argue that this concept seeks to heal individuals and a society to strengthen the Maya and all peoples. Throughout the dissertation I highlight the value of Indigenous knowledge and voices as parts of a political process that has the potential to decolonize mainstream education. I end with a graphic illustration of the elements in Maya Indigenous education and discuss future research for building a political agenda based on self-determination and healing relevant to Indigenous struggles globally.	PhD	gender, women, equitable, production, peace	4, 5, 12, 16
Etches, Jacob	Mustard, Cameron	Economic Inequality in Adult Mortality in Canada: Analyses of the Longitudinal Administrative Databank	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2009-11	This dissertation contains two empirical papers on income and premature mortality, and one methodological paper that concerns the summary measurement of the extent of social inequalities in health. Income dynamics and adult mortality: Canada and the USA Chapter 4 examines the effects of income level and income drops on all-cause mortality in Canada and the United States. The Canadian data are from the Longitudinal Administrative Databank (LAD), and the US data are from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). The LAD consists of personal income tax records for 20% of Canadian filers from 1982 through 2005. The PSID is a survey sampled in 1968 and followed annually through 1997. Analyses of the PSID confirmed previously published findings that used alternative statistical methods. The effect of income level on hazard of death is twice as large in the United States. The effects of income drops differed in Canada and the United States. Income dynamics and adult mortality in Canada: Chapter 5 re-analyses the LAD data to refine causal inference regarding the effects of income level and income drops on all-cause mortality. Exposure at ages 40-55 is analyzed for induction times ranging from 1-18 years. Income level was defined as the mean of the previous five year period, and income drops was measured both as annual change, and as the difference between projected and observed income. The effect of income level attenuated very little over induction time, and was not confounded by work disability. The effect of income drops also attenuated very little over induction time. Men in couple families showed a monotonic dose-reponse effect of income drops, and exclusion of families with potentially confounding characteristics did not affect the estimated risks. The hypothesized dependency of the effect of income drops on income level was not observed. No differences were observed between the two measures of income drops. Overall, there is strong evidence that the effect of income level on risk of death is primarily causal, while evidence for the effect of income drops is mixed.	PhD	health	3
Etcheverry, Jose	Harvey, Danny	Challenges and Opportunities for Implementing Sustainable Energy Strategies in Coastal Communities of Baja California Sur, Mexico	Geography	2008-11	This dissertation explores the potential of renewable energy and efficiency strategies to solve the energy challenges faced by the people living in the biosphere reserve of El Vizcaíno, which is located in the North Pacific region of the Mexican state of Baja California Sur. This research setting provides a practical analytical milieu to understand better the multiple problems faced by practitioners and agencies trying to implement sustainable energy solutions in Mexico. The thesis starts with a literature review (chapter two) that examines accumulated international experience regarding the development of renewable energy projects as a prelude to identifying the most salient implementation barriers impeding this type of initiatives. Two particularly salient findings from the literature review include the importance of considering gender issues in energy analysis and the value of using participatory research methods. These findings informed fieldwork design and the analytical framework of the dissertation. Chapter three surveys electricity generation as well as residential and commercial electricity use in nine coastal communities located in El Vizcaíno. Chapter three summarizes the fieldwork methodology used, which relies on a mix of qualitative and quantitative research methods that aim at enabling a gender-disaggregated analysis to describe more accurately local energy uses, needs, and barriers. Chapter four describes the current plans of the state government, which are focused in expanding one of the state’s diesel-powered electricity grids to El Vizcaíno. The Chapter also examines the potential for replacing diesel generators with a combination of renewable energy systems and efficiency measures in the coastal communities sampled. Chapter five analyzes strategies to enable the implementation of sustainable energy approaches in El Vizcaíno. Chapter five highlights several international examples that could be useful to inform organizational changes at the federal and state level aimed at fostering renewable energy and efficiency initiatives that enhance energy security, protect the environment, and also increase economic opportunities in El Vizcaíno and elsewhere in Mexico. Chapter six concludes the thesis by providing: a summary of all key findings, a broad analysis of the implications of the research, and an overview of future lines of inquiry.	PhD	energy, renewable, environment	7, 13
Etemadi, Amir Hossein	Iravani, Mohammad Reza	Control and Protection of Multi-DER Microgrids	Electrical and Computer Engineering	2012-11	This dissertation proposes a power management and control strategy for islanded microgrids, which consist of multiple electronically-interfaced distributed energy resource (DER) units, to achieve a prescribed load sharing scheme. This strategy provides i) a power management system to specify voltage set points based on a classical power flow analysis; 2) DER local controllers, designed based on a robust, decentralized, servomechanism approach, to track the set points; and 3) a frequency control and synchronization scheme. This strategy is then generalized to incorporate both power-controlled and voltage-controlled DER units. Since the voltage-controlled DER units do not use inner current control loops, they are vulnerable to overcurrent/overload transients subsequent to system severe disturbances, e.g., faults and overloading conditions. To prevent DER unit trip-out or damage under these conditions, an overcurrent/overload protection scheme is proposed that detects microgrid abnormal conditions, modifies the terminal voltage of the corresponding VSC to limit DER unit output current/power within the permissible range, and restores voltage controllers subsequently. Under certain circumstances, e.g., microgrid islanding and communication failure, there is a need to switch from an active to a latent microgrid controller. To minimize the resultant transients, control transition should be performed smoothly. For the aforementioned two circumstances, two smooth control transition techniques, based on 1) an observer and 2) an auxiliary tracking controller, are proposed to achieve a smooth control transition. A typical microgrid system that adopts the proposed strategy is investigated. The microgrid dynamics are investigated based on eigenvalue sensitivity and robust analysis studies to evaluate the performance of the closed-loop linearized microgrid. Extensive case studies, based on time-domain simulations in the PSCAD/EMTDC platform, are performed to evaluate performance of the proposed controllers when the microgrid is subject to various disturbances, e.g., load change, DER abrupt outage, configuration change, faults, and overloading conditions. Real-time hardware-in-the-loop case studies, using an RTDS system and NI-cRIO industrial controllers, are also conducted to demonstrate ease of hardware implementation, validate controller performance, and demonstrate its insensitivity to hardware implementation issues, e.g., noise, PWM nonidealities, A/D and D/A conversion errors and delays.	PhD	urban, energy, industr	7, 9, 11
Evans-Tokaryk, Kerry	Ferris, F. Grant	Biogeochemical Defluoridation	Geology	2011-03	Fluoride in drinking water can lead to a crippling disease called fluorosis. As there is no cure for fluorosis, prevention is the only means of controlling the disease and research into fluoride remediation is critical. This work begins by providing a new approach to assessing fluoride remediation strategies using a combination of groundwater chemistry, saturation indices, and multivariate statistics based on the results of a large groundwater survey performed in a fluoride-contaminated region of India. From the Indian groundwater study, it was noted that one technique recommended for defluoridation involved using hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) as a solid phase sorbent for fluoride. This prompted investigation of bacteriogenic iron oxides (BIOS), a biogenic form of HFO, as a means of approaching bioremediation of fluoride. Batch sorption experiments at ionic strengths ranging from 0.001 to 0.1 M KNO3 and time course kinetic studies with BIOS and synthetic HFO were conducted to ascertain total sorption capacities (ST), sorption constants (Ks), and orders of reaction (n), as well as forward (kf) and reverse (kr) rate constants. Microcosm titration experiments were also conducted with BIOS and HFO in natural spring water from a groundwater discharge zone to evaluate fluoride sorption under field conditions. This thesis contributes significant, new information regarding the interaction between fluoride and BIOS, advancing knowledge of fluoride remediation and covering new ground in the uncharted field of fluoride bioremediation.	PhD	water	6
Evans, Beth Jean	Hoffmann, Matthew J||Bernstein, Steven	Many Shades of REDD: Explaining Variation in the Adoption and Adaptation of the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) Mechanism in Latin America	Political Science	2017-11	REDD is a multilateral, incentive-based mechanism through which developed states finance avoided deforestation activities in developing states in exchange for tradable carbon emission reduction credits. Developing statesâ responses to REDD range from strong opposition to enthusiastic support, even amongst states with similar incentive structures. This suggests a disjuncture between the logic of incentives and the complex range of domestic factors impacting whether and how states choose to understand and participate in voluntary but centrally coordinated international policy innovations such as REDD. Drawing on insights from policy diffusion, global governance, international pathways and social movements literatures, this work proposes a dynamic analytical framework which sees statesâ adoption and adaptation of REDD as flowing from differences in the nature of the domestic political opportunity structure (POS). This POS explains whether (under what conditions) and how (via what mechanisms or pathways of influence) states come to internationally adopt and domestically adapt voluntary but centrally coordinated international policy innovations. Drawing on fieldwork conducted in Bolivia and Peru in 2015, this comparative analysis demonstrates how particular combinations of ideational and institutional POS shaped policy decisions pertaining to REDD at various policy junctures in each case by determining which actors would have access to policy processes, as well as what ideas would be salient therein. It also demonstrates the ways in which REDD policy-making can become embedded in broader webs of domestic power and politics, resulting in domestic adaptations of REDD that are ancillary, and potentially even antithetical, to the mainstream conceptualization of REDD as a market-based mechanism designed to reduce emissions from deforestation.	Ph.D.	innovation, forest	9, 15
Evans, Jenna Madeleine	Baker, G. Ross	Health Systems Integration: Competing or Shared Mental Models?	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2014-06	For over two decades, health services researchers and managers have focused on improving integration between organizations and levels of care. Yet, healthcare systems capable of delivering integrated care have not developed widely. This dissertation argues that structural and process strategies for integration need to be supplemented by attention to the social cognitions that characterize the behaviours of actors within healthcare systems. The aim of this dissertation is to explore how Shared Mental Model Theory might advance our understanding and measurement of integration processes and performance. The first paper in this dissertation examines the evolution of healthcare integration strategies over twenty-five years as reported in the academic literature. Six major, inter-related shifts were identified in strategy content. This evolution in conceptualization and practice highlights the importance of attention to meanings and perceptions. The second paper draws from Shared Mental Model Theory, and an exploratory, theory-driven literature review, to identify mental model content specific to system-level integration efforts, and to develop a theoretical framework of the antecedents, moderators and outcomes of shared mental models of integration. The final paper validates and improves the proposed content framework using a two-round, web-based modified Delphi process with a diverse, pan-Canadian group of integration experts, including policymakers, planners, managers, care providers, educators, researchers and patient advocates. The proposed “Integration Mindsets Framework” may be used to facilitate the planning, implementation, management and evaluation of integration initiatives. A shared mental models lens complements and fills the gaps of current approaches to the study of integration in the healthcare sector by focusing attention on the evolution and interplay of meanings, interpretations and knowledge about integration – and their potential impact on practice. Together, these studies provide theory-based, expert-validated constructs and frameworks that enable researchers and practitioners to describe, conceptualize and analyze health systems integration from a socio-cognitive perspective.	PhD	health	3
Evans, Jennifer Beatrice	Iacovetta, Franca	Telling Stories of Food, Community and Meaningful Lives in Post-1945 North Bay, Ontario	History	2015-06	"Telling Stories of Food, Community and Meaningful Lives" uses the memories of nearly seventy women who lived in northern Ontario during the post-1945 period. These women represent a diverse cross-section of the population including English- and Franco-Ontarians, European immigrants as well as Anishinaabe and Métis peoples. Although northern Ontario has been understood as a white and masculine space, this project provides a corrective narrative by uniting the food stories of Euro-Canadian and Indigenous women to consider cross-cultural perspectives, inter-relationships as well as complex racial, colonial and religious dynamics. This project largely argues that women from diverse backgrounds used food to negotiate the physical, cultural and ideological spaces they inhabited. For these women, food and its related activities became a critical site for identity formation and a sense of belonging but also a source of fear, loneliness, exclusion and discrimination.Each chapter is organized to examine a facet of women's food experiences. Chapter 1 analyzes how the North and northern Ontario impacted the availability and cost of food, and the strategies women used to ensure they obtained food including berry-picking, hunting and fishing. In chapter 2, I combine women's memories and cooking literature to consider the ways women learned to cook as well as the imaginative, transformative and healing elements of preparing dishes. Chapter 3 discusses the complex connections between food and family relationships, as episodes of familial happiness were recalled alongside those of struggle, neglect and abuse. Chapter 4 looks at the consumption of food-related items and technologies as the fulfillment of creativity, desires and cultural norms as well as a symbolic movement away from the pains and struggles of their past. And finally, chapter 5 investigates the community building and interactions centered on the making, eating and sharing of food.	Ph.D.	women, food	2, 5
Fafard St-Germain, Andr�e-Anne Fafard	Tarasuk, Valerie	Household Food Insecurity in Canada: Understanding the Economic Circumstances and Policy Options	Nutritional Sciences	2019-11	Food insecurity is an important public health problem that affected 12.6% of households in 2012. There is no policy intervention explicitly designed to tackle food insecurity, but there are growing interests in identifying solutions to reduce the problem. To help inform the development of effective policy actions, this thesis focused on better understanding the household economic circumstances related to food insecurity and the potential of housing and food subsidy programs in mitigating it. Using the 2010 Survey of Household Spending, the description of spending patterns revealed that the budget of food-insecure households tends to prioritize more immediate, basic needs. The in-depth examination of the intersection between homeownership and food insecurity highlighted important food insecurity disparities between households with different homeownership status and housing asset level and suggested that housing policy may play a role in mitigating food insecurity by promoting homeownership and ensuring mortgage affordability. However, other policy actions are needed to build the economic resilience of lower-income renting households. Social housing is the primary approach to improve housing affordability among low-income renting households, but study findings indicated that those living in government-subsidized housing remained highly vulnerable to food insecurity and that improving housing affordability seemed insufficient to compensate for income inadequacy. Food subsidy programs have been a key policy tool to improve food access and affordability in remote, northern communities, but the evaluation conducted using data from the Canadian Community Health Survey raised serious concerns about its effectiveness and highlighted the need to develop effective initiatives to reduce the high rates of food insecurity in Canada’s North. Together, the findings suggest that existing housing and food subsidy programs have limited potential to mitigate food insecurity and that different policy actions working in tandem are required to build the economic resilience of all households and reduce food insecurity in Canada.	Ph.D.	food	2
Fakhri, Michael	Rittich, Kerry	The Making of International Trade Law: Sugar, Development, and International Institutions	Law	2011-11	This historical study focuses on the multilateral regulation of sugar to provide a broader institutional history of trade law. I argue that theories of development and tensions between the global North and South have always been central to the formation, function, and transformation of international trade institutions. Sugar consistently appears as a commodity throughout the history of modern trade law. The sugar trade provides an immediate way for us to work through larger questions of development, free trade, and economic world order. I examine the 1902 Brussels Sugar Convention, the 1937 International Sugar Agreement (ISA), and the 1977 ISA. These international agreements provide a narrative of the development ideas and concerns that were a central feature of the trade institutions that preceded the World Trade Organization. In the context of the sugar trade over the last century, very few challenged the idea of free trade. Instead, they debated over what free trade meant. The justification for free trade and the function of those international institutions charged to implement trade agreements has changed throughout history. Yet, despite multiple historical and doctrinal definitions of free trade, two dynamics remain consistent: trade law has always been configured by the relationship between policies of tariff reduction and market stabilization and has been defined by the tension between industrial and agricultural interests.	SJD	trade, institution	10, 16
Fan, Helen Y.	Heerklotz, Heiko	Asymmetry in the Partitioning of Surfactants into Lipid Membranes	Pharmaceutical Sciences	2017-06	The emergence of modern standards of public sanitation and personal hygiene was promoted by the invention and mass production of synthetic detergents/surfactants. Detergents insert into and permeabilize cell membranes, and solubilize them completely at higher concentrations; a thorough understanding of these phenomena is particularly important for the agriculture, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries. The complex cell membrane is often modelled with liposomes; detergent–membrane interactions have been described by a three-stage model, which assumes equilibrated interactions in that detergents flip-flop rapidly within the membrane bilayer. However, many detergents flip-flop slowly and become asymmetrically distributed in the membrane upon insertion (e.g., sodium dodecyl sulphate at room temperature). The works presented in this thesis aim to further our understanding of asymmetric detergent–membrane interactions and to advance the methodology of characterizing them. The methods applied in these works are spectroscopic and calorimetric in nature, and extended here by developments in quantitative analysis. They were used to investigate three very different detergents: surfactin, a lipopeptide that is negatively charged near neutral pH; 12:0 lysophosphocholine (12:0 LPC), a zwitterionic product of membrane lipid metabolism; and digitonin, a nonionic surfactant often used in membrane protein studies. These detergents share the common thread of asymmetry, but interact with and solubilize membranes in different ways: Surfactin equilibrates in the membrane upon reaching a threshold content in the outer leaflet; 12:0 LPC and digitonin stay in the outer leaflet and do not solubilize the membrane even at high concentrations (digitonin being more persistent in this than 12:0 LPC). As such, all equilibrating detergent–lipid interactions are alike, in that they can be described by the three-stage model; every nonequilibrating detergent–lipid interaction is asymmetric in its own way.	Ph.D.	agriculture, sanitation, industr	2, 6, 2009
Fan, Lifeng	Sidani, Souraya	Examining the Feasibility, Acceptability and Effects of a Foot Self-care Educational Intervention in Adult Patients with Diabetes at Low Risk for Foot Ulceration	Nursing Science	2012-06	Background: Foot ulceration and subsequent lower extremity amputation are common, serious, and expensive chronic complications for patients with diabetes. Foot-care education, provided to patients with diabetes at low-risk for ulcers, prevents minor foot problems that may lead to ulceration. Little evidence is available to support the effectiveness of educational intervention in low-risk diabetic patients. Objectives: The objectives of the pilot study were to examine the feasibility and acceptability of the foot care educational intervention, and to explore its effects on patients’ foot self-care knowledge, efficacy, and behaviors, and the occurrence of minor foot problems in adult patients with diabetes at low risk for foot ulceration. Methods: A one group repeated measures design was used. The intervention was given over a 3-week period. The first intervention session consisted of a 1-hour one-on-one, provider-patient interaction to discuss foot self-care strategies; the second session involved a 1-hour hands-on practice training. The third and fourth sessions entailed two 10-minute telephone contact booster sessions. Seventy eligible participants with type 2 diabetes at low risk for foot ulcerations were enrolled in the study, and 56 participants (30 women and 26 men; mean age: 55.8±13.2 years) completed the study. The outcomes of foot self-care knowledge, efficacy, behavior, and foot and footwear conditions were assessed at pre-test, following the first two sessions, and 3-month follow-up. Repeated measures analysis of variance, and paired-t test were used to examine changes in outcomes over time. Results: The findings provided initial evidence suggesting the foot self-care educational intervention is feasible and acceptable to adult patients with type 2 diabetes. It was effective in improving patients’ foot self-care knowledge (F (2, 54) = 230.444, p < 0.01), self-efficacy (F (2, 54) = 94.668, p < 0.01), and foot self-care behaviors (t (55)=117.228, p < 0.01), in reducing the occurrence of minor foot skin and toenails problems (all p<0.05), and in improving wearing proper shoes and proper socks (all p<0.05 ) at 3-month follow-up. Conclusions: The findings from this pilot study support the effects of the intervention. Future research should evaluate its efficacy using a randomized clinical trial design, and a large sample of patients with diabetes at low risk for foot ulcerations.	PhD	health	3
Fancott, Carol	Baker, G. Ross	"Letting stories breathe": Using Patient Stories for Organizational Learning and Improvement	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2016-06	There has been a recent upsurge in the use of patient stories to better understand patients’ experiences of illness and of care, and to inspire leaders and staff for quality and safety within healthcare. However, to fully realize the potential of patient stories, a more nuanced understanding is needed of how they are used, who tells them, for what purpose, and in what context. Using a constructivist case study methodology with qualitative methods, this study examined four healthcare organizations that are known leaders in the systematic and deliberate use of patient stories, exploring the storytellers, the types of stories told and their purposes. It also examined the contexts that enable the use of stories and the impact they have had on organizational learning and quality improvement. An interpretivist approach to analysis highlighted the specific types of stories told by patients and of patients, and how they were co-constructed from stories of chaos into quest stories for learning, “authorized stories” to be shared for particular purposes. The storytellers who emerged were those who had extended their involvement as patient advisors/members, determined by leaders to be the “right fit” and at the “right time” to share their stories. Strong leaders modeled and supported the philosophical orientation toward patient and family-centred care that patient stories helped to develop and sustain. Leaders also created the organizational structures and processes required to gather and share stories, and to link them purposefully with learning and improvement. The act of storytelling is not a simple one and tensions surfaced relating to what stories are told, how, by whom, and for what purposes. In many ways, the organizations demonstrated how they were thinking with stories and how learning occurred at individual, team, and organizational levels. However, leaders and organizations continued to retain control of which patient stories were shared, in what forum, and for what purposes. Despite their best intentions and explicit demonstrations to hear the patient voice, a more reflective practice is required to better appreciate the power and privilege that exists within organizations, making this an area to explore further in theory development for organizational learning.	Ph.D.	health	3
Fang, Limin	Aguirregabiria, Victor	Three Essays in Industrial Organization	Economics	2018-11	My thesis includes three chapters that examine the dynamics of competition in the retail industry. Chapter One of the thesis demonstrates that online review platforms help consumers learn faster about product quality and improve consumer welfare as a result. To examine this, I use a novel dataset containing the universe of full-service restaurants in Texas, consumer search interest on major online review platforms and their online review information. I illustrate that online review platforms' effects on learning show up in restaurant revenues and survival probabilities. Specifically, doubling consumers' exposure to Yelp, the dominant platform, increases the revenue of a high-quality new independent restaurant by 8-20% and decreases that of a low-quality restaurant by about the same amount. Doubling Yelp exposure also raises the survival rate of a new high-quality independent restaurant by 7-19 basis points and reduces that of a low-quality restaurant by a similar level. Other platforms, especially Google, have similar effects but in smaller magnitude. In contrast, online platforms do not affect the revenues or survival rates of chains and old independent restaurants. Counterfactual analysis based on a structural demand model with consumer learning shows that online review platforms speed up the learning process by 0.5 to 2.5 years, increase consumer welfare by 5.4% and the total industry revenue by 5.9% during the period of 2005-2015. Chapters Two and Three deal with the entry and exit dynamics of the retail industry, in particular, how chain retailers can pre-empt the entry of competitors by densely packing a geographic area with their outlets. Chapter Two develops a measure for preemptive motives in dynamic oligopoly games with entry and exit, and applies the measure in both theoretical and empirical studies. Chapter Three uses this measure in the fast casual dining industry in Texas to investigate if there is a trade-off between preemptive entry and survival of firms. The results show that under some conditions, preemption in fact helps the incumbent firm survive, while in other cases, preemption harms survival.	Ph.D.	industr	9
Fang, Ray	Côté, Stéphane||Connelly, Brian	Class Advantage in White-collar Organizations: An Investigation of Parental Income, Work Resources, and Job Success	Management	2019-11	Substantial research shows that people with lower-income parents face difficulties entering professional, white-collar organizations, finding that employers are less likely to hire them even when their qualifications are equal to their counterparts with higher-income parents. Still, many overcome their economic disadvantages and get employed, but little research has examined whether and how economic backgrounds continue to shape work experiences and outcomes after entry. This study investigates a theoretical model that merges two different literatures: one demonstrating that people reliably signal their social class background to others, and another demonstrating that supervisors provide more important work resources to subordinates that they like, trust, and think are competent. I propose that growing up with higher-income parents leads employees to develop higher social class reputations—observers’ collective perceptions of a person’s social class. Class reputations are then positively associated with two important work resources: perceived supervisor support and job autonomy. Finally, I propose that employees who perceive more supervisor support and job autonomy are more satisfied and productive at work. I tested this model in the field among 124 business school interns in similar jobs using a multisource, time-lagged survey. Results indicated that interns with higher-income parents were perceived as higher class. Contrary to my predictions, class reputations were unrelated to any work outcomes. Exploratory analyses focused on (a) associations with parental education and (b) two alternative mediators: social class signals (behaviors that provide information about a person’s class background) and social class anxiety (apprehension or worry about one’s class rank). Results tentatively suggest that parental education predicted supervisor support, autonomy, and job satisfaction, but not job performance. Further exploratory mediation analyses tentatively suggest that class signals explained why interns with more educated parents perceived more supervisor support, and in turn experienced higher job satisfaction. Finally, combining income and education into a composite tentatively suggested a dual-path model whereby interns with upper-class parents experience higher job satisfaction because they (a) send upper-class signals and in turn, perceive more supervisor support and (b) are less anxious about their class rank. New insights into class advantages in white-collar organizations are discussed.	Ph.D.	employment	8
Farhadi, Beyhan	Hunter, Mark	"The Sky’s the Limit": On the Impossible Promise of E-learning in the Toronto District School Board	Geography	2019-11	Under the banner “The Sky’s the Limit,” electronically delivered instruction (e-learning) in the Toronto District School Board (TDSB) emerged as an approach that promised expanded opportunities for students to prepare for a competitive, globalized, and networked economy. In contrast, this year-long ethnographic study on e-learning in secondary day school programs in the TDSB reveals intensified inequalities that map geographically in areas divided by class and race, serving students in schools with greater learning opportunities. By this, I refer to the concentration of e-learning students in schools that are ranked highly on the TDSB’s Learning Opportunity Index (LOI). I also show how the TDSB leverages e-learning to facilitate private–public partnership with Canadian International School (CIS), Vietnam. It is a program that accredits Vietnamese students with an Ontario Secondary School Diploma so that they better qualify for university programs abroad. In the context of these results, I argue that that the promise made by e-learning is impossible to fulfil because it is a technology that reinforces merit-based schooling systems that tend to reproduce social and cultural hierarchy. Social scientists working on educational issues have long identified how inequality is spatialized, particularly as a dynamic of exclusionary processes and inclusionary activities that reproduce hierarchies. These hierarchies condition student identity and perpetuate systems of disadvantage and violence wrought by settler colonialism, anti-Black racism, gender discrimination, and conceptions of disability within a global capitalist economy. Systems, however, are not static. Systems can be contested. While emphasizing the institutional nature of oppression, I hold schooling systems in tension with the insights of students, whose desire for a more inclusive society produces the force that makes progress possible. It is the responsibility of public education to realize this desire, for the benefit of all students. In a time of deepening cuts, education faces a crisis manufactured by social divestment, rising income inequality, and entrenchment of cultural hierarchies that discredit diversity as a value that can produce structural transformation and social justice. As an integral part of communities, schools must harness the power of people, rather than technology, to respond to this crisis.	Ph.D.	inclusive, gender, equality, inequality, institution, justice	4, 5, 10, 16
Farney, James	Forbes, Hugh Donald	Social Conservatives and the Boundary of Politics in Canada and the United States	Political Science	2009-11	This dissertation investigates social conservative activism in the American Republican Party and in four parties of the Canadian right: the Progressive Conservative Party, Reform Party, Canadian Alliance Party, and Conservative Party of Canada. While issues like gay and lesbian rights and abortion became politically contentious in both countries during the late 1960s, American social conservatives emerged earlier than their Canadian counterparts and enjoyed considerably more success. Understanding this contrast explains an important part of the difference between Canadian and American politics and explicates a key aspect of modern conservatism in North America. The argument developed here focuses on different norms about the boundary of politics held in right-wing parties in the two countries. Norms are embedded components of institutions that codify the “logic of appropriateness” for actors within a given institution (March and Olsen 1989, 160) and both construct and regulate the identities of political actors (Katzentstein 1996). The recognition of norms has been an important development in organizational theory, but one that has never been applied to modern office-seeking parties (Ware 1996, Berman 1998). Qualitative case studies establish that many Republicans understood both sexuality and appeals to religion as politically legitimate throughout the period under investigation. In Canada, alternatively, Progressive Conservatives saw such questions as being inappropriate grounds for political activity. This norm restricted social conservative mobilization in the party. It was only when the Reform Party upset both the institutions and ideology of Canadian conservatism that social conservatives began to gain prominence in Canadian politics. Since then, the success of Canadian social conservatives has been limited by Canada’s political culture and institutions but they are now, as their American counterparts have long been, consistently recognized by other Canadian conservatives as partners in the conservative coalition.	PhD	institution	16
Farooq, Bilal	Miller, Eric	Evolution of Urban Built Space: Markets and Decisions	Civil Engineering	2011-06	To understand the factors that influence the spatio-temporal distribution of built space, and thus population in an urban area, play an extremely important role in our greater understanding of urban travel behaviour. Existing location of activity centres, especially home and work, strongly influences the short-term individual-level decisions such as mode of transportation, and long-term household-level decisions such as change in job and residential location. Conditions in the built space market also affect households’ and firms’ location and relocation decisions, and hence influence the general travel patterns in an urban area. This research addresses two very important, but at the same time, not very widely investigated dimensions that play a key role in the evolution of built space and population distribution: Markets and Decisions. A disequilibrium based microsimulation modelling framework is developed for the built space markets. This framework is then used to operationalize the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area’s owner-occupied housing market within Integrated Land Use Transportation and Environment (ILUTE) modelling system. Simulation results captured heterogeneity in the transaction prices, due to type of dwellings and different market conditions, in a very disaggregate fashion. On the decisions side, this research first developed a generic multidimensional modelling framework that captures the behaviour of builders in terms of the supply of new built space. The where, when, how much, and what type of supply decisions were incorporated within a single framework. This modelling framework was then applied to estimate a model for the supply of new office space in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). Estimation results indicated a risk taker behaviour on the builders’ part, while market conditions and supply of resources (labour, construction cost etc.) were also found to be important factors in decision making. In addition to that, this research also developed a comprehensive hedonic analysis for the asking rent of office space in the Greater Toronto Area. The effects of accessibility, quality, location, and market conditions on rent were explored. Data indicated a high degree of spatial heterogeneity and clustering effects. Spatial analysis techniques were incorporated within the hedonic framework to capture these effects. Estimation results indicated that access to transport infrastructure, distance from CBD, and vacancy rate were significant in explaining the variation in the rent.	PhD	labour, infrastructure, urban, land use, water	8, 9, 11, 14, 15
Fatona, Andrea	Walcott, Rinaldo	Where Outtreach Meets Outrage: Racial Equity Policy Formation at the Canada Council for the Arts (1989-1999)	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2011-11	Where Outreach Meets Outrage: Racial Equity at the Canada Council for the Arts (1989-1999), examines the early formation of racial equity policies at The Canada Council for the Arts. In this research project, I am primarily interested in understanding the ways in which ‘culture’ is employed by the state, the Canada Council for the Arts and by black artists to articulate and communicate complex issues that pertain to notions of art, citizenship, solidarity, justice, multiculturalism, belonging and nationhood. The research places culture and cultural production centrally within claims and calls by racialized artists for the ethical redistribution of societal resources and participation in societal structures. I look at questions of how community is produced and struggled over in relation to claims for cultural resources. This thesis employs an interdisciplinary approach drawn from the disciplines of sociology, anthropology and critical cultural studies to allow the complex relationships between activities of the Canadian state, racial equity policy making at the Canada Council, and grass roots social activism to emerge. I argue that state practices of management are elastic and that racial equity policies at the Canada Council emerged out of a confluence of transformational activities simultaneously taking place at the state/institutional and grassroots levels. The significance of this research project is that it fuses contemporary cultural production and art within contemporary social justice paradigms that seek to understand the processes and practices within liberalism that produce oppressions and resistance through an exclusionary politics of representation. This dissertation study will have both applied and theoretical implications in the Canadian context both within and outside of the academy in the fields of the arts, cultural policy and education.	PhD	equitable	4
Faulkner, Breanne	Goldstein, Abby L	"Things Are Changing": Police Mental Health and Psychotherapeutic Help-seeking Within an Evolving Police Culture	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2018-06	Due to repeated trauma exposure and significant ongoing sources of operational and organizational stress, police officers are vulnerable to mental health problems, including PTSD, depression, and other Operational Stress Injuries (OSIs). In recent years, police organizations have made efforts to build awareness and the address mental health needs of their membership, and Ontario legislation has attempted to address gaps in access to services among first responders. As such, aspects of traditional police culture which may be incompatible with psychotherapeutic help-seeking, such as norms of hegemonic masculinity, authoritarianism, and emotional control have been challenged. The current study aimed to explore the lived experiences of Ontario police officers with regard to job-related psychological distress and help-seeking, and to elucidate the complex role of contemporary police cultural norms in shaping help-seeking behaviours. In-depth research interviews were conducted with 18 police officers of various occupational ranks and roles. A constructivist grounded theory approach was utilized toward the development a model of psychological help-seeking within the contemporary police culture. Results demonstrated that although most officers reported that “things are changing” within the police cultural and institutional context, themes of weakness versus strength, us versus other, safety and suitability for the job, and co-constructed silence continue to pervade many of their experiences and perceptions of psychological difficulties, constraining help-seeking behaviours and often delaying help-seeking. Specific factors interfering with help-seeking included issues with accessibility, education, and awareness, but more prominently, identity issues, a fear of work-related consequences, and skepticism and mistrust, especially of mental health treatment providers. Establishing trust and reducing stigma via leadership and peer access points to community service providers were important facilitating factors. Psychotherapeutic service engagement often resulted in a shift away from policing as a fundamental component of identity, as well as a greater level of comfort with help-seeking, challenges to previously-held stigmas, and most powerfully, an inclination to share these experiences with one’s peers and thereby challenge the culture of silence. A model of the influence of the police culture on psychotherapeutic help-seeking among police is presented, and theoretical implications, as well as implications for prevention and intervention with police are outlined.	Ph.D.	health	3
Faulkner, Daniel Owen	Kherani, Nazir P. ||Ozin, Geoffrey Alan ||Perovic, Doug	The Influence of Synthesis Temperature on the Crystallographic and Luminescent Properties of NaYF4-based Upconverters and their Application to Amorphous Silicon Photovoltaics	Materials Science and Engineering	2012-11	There are several factors which conspire to limit the efficiency of solar cells. One of these is the fact that a solar cell is unable to absorb photons of energy less than the band gap of the semiconductor from which it is made; in the case of some high-band gap materials such as amorphous silicon – the model system used in this study – this can mean that as much as 50% of the solar spectrum is unusable. Upconversion phosphors – materials which can, by way of two or more successive photon absorptions, convert low energy (typically near infrared) light into high energy (typically visible) light – offer a potential solution to this problem as they can be used to convert light, which would otherwise be useless to the cell, into light which can be used for power generation. In this thesis we work towards the application of NaYF4-based upconverters to enhanced efficiency amorphous silicon (a-Si) photovoltaic power generation. We begin by synthesizing these upconverters at a range of temperatures and studying the crystallographic and spectroscopic properties of the resulting materials, elucidating heretofore undocumented trends in their luminescence and crystallography, including the effect of synthesis temperature on upconversion intensity, crystallite size, and lattice parameter. We also investigate the emission quantum yield of these materials, beginning with an in depth discussion and investigation of two methods for recording absolute quantum yields. We demonstrate that the quantum yields of the materials may vary by a factor of over 100, depending on the synthesis conditions. After we have fully characterized these properties we turn our attention to the application of these materials to amorphous silicon solar cells, for which we provide a proof of concept by demonstrating the effect of upconversion luminescence on the photoconductance of an a-Si film. We conclude by developing a roadmap for future improvements in the field.	PhD	energy, solar	7
Fawcett, Kevin William	Kambourov, Gueorgui||Shi, Shouyong	Wages, Worker Mobility, and the Macroeconomy	Economics	2020-06	This thesis contains three essays on wages, worker mobility and the macroeconomy. Chapter 1 develops an equilibrium model of the labor market with on-the-job search, wage-tenure contracts, and heterogeneity in match productivity. The model predicts an inverse relationship between match productivity and post-unemployment wages where workers in high productivity matches earn a low wage initially, but experience significant wage growth over tenure. The model is considered in the context of labor market entry for young adults. Unemployment risk in the transition process reduces worker mobility and limits the ability of workers to recover from a low quality initial match. Quantitatively, workers that initially form low quality matches expect to produce 8.0% less and consume 5.2% less in their first three years in the labor market relative to workers that initially form high quality matches. Chapter 2 studies efficiency in the model developed in Chapter 1. The social planner's match formation strategy perfectly insures employed workers against unemployment risk and results in an 11.3% increase in permanent consumption relative to the competitive equilibrium. Two self-financed policies in the forms of an extension of unemployment insurance and a hiring subsidy are considered as alternative strategies to increase worker welfare. The optimal policies increase permanent consumption by 5.1% and 1.3% respectively relative to the competitive equilibrium, however both policies are associated with a decrease in average output per worker. Chapter 3, joint with Shouyong Shi, develops an equilibrium model of the labor market where workers have incomplete information about their ability. Search outcomes yield information for updating the belief about the ability, which affects optimal search decisions in the future. Firms respond to updated beliefs by altering vacancy creation and optimal wage contracts. To study equilibrium interactions between learning and search, this paper integrates learning into a search equilibrium with on-the-job search and wage-tenure contracts. The model is calibrated to quantify the extent to which learning and on-the-job search can explain empirical facts related to wage decreases in job-to-job transitions, duration dependence in unemployment, and frictional wage dispersion.	Ph.D.	employment, worker, wage, consum	8, 12
Fazel Zarandi, Mohammad Mahdi	Berman, Oded||Krass, Dmitry	Incentives in Supply Chain Management	Management	2016-06	My dissertation focuses on strategic issues in supply chain management. It consists of three studies. In the first chapter, I investigate the incentive issues in supply chain information sharing. Specifically, I provide an explanation for a long-standing question in supply chain management: why do supply chain firms often use simple contracts when our models typically show that more complex forms are needed to coordinate the supply chain? Using a stylized supply chain model consisting of a retailer who solicits forecast information from a manufacturer, I show that if there is sufficient operational flexibility in the supply chain, credible information sharing is indeed possible in a simple contracting environment. The second chapter focuses on the structure of supply chains in a competitive environment. It is motivated by Ford's support of the government bailout of its competitors General Motors and Chrysler. This is in sharp contrast with the general presumption that firms prefer fewer to more competitors. Using a stylized supply chain structure, I sort out conditions where firms have self-interest in promoting the sustainability of their competitors. To get some sense of whether the model can be a credible explanation for Ford's support of the bailout, I calibrate it to pre- and post-recession data. The calibrated model suggests that the bailout of GM and Chrysler actually benefitted Ford. In the third chapter, I present the Almost Robust Optimization model that is a simple and tractable methodology for incorporating data uncertainty into supply chain models. The model trades off the objective function value with robustness and finds optimal solutions that are almost robust. To efficiently solve the model, a novel decomposition approach is proposed that decomposes the model into a deterministic master problem and a subproblem which checks the master problem solution under different realizations. Finally, to demonstrate the efficiency of the methodology, I apply it to two important logistics problems.	Ph.D.	industr	9
Fazel-Zarandi, Maryam	Fox, Mark	Representing and Reasoning about Skills and Competencies over Time	Computer Science	2013-11	To stay competitive within the market, organizations need to accurately understand the skills and competencies of their human resources to better utilize them and more effectively respond to internal and external demands for expertise. This is particularly important for most services organizations which provide a variety of products and services to multiple and changing clients. The ability to accurately locate experts is also important to knowledge workers. From this perspective, finding individuals with appropriate knowledge and skills is important for accomplishing knowledge intensive tasks and solving complex problems. This thesis focuses on the problem of representing and reasoning about skills and competencies over time for more effective human resources management and expert finding. Proper modeling of skills and competencies provides, among other things, a common language for assessments, a foundation for consistent interviewing, a linkage between performance management and learning, and a means for aligning business strategy and skills for driving organizational performance. It also improves knowledge management by making explicit what the organization knows and can perform. In this thesis, we present a framework for profiling human resources over time. In particular, we use first-order logic to represent and reason about expertise, skills and competencies and capture information about sources of skill and competency information. The framework provides: - a formal ontology for skill and competency management which specifies how individuals should be represented and evaluated against a skill, - a technique for inferring and validating skills and competencies over time using different sources of information, - a systematic way of evaluating human resources in order to provide a more efficient, structured, and consistent assessment process, and - techniques for identifying unreliable sources of information and revising trust in these sources. This work enhances the ability of organizations to better utilize their human assets and improves the task of expert finding required for accomplishing knowledge intensive tasks and solving complex problems.	PhD	worker	8
Fazli, Ghazal Sanam	Booth, Gillian L	Ethnic Variation in Prediabetes Incidence and Outcomes among Immigrants and Long-Term Residents	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2018-06	Type 2 diabetes is rapidly increasing worldwide, particularly in low and middle-income countries. In Canada, the estimated prevalence of diabetes is projected to increase from 9.3% to 12.1% by 2025. Previous studies have shown that some ethnoracial populations of non-European descent have a higher risk of developing diabetes, however, evidence on the onset of prediabetes across different ethnoracial groups in Canada is not available. Although, 5-10% of people with prediabetes convert to diabetes, there is no knowledge on the risk of conversion to diabetes among immigrants of different ethnic origins in Canada. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis was to investigate the epidemiology of prediabetes within an immigrant cohort across different ethnicities, compared with long-term Canadian residents to inform future research and policy. The main findings from this thesis conclude that: 1) Ethnicity is an important risk factor for the development of prediabetes and its progression to diabetes 2) Non-European populations, especially, people of South Asian, Sub-Saharan African and Caribbean, and South-East Asians at young ages have an elevated risk of developing prediabetes, in comparison to Western Europeans 3) Generally, South Asians, Sub-Saharan African and Caribbeans, and West Asian and Arabs, have a nearly twofold risk of converting to diabetes relative to Western Europeans 4) Relative to Western Europeans, the incidence of prediabetes and its conversion to diabetes was elevated for both women and men of non-European descents 5) Neighbourhood walkability amplified the effects of ethnicity such that non-European populations living in low walkability neighbourhoods had an increased risk of prediabetes, but those living in high walkability neighbourhoods did not. This was particularly evident among West Asian and Arabs, and Latin Americans. These findings highlight the need for population health interventions that will address the rapidly rising rates of prediabetes and conversion to diabetes among immigrant populations of different ethnicities. Future research and policy steps may involve establishing age/ethnic specific cut offs for diabetes screening and monitoring prediabetes risk within health care settings; designing diabetes prevention programs tailored to high risk groups and tackling upstream determinants such as neighbourhood designs that promote healthier lifestyles and support the prevention of diabetes.	Ph.D.	health, socioeconomic	1, 3
Febria, Catherine M.	Williams, D. Dudley	The Molecular Ecology of Hyporheic Zones: Characterization of Dissolved Organic Matter and Bacterial Communities in Contrasting Stream Ecosystems	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2010-11	The aims of this thesis were to characterize the molecular ecology of the hyporheic zone – between dissolved organic matter (DOM) and microbes – and to test whether seasonal and spatial patterns existed in correlation with seasonal ecosystem processes. The hyporheic zone is an area of vertical integration between groundwater and surface water, and lateral integration between terrestrial and stream ecosystems. Colonization corers were used to collect in situ DOM and bacterial communities from the hyporheic sediments of two streams that varied in hydroperiod (i.e., permanent vs. intermittent). DOM was collected using passive samplers and analyzed using 1H NMR and fluorescence spectroscopy; bacteria were characterized using terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism. At the permanent site, bacteria correlated significantly with seasonal environmental factors including: fall communities with DOM concentration; spring and winter communities with nitrate concentrations; and summer communities with temperature. Bacterial communities at the intermittent site were significantly correlated with flooding as a function of hydrologic connectivity. Sediment communities were discriminated between hyporheic sediments and interstitial porewaters, and shared several operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Sediment communities were more distinct when hydrologic connectivity was low, and porewater communities changed dramatically upon flooding. Fifteen out of 259 OTUs were shared across aquatic sediments, interstitial porewater and watershed soil samples. DOM was spatially and seasonally dynamic in both sites. Five key DOM groups described using 1H NMR spectroscopy revealed spatial differences between the permanent and intermittent sites. EEM-PARAFAC models confirmed that despite significantly different molecular components, the relative sources of DOM at both sites were similar, including humic-like terrestrial sources and tyrosine (microbial) sources. This study provides new knowledge on both organic matter dynamics and bacterial communities in a dynamic aquatic ecotone, and also confirmed the hypothesis that bacterial communities correlated significantly with ecosystem processes within a watershed.	PhD	ecology, water, environment	6, 13, 15
Fecso, Andras Botond	Grantcharov, Teodor P	Technical Performance and Patient Outcomes in Surgery: Another Piece of the Puzzle	Medical Science	2018-06	Introduction: Patient outcomes depend on a variety of variables related to patients themselves, to disease or treatments. In surgery, operations are the mainstay of management and the operating room is a high-stakes, high-risk environment where the surgeon plays an invaluable role. Extensive literature demonstrates how the aforementioned variables affect patient outcomes, however when it comes to surgeon technical skills, the existing evidence is limited. Therefore the main goal of this thesis was to provide evidence and to emphasize the importance of technical skills and to strengthen the current literature. Material and Methods: Research designs contained within this dissertation include: (1) a systematic review to summarize the existing evidence, (2) a retrospective technical skills analysis, (3) a survey study to define the participants in the operating room and a (4) prospective observational study to determine the relationship between technical and non-technical intraoperative performances. Results: Four research studies were completed. The systematic review demonstrated that technical performance affects patient outcomes, however the quality of evidence is low. The retrospective skill analysis addressed the main methodology deficiencies identified in the review and confirmed that technical performance does affect patient outcomes in laparoscopic gastric cancer operations. The survey study identified that although technical skills have been shown to be important, trainees do not routinely perform the main steps of these operations. Finally, the prospective observational study demonstrated that technical and non-technical performances are related and both are important complements to each other. Conclusion: Technical performance affects patient outcomes. Technical and non-technical performances are related. Ongoing assessment and enhancement of these skills, using modern strategies such as structured feedback, deliberate practice, coaching etc., might improve patient outcomes. Future studies should perform a comprehensive assessment of the operating room and design educational interventions for all participants, regardless of their level of training or experience.	Ph.D.	health	3
Federman, Mark Lewis	Laiken, Marilyn	From BAH to ba: Valence Theory and the Future of Organization	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2010-11	This thesis traces the history of organization from the society of Ancient Athens, through the medieval Church, the Industrial Age, and the 20th century – the latter characterized by the Bureaucratic, Administratively controlled, and Hierarchical (BAH) organization – until today’s contemporary reality of Ubiquitous Connectivity and Pervasive Proximity (UCaPP). Organizations are rarely, if ever, entirely BAH or entirely UCaPP, but do tend to have tendencies and behaviours that are more consistent with either end of a spectrum delineated by this duality. Valence Theory defines organization as being an emergent entity whose members (individuals or organizations) are connected via two or more of five valence (meaning uniting, bonding, interacting, reacting, combining) relationships. Each of these relationships – Economic, Socio-psychological, Identity, Knowledge, and Ecological – has a fungible (mercantile or tradable) aspect, and a ba-aspect that creates a space-and-place of common, tacit understanding of self-identification-in-relation, mutual sense of purpose, and volition to action. Organizations with more-BAH tendencies will emphasize the fungible valence forms, and primarily tend towards Economic valence dominance; more-UCaPP organizations tend to emphasize ba-valence forms, and are more balanced among the relative valence strengths. The empirical research investigates five organizations spanning the spectrum from über-BAH to archetypal UCaPP and discovers how BAH-organizations replace the complexity of human dynamics in social systems with the complication of machine-analogous procedures that enable structural interdependence, individual responsibility, and leader accountability. In contrast, UCaPP-organizations encourage and enable processes of continual emergence by valuing and promoting complex interactions in an environment of individual autonomy and agency, collective responsibility, and mutual accountability. The consequential differences in how each type of organization operates manifest as the methods through which organizations accommodate change, coordination, evaluation, impetus, power dynamics, sense-making, and view of people. Particular attention is paid to the respective natures of leadership, and effecting organizational transformation from one type to the other. Set in counterpoint against Zen-like, artistically constructed conversations with a thought-provoking interior sensei, the thesis offers a new foundational model of organization for the current cultural epoch that enables people to assume their responsibility in creating relationships and perceiving effects in the context of a UCaPP world.	PhD	industr	9
Fedorenko, Olga	Schmid, Andre	Tending to the “Flower of Capitalism:” Consuming, Producing and Censoring Advertising in South Korea of the '00s	East Asian Studies	2012-11	My dissertation examines discourses and practices that surrounded consumption and production of advertising in South Korea in the first decade of the 21st century. In its approach, my study breaks away from works that assume that advertising performs the same role universally and that local advertising industries should follow the uniform path of development, in terms of both creative content and industry structures. Treating advertising as an integral part of social reality, I embed my analysis in Korea's idiosyncratic social, cultural, political, and economic contexts to interrogate non-marketing functions of advertising. My dissertation investigates multiple projects that advertising mediates in contemporary South Korea, from challenging social norms and renegotiating cultural meanings, to contesting capitalist control over mass media and articulating fantasies of humanist capitalism. I explore how advertising consumers (including advertising censors) and advertising producers channel, shape, enable or block the flows of advertising messages and revenues. My conclusion is that, in South Korea, the marketing instrumentality of advertising is subordinated to the ethos of public interest, and both advertising consumers and producers strive for advertising that promotes humanist values and realizes democratic ideals, even if it jeopardizes the commercial interests of advertisers. Theoretically, this study builds on critical theory and anthropology of media while drawing on Korean Studies scholarship to grasp interconnections between the practices of advertising production and consumption, on the one hand, and, on the other, the modern entanglements of capitalism and democracy. Methodologically, I combine a discourse analysis of advertising-related public texts—popular advertising campaigns, responses to them in mass media and the blogosphere as well as the exhibits of the Advertising Museum in Seoul—with ethnographic fieldwork at two sites, an advertising agency and a quasi-government advertising review board, both in Seoul.	PhD	industr, consum, production	9, 12
Fehringer, Gordon Markus	Boyd, Norman F.	Genetic Variation at the Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Gene and Association with Breast Cancer, Breast Density and Anthropometric Measures	Public Health Sciences	2008-03	Background and objectives Evidence suggests that circulating IGF-I levels increase mammographic density (a breast cancer risk factor) and breast cancer risk in premenopausal women. The objective of this thesis was to examine the association of genetic variation at the IGF1 gene with IGF-I concentration, mammographic density, breast cancer risk, and related anthropometric measures in premenopausal women. Methods Three IGF1 CA repeat polymorphisms (at the 5′ and 3′ ends, and in intron 2) were genotyped. A cross-sectional design was used to investigate their associations with IGF-I levels, mammographic density, BMI, weight, and height. Families from registries in Ontario and Australia were used to investigate associations with breast cancer risk and also BMI, weight and height. Results In the cross-sectional study, greater number of copies of the 5′ 19 allele were associated with lower circulating IGF-I levels. Greater number of 3′ 185 alleles were associated with greater percentage breast density, smaller amount of non-dense tissue, and lower BMI. Including BMI in regression models removed the association of the 3′ 185 allele with percentage breast density. In the family based study, nominally significant associations (5′ 21 allele, intron 2 212 allele, intron 2 216 allele) with breast cancer risk were observed, but significance was lost after multiple comparison adjustment. There was a stronger association between the intron 2 216 allele and risk under a recessive model, and 5′ allele groupings of length 18 to 20 and 20 or more repeats produced significant positive and negative associations respectively. These associations were not strongly supported in analyses stratified by registry. Results from the family based study did not support an association between genetic variation at IGF1 with BMI, weight or height. Conclusions No specific IGF1 variant influenced each of circulating IGF-I levels, mammographic density, and breast cancer risk. The failure to replicate the association of the 3′ 185 allele with BMI in the family based study suggests that the association of the 3′ 185 allele with percentage breast density is spurious, since this association was mediated through the relationship with BMI (suggesting IGF-I action on body fat). Evidence for an association between IGF1 and breast cancer risk was limited.	PhD	women	5
Feng, Wenlu	Hildyard, Angela||Skolnik, Michael	The Relationship between Institutional Climate and Student Engagement and Learning Outcomes in Ontario Community Colleges	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2018-11	This study was designed to examine the relationship between institutional climate and student engagement in Ontario colleges. Climate and engagement data were gathered by questionnaires from a sample of 348 students from an Ontario community college. The climate data were collected by the Course Experience Questionnaire (CEQ), and student engagement was measured by a questionnaire compiled using items selected from the Ontario College Student Engagement Survey (OCSES). Statistical analyses of correlation and multiple-regression were applied to test the relationship between the variables, using SPSS Statistics Version 21. Results revealed that students’ perception of their learning environment was significantly related to both engagement and learning outcomes. The climate dimensions of good teaching practice, emphasis on independence, appropriate workload, and support for learners were found to be significant predictors of student engagement, which in turn was significantly related to learning outcomes. Findings provide empirical evidence that supports the feasibility of using institutional climate dimensions to predict student engagement and learning outcomes. Based on this, future studies may treat student engagement as a type of organizational behaviour that can be studied in relation to the social psychological context of educational institutions, thus broadening the scope of study on student engagement. From a practical point of view, the findings provide clear indications for college educators around building appropriate policies that encourage and support optimal student outcomes. As well, effective teaching practices that are appropriately conceived and implemented can make a significant difference that results in improved education quality.	Ph.D.	educat	4
Feng, Xiaojuan	Simpson, Myrna J.	The Molecular Composition of Soil Organic Matter (SOM) and Potential Responses to Global Warming and Elevated CO2	Geography	2009-11	Soil organic matter (SOM) contains about twice the amount of carbon in the atmosphere. With global changes, the potential shifts in SOM quantity and quality are a major concern. Due to its heterogeneity, SOM remains largely unknown in terms of its molecular composition and responses to climatic events. Traditional bulk soil analysis cannot depict the structural changes in SOM. This thesis applies two complementary molecular-level methods, i.e., SOM biomarker gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, to examine the origin and degradation of various SOM components in grassland and temperate forest soils, and to investigate the shifts in microbial community and SOM composition with both laboratory- and field-simulated global changes, such as frequent freeze-thaw cycles, increasing soil temperatures, elevated atmospheric CO2 levels, and nitrogen (N) deposition. This thesis has several major findings. First, as the most active component in soil, microbial communities were sensitive to substrate availability changes resulting from prolonged soil incubation, freeze-thaw-induced cell lyses, N fertilization and increased plant inputs under elevated CO2 or soil warming. Microbial community shifts have direct impacts on SOM decomposition patterns. For instance, an increased fungal community was believed to contribute to the enhanced lignin oxidation in an in situ soil warming experiment as the primary degrader of lignin in terrestrial environments. Second, contrast to the conventional belief that aromatic structure was recalcitrant and stable in SOM, ester-bond aliphatic lipids primarily originating from plant cutin and suberin were preferentially preserved in the Canadian Prairie grassland soil profiles as compared with lignin-derived phenols. Cutin- and suberin-derived compounds also demonstrated higher stability during soil incubation. With an increased litter production under elevated CO2 or global warming, an enrichment of alkyl structures that had strong contributions from leaf cuticles was observed in the Duke Forest Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) and soil warming experiments, suggesting an accumulation of plant-derived recalcitrant carbon in the soil. These results have significant implications for carbon sequestration and terrestrial biogeochemistry. Overall, this thesis represents the first of its kind to employ comprehensive molecular-level techniques in the investigation of SOM structural alterations under global changes.	PhD	forest, global warming, environment	13, 15
Fennessy, Barbara Ann	Livingstone, David W.	Communities and Leaders at Work in the New Economy: A Comparative Analysis of Agents of Transformation in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Hamilton, Ontario	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2009-11	Without change, stagnation is inevitable. Never has this truth been more obvious than during the current epoch of industrial decline in North America. This research provides two economic narratives that exemplify the struggles of industrial communities as they strive to regenerate. The research involves a comparative analysis of the transformation of two steel cities, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Hamilton, Ontario, from 1970 to 2008. For cities in which one major industry has formed the foundation of the local economy, job losses can result in massive dislocation and devastating consequences for individuals, families, and communities. Pittsburgh and Hamilton are among many cities striving to diversify and strengthen their economies as manufacturing diminishes and Western sunset industries rise in the East. Transformation has been much more extensive in Pittsburgh than in many cities because Pittsburgh was so largely dominated by the steel industry and faced a virtual collapse of that industry. Hamilton has also experienced a steep decline in steel and related manufacturing jobs. Based on 55 interviews with city leaders, including a pilot study in Welland, Ontario, this research examines eight critical factors that collectively influence development: transformational leadership, strategic development planning, civic engagement, education and research, labor, capital, infrastructure, and quality of life. The study looks at how city leaders drive these factors in the context of global economic forces to revitalize their communities. Together, these elements combine to create the new economy of cities. To achieve successful transformation, the elements must function as part of an integrated system─a community economic activity system (CEAS). This research is grounded in MacGregor-Burn’s (1978; 2003) transformational leadership theory and positions local leadership as the central driver of economic regeneration. It highlights the importance of enduring social relations among leaders for creating an organized, yet dynamic, base of power that is necessary to mobilize resources and execute development policies to achieve qualitative change. Moreover, it points to the importance of inclusiveness and openness in engaging local citizen groups in order to build trust and confidence that recovery will happen. Pittsburgh and Hamilton offer many examples of successful partnerships that increasingly involve public-private-nonprofit-academic collaboratives.	PhD	infrastructure, industr	9
Ferguson, Renee Justine	Janzen, Katharine	Hidden among the Under-represented: Foster Youth Access and Persistence in Ontario Post-secondary Education	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2019-06	The pathway to and through post-secondary education begins in early life. Individuals require academic preparation, to be made aware of post-secondary options, become engaged in the processes and procedures necessary for enrollment, transition to their studies, and persist to graduation. This exploratory study investigated the experiences of Ontario’s foster youth (FY as they navigate this pathway. Viewing the issue of FY post-secondary under-representation, and their overall access and persistence, through theories of social reproduction, The Capabilities Framework, cooling-out, and resilience, it posed the question of whether or not FY experience equitable opportunity to attend and succeed in higher education. Semi-structured interviews asked what barriers and supports foster youth experience throughout their post-secondary educational journeys in Ontario. Four foster youth in addition to three child welfare workers, three child welfare experts, and one child welfare advocate shared insights reflective of findings in the literature. Though this study’s findings are introductory, they align with previous research and point to the need for additional, consistent, and efficacious educational and child welfare supports to encourage, prepare, and help FY access and persist within post-secondary education. This study also asked what the Ontario Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology (CAATs) do to address FY under-representation and support greater rates of access and persistence by the demographic. Programs, services, and supports offered by Ontario’s 22 English-speaking CAATs were reviewed to determine how the system directly and indirectly supports FY, and make recommendations for improvement. Once FY are enrolled in post-secondary education, this research points to the need for greater, more tailored and responsive programming, services, and supports in Ontario’s colleges. Overall, this study highlights gaps in data collection on foster youth outcomes after they age-out of child welfare, the need for more research into the post-secondary experiences of youth in the province, and the importance of informed policies and practices in child welfare and post-secondary education in order to advance foster youth post-secondary opportunities and attainment.	Ph.D.	equitable, inclusive	4
Ferhan, Muhammad	Sain, Mohini M||Yan, Ning	Investigation of Biological Process for the Conversion of Bark Biomass to Bio-based Polyphenols	Forestry	2016-03	Due to increasing waste production and disposal problems arising from synthetic polymer production, there is a critical need to substitute these materials with biodegradable and renewable resources. The concept of green polymers has become more appealing due to the presence of large volumes of processing residuals from the timber and pulp industries. This, in turn, supports the idea of developing new polymers based on bark extractives. In this thesis, three comparative treatments i.e., enzymatic, alkaline, and UV/H2O2, have been conducted for the extraction of beetle infested lodgepole pine (BILP) and mixed aspen barks polyphenolic extractives. Use of laccases as biocatalysts to affect and enhance the catalytic properties of enzymes has been shown to be a promising solution for bark depolymerization. Furthermore, laccases are suitable for biotechnological applications that transform bark biomass into high valued bark biochemicals. The industrial and biotechnological application of ligninases is constantly increasing due to their multiple uses and applications in a diversity of processes. Bark depolymerization was conducted in submerged fermentation (SF) and we identified polyphenols/polyaromatic compounds after four weeks when the production media (PM) was induced with 50mg/100ml of each type of bark during the lag-phase. During SF where honey was used as a natural mediator substitute (NMS) in the PM, laccase activities were about 1.5 times higher than those found in comparable cultures without honey in the PM. These samples were analyzed by GC-MS. The laccase enzyme was purified using UNO sphere Q-1 anion exchange chromatography and the molecular weight was determined to be ~50kDa on 10% SDS-PAGE and laccase kinetic parameters including maximal velocity (Vmax), Michaelis constant (Km), and turnover number (Kcat) were calculated from a Lineweaver Burk plot. All calculated kinetic parameters of the laccase activity are substrate (ABTS) specific. Py-GC-MS analysis of bark showed differing effects of fungal activity on bark composition. Polyphenolics were separated in reverse-phase mode using HPLC with two selected wavelengths of 290 and 340 nm to improve separation. The replacement of conventional natural mediators (NM) by monofloral honey in production media, and investigation of the effect of fungi-derived laccases on bark polyphenols are studied for the first time by this thesis work.	Ph.D.	renewable, industr, waste, production	7, 9, 12
Fernandez Hermosilla, Magdalena	Anderson, Stephen	Becoming a Principal in Chile: Learning the Role of School Improvement	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2018-06	This study is concerned with the ways in which newly appointed public school principals in Chile learn to understand and lead school improvement. Using a mixed methods approach combining qualitative and quantitative data sequentially, this study contributes to exploring the characteristics and perceptions of principals starting their careers, looking into their previous trajectories and work experiences before and after appointment, the actors and institutions supporting their learning about the role, as well as their understandings about leading school improvement. The design involved 12 qualitative interviews followed by the application of a survey (n=121). Findings suggest new principals enter the job with vast experience about the public school system, having occupied different leadership roles prior to appointment. In spite of previous trajectory and formal preparation, new principals still acknowledge the great difficulties and challenges confronted in the transition to the role, in five cases perceiving that ‘nothing really prepares you for the job’. In learning about leading school improvement, they value the supports of students and professionals in their personal networks, perceiving local authorities to have a less preponderant role, as they participate actively during selection processes, and less consistently after appointment. The study also explores the influence of principals’ individual characteristics and school context (i.e. gender, age, education, school size, urban context, SES) within the process of learning about their role. This study also illustrate how new principals understand and learn about their role in school improvement, and suggests that a great majority of them conceptualize school improvement as limited and influenced by the current education policy context and work experience, restricting their views to unidimensional notions related to students’ results. Finally, findings are discussed to provide comparison with the international socialization research of new principals, suggesting that Chileans novices share perceptions about a ‘shocking’ transition with principals in other countries and differ greatly in the importance given to local school authorities instead.	Ph.D.	educat, gender, urban	4, 5, 11
Ferreira, Kevin D.	Lee, Chi-Guhn	An Integrated Two-stage Innovation Planning Model with Market Segmented Learning and Network Dynamics	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2012-11	Innovation diffusion models have been studied extensively to forecast and explain the adoption process for new products or services. These models are often formulated using one of two approaches: The first, and most common is a macro-level approach that aggregates much of the market behaviour. An advantage of this method is that forecasts and other analyses may be performed with the necessity of estimating few parameters. The second is a micro-level approach that aims to utilize microeconomic information pertaining to the potential market and the innovation. The advantage of this methodology is that analyses allow for a direct understanding of how potential customers view the innovation. Nevertheless, when individuals are making adoption decisions, the reality of the situation is that the process consists of at least two stages: First, a potential adopter must become aware of the innovation; and second the aware individual must decide to adopt. Researchers, have studied multi-stage diffusion processes in the past, however a majority of these works employ a macro-level approach to model market flows. As a result, a direct understanding of how individuals value the innovation is lacking, making it impossible to utilize this information to model realistic word-of-mouth behaviour and other network dynamics. Thus, we propose a two-stage integrated model that utilizes the benefits of both the macro- and micro-level approaches. In the first stage, potential customers become aware of the innovation, which requires no decision making by the individual. As a result, we employ a macro-level diffusion process to describe the first stage. However, in the second stage potential customers decide whether to adopt the innovation or not, and we utilize a micro-level methodology to model this. We further extend the application to include forward looking behaviour, heterogeneous adopters and segmented Bayesian learning, and utilize the adopter's satisfaction levels to describe biasing and word-of-mouth behaviour. We apply the proposed model to Canadian colour-TV data, and cross-validation results suggest that the new model has excellent predictive capabilities. We also apply the two-stage model to early U.S. hybrid-electric vehicle data and results provide insightful managerial observations.	PhD	innovation	9
Ferreira, Patricia	Trebilcock, Michael ||Prado, Mariana Mota	Breaking the Weak Governance Curse: Global Regulation and Governance Reform in Resource-rich Developing Countries	Law	2012-11	There is growing consensus that unless resource-rich developing countries improve their domestic governance systems, rising exploitation of mineral, oil and gas resources may result in long-term adverse developmental outcomes associated with the “resource curse”. Despite the consensus, reforms do not abound. This dissertation investigates the obstacles to such reforms, and the mechanisms and strategies that can possibly overcome these obstacles. I argue that two trapping mechanisms are binding these countries to a “weak governance curse”. One mechanism is the phenomenon of path dependence, which makes a dysfunctional governance path initiated at a past historical juncture resistant to change over time. The other mechanism is rent-seeking behaviour associated with high resource rents, which creates perverse incentives for political and economic actors to resist reforms. The Law and Development literature has recently produced a rich body of knowledge on governance reform in developing countries, yet it has largely neglected the potential role of innovative global regulatory mechanisms, beyond development assistance, in this process. I argue that this evolving literature ought to draw from global regulation studies to investigate the interaction between unconventional global regulatory mechanisms and domestic governance reform. In this thesis I analyze whether extraterritorial home country regulations, such as anti-bribery, anti-money laundering and securities disclosure regulations, and transnational public-private partnerships, such as the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, may offer institutional opportunities for external and internal actors to facilitate policy reforms in resource-rich and governance-poor countries. My conclusion is twofold. First, there is reason for cautious optimism regarding the potential for unconventional global regulatory mechanisms to provoke positive feedback effects in domestic governance reform. These mechanisms can open innovative institutional pathways of influence to outsiders and insiders promoting governance reform. Second, instead of searching for a regulatory silver bullet, the most promising way to promote reforms in resilient dysfunctional governance systems is to make use of the wide range of conventional and unconventional mechanisms available. A constellation of regulatory instruments opens up the possibility for outside and inside reformers to benefit from a different policy mix of available mechanisms, depending on the specific circumstances of a given country at a particular time.	SJD	industr, resilien, institution	9, 12, 16
Field, Robert	Jones, Dylan	Large-scale and Microphysical Controls on Water Isotopes in the Atmosphere	Physics	2010-11	The isotopic composition of water in the atmosphere is influenced by how the water evaporated, how it was transported, and how it formed in the cloud before falling. Because these processes are temperature dependent, the isotopic ratios stored in glacial ice and other proxy sources have been used as an indicator of pre-instrumental climate. There is uncertainty, however, as to whether isotopic ratios should be interpreted as a proxy of local temperature, or as a broader indicator of changes in how the vapor was transported. To better understand these processes, the NASA GISS general circulation model (GCM) was used to examine two different types of controls on the isotopic composition of moisture. The first control was the large-scale circulation of the atmosphere. Over Europe, it was found that δ18O is strongly controlled by a Northern Annular Mode-like pattern, detected in both the GCM and for Europe’s high-quality precipitation δ18O data. Over the southwest Yukon, it was found that higher δ18O was associated with moisture transport from the south, which led to a re-interpretation of the large mid-19th century δ18O shift seen in the ice cores from Mt. Logan. The second type of control was microphysical, relating to the way precipitation interacts with vapor after it has formed. Using a GCM sensitivity experiment, the effects of ‘post-condensation exchange’ were found to depend primarily on the proportion between the amount of upstream precipitation that fell as rain and the amount that fell as snow, and at low latitudes, on the strength of atmospheric moisture recycling. This led to a partitioning of the well-observed correlation between temperature and precipitation δ18O into its initial and post-condensation components, and a GCM-based interpretation of satellite measurements of the isotopic composition of water vapor in the troposphere.	PhD	water, climate	6, 13
Figueiredo, Camila Guarim	Swenson, Edward	Regional Complementarity and Place-making in the Northern Region of the Tapajós National Forest Reservation, Lower Amazon, Brazil	Anthropology	2019-06	From the tenth to the eighteenth centuries in the late pre-colonial period, Indigenous communities associated with the Santarém ceramic style lived in settlements of various sizes in the present day cities of Santarém and Belterra in the western region of the state of Pará, Brazil. This region is characterized by a rich and varied archaeological landscape consisting of inland ponds, anthropogenic forests, trail networks, and Amazonian Dark Earths (a very fertile and stable anthropogenic soil). In this dissertation, I combine historical ecology perspectives with theories of landscape, place and space in order to improve understanding of previous occupations and environmental transformations in the Santarém-Belterra region. More specifically, I present the results of an archaeological survey conducted in 2014 in the northern region of the Tapajós National Forest Reservation, 66 km south of the junction of the Tapajós and Amazon rivers. Altogether, I mapped thirteen archaeological sites, recorded the location of four Amazon Dark Earth deposits and two findspots. The majority of the ceramics recovered from my survey belong to the Santarém archaeological culture, however, ceramics associated with the Konduri and Pocó style, the Incised and Punctate tradition, and the Formative period were also recovered during the survey. In addition, my survey identified pre-contact Amazon Dark Earth soils and an extensive trail network that connected the plateau to the riverine environments of the reserve. The application of ArcGIS spatial analyst toolbox modelled how the settlements in peripheral areas were integrated and connected in terms of pathways and river networks with the Porto site, the heartland of the Santarém tradition at the junction of the Amazon and Tapajós rivers. My study indicates that the social and economic organization of the inhabitants in the northern region of the Flona-Tapajós was based on strategic resource and ecological complementary that integrated diverse environments. Permanent, year-round communities settled in different landscape likely maintained communication, sponsored joint ritual events, and engaged in the exchange of resources. In the end, the dissertation demonstrates that the Amazon was systematically reshaped by the social production of space.	Ph.D.	cities, environment, land use, forest, ecology	11, 13, 15
Filsoof, Kia	Lehn, Peter W	A Triangular Modular Multilevel DC-DC Converter with Multiple-input Multiple-output Power Flow Capability	Electrical and Computer Engineering	2016-06	There has been recent interest in expansion of direct-current (dc) networks, motivated mainly by proliferation of renewable energy sources, electrical energy storage, and electronic loads which operate with dc power. One of the key challenges hindering the adoption of dc networks is the lack of high performance dc-dc converter topologies to accommodate energy exchange, at high power levels, between dc buses of different voltage levels. Conventional dc-dc power converters such as the boost or the flyback face a fundamental limitation in operating at high power levels and/or voltage conversion ratios. As these topologies utilize a single semiconductor switch, their maximum attainable power and voltage rating is dependent on the highest power rated semiconductors available. Moreover, regardless of the operating power, these topologies suffer from high losses and ringing when operated at high conversion ratios. In recognizing the shortcomings of conventional topologies for employment in high power and/or conversion ratio applications, a new topology is proposed that provides an efficient and cost-effective solution. The proposed modular topology is constructed from identical converter cells which may be connected in parallel and series to share the overall power stress. As a result, the dependency of the topology's power and conversion ratio on existing semiconductor technology is insignificant. Moreover, the topology is capable of supporting bidirectional power flow exchange between multiple sources and loads which makes it suitable for a wide range of power conversion applications. The proposed topology can achieve a conversion ratio of six with half of its switches operating at a duty cycle value 25% lower and the other half of its switches operating at a duty cycle value 40% lower than that of the conventional boost converter while requiring only 15% higher switch volt-ampere rating. The proposed converter's operating mechanism is described, and its analytical steady-state and dynamic models are derived. In investigating the topology's dynamic model, a modular control algorithm is devised for closed-loop operation of the topology. The ability of the topology to operate as a multiple-input multiple-output converter is also investigated through similar analytical and control studies. Simulation and experimental studies are carried out to evaluate the converter's performance under both steady-state and dynamic operation.	Ph.D.	energy, renewable	7
Fine-Meyer, Rose	Sandwell, Ruth W.	Including Women: The Establishment and Integration of Canadian Women’s History into Toronto Ontario Classrooms 1968-1993	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2012-11	Social movement activism throughout the 1960s and 1970s provided space for feminist concerns in a variety of arenas. Women's movement activism and women's scholarship in history challenged the ways in which women’s experiences had been marginalized or omitted in school history programs and curricula. Women's organizations developed and broadened networks, created and published resources, and lobbied governments and institutions. Their widespread activism spilled into a range of educational circles and influenced history teachers in altering curricula to include women in course materials. Advocating for women, on a curricular or professional development level, however, was complicated because of entrenched neo-liberal systems in place within education institutions. Although the Ontario Ministry of Education and the Toronto Board of Education demonstrated clear support for a wide range of gender equity-based initiatives, they committed to implementing a 'piecemeal' approach to curricular change. The fundamental work to include women in history curricula relied heavily on grassroots networks that allowed for women’s experiences to leak into classrooms, and were responsible for bringing women’s voices into the history curricula. This study explores the initiatives of the Toronto Board of Education from 1968-1993, with particular analysis of women’s committees, teacher/librarians in resource centers, Affirmative Action representatives, individual teachers and administrators. Within the broader public sphere, the contributions of concerned parents, activists, small independent publishers, educational reformers, political leaders and women’s history organizations lent their voices to ideas about how the inclusion of women in history curricula should take shape in Toronto schools. Ministry gender equity policies and history course guidelines provided incremental and therefore politically safe responses to educational change. The Toronto Board's "add-on" approach to including women in course examinations avoided instituting major "top-down'" curricular change, which kept the integration of women’s history within classrooms on the periphery of most course work. The substantive grassroots activism and the commitment of women’s organizations and individual teachers, however, allowed women’s history to flourish within individual classrooms in Toronto and demonstrates the ways in which "bottom-up" initiatives can be a powerful force in curricular change.	PhD	women, inclusive	4, 5
Finer-Freedman, Judith	Guttman, Mary Alice	The Voices of Women Struggling to Manage Employment and Motherhood	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2013-06	The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of working women when they announce their pregnancies, take maternity leave, transition back to work, and utilize flexible work policies. Using a qualitative methodology, transcripts of in-depth interviews were analyzed utilizing a life history approach. Key findings of the study are that women perceive more negative responses to the announcement of their pregnancies than positive ones. In terms of maternity and parental leave policies, all the participants had access to these benefits. Women found issues with financial adequacy, administration, and duration of these policies. Mothers found that financial support from the Canadian government was inadequate to allow them to take the full duration of the 52-week maternity and parental leave for which they were eligible. In addition, employer “top-up” payments were limited and administrative details of maternity leave were often not discussed fully with pregnant workers. When women returned to work, they found that workplaces did not offer resources such as a phased-in return to work or personnel to help them re-engage with their prior work projects. Women discussed the challenges of managing their dual roles of worker and mother and found that managers and coworkers put them in a mommy mould which lessened the quality of their assignments. New mothers found that they had difficultly juggling their work and home responsibilities, finding time for themselves, and receiving increased domestic support from their spouses. While some workplaces offered women flexible workplace policies, not all mothers chose to access them as they found these policies often negatively impacted their career progression. Other issues were a lack of flexible workplace policy transparency, inconsistent manager support, and difficulty maintaining a flexible schedule. Findings have major implications for an improved response from managers upon pregnancy announcement, improved dialogue among employers about increasing “top up” maternity leave pay to new mothers, developing a formal transition plan for new mothers returning to the workplace, and expanding the use of flexible workplace policies.	EDD	women, worker	5, 8
Firestone, Michelle	O'Campo, Patricia	Our Health Counts - Unmasking Health and Social Disparities among Urban Aboriginal People in Ontario	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2013-06	In Canada, accessible and culturally relevant population health data for urban First Nations, Métis and Inuit people are almost non-existent. There is a need for Aboriginal community centric research and data systems, specifically in the area of mental health and substance misuse. The goal of this research was to address these knowledge gaps. The three linked studies being presented were nested in the Our Health Counts (OHC) project, a multi-partnership study aimed at developing a baseline population health database for urban Aboriginal people living in Ontario. In the first study, concept mapping was used to engage urban Aboriginal stakeholders from three culturally diverse communities in identifying health priorities. After completing brainstorming, sorting and rating, and map interpretation sessions, three unique community specific maps emerged. Map clusters and their ratings reflected First Nations, Inuit, and Métis understandings of health. Concept mapping encouraged community participation and informed the development of three health assessment surveys. The second study generated a representative sample of First Nations adults and children living in Hamilton, Ontario by utilizing Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS), a modified chain-referral sampling approach. Population estimates were generated for household and personal income, mobility, over-crowding and food availability. Results revealed striking disparities in social determinants of health between First Nations and the general population. The third study used the RDS generated sample to examine mental health and substance misuse among First Nations adults living in Hamilton. Prevalence estimates were generated for diagnosis and treatment of a mental illness, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), suicide, alcohol and substance misuse, and access to emotional supports. Findings indicated that First Nations adults living in Hamilton experience a disproportionate burden of mental health and substance misuse challenges. The three linked studies make innovative contributions to Aboriginal health research. Results clearly exemplify the effective application of community-based research methods that are grounded in local knowledge and built on existing community strengths and capacities. Representative population health data for urban First Nations will contribute to current deficiencies in health information; will shape policy and programming priorities as well as future research directions, particularly with respect to health and social disparities among this population.	PhD	urban, cities, health	3, 11
Fiser, Adam P.	Clement, Andrew	The Kuh-Ke-Nah Broadband Governance Model: How Social Enterprise Shaped Internet Services to Accommodate Indigenous Community Ownership in Northwestern Ontario, Canada (circa 1997 to 2007)	Information Studies	2010-06	This thesis articulates how the Kuh-Ke-Nah network (K-Net) shaped broadband development in remote indigenous communities. K-Net operates under the not-for-profit stewardship of Keewaytinook Okimanak (KO) Tribal Council. Located in Northwestern Ontario, KO brought K-Net to life amongst its six member First Nations in the mid 1990s. As K-Net evolved and expanded its membership, KO established a governance model that devolves network ownership and control to community networks in partner First Nations. This governance model reflects KO’s use of social enterprise to organize K-Net’s community-based broadband deployment amidst necessary partnerships with government programs and industry players. K-Net’s social enterprise has rapidly grown since 1997, when its core constituents fought for basic telephone service and internet access in Northern Ontario. In the space of less than a decade, K-Net communities have gone from a situation in which it was common for there to be but a single public payphone in a settlement, to a point where over thirty now have broadband internet services to households. Technologies now under K-Net control include a C-Band satellite transponder, IP videoconferencing and telephony, web and email server space, and a variety of terrestrial and wireless links that effectively connect small, scattered First Nations communities to each other and the wider world. K-Net’s governance model encourages member communities to own and control community local loops and internet services under the authority of a local enterprise. Community ownership and control over local loops allows First Nations to collaborate with KO to adapt broadband applications, such as telemedicine and an internet high school, to local challenges and priorities. K-Net’s aggregation of demand from disparate users, within and across member communities, creates economies of scale for the network’s social enterprise, and allows a dynamic reallocation of bandwidth to meet social priorities. Based on four years of research with K-Net stakeholders under the Canadian Research Alliance for Community Innovation and Networking (CRACIN), my thesis documents the evolution of K-Net’s governance model as a reflection of its social enterprise. Drawing from Community Informatics and the Ecology of Games, I trace K-Net’s history and organization to assess how KO, its partners, and K-Net’s constituents, cooperated to make social enterprise viable for member First Nations.	PhD	governance, ecology, industr	9, 15, 16
Flogen, Sarah	Sioban, Nelson	The Social Organization of Secondary Stroke Prevention	Nursing Science	2014-11	The early writings of Dorothy Smith (1990) and the tools of institutional ethnography were used to explicate the social organization of stroke prevention care in Ontario, Canada. This study was undertaken to understand how social determinants of health that set the context for patients' lives and health are rendered invisible by the lens of health care professionals. This is despite the fact that there is substantial evidence that lower socioeconomic status is associated with higher incidence of stroke, stroke risk factors, and mortality after stroke. Data collection included observations of direct clinical care in a secondary stroke prevention clinic, interviews with patients, health care professionals, and extra-local informants, as well as the analysis of texts that were encountered in the setting. The entry point for data collection was through observations and interviews with patients who attended a secondary stroke prevention clinic. This local setting was connected through texts to the larger administrative and governing organizations, including the Ministry of Health and the Heart and Stroke Foundation. Data analysis made visible a new interventionist paradigm in stroke care. This paradigm relies on a pharmaceutical innovation, provincial data circulation, as well as on visual imagery of vascular disease through brain scans. Secondary stroke prevention was found to be based on statistical risk formulas which act as a proxy for certainty. Rather than prevention, secondary stroke prevention constitutes last minute `damage minimization' in patients with serious vascular disease. A significant finding was that patients did not know what secondary prevention was, yet actively participated in the related work, seemingly driven by the fear of disability. Biomedical risk ideology locates disability and `risk factors' in the body, thus social determinants of health are invisible. The complexity of health warrants the application of social as well as biomedical knowledge.	Ph.D.	socioeconomic, health	1, 3
Fogel-Yaari, Hila	Lu, Hai||Callen, Jeffrey L.	CEO Characteristics, Disclosure Quality, and Innovation	Management	2016-11	Innovation is an important driver of economic growth. In this dissertation, I bring together two main streams of literature on the firm-level determinants of innovation: (1) CEO characteristics (CEOs directly influence internal processes that culminate in corporate innovation) and (2) information asymmetry between CEOs and investors (reduced information asymmetry may improve monitoring and increase corporate innovation). I show that disclosure quality plays a role in both cases: (1) a reduction of information asymmetry through higher disclosure quality is associated with more innovation; and (2) disclosure quality serves as a mechanism through which CEO characteristics also affect innovation (i.e., CEO characteristics’ “indirect effect”). Based on a path analysis, the indirect effect is shown to be statistically and economically significant, and accounts for as much as 33% of a CEO’s total effect on innovation. This implies that CEOs affect corporate performance not only by shaping internal processes, but also by utilizing disclosure quality to raise financial capital. Overall, my findings show the importance of disclosure quality for corporate innovation.	Ph.D.	economic growth, innovation	8, 9
Folinsbee, Kaila	Reisz, Robert R.	Evolutionary History and Biogeography of Papionin Monkeys	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2008-11	Climate change has been invoked to explain patterns of speciation, extinction and biogeographic change over time, however it can be a difficult hypothesis to test empirically. One area of particular interest is climate change in the African Neogene, linked with the origin of hominins. A perfect model clade to test these hypotheses is the papionin monkeys, a diverse group (both extinct and extant), represented by an excellent fossil record. I describe new fossil papionin specimens from Coopers Cave, South Africa, and redescribe and discuss some previously known fossil material. This rich data set provides a necessary deep-time perspective, and, in conjunction with independently generated data, can be used to test hypotheses related to climatic and geological events (such as increasing late Pleistocene aridity and persistence of forest refugia) that may be directly linked to patterns of speciation and biogeographic distribution in the fossil record and in living species. Testing these hypotheses requires a robust phylogenetic hypothesis. I collected morphological character data for a species-level phylogenetic analysis of the papionin clade in order to reconstruct the phylogeny of the group. My analysis found that the living species Theropithecus gelada is nested within extinct theropiths, and is primitive relative to the Pleistocene taxa Theropithecus darti, T. oswaldi and T. leakeyi. Also falling within the theropith lineage are the early Pliocene taxon Pliopapio, the South African taxa Dinopithecus and Gorgopithecus, and two species whose relationships were uncertain until my analysis. “Papio” quadratirostris and “Papio” baringensis are nested within the theropiths, and should be referred to the genus Theropithecus. Biogeographic analysis demonstrates that papionin monkeys share a similar pattern with other Neogene African mammals; they first disperse out of Africa during the mid-Miocene, return to Africa by the late Miocene and undergo a series of vicariant speciation events and range restriction to central Africa, but disperse out into eastern and southern Africa by the Pleistocene. These speciation and dispersal events are tightly correlated with global climatic and tectonic changes.	PhD	climate, forest	13, 15
Forkes, Jennifer	Maclaren, Virginia W.	Measuring the Shape and Size of the Foodshed	Geography	2011-06	This thesis explores indicator tools to measure the ecological impacts of changes to the food system. The concept of a ‘foodshed’ provides a framework to explore the relationships between ecological impacts and where food system activities occur. Indicators of resource use and reuse are developed to describe the shape and size of the foodshed. Paper 1 presents a review of six indicator-based tools from the literature. Using a three criteria definition of ecological sustainability in the food system - increased resource efficiency, decreased pollutant loading, and increased output reuse - Paper 1 examines the suitability of these tools for evaluating the impacts of municipal food policy driven-changes in the location of activities, processes within activities and diet composition. Paper 2 describes the shape of a foodshed, and investigates how changes in Toronto’s waste management impacted the reuse of food-related nitrogen. Reuse increased from 1% in 1990 to at least 4.7% in 2001, through backyard composting and the land application of processed sewage. By 2004, in spite of household organics collection, reuse decreased to 2.3%, due to a reduction in land-applied sewage. The analysis suggests that sewage management has a larger impact on the reuse of food nitrogen than household solid waste management. Paper 3 quantifies the size of the foodsheds of Canada and the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), and evaluates the feasibility of self-sufficiency and its impact on the total land area used for production. Nationally, there is sufficient harvested land area to meet 95% of the land area needed for self-sufficiency. Self-sufficiency is only feasible for the GTA by drawing from a foodshed extending 400 kilometres beyond its boundary. Given current yields, total self-sufficiency would occupy more land area than currently used domestically and abroad. Higher yields or a change in diet could decrease the size of the foodshed.	PhD	food, production, waste, pollut	2, 12, 13
Forrest, Crystal	Pfeiffer, Susan	Iroquoian Infant Mortality and Juvenile Growth 1250 to 1700 AD	Anthropology	2010-11	This thesis investigates changes in Iroquoian infant mortality and juvenile growth between 1250 and 1700 AD in the Lower Great Lakes region of North America. The objectives of this thesis are to investigate the tempo and quality of growth of Iroquoian infants and juveniles; to investigate the relationship between apparent neonatal and postneonatal mortality and predicted mortality ratios based on equal probability of mortality risk in the first year of life (1:11); and to investigate whether or not the ratio of neonatal to postneonatal mortality changed as a result of cultural change associated with the arrival of Europeans at around 1600 AD. These were investigated using a sample of infant and juvenile remains from twenty-one sites in upper New York state and Ontario. Tempo and quality of growth were examined by comparing femoral length at different ages to the Iroquoian adult femur length endpoint and to the growth patterns established in the Denver Growth Study and in other aboriginal North American archaeological samples. Above average infant growth is attributed to biocultural factors and infant mortality is largely caused by acute conditions. Below average juvenile growth, especially between two and seven years of age, is attributed to nutritional imbalances and overcrowding, poor sanitation, and infectious disease prevalence. Juveniles were likely chronically ill, resulting in poor attainment of stature, and this may have contributed to their deaths early in life. Apparent infant mortality was found to differ from predicted mortality, and this difference was attributed to cultural and environmental mortality biases that make interpretation difficult. Change in infant mortality ratios as a result of cultural change associated with European contact is evident in the Iroquoian context: the lack of neonatal remains in postcontact ossuaries is consistent with the ethnohistoric record, but the high proportion of neonates in precontact ossuaries suggests that observations made by ethnohistoric observers may not be applicable to our understanding of precontact burial patterns. The change in the ratio of neonatal to postneonatal remains in the pre- and postcontact periods is interpreted as evidence of changes in burial patterns rather than change in mortality risk.	PhD	nutrition, sanitation, environment, climate	2, 6, 13
Foty, Richard George	To, Teresa	Measuring the Short-Term Effect of Ambient Air Pollution on Acute Health Service Use in Ontarians Living with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease	Medical Science	2017-11	Short-term air pollution exposure has been associated with increased morbidity, especially amongst vulnerable populations like those with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). The Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) is an aggregate measure of overall ambient air pollution. It was designed to communicate to the public in an understandable way air quality levels, associated health risks, and strategies to reduce exposure. Its formulation was based on relative mortality and little is known about the association between the AQHI and morbidity amongst individuals with COPD. The objective of my dissertation is to determine the association between ambient air pollution and acute health service use (HSU - hospitalization and emergency department [ED] visits) amongst individuals with COPD. My first original research study determined the perception and knowledge of individuals with COPD, regarding air pollution health risks, assessment, and exposure reduction strategies. The second quantified the association between the AQHI and acute HSU, and the final study examined whether temperature modifies this association. While Canadians with COPD believed that air pollution affects health, their level of knowledge regarding air quality assessment, health risks, and strategies to reduce exposure was lacking. The AQHI was associated with increased risk of acute HSU for non-accidental, COPD and cardiovascular (CVD) causes. A statistically significant association between the AQHI and CVD hospitalization was observed at all temperatures, whereas the association with COPD hospitalization was only significant at higher temperatures. Results also suggested individuals with prior history of hospitalization for COPD, lower respiratory tract infection, or acute myocardial infarction may be more vulnerable. These findings provide important insights for policy and public health strategy. Reducing the negative health effects of air pollution amongst individuals with COPD requires patient and health care provider education, real-time dissemination of air quality levels regardless of temperature, and specific recommendations on how to reduce exposure.	Ph.D.	health, pollut	3, 13
Found, Adam	Adonis, Yatchew	Essays in Municipal Finance	Economics	2014-06	Chapter 1: I analyze economies of scale for fire and police services by considering how per-household costs are affected by a municipality’s size. Using 2005-2008 municipal data for the Province of Ontario, I employ a partial-linear model to non-parametrically estimate per-household cost curves for each service. The results show that cost per household is a U-shaped function of municipal size for each service. For fire services, these costs are minimized at a population of about 20,000 residents, while for police services they are minimized at about 50,000 residents. Based on these results, implications are drawn for municipal amalgamation policy. Chapter 2: I review how the literature has continued to exclude the business property tax (BPT) from the marginal effective tax rate (METR) on capital investment for over 25 years. I recast the METR theory as it relates to the BPT and compute 2013 estimates of the METR for all 10 provinces in Canada with provincial BPTs included. Building on these estimates, I compute the METR inclusive of municipal BPTs for the largest municipality in each province. I find the BPT to be substantially damaging to municipal, provincial and international competitiveness. With the business property tax representing over 60% of the Canadian METR, among the various capital taxes it is by far the largest contributor to Canada’s investment barrier. Chapter 3: I estimate the responsiveness of structure investment and the tax base to commercial property taxes, taking a new step toward resolving the “benefit view” vs. “capital tax view” debate within the literature. Using a first-difference structural model to analyze 2006-2013 municipal data for the Province of Ontario, I improve upon past studies and build onto the literature in a number of ways. I find that commercial structure investment and tax base are highly sensitive to the property tax with Ontario’s assessment-weighted average tax elasticity (and tax-base elasticity) ranging from -0.80 to -0.90 at 2011 taxation levels. The results support the capital tax view of the business property tax, building onto the growing consensus that business property taxes substantially impact investment in structures and the value of the tax base.	PhD	taxation	10
Fox, Chloe	Leslie, Deborah	Craft and the Contemporary Geographies of Manufacturing: Local Embeddedness, New Workspaces, and the Glamourization of Work in the Craft Brewing Sector	Geography	2019-06	Craft forms of production have enjoyed a notable revival in recent decades and have been argued to provide a source of competitive advantage in a post-Fordist economic landscape. Craft combines physical manufacturing with creative production to produce objects imbued with notions of quality, authenticity, skill, and bespoke production. Craft elevates particular practices and processes, which has allowed it to become viewed as a more environmentally responsible and socially just way of organizing production. This dissertation explores the normative landscape of craft, emphasizing the implications it has for contemporary geographies of manufacturing. Drawing on a mixed methods approach, and an in-depth case study of the craft brewing sector in Portland, Oregon, the dissertation highlights three unique geographies associated with contemporary craft manufacturing. First, the dissertation highlights a tendency towards spatial agglomeration and a (re)localization of small-scale production in advanced economies. It traces the development of Portland’s craft brewing cluster, highlighting the significant role that place-specific institutional and material factors have played in the emergence and growth of the cluster. Second, the dissertation highlights a heightened perception and desirability of manufacturing work associated with the contemporary resurgence of craft, despite the presence of precarious working conditions in craft sectors. A key finding of the dissertation is that precarious working conditions are actually being exacerbated by the heightened status of craft brewing work. Finally, the dissertation highlights a fusion of industrial and cultural production associated with the recent craft revival and documents the ways this has transformed industrial workspaces. In particular, the dissertation emphasizes the unique spatial and locational requirements of craft breweries as well as the ways that their workspaces are enlisted to serve both production and consumption functions. It also places the material landscape of craft beer production in conversation with urban planning, revealing the ways in which craft breweries are used by policy-makers to promote gentrification, tourism and neighbourhood branding and the ways in which these policies are simultaneously benefitting and threatening the continued existence of Portland’s significant craft brewing cluster.	Ph.D.	industr, urban, consum, production, environment	9, 12, 13
Frances, Dachin Norbu	McCauley, Shannon J	The Effects of Warming on Aquatic Insects - Individual to Community Responses	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2018-11	Climate change is increasing temperatures globally as well as the frequency and severity of extreme events such as heat waves. Given that the majority of animals on Earth are ectothermic, and therefore physiologically linked to environmental temperatures, it is imperative to predict the impacts of future warming on species. The physiological effects of warming on ectotherms have been studied extensively, yet, species interactions can also be affected by temperature. My thesis assessed how differences in species’ responses to warming affect their interactions and ultimately the structure and dynamics of communities. I first asked if phenological and early developmental responses to warming differed among and within dragonfly species. Warming accelerated growth and developmental rates, however, differences were greater within as opposed to between species in these responses. I also examined whether differences in behavioural responses to warming among species could determine which species became the superior IG predator. Foraging and IGP rates increased with warming but activity level changes were not predictive of the outcome of these interactions. Next, I asked how the interactive effects of warming and predator presence affected prey foraging decisions. Warmer conditions appeared to have a greater impact on prey behaviour that the predator presence, even though the prey’s risk of being eaten increased with temperature. Lastly, I manipulated developmental conditions in pond mesocosms to understand how warming and heat waves affect community structure. Heat waves similarly increased species’ evenness in communities as warming. However, heat waves further boosted survival compared to ambient and warmed conditions, strengthening consumption on primary consumers within these food webs. Together, my thesis demonstrates the importance of understanding complex interactions between species to make more accurate predictions of the effects of future warming on communities.	Ph.D.	consum, climate, environment	12, 13
Frater, Terence George Anthony	Mundy, Karen	Jamaica's Higher Education Committment under the GATS	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2008-06	This research seeks to answer two questions: why did Jamaica include its higher education (HE) sector in its General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) ‘Schedule of Commitments’; and, how do the politicians and policy makers view the impact of this decision? For answers, I looked at arguments linking the GATS with national development and with HE. The thesis explores Jamaica’s HE policy strategies, how they are formed, how well, even after the fact, the decision-makers understand the implications of the regulatory framework of the GATS and the loss of control implicit in some of its tenets. This study is anchored in research findings by UNESCO and the World Bank, among others, which show that HE systems serve as the foundation for nations’ social and economic development, in providing the required knowledge and high levels of trained manpower to build their human capital. However, suggestions have been made that inequities in the global trading system constrain small developing countries in implementing policies that serve these objectives. Therefore, the emergence of the GATS as a new regulatory structure for trade in educational services raises concerns about the ability of countries like Jamaica, to promote an HE system likely to meet their needs. iii Twenty senior policy actors within Jamaican society were interviewed to elicit their views on national priorities for HE and, the opportunities or threats to their fulfilment presented by the GATS Commitment. Of particular interest is the growth in cross-border HE services found in Jamaica. The research found that notwithstanding the inequities of the global trading system, Jamaica embraces the concepts of liberalisation and free trade, and its negotiators, in formulating the Commitment, were seized with GATS’ potential for rapidly expanding access to HE. However, the evidence of this research suggests they were ill-prepared to make this decision, and clearly there is need for a better understanding of the role of HE in Jamaica’s development.	PhD	educat	4
Freeman, Lisa Marie	Ruddick, Sue	Making Room: The Geography of Rooming House Regulation in Toronto	Geography	2013-06	This dissertation addresses the contemporary moment of the uneven regulation of rooming houses using qualitative research methods including semi-structured interviews, participant observation and document analysis. The uneven regulation of rooming houses provides an opportunity to study the local administration of poverty, the fragmented legal landscape of municipal law, the suburbanization of poverty and the governance of a marginalized tenant population. This dissertation questions how municipal governments function administratively, how space—specifically suburban space—influences urban governance and how an imagined geography of a 1970s skid row permeates present-day debates concerning suburban rooming houses. The geography and regulation of rooming houses in Toronto is fragmented. This fragmented legal landscape provides an opportunity to study how the bureaucratic functions of the municipal government alter the state of affordable housing in the city. In 1974, Toronto implemented a rooming house licensing bylaw as a response to fatal fires and unsafe living conditions in rooming houses. Still, in 1989 the Rupert Hotel fire happened in a licensed downtown rooming house. This specific fire garnered considerable municipal attention to the ‘problem of rooming houses.’ When the City of Toronto amalgamated in 1998, the rooming house licensing bylaw remained within the jurisdiction of the former City of Toronto (the downtown) and rooming houses were prohibited in the former cities (the inner suburbs) of Scarborough and North York and licensed (in a limited capacity) in Etobicoke. As poverty continues to rise in Toronto’s inner suburbs, rooming houses are increasingly in demand. Meanwhile, the legal status of rooming houses continue to be precarious as they are perceived to be illegal in the suburbs and legal in the downtown. Overall, this dissertation documents the geography of municipal bylaws in the context of gentrification, urban renewal, increased poverty in the suburbs and the everyday role of law.	PhD	poverty, urban, cities, governance	1, 11, 16
Freeman, Victoria Jane	Morgan, Cecilia	"Toronto Has No History!" Indigeneity, Settler Colonialism, and Historical Memory in Canada's Largest City	History	2010-11	The Indigenous past is largely absent from settler representations of the history of the city of Toronto, Canada. Nineteenth and twentieth century historical chroniclers often downplayed the historic presence of the Mississaugas and their Indigenous predecessors by drawing on doctrines of terra nullius, ignoring the significance of the Toronto Purchase, and changing the city’s foundational story from the establishment of York in 1793 to the incorporation of the City of Toronto in 1834. These chroniclers usually assumed that “real Indians” and urban life were inimical. Often their representations implied that local Indigenous peoples had no significant history and thus the region had little or no history before the arrival of Europeans. Alternatively, narratives of ethical settler indigenization positioned the Indigenous past as the uncivilized starting point in a monological European theory of historical development. In many civic discourses, the city stood in for the nation as a symbol of its future, and national history stood in for the region’s local history. The national replaced ‘the Indigenous’ in an ideological process that peaked between the 1880s and the 1930s. Concurrently, the loyalist Six Nations were often represented as the only Indigenous people with ties to Torontonians, while the specific historical identity of the Mississaugas was erased. The role of both the government and local settlers in crowding the Mississaugas out of their lands on the Credit River was rationalized as a natural process, while Indigenous land claims, historical interpretations, and mnemonic forms were rarely accorded legitimacy by non-Indigenous city residents. After World War II, with new influxes of both Indigenous peoples and multicultural immigrants into the city, colonial narratives of Toronto history were increasingly challenged and replaced by multiple stories or narrative fragments. Indigenous residents created their own representations of Toronto as an Indigenous place with an Indigenous history; emphasizing continuous occupation and spiritual connections between place and ancestors. Today, contention among Indigenous groups over the fairness of the Mississauga land claim, epistemic differences between western and Indigenous conceptions of history, and ongoing settler disavowal of the impact of colonialism have precluded any simple or consensual narrative of Toronto’s past.	PhD	urban	11
Freire-Gormaly, Marina	Bilton, Amy M	Experimental Characterization of Membrane Fouling under Intermittent Operation and Its Application to the Optimization of Solar Photovoltaic Powered Reverse Osmosis Drinking Water Treatment Systems	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2018-06	This thesis presents a novel experimental characterization of reverse osmosis membrane fouling from the intermittent operation of solar powered water treatment systems. This thesis also depicts the development of an analytical membrane fouling model and a design framework to configure location-customized solar photovoltaic reverse osmosis systems. The World Health Organization estimates that 760 million people worldwide lack access to clean drinking water. The regions with the highest water scarcity are usually off-grid, remote and have high solar insolation. Therefore, the use of solar powered reverse osmosis water treatment systems is a viable solution. However, to minimize the costs, these systems are configured with minimal battery storage and operated intermittently with extended shutdown periods. Literature lacks an experimental characterization of the effect of this intermittent operation on membrane fouling and an associated design optimization framework. This research work on reverse osmosis water treatment systems is divided into two main parts: (1) the experimental characterization of membrane fouling under intermittent operation, and (2) the development of an analytical membrane fouling model and a design optimization framework for these systems. A new fully-instrumented experimental lab-scale system was designed, built, commissioned and operated with triplicate measurements of membrane permeability and membrane salt rejection for the experimental characterization. A new pilot-scale experimental system was also designed, built and operated. The membrane fouling was characterized experimentally for intermittent and continuous operation. The effect of anti-scalant and rinsing was also investigated. Two types of experimental water was tested: an experimental MilliQ-based matrix and an experimental groundwater-based matrix. The groundwater was from Nobleton, Ontario. In addition, membrane autopsy was performed using scanning electron microscopy. An analytical membrane fouling model was developed based on the experimental results. Furthermore, a novel design framework was developed using this new analytical membrane fouling model. This design optimization framework can be used for the configuration of community-specific solar photovoltaic reverse osmosis systems that are reliable throughout the system life at a minimal cost. The design optimization framework can be adapted for other modular systems such as renewable power systems for off-grid communities, remote First Nations, Métis, and Inuit communities, or remote mining sites.	Ph.D.	solar, renewable, urban, water	6, 7, 11
Freylejer, Leandro	Trefler, Daniel	Three Essays in International Trade	Economics	2018-03	This thesis comprises three chapters: In Chapter I, I develop a general model to study the impact of labour mobility distortions on the gains from trade liberalization. The main feature of the model is that it combines comparative advantage forces with sectoral production misallocation. I use this framework to study the effect of labour market policies affecting the level of occupational mobility distortions on the gains from trade. I first show that differences in market structure across sectors lead to a misallocation of production. A planner is able to solve this misallocation by changing the composition of employment in the economy through changes in the level of labour market distortions. I use the model to study the impact of labour market distortions on the gains from trade from 1992 to 2007 in the US. I find that, relative to observed, optimal distortions lead to a 2.7% increase in the median cost of switching occupations and a doubling of welfare gains from trade. In Chapter II, I examine whether trade liberalization decreases investment misallocation in India. I provide evidence that, independently of firm heterogeneity, exporters earn more revenue from the extensive margin of production. Also, I show that this difference between exporters and non-exporters is increasing in the degree of external financing needs of the sector in which firms operate. This finding suggests that an increase in trade liberalization has the additional effect of increasing the efficiency of the allocation of investment in new product varieties from less-productive non-exporters to more-productive exporters. In Chapter III, I propose a model to explain deviations from the source-destination hierarchy prediction in models of trade with heterogeneous firms. I first show that firms do not follow a pecking order of foreign market entry. To explain these deviations, I show a two-period, partial equilibrium model with asymmetric information in product appeal. Firms know the appeal of their products but consumers are unaware of it. After consuming in the first period, consumers observe a noisy signal and update their expectations. Given the updating process, I show that there is an imperfect sorting of firms into markets.	Ph.D.	employment, labour, consum	8, 12
Friendly, Abigail	Daniere, Amrita	Implementing Progressive Planning in Brazil: Understanding the Gap between Rhetoric and Practice	Geography	2014-06	This dissertation explores the juxtaposition between an innovative national policy underpinned by concepts of the right to the city and social justice, and the implementation of that law at the local level, with variable results. Approved in 2001 following the growth of the urban reform movements and a new 'citizens' Constitution in 1988, the Statute of the City explicitly recognized the 'right to the city,' understood as the right to participate in urban life. In the Brazilian context, this means a combination of the 'social function of property and of the city' (the regulation of urban development as a public issue rather than a private one) and the democratic management of cities. The Statute regulates the 1988 Constitution's chapter on urban policy, mandates institutionalized participation in planning processes including citizen councils, large-scale forums and public hearings, and aims to promote social justice by alleviating the array of complex problems faced by Brazilian cities. Using a combination of semi-structured interviews, document analysis and observation, I focus on one case of the politics of implementing the progressive policy tools of the Statute of the City: the city of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro State. In my research, four intertwining themes explore how power relations and civil society organization influence the capacity to implement more participatory and socially just planning. While a gap exists between the rhetoric of the Statute and local practice, my findings suggest that the changes made as a result of the new planning directives of the Statute need to be seen as a long-term process. Indeed, the Statute is extraordinary in the Brazilian context, given high levels of poverty and socio-spatial inequality, violence and the aftermath of twenty years of dictatorship.	Ph.D.	justice, institution, urban, inequality, equality, poverty, ecology	1, 5, 9, 11, 16
Friesen, Patrick Calvin	Sage, Rowan F	Exploiting the Productivity of C4 Photosynthesis in Cool Temperate Climates: Mechanisms and Thresholds of Cold Tolerance in Miscanthus, Saccharum, and Spartina pectinata	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2015-06	Perennial grasses that use the C4 photosynthetic pathway are the best choice for terrestrial bioenergy and can help mitigate climate change. Much of the marginal land available for bioenergy occurs in cool temperate climates at high latitudes. To be productive in cool temperate climates, C4 perennial grasses must successfully overwinter the first growing season and produce leaves that tolerate spring chilling and frosts to harness the long photoperiods. Although there is nothing inherently cold sensitive about the C4 pathway, cold tolerant C4 grasses are rare and the additional C4 cycle and architecture introduce more potentially cold sensitive sites. In addition, the C4 cycle imposes a greater restriction in demand for energy and may predispose C4 grasses to chronic photoinhibition. Miscanthus x giganteus is a highly productive C4 perennial grass in cool temperate climates that is a model of photosynthetic chilling tolerance. Miscanthus is closely related to Saccharum a C4 genus that includes commercial sugarcane and energycane. Although M. x giganteus is chilling tolerant, it shows little tolerance of subzero temperatures with reports of winterkill in some cold climates. Spartina pectinata is a C4 perennial grass native to North America with a distribution up to 61°N latitude. The purpose of this thesis is to compare cold tolerance thresholds across these C4 perennial grasses and test hypotheses about the underlying physiology. First, this thesis demonstrates that M. x giganteus and another triploid Miscanthus hybrid have superior photosynthetic chilling tolerance over other Miscanthus hybrids and Saccharum genotypes. Across these genotypes, chronic photoinhibition or photoinactivation is closely associated with chilling sensitivity of net CO2 assimilation rate. Next, a more detailed investigation comparing M. x giganteus with the most chilling sensitive Miscanthus hybrid reveals Rubisco is the predominant limitation on net CO2 assimilation rate at cooler temperatures. Finally, this thesis compares the overwintering capacity, seasonal rhizome freezing tolerance, and leaf frost tolerance of S. pectinata and M. x giganteus in a first year field plot. Spartina pectinata shows greater overwinter survival and a fall/winter lethal temperature threshold of -24°C compared to -4°C for M. x giganteus, as well as greater spring leaf frost tolerance.	Ph.D.	energy, climate	7, 13
Frunchak, Svitlana	Viola, Lynne	The Making of Soviet Chernivtsi: National 'Reunification', World War II, and the Fate of Jewish Czernowitz in Postwar Ukraine	History	2014-03	The Making of Soviet Chernivtsi: National “Reunification,” World War II, and the Fate of Jewish Czernowitz in Postwar Ukraine Doctor of Philosophy Svitlana Frunchak Graduate Department of History University of Toronto 2014 Abstract This dissertation revisits the meaning of Soviet expansion and sovietization during and after World War II, the effects of the war on a multiethnic Central-Eastern European city, and the postwar construction of a national identity. One of several multiethnic cities acquired by the USSR in the course of World War II, modern pre-Soviet Chernivtsi can be best characterized as a Jewish-German city dominated by acculturated Jews until the outbreak of World War II. Yet Chernivtsi emerged from the war, the Holocaust, and Soviet reconstruction as an almost homogeneous Ukrainian city that allegedly had always longed for reunification with its Slavic brethren. Focusing on the late Stalinist period (1940–1953) but covering earlier (1774–1940) and later (1953–present) periods, this study explores the relationship between the ideas behind the incorporation; the lived experience of the incorporation; and the historical memory of the city’s distant and recent past. Central to this dissertation is the fate of the Jewish residents of Czernowitz-Chernivtsi. This community was diminished from an influential plurality to about one percent of the city’s population whose past was marginalized in local historical memory. This study demonstrates a multifaceted local experience of the war which was all but silenced by the dominant Soviet Ukrainian myth of the Great Patriotic War and the “reunification of all Ukrainian lands.” When the authors of the official Soviet historical and cultural narratives represented Stalin’s annexation as the “reunification” of Ukraine, they in fact constructed and popularized a new concept of “historical Ukrainian lands.” This concept—a blueprint for the Soviet colonization of the western borderlands in the name of the Ukrainian nation—tied ethnically defined Ukrainian culture to a strictly delineated national territory. Applied to the new borderlands and particularly to their urban centres characterized by cultural diversity, this policy served to legitimize the marginalization and, in several cases, the violent displacement of ethnic minorities, bringing to an end Jewish Czernowitz.	PhD	cities	11
Fu, Jing	Cummins, James	The Influence of Gender and Culture on First and Second Language Writing of Chinese and Japanese-speaking University Students	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2011-06	This study investigated the influence of gender and culture on 23 university students’ first language (L1) and second language writing (L2). Specifically, the study investigated the extent to which gender differences would emerge in students’ L1 and L2 writing and whether any such differences would manifest themselves differentially in L1 as opposed to L2 writing. Students represented three national groups (8 Japanese students, 7 Chinese students, and 8 Taiwanese students). The Japanese and Chinese groups received their schooling in their home countries and came to Canada for purposes of university studies. However, the Taiwanese group came to Canada during their schooling years and consequently their English academic skills were better developed than their Chinese skills. L1 and L2 writing was sampled with four different writing tasks and analyzed for patterns of lexical and rhetorical usage. Stimulated-recall interviews were conducted with each student after they had completed the four writing tasks. The goal of the interviews was to identify the metacognitive strategies the students utilized in their L1 and L2 writing. Issues related to how students’ identities intersected with their L1 and L2 writing were also explored. Because the national groups are heterogeneous with respect to L1 and L2 writing experience, each group was considered as a separate case study for purposes of analysis. Exploratory cross-group analyses were carried out only to throw additional light on within-group trends. In the sample as a whole, statistical differences related to gender did not emerge. However, qualitative analysis of students’ L1 writing showed a distinct gender difference within the Japanese group. Specifically, Japanese females used considerably more politeness markers in their Japanese writing in comparison to Japanese males whose L1 writing tended to be more assertive. These differences were not apparent in males’ and females’ L2 (English) writing. No gender differences were observed in either L1 or L2 among the Chinese and Taiwanese groups. The findings suggest that learners absorb the instruction they receive in relation to effective ways of writing in their L2 environments and are fully capable of adjusting lexical and rhetorical features from L1 norms to L2 norms. The fact that female Japanese students did not generalize the politeness features they used in Japanese to English suggests that student identities are fluid and shift according to the cultural and linguistic context.	PhD	gender	5
Fujita, Nobuko	Brett, Clare	Group Processes Supporting the Development of Progressive Discourse in Online Graduate Courses	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2012-03	This design-based research study investigates the development of progressive discourse among participants (n=15, n=17, n=20) in three online graduate course contexts. Progressive discourse is a kind of discourse for inquiry in which participants share, question, and revise their ideas to deepen understanding and build knowledge. Although progressive discourse is central to knowledge building pedagogy, it is not known whether it is possible to detect its emergence in the patterns of participation in asynchronous conferencing environments or what kinds of instructional scaffolding are most effective to support its development. This study offers a unique perspective by characterizing episodes of discourse where participants honor the commitments for progressive discourse and by refining designs of peer and software-based scaffolding for progressive discourse. Results showed that measures such as note count, replies, and thread sizes can determine some qualities of online discourse but do not shed light on the development of progressive discourse. Thus an in-depth analysis of discourse for groups was developed to trace the interdependent individual contributions to the group discourse. Peer scaffolding that made norms for progressive discourse explicit was introduced to encourage participants to engage in sustained student-centered discourse for inquiry. Findings show that this intervention was most effective at the beginning of a course for newer online learners and newer graduate students, and least effective for students who were practicing K-12 teachers. A significant barrier to fostering progressive discourse is the tendency for teachers to reject these norms and revert to belief-mode thinking and devotional discourse typical of traditional schooling. Additionally, findings suggest that software-based scaffolding (as found in Knowledge Forum’s scaffold support feature) is a promising avenue for future design innovations to encourage progressive discourse. Although the results of this study are only suggestive, the findings do illustrate ways in which graduate students can uphold the commitments to move beyond expressions of socio- affective connection and opinion to discuss ideas in ways that lead to more useful explanations. The implications for these results for analyzing the quality of online discourse and the designs of instructional scaffolding in online learning environments are discussed.	PhD	innovation	9
Furgale, Paul	Barfoot, Timothy D.	Extensions to the Visual Odometry Pipeline for the Exploration of Planetary Surfaces	Aerospace Science and Engineering	2011-11	Mars represents one of the most important targets for space exploration in the next 10 to 30 years, particularly because of evidence of liquid water in the planet's past. Current environmental conditions dictate that any existing water reserves will be in the form of ice; finding and sampling these ice deposits would further the study of the planet's climate history, further the search for evidence of life, and facilitate in-situ resource utilization during future manned exploration missions. This thesis presents a suite of algorithms to help enable a robotic ice-prospecting mission to Mars. Starting from visual odometry---the estimation of a rover's motion using a stereo camera as the primary sensor---we develop the following extensions: (i) a coupled surface/subsurface modelling system that provides novel data products to scientists working remotely, (ii) an autonomous retrotraverse system that allows a rover to return to previously visited places along a route for sampling, or to return a sample to an ascent vehicle, and (iii) the extension of the appearance-based visual odometry pipeline to an actively illuminated light detection and ranging sensor that provides data similar to a stereo camera but is not reliant on consistent ambient lighting, thereby enabling appearance-based vision techniques to be used in environments that are not conducive to passive cameras, such as underground mines or permanently shadowed craters on the moon. All algorithms are evaluated on real data collected using our field robot at the University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies, or at a planetary analogue site on Devon Island, in the Canadian High Arctic.	PhD	water, climate, environment	6, 13
Gabay, Danielle	Chambers, Tony	Race, Gender and Interuniversity Athletics: Black Female Student Athletes in Canadian Higher Education	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2013-11	Despite the documented history of women's athletics and minority students' participation in Canadian postsecondary institutions, little is known about Black female student athletes and their experiences within Canadian higher education. This dearth of information is paradoxical considering the academic and athletic legacy of this subgroup, as well as the noted importance of the student experience and athletic participation within Canadian universities. The aim of the study was to gather data on the experiences of Black female undergraduate students involved in varsity athletics. The goal was to gain an understanding of their experiences as students, as athletes, and as Black women. Additionally, the study intended to help fill a gap in the existing literature on race, sport, and the student experience in the Canadian context. The study employed an intersectional framework to examine how race, gender, athleticism and the student role intersect to shape the student experience. The investigation utilized a mixed method approach consisting of an online survey and in-depth interviews. This national study included participants from each of the four Canadian Interuniversity Sport (CIS) regions. Twenty-eight Black female student athletes completed the online survey, while an additional thirty-two Black female student athletes were interviewed. The findings were divided into seven major themes: University Expectations versus Reality, Pressure and Positivity, Complex Relationships, Unique Experiences, Negotiating and Navigating, Hiding and Highlighting and Levels of Blackness. In a number of ways, the Black Canadian female student athlete's experience is similar to that of other student athletes. However, it also was found that Black female student athletes have a unique experience due to the intersection of their race, gender and athleticism. Thus, Black female student athletes have a distinct experience as they deal with racial, gender, and athletic stereotypes; the underrepresentation of Black females and Black female athletes in higher education; the intricacies of Black dating and intimate relationships; and the complex interactions within the Black communities on campus.	PhD	educat, gender, women	4, 5
Gahir, Sarabjit Singh	Piquette-Miller, Michekine	PXR-mediated Regulation of Placental Drug Transporters Impact on Fetal Exposure to Lopinavir	Pharmaceutical Sciences	2014	Globally, there are close to 20 million women living with HIV. An increasing number of these women are of child bearing age. Current guidelines recommend treatment of all pregnant women with highly active antiretroviral agents to both maintain maternal health and to prevent the vertical transmission of the virus. Maintaining a balance between adequate levels of antiretroviral in the fetal system and preventing fetal toxicity are key to the success of this strategy. Despite increasing use, little is known about the transplacental accumulation of these agents. ABC drug transporters at the placental surface are believed to play an important role in the protective function of the placenta. This thesis explored the involvement of Pregnane X Receptor (PXR), an established regulator of drug transporters in the liver and intestine, in the regulation of placental drug transporters and the impact of PXR genotype and associated differences in placental transporter levels on fetal drug accumulation of lopinavir, a key antiretroviral used extensively in pregnant women. We examined the role of the nuclear receptor at the placental interface in PXR knockout and wildtype mice. Pegnenolone-16-á-carbonitrile (PCN) treatment failed to induce PXR and target genes in the placenta in contrast to the liver. Furthermore, an inverse relationship between placental PXR expression and the expression of Pgp, Mrp 1-3 and Bcrp was observed in the placental tissue. PXR heterozygotes were bred in order to generate pregnant dams with varying expression of placental transporters in individual fetal units within the same dam. This model was used to study the impact of fetal genotype and placental transporter expression on fetal exposure to lopinavir within the same dam. A two fold higher fetal accumulation of lopinavir was observed the PXR null placentas as compared to the wild types. An inverse relationship was observed between the placental expression of Mdr1a and fetal exposure to lopinavir (p	Ph.D.	health, women	3, 5
Galer, Dustin	Radforth, Ian	"Hire the Handicapped!": Disability Rights, Economic Integration and Working Lives in Toronto, Ontario, 1962-2005	History	2014-06	This dissertation, “‘Hire the Handicapped!’: Disability Rights, Economic Integration and Working Lives in Toronto, Ontario, 1962-2005,” argues that work significantly shaped the experience of disability during this period. Barriers to mainstream employment opportunities gave rise to multiple disability movements that challenged the social and economic framework which marginalized generations of people with disabilities. Using a critical analysis of disability in archival records, personal collections, government publications and a series of interviews, I demonstrate how demands for greater access among disabled people to paid employment stimulated the development of a new discourse of disability in Canada. Including disability as a variable in historical research reveals how family advocates helped people living in institutions move out into the community and rehabilitation professionals played an increasingly critical role in the lives of working-age adults with disabilities, civil rights activists crafted a new consumer-led vision of social and economic integration. Separated by different philosophies and bases of support, disability activists and allies found a common purpose in their pursuit of economic integration. The focus on employment issues among increasingly influential disability activists during this period prompted responses from three key players in the Canadian labour market. Employers embraced the rhetoric and values of disability rights but operated according to a different set of business principles and social attitudes that inhibited the realization of equity and a ‘level playing field.’ Governments facilitated the development of a progressive discourse of disability and work, but ultimately recoiled from disability activism to suit emergent political priorities. Labour organizations similarly engaged disability activists, but did so cautiously, with union support largely contingent upon the satisfaction of traditional union business first and foremost. As disability activists and their allies railed against systematic discrimination, people with disabilities lived and worked in the community, confronting barriers and creating their own circles of awareness in the workplace. Just as multiple sites of disability activism found resolution in the sphere of labour, the redefinition of disability during this period reflected a shared project involving collective and individual action.	PhD	employment, labour, rights	8, 16
Gallagher-Mackay, Kelly	Gaskell, Jane	Schools, Child Welfare and Well-being: Dimensions of Collective Responsibility for Maltreated Children Living at Home||Schools, Child Welfare and Well-being: Dimensions of Collective Responsibility for Maltreated Children Living at Home	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2011-11	This qualitative study examines collective responsibility for the well-being of maltreated children who remain at home. Based on accounts of mothers, teachers and child welfare workers, and policy officials, the study uses institutional ethnography to examine how schools and child welfare authorities work together and with families. Contributing to the socio-legal literature, it explores understandings of responsibility in formal law and in practice. The policy response to these children’s needs raises significant theoretical and political issues because they are on the borderlands of public and private responsibility. Child welfare involvement signals public intervention is required to ensure protection and well-being. Strong, proactive, and coordinated support by public authorities should follow. However, data suggest three pervasive theoretical or political accounts legitimize very limited support. (1) The notion of home and school as separate spheres. Participants understand and in theory support the highly prescriptive regulation governing reporting and contact between schools and CAS. But in practice participants pointed to limits on responsibility for knowledge or communication across the boundaries. Participants acknowledged limited knowledge or communication despite a regulatory regime that promotes and assumes it. (2) Comprehensive family responsibility. Deeply-rooted notions of family responsibility and autonomy render public support for struggling families and children relatively discretionary. A policy and practice scan shows child welfare provides less educational support to children living in the community relative to those in foster care, and minimal individual or systemic accountability for services to these children. (3) Persistent heroic narratives of the teacher who ‘makes a difference’ through exceptional commitment to struggling students. To relegate caring work to realm of personal commitment privatizes responsibility for an important aspect of effective teaching. Though cited as exemplary, the exercise of these responsibilities is not supported, not demanded, and not planned for, which is problematic for interagency co-operation and teacher burnout. These political and institutional narratives limit the system’s response to the needs of these vulnerable children to discretion and chance. Meeting their needs requires not only a focus on coordination across bureaucratic boundaries, but also strengthening the visibility of, and accountability for, issues of well-being within education and child welfare.	PhD	well being	3
Gambhir, Mira Raj	Thiessen, Dennis	Images of the Diversity Educator: Indian and Canadian Perspectives of Diversity Education in Teacher Education	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2015-06	Increasingly, diversity education in initial teacher education (ITE) is identified as a global need in pluralist contexts. Recent policies in India and Canada make explicit commitments to addressing diversity and inclusion as part of teacher education reforms. Despite strong and growing policy recommendations, limited information is available on how ITE programs approach diversity education in practice. In response, I conducted a qualitative international comparative study of ITE programs in Ontario, Canada, and Delhi, India. The purpose of this study is to identify the similarities and differences of approaches to diversity education in ITE programs. The study analyzes six programs--three in Canada and three in India--that prepare novice teachers for diversity. I focus primarily on two of the programs and include the other four as context for the regional beliefs and practices in each country. Through interviews, classroom observations, and document analysis, I explore: a) participants' understandings of diversity education; b) program policies, structures and procedures; c) curriculum content and pedagogy; and d) the challenges of approaches to diversity education.The findings reveal that the approaches of both programs are framed by three images of the diversity educator--the affirmer, the conscious practitioner, and the social reformer--albeit in varying ways and with different emphases. The affirmer focuses on empowering students, reinforcing positive views of diversity, and building community in the classroom; the conscious practitioner on being mindful of diversity and aware of the implications of social issues on candidates' lives and practice; and the reformer on implementing diversity education curriculum for social reform. Each image highlights distinct conceptions of diversity, inclusion, professional knowledge, and social action.The images of the diversity educator offer a framework for comparative international inquiry on diversity education in ITE. They generate insights into how diversity education is approached in three ways: 1) as distinct forms based on sociocultural context, ITE participants' beliefs, and program practices; 2) as important opportunities for social action in education; and 3) as multiple forms simultaneously operating in a single ITE program. The images provide new directions on how to best understand and improve diversity education in ITE.	Ph.D.	educat	4
Gananathan, Romona	Pelletier, Janette	Legal and Policy Implications for Early Childhood Professionals in Ontario's Kindergarten Programs	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2015-06	The integration of child care and early education systems has been driving staffing change in early learning environments globally over the past decade. Rationales for staff integration often include concurrent movements to professionalize and regularize the early childhood sector. The legal and policy implication of systems integration in Ontario includes the movement of a largely unionized private non-profit sector workforce into the realm of public education in Full Day Kindergarten (FDK). Ontario was the first jurisdiction in Canada to introduce a team teaching model comprised of a Registered Early Childhood Educator (RECE) and Kindergarten Teacher, bringing approximately 10,000 new RECEs into the public education sector. At the same time, the College of Early Childhood Educators was also established to develop standards of practice and provide public accountability for early childhood professionals.This thesis explores the new "professional" role of the RECE within the integrated FDK staff team in the education sector and the concurrent movement to professionalize and regularize the early childhood profession in Ontario. Through a series of four interrelated manuscripts that use a variety of theoretical and methodological approaches including feminist legal policy research and text analysis, this compilation thesis documents the legal and policy impact of FDK staffing policy, and how it has influenced the way the new professional RECE role in FDK is being developed through legislation, policy and practice. By conceptualizing professionalization as a site of struggle and using feminist legal and policy research perspectives to understand policy implementation, I describe ways in which policy makers can have a more meaningful impact through FDK program implementation at all levels, and disclose strategies on how the policy intent of a more professional status and role for RECEs in Ontario's education system can be realized.	Ph.D.	educat	4
Gao, Han	Lian, Keryn	Advanced Proton Conducting Polymer Electrolytes for Electrochemical Capacitors	Materials Science and Engineering	2015-11	Research on solid electrochemical energy storage devices aims to provide high performance, low cost, and safe operation solutions for emerging applications from flexible consumer electronics to microelectronics. Polymer electrolytes, minimizing device sealing and liquid electrolyte leakage, are key enablers for these next-generation technologies. In this thesis, a novel proton-conducing polymer electrolyte system has been developed using heteropolyacids (HPAs) and polyvinyl alcohol for electrochemical capacitors. A thorough understanding of proton conduction mechanisms of HPAs together with the interactions among HPAs, additives, and polymer framework has been developed. Structure and chemical bonding of the electrolytes have been studied extensively to identify and elucidate key attributes affecting the electrolyte properties. Numerical models describing the proton conduction mechanism have been applied to differentiate those attributes. The performance optimization of the polymer electrolytes through additives, polymer structural modifications, and synthesis of alternative HPAs has achieved several important milestones, including: (a) high proton mobility and proton density; (b) good ion accessibility at electrode/electrolyte interface; (c) wide electrochemical stability window; and (d) good environmental stability. Specifically, high proton mobility has been addressed by cross-linking the polymer framework to improve the water storage capability at normal-to-high humidity conditions (e.g. 50-80% RH) as well as by incorporating nano-fillers to enhance the water retention at normal humidity levels (e.g. 30-60% RH). High proton density has been reached by utilizing additional proton donors (i.e. acidic plasticizers) and by developing different HPAs. Good ion accessibility has been achieved through addition of plasticizers. Electrochemical stability window of the electrolyte system has also been investigated and expanded by utilizing HPAs with different heteroatoms. The optimized polymer electrolyte demonstrated even higher proton conductivity than pure HPAs and the enabled electrochemical capacitors have demonstrated an exceptionally high rate capability of 50 Vs-1 in cyclic voltammograms and a 10 ms time constant in impedance analyses.	Ph.D.	energy, consum, environment	7, 12, 13
García Del Moral, Paulina	Korteweg, Anna C||Levi, Ron	Feminicidio, Transnational Legal Activism, and State Responsibility in Mexico	Sociology	2016-06	This dissertation uses the concept of transnational legal activism to analyze the mobilization of international human rights law as a multi-scalar process that produces and is shaped by gendered political and discursive opportunities. I apply this framework to examine how feminist grassroots activists engaged with supranational human rights institutions, especially the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, to hold the Mexican state responsible for the murders of three young women in Ciudad Juárez, an industrial city that borders the United States, in the case of González and Others “Cotton Field.” The Court declared that Mexico had failed to act with due diligence to prevent, investigate, and punish these crimes. These murders epitomize what activists identified as feminicidio, the systematic killing of women in a context of institutionalized gender discrimination sanctioned by the state; this phenomenon has prevailed in the northern state of Chihuahua where Ciudad Juárez is located since the 1990s. The dissertation also investigates how federal and local state actors responded to grassroots activists’ claims and the judgment of the IACtHR, including the criminalization of feminicidio. Through interviews with Mexican activists and frame analysis of the IACtHR judgment and of federal and local parliamentary debates, I argue that grassroots activists’ involvement in transnational legal activism contributed to expanding and rearticulating the meaning of women’s human rights and state responsibility at the domestic and supranational levels. Throughout, I highlight activists’ agency in this process and in their interactions with transnational organizations specialized in human rights advocacy and supranational litigation. Thus, I challenge assumptions in the literature on human rights and social movements that imply that grassroots actors have a limited access to international law and avenues to participate in transnational advocacy. Last, I suggest that the actions of Mexican grassroots activists extend a Latin American approach to international human rights law.	Ph.D.	gender, women, rights	5, 16
Garcia Ricci, Diego	Austin, Lisa	The Contribution of International Human Rights Law to the Protection of Privacy: the Case of Mexico	Law	2017-06	This thesis examines the contribution of international human rights law to the protection of privacy. It poses the question of whether or not international human rights law can compensate for the limitations that other areas of law have in the protection of privacy with respect to the mandatory collection, retention, use or disclosure of personal information carried out by states. The thesis argues that international human rights treaties and jurisprudence offer principles, frameworks and an individual entitlement that can be applied in domestic jurisdictions to protect the private lives of individuals from abuses of power by states through data processing. To test its argument, the thesis uses Mexico as its case study. Several factors make Mexico an especially useful jurisdiction for this purpose. A right to privacy is not explicitly included in the Mexican legal order and the judiciary has yet to develop privacy jurisprudence. Following a 2011 constitutional amendment, Mexico opened its legal system to international human rights law, incorporating into the national bill of rights those human rights included in international treaties. Mexico offers an excellent opportunity for examining what international human rights law can offer in the protection of privacy of individuals with respect to the mandatory data processing carried out by the state. The thesis demonstrates that the right to privacy included in international human rights treaties has been understood by authoritative interpreters as implying other important principles such as legality, necessity and proportionality. In the Big Data era, where state surveillance is taking on new dimensions, these principles are crucial for the protection of privacy. By showing how the international human rights law on privacy can be received within Mexican law, this thesis shows that the private lives of individuals can be protected from abuses of power committed by the state via data processing. Esta tesis examina la contribución del derecho internacional de los derechos humanos a la protección de la privacidad. Se pregunta si el derecho internacional de los derechos humanos puede compensar las limitaciones que otras áreas del derecho tienen en la protección de la privacidad con respecto a la recolección, retención, uso o divulgación obligatorios de datos personales llevados a cabo por los estados. La tesis sostiene que la jurisprudencia y los tratados en derechos humanos ofrecen principios, marcos normativos y un derecho individual que podrían ser aplicados en las jurisdicciones nacionales para proteger la vida privada de los individuos de los abusos de poder llevados a cabo por los estados a través del procesamiento obligatorio de datos personales. Para probar su argumento, la tesis usa a Mexico como estudio de caso. Distintos factores hacen que México sea una jurisdicción especialmente útil para este propósito. El derecho a la privacidad no está explícitamente incluido en el orden jurídico mexicano y el poder judicial aún tiene que desarrollar jurisprudencia sobre privacidad. Tras una reforma constitucional en 2011, México abrió su sistema jurídico al derecho internacional de los derechos humanos, incorporando a la constitución mexicana aquellos derechos humanos incluidos en los tratados internacionales. México brinda una excelente oportunidad para examinar lo que el derecho internacional de los derechos humanos puede ofrecer para proteger la privacidad de los individuos respecto al procesamiento obligatorio de datos llevado a cabo por el estado. La tesis demuestra que el derecho a la privacidad incluido en los tratados internacionales de derechos humanos ha sido entendido por los intérpretes oficiales como implicando otros principios importantes tales como el de legalidad, necesidad y proporcionalidad. En la era del Big Data, donde la vigilancia estatal está tomando nuevas dimensiones, estos principios son cruciales para la protección de la privacidad. Al mostrar cómo el derecho internacional de los derechos humanos en materia de privacidad puede ser recibido dentro del derecho mexicano, la tesis demuestra que la vida privada de los individuos puede ser protegida de los abusos de poder cometidos por el estado vía el procesamiento de datos.	S.J.D.	rights	16
Garcia, Alexander	Berdahl, Jennifer	Making Waves without Rocking the Boat: Women’s Reinforcement of Gender Status Hierarchies as a Protectant against Discrimination	Management	2013-06	Research on sex discrimination has found consistent support for the idea that women who violate gender roles by succeeding in male-dominated domains elicit hot forms of discrimination. In particular, evidence suggests that a perceivers' conservatism, which represents a preference against gender change toward greater equality, might motivate this kind of discrimination. Therefore, I hypothesized that perceiver conservatism would predict discrimination against female gender role violators. In two studies, I found evidence that conservatism predicts negative evaluations of targets (Study 1), as well as sabotage (Study 2). In addition, Study 2 revealed that the relationship between conservatism and sabotage was partially mediated by the perceivers' anxiety. However, if the discrimination that conservative perceivers direct at gender role violators is motivated by conservatives' preference against social change toward greater equality, then targets who support gender status hierarchies while they violate gender roles should experience less discrimination from conservative perceivers than those who challenge status hierarchies. Consistent with this reasoning, perceivers' conservatism was negatively related to perceived interpersonal hostility of female gender role violators who expressed support for gender hierarchy. In contrast, perceivers' conservatism was positively related to perceived interpersonal hostility of female gender role violators who expressed opposition to gender hierarchy (Study 1). However, targets' expressions of support for gender hierarchy did not have this effect on the relationship between perceivers' conservatism and perceptions of the target's ineffectuality (Study 1), respect for the target (Study 1), or sabotage of the target (Study 2). Moreover, while supporting status hierarchies reduced perceptions of interpersonal hostility from perceivers high in conservatism, it increased perceptions of hostility from those low in conservatism. Thus, supporting gender hierarchies may appear to help in some contexts, but is associated with significant costs, as well. The implications of these findings for theory and practice are discussed.	PhD	gender, women, equality	5
Gardner, Paula	Gastaldo, Denise	The Public Life of Older People: Neighbourhoods and Networks	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2008-11	Preserving and improving the health and well-being of older people is a significant public health issue of the 21st century. The increased attention to the promotion of health in old age has given rise to an extensive body of literature on the subject of “healthy aging” – a discourse dedicated to understanding the multidimensional factors associated with aging and health and the application of this knowledge. Adopting a place-based, qualitative approach, this dissertation addresses key gaps in the healthy aging literature. The public life of older people aging in place was examined to understand how neighbourhoods, as important physical and social places of aging, contribute to the well-being and healthy aging of older people. This dissertation employed a critical geographical gerontology research framework and a methodology called ‘friendly visiting’ which combines ethnography, narrative and case study research and utilizes participant observation, visual methods and interview techniques. The qualitative data were analyzed using grounded theory and an adapted coding strategy that integrated the textual, visual, and auditory data. The analysis process highlighted theoretically-informed themes that characterized participant’s perceptions and experiences of their neighbourhoods. Findings reveal neighbourhoods are important places of aging that impact the well-being of older people aging in place. This dissertation provides insight into the micro-territorial functioning of neighbourhoods for older people. Embedded within these environments are key sites for informal public life called third places (e.g., parks, streets and coffee shops). Third places are important material and social places for older populations. Preparing for, journeying to, and engaging in these public sites promotes healthy aging by providing opportunities for engagement in life and facilitating social networks. Results advance healthy aging and aging and place research, contribute to gerontological and geographical methodologies, and have implications for policy and practice in areas such as health promotion and age-friendly community initiatives.	PhD	health	3
Gariba, Shaibu Ahmed	Livingstone, David W.	Race, Ethnicity, Immigration And Jobs: Labour Market Access Among Ghanaian And Somali Youth In The Greater Toronto Area	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2009-11	This thesis uses focus group interviews and survey questionnaires to examine perceptions of Ghanaian and Somali youth, residing in Toronto, about barriers to their labour market access. The emphasis is on perceptions that deal with labour market discrimination based on race, ethnicity and recency of immigration. The results show that perceptions of discrimination based on these factors are widespread among all of the participants interviewed or surveyed. This suggests a very strong belief that employment discrimination is pervasive and persistent in the Toronto labour market. The findings also show that the perceptions of discrimination are largely driven by ‘lived discriminatory’ experiences faced by the participants as well as revealing their desire for fairness and equality in society. The perceptions of discrimination negatively affected the level of trust the research participants have in people and institutions as well as impacting their sense of belonging to their communities and the wider society. The relationship between perceptions of discrimination and low levels of trust and sense of belonging is established in the findings of the Ethnic Diversity Survey. The consequences of this impact on the research participants and their communities are high levels of unemployment, high poverty rates and participant dissatisfaction with their own communities and society at large. It is my belief that this thesis contributes to the debate about the significance of discrimination due to race, ethnicity and immigrant status in the Canadian labour market.	PhD	poverty, equality, employment	1, 5, 2008
Gass, Krista Rose	Jenkins, Jennifer M.	Examining Parental Socioeconomic Status and Neighbourhood Quality As Contextual Correlates Of Differential Parenting Within Families	Human Development and Applied Psychology	2011-11	Although several studies have demonstrated that differential parenting has a negative impact on the children exposed to it, only a small number of studies have attempted to understand why differential parenting occurs within families. The goal of the present study was to examine the contextual correlates of differential parenting. Specifically, the association between parental socioeconomic status (SES) and differential parenting and the association between objective and subjective indices of neighbourhood quality and differential parenting were investigated. Data were collected as part of the Kids, Families, and Places (KFP) study and analyzed using multilevel modeling. Six hundred and fifty families provided data on 881 children. Five hundred and ninety nine families included a father in the home. Close to seventy five percent of children included in the sample were less than six years of age. Differential parenting was assessed separately for mothers and fathers and across positive and negative parenting outcomes. The findings revealed that parental SES was significantly associated with differential parenting for three of four parenting outcomes. For mothers, SES was negatively associated with differential positivity and negativity. For fathers, SES was negatively associated with differential positivity but not negativity. The objective quality of neighbourhoods in which families resided (i.e., measured as a composite score that combined census tract data on neighbourhood disadvantage and interviewer observations of neighbourhood physical and social disorder) was positively associated with maternal differential negativity; however, this association was also moderated by mothers’ subjective perceptions of their neighbourhoods (i.e., measured using maternal reports of neighbourhood collective efficacy). In other words, when mothers perceived their neighbourhoods to be highly cohesive and supportive, exposure to objectively unfavourable neighbourhood conditions was less strongly associated with differential negativity. Objective neighbourhood quality was not associated with the other three differential parenting outcomes of interest. These findings highlight the important relationship that exists between contextual influences both within and outside of the immediate family and differential parenting. Moreover, they speak to the importance of including both mothers and fathers in studies of differential parenting. The merits of using multilevel modelling to investigate differential parenting and suggestions for future research are discussed.	PhD	socioeconomic	1
Gaudon, Justin Michael	Smith, Sandy M.	Natural Enemies of Wood-boring Beetles in Northeastern Temperate Forests and Implications for Biological Control of the Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in North America	Forestry	2019-06	The emerald ash borer (hereafter EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is a wood-boring beetle accidentally introduced into North America during the 1990s, and has since been killing millions of ash trees, Fraxinus spp. L. (Lamiales: Oleaceae), as it spreads across Canada and the USA. Native North American natural enemies, especially parasitoid wasps, are important mortality factors of EAB, but little information is available on their arrival and detection in EAB-infested regions, and their feasibility for augmentative biological control against EAB is uncertain. Two important native parasitoid groups, Phasgonophora sulcata Westwood (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) and Atanycolus spp. Foerster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), were investigated to determine (1) factors influencing their capacity to disperse, (2) vegetation and habitat characteristics influencing their local abundance and role in EAB mortality, (3) whether their populations can be augmented to increase parasitism of EAB, and (4) how best to detect and monitor their populations as EAB continues to spread. The weak dispersal capacity of P. sulcata suggests it should be released as pupae close to EAB if used in an augmentative biological control program. Forest vegetation and habitat structure determine local abundance of P. sulcata and Atanycolus spp., and tree biomass, tree condition, and floral resource availability are important predictors of high parasitism on EAB. Relocating parasitoid-infested ash logs to EAB-infested sites can significantly augment populations of native parasitoids to increase EAB parasitism by 64.8 ± 18.1 % three years after introduction. Purple prism traps can be used to detect and monitor changes in populations of relocated P. sulcata and Atanycolus spp. These findings improve our understanding of the role of native natural enemies in suppressing EAB population growth and slowing ash tree mortality in North America.	Ph.D.	forest	15
Gauvreau, Cindy Low	Ungar, Wendy Joan	The Application of Cost-effectiveness Analysis in Developing Countries	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2011-06	Developing countries face imminent choices for introducing needed, effective but expensive new vaccines, given the substantial immunization resources now available from international donors. Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) is a tool that decision-makers can use for efficiently allocating expanding resources. However, although CEA has been increasingly applied in developing-country settings since the 1990’s, its use lags behind that in industrialized countries. This thesis explored how CEA could be made more relevant for decision-making in developing countries through 1) identifying the limitations for using CEA in developing countries 2) identifying guidelines for CEA specific to developing countries 3) identifying the impact of donor funding on CEA estimation 4) identifying areas for enhancement in the 1996 “Reference Case” (a standard set of methods) recommended by the US Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine, and 5) better understanding the decision-making environment in developing countries. Focusing on pediatric immunization in developing countries, thematic analysis was used to distill key concepts from 157 documents spanning health economics, clinical epidemiology and health financing. 11 key informants, researchers active in developing countries, were also interviewed to explore the production and use of evidence in public health decision-making. Results showed a divergence between industrialized and developing nations in the emphases of methodological difficulties, in the general application of CEA, and the types of guidelines available. Explicitly considering donor funding costs and effects highlighted the need to specify an appropriate perspective and address policy-related issues of affordability and sustainability. Key informant interviews also revealed that opinion-makers, international organizations and the presence of local vaccine manufacturing have significant influence on decision-making. It is suggested that CEA could be more useful with a broadened reference case framework that included multiple perspectives, sensitivity analysis exploring differential discount rates (upper limits exceeding 10% for costs, declining from 3% for benefits) and supplemental reports to aid decision-making (budgetary and sustainability assessments). This study has implications for improving health outcomes globally in the context of public-private collaborative health funding. Further research could explore defining an extra-societal (multi-country) perspective to aid in efficient allocation of immunization resources among countries.	PhD	health, industr	3, 9
Gaviria, Olga	Sá, Creso	Inuit Self-determination and Postsecondary Education: The Case of Nunavut and Greenland	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2013-11	With Inuit identifying as a people beyond nation-state boundaries, and Nunavummiut and Greenlanders as citizens of Canada and Denmark, the right to self-determination has followed distinct trajectories in the jurisdictions examined in my thesis. Nunavut has a constitutional mandate to be responsive to the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement, paradoxically intensifying the relationships with the federal government towards further devolution and maintaining an ethnic divide trespassing territorial lines. Envisioning statehood, Greenland has chosen to gradually break economic ties with Denmark and in mainstreaming its governance capacity it appears to be branching off ethnocentric policies. In what seem opposing pathways, autonomous postsecondary education institutions are positioned to mitigate the notional extremes the right to self-determination calls upon. By comparing institutions steering through conflicting missions, this thesis illustrates the ways in which the right to self-determination operates against the backdrop of regained geopolitical prominence of the Arctic Region. Applying a legal theoretical framework to the scholarship of indigenous education this thesis raises a number of issues in carrying forward the right to self-determination once indigenous peoples regain control over their destinies. Issues regarding social stratification challenging the politics of representation indicate that achieving some form of autonomy does not necessarily result in social justice as the indigenous rights advocacy scholarship suggests. Considering the Inuit right to self-determination as a process right rather than an outcome, this finding highlights internal pluralities challenging the reification of Inuit identity on the basis of cultural, political, and socioeconomic difference. This thesis advocates for examining the contingencies that shape Inuit multiple allegiances accounting for peoples vantage geopolitical positioning. As Inuit redefine their position in the local, national, and global spheres, important knowledge is produced overcoming the single overriding of identity politics. Recognizing that Inuit knowledge is knowledge in context, the author contends, may lead to new ways for postsecondary education to uphold the Inuit right to self-determination.	PhD	rights, governance, socioeconomic	1, 16
Gayapersad, Allison	Sellen, Daniel	Access to Healthcare by Pregnant and Lactating Women Living with HIV and AIDS in Kenya	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2016-06	Maternal deaths are the second biggest killer of women of reproductive age. High maternal deaths in sub-Saharan Africa reflect inequities in health services. This study explored how intersecting factors such as gender, class, and other social relations shape access to healthcare among a selected group of HIV-positive Kenyan. Guided by a postcolonial feminist perspective, the study employed semi-structured interviews to elicit the perspectives of key institutional actors on the challenges and constraints of the health services landscape and in-depth interviews to gain insight into the lived experiences of individual women’s access to healthcare within the healthcare and social context of a purposively selected large Kenyan town. Key institutional actors’ perspective indicated that the healthcare system is complex, in flux, and homogenized women. They acknowledged that a lack of adequate healthcare funding resulted in unmet needs for people living with HIV, gaps in training of health practitioners and shortage of medical equipment and supplies. Women’s narratives revealed the complexities of their lives. Women’s diversity and agency were reflected in their stories about how they accessed healthcare within this complex healthcare system and within the existing social constraints in this setting. Women engaged with patriarchy and employed various strategies to access healthcare and strive for positive living. Positive social interactions such as social support were instrumental in motivating women’s access to healthcare. Negative social interactions, such as stigma, blame and social obligations, worked to both hamper and motivate women to access healthcare. Women’s social class intersected with gender and these other social relations to determine their access to healthcare. A lack of consideration of women’s heterogeneity results in a failure to account for how structures of oppression and gendered inequities translate into diverse material risks for women and impact their ability to access healthcare. A postcolonial feminist perspective, that listened to silenced and homogenized voices, is an effective tool to unmask the circumstances and conditions that affected women’s access to healthcare. This study contributes to the research on maternal health in countries with high maternal mortality and provides the basis for planning and implementing equitable care at local and national levels.	Ph.D.	health, equitable, gender, women	3, 4, 2005
Gebhard, Amanda Michelle	Sykes, Heather	In School but not of the School: Teaching Aboriginal Students, Inferiorizing Subjectivities, and Schooling Exclusions	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2015-11	Education for Aboriginal peoples is championed as a great equalizer and antithetical to a future of incarceration. Even though Aboriginal peoples are experiencing upward trends in education, they continue to be incarcerated at ten times the rate of their non-Aboriginal counterparts in the Canadian prairies. This study explores the discursive connections between education and incarceration for Aboriginal students. Specifically, the researcher sought to understand how educators’ normative discourses about learning and school legitimize and make possible the criminalization of Aboriginal students, and how educators work to disrupt normative discourses and open up possibilities for who can be a learner. This study is informed by multiple race frameworks, and poststructural theorizing about knowledge, power and subjectivities, and offers a discourse analysis of interviews with Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal educators working across one prairie province. The central finding of this thesis is that normative discourses about Aboriginal students are exclusionary discourses that position Aboriginal students outside of acceptable learner status, and effectively, outside of settler society. This argument is constructed over three interrelated chapters: Chapter Five demonstrates how cultural discourses are often racializing discourses that allow educators to evade considerations of racism and claim commitment to Aboriginal students, Chapter Six explores how inferiorizing discourses produce Aboriginal students as impossible learners and naturalize schooling exclusions, and Chapter Seven presents the discourse of the taken-for-granted-as-troublesome Aboriginal male student and the normalization of a police presence in schools. Throughout each chapter, the author demonstrates how subjectivities imposed upon Aboriginal students are not only incommensurable with normative expectations of student behaviour, but also at odds with the imagined qualities of citizens of the nation state. Counter-narratives of participants who disrupt normative discourses and produce Aboriginal students as belonging in school are also included. Emphasizing the school as a powerful identity-making space where students learn who they are and where they belong in a settler society, the author suggests race power deployed through normative educational discourses naturalizes spaces of abjection as rightful spaces of belonging for Aboriginal peoples.	Ph.D.	educat	4
Geddes, Jeffrey	Murphy, Jennifer	Observations of Reactive Nitrogen Oxides: From Ground Level Ozone Production to Biosphere-atmosphere Exchange in Downwind Forest Environments	Chemistry	2013-06	In urban areas, emissions of nitrogen oxide radicals (NOx ≡ NO + NO2) to the atmosphere from anthropogenic activities such as fossil fuel combustion contribute to poor air quality through the production of ozone and particulate matter. Soils are also a significant global source of NOx, but at downind forest environments the deposition of transported reactive nitrogen can be much more important than local emissions. Data from a government monitoring network in the Toronto area from 2000-2007 was used to explore the impact of long-term trends in NO2 and other ozone precursors on local ozone levels. Non-linear chemistry and the influence of meteorology explained why reductions in precursor levels during this period did not lead to significant improvements in ozone. Data from this network was also used to investigate the ability of a satellite-borne spectrometer to represent spatial patterns of ground-level NO2 in the same region. Selection biases, resulting from the need to discard satellite data on cloudy days, were shown to affect locations differently and were most severe at a receptor site. The sum of all reactive nitrogen oxides including NOx is known as NOy. A custom-built instrument for high precision and time resolution measurements of reactive nitrogen oxides was tested under various lab and field conditions, and used in field work where direct biosphere-atmosphere exchange of NOy was measured by eddy covariance above two comparable North American mixed forests (Haliburton Forest Wildlife Reserve and the University of Michigan Biological Station). While these forests were found to be small net sources of NOx, they were subject to elevated rates of NOy deposition overall, driven by the transport of polluted air from upwind source regions. Wet deposition measurements were used to show that dry deposition contributed a significant fraction of total deposition during the observation periods.	PhD	wind, urban, environment, pollut	7, 11, 13
Geddie, Katherine Paige	Gertler, Meric S.	Transnational Landscapes of Opportunity? Post-graduation Settlement and Career Strategies of International Students in Toronto, Canada and London, UK	Geography	2010-11	This thesis explores the emerging issue of cities and countries competing for international students as part of market and talent-based economic development strategies. Based on case studies in London, UK and Toronto, Canada, this research draws on interviews with senior policy-makers as well as international students completing their overseas studies to examine three issues. First, this thesis investigates the process by which similar policies to attract and retain greater numbers of international students have been developed and introduced in both countries. Arguing that these policies are “mobile,” this thesis demonstrates how the competitive interconnectedness of policy-making leads to the transfer of policy ideas from one jurisdiction to another, while also recognizing the mediating role of institutions for contributing to continued geographic differences in the policy landscape regarding international education. Second, it examines the decision-making process for international graduate students upon the moment of graduation with regard to their settlement and employment strategies. Through a comparison of international students finishing advanced degrees in science and engineering in both sites, it reveals the extent to which students’ plans involve the complex intermingling of personal, professional and (im)migration regulation factors. The confluence of these factors tend to pull students in different geographic directions, indicating that the conventional ‘stay or return’ construct is too simplistic as a framework for understanding students’ future movements. Moreover, the comparison of students’ strategies in the two sites illustrates the differential effect of multi-scalar institutional frameworks in constructing certain types of migrant subjects. Third, this thesis investigates how career development strategies of international students differ according to broad disciplinary differences. Contrasting the career plans of graduating students in science, engineering, and art and design programs, this research finds that there are key differences in the socio-spatial career strategies held by international students in line with the differentiated knowledge bases literature.	PhD	institution, cities, employment	8, 11, 16
Gendron-Carrier, Nicolas	Baum-Snow, Nathaniel||Trefler, Daniel	Essays in Labour and Urban Economics	Economics	2018-11	This thesis contains three essays that focus on topics in labour and urban economics. In Chapter 1, I use new administrative Canadian matched owner-employer-employee data to investigate the mechanisms that drive entry into entrepreneurial careers and entrepreneurial success among young individuals. I pay particular attention to the value of prior work experience in entrepreneurship. I use information on the career choices and earnings of individuals each year to structurally estimate a dynamic Roy model of career choice. I recover parameters governing: (a) the returns to various types of experience in the labour market and in entrepreneurship, (b) the non-pecuniary benefits associated with being a worker and an entrepreneur, and (c) career-specific entry costs. I use the estimated model to evaluate the impact of policies designed to promote successful entrepreneurship. Chapter 2 (joint with Leah Brooks and Gisela Rua) investigates how containerization impacts local economic activity. Containerization is premised on a simple insight: packaging goods for waterborne trade into a standardized container makes them dramatically cheaper to move. We use a novel cost-shifter instrument -- port depth pre-containerization -- to contend with the non-random adoption of containerization by ports. Container ships sit much deeper in the water than their predecessors, making initially deep ports cheaper to containerize. Consistent with New Economic Geography models, we find that cities near container ports grow an additional 70 percent from 1950 to 2010. Gains predominate in cities with initially low population density and manufacturing. Chapter 3 (joint with Marco Gonzalez-Navarro, Stefano Polloni, and Matthew Turner) investigates the relationship between the opening of a city's subway network and its air quality. We find that particulate concentrations drop by 4% in a 10km radius disk surrounding a city center following a subway system opening. The effect is larger near the city center and persists over the longest time horizon that we can measure with our data, about eight years. We estimate that a new subway system provides an external mortality benefit of about $594m per year. Although available subway capital cost estimates are crude, the estimated external mortality effects represent a significant fraction of construction costs.	Ph.D.	labour, worker, cities, urban	8, 11
Gendy, Marie Nabil Samwel	Le Foll, Bernard	Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials Testing Gemfibrozil for Smoking Cessation and Melatonin for Alcohol-related Sleeping Problems	Pharmacology	2019-11	Substance use disorder (SUD) is not a temporary condition but it is a chronic and relapsing disorder that leads to serious health risks. SUD is considered a pathological behavior, affecting the reward circuit and stress system, and these impairments can last for a longer period even after detoxification and abstinence. The motivation behind exploring new therapeutic options for different kind of SUDs and their complications is the limited success of the available treatments. For instance, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved medications for Tobacco use disorder (TUD) increase abstinence rates; however, relapse remains the most likely outcome, with success rates of only 20-30% at 1 year post-treatment follow up. The other motivation for exploring new therapeutics is the harmful side effects caused by current medications; for instance, the use of benzodiazepine receptor agonists, to treat alcohol use disorder (AUD)-sleep disorder, which are known to be addictive. This thesis focuses on two randomized clinical trials (RCTs) exploring the effect of two therapeutic options one for TUD using lab paradigms for nicotine craving and reinforcement and a brief quit attempt. The other RCT is exploring the effect of melatonin for sleep problems in AUD subjects for four weeks of treatments monitoring iii sleep quality versus placebo. The result of the 1st clinical trial showed no significant effect of gemfibrozil versus placebo on TUD lab indices. The 2nd clinical trial showed a time effect on sleep scores that were significantly enhanced after 4 weeks of treatment. However, no drug effect was observed. In conclusion, it is highly recommended to conduct more RCTs in the fields of SUD in order to obtain better success rates with fewer side effects.	Ph.D.	health	3
Geng, Xuesong	Silverman, Brian S.	Categories and Evaluation Bias in Valuation of Technological Innovation	Management	2009-11	This dissertation examines the perceptual bias of investors and securities analysts (the “audience” in the stock market) in their valuation of public firms’ innovative activities. I suggest that such bias occurs because the audience views a firm’s innovation through the prism of the firm’s categorization in product markets – its industry category – which may only loosely conform to the technological interrelationship among firms in knowledge space. I explore theoretically the conditions under which evaluation bias is most likely to occur – notably, due to innovations that defy the existing categorical structure used by the audience. Based on this theoretical framework, I develop hypotheses for empirical tests. I first argue that both technological opportunities and technological threats residing outside a firm’s industry are more likely to be underestimated by the stock market than those residing within the industry. In a sample of large U.S. manufacturing firms covering the years 1980 through 2000, I collected patent data to reflect innovative activities of firms. I compare the effect of a firm’s innovative activities on its current market valuation and its future cash flows. Consistent with my predictions, I find that firms capitalizing on cross-industry opportunities are more likely to be undervalued, while firms facing cross-industry technological competition are more likely to be overvalued. I further argue that reliance on categorical identity for information cues may reduce the audience’s ability to adequately assess the value-relevance of innovations that deviate from the technological norm in an industry. By analyzing the absolute forecast errors in security analysts’ reports, I find confirming evidence that deviant innovations increase the forecast bias. I further argue and demonstrate that such bias is less prevalent for diversified firms and in industries with less stable categorical “norms,” two conditions in which the audience is less likely to rely on categorical information and more likely to employ firm-specific information. Finally, I discuss the contribution and implication of the findings to studies of categorization and value-relevance of technological innovations.	PhD	innovation	9
Genovese, Matthew Paul	Lian, Keryn	Self-Assembled Carbon-Polyoxometalate Composites for Electrochemical Capacitors	Materials Science and Engineering	2017-11	The development of high performance yet cost effective energy storage devices is critical for enabling the growth of important emerging sectors from the internet of things to grid integration of renewable energy. Material costs are by far the largest contributor to the overall cost of energy storage devices and thus research into cost effective energy storage materials will play an important role in developing technology to meet real world storage demands. In this thesis, low cost high performance composite electrode materials for supercapacitors (SCs) have been developed through the surface modification of electrochemically double layer capacitive (EDLC) carbon substrates with pseudocapacitive Polyoxometalates (POMs). Significant fundamental contributions have been made to the understanding of all components of the composite electrode including the POM active layer, cation linker, and carbon substrate. The interaction of different POM chemistries in solution has been studied to elucidate the novel ways in which these molecules combine and the mechanism underlying this combination. A more thorough understanding regarding the cation linkerâ s role in electrode fabrication has been developed through examining the linker properties which most strongly affect electrode performance. The development of porosity in biomass derived carbon materials has also been examined leading to important insights regarding the effect of substrate porosity on POM modification and electrochemical properties. These fundamental contributions enabled the design and performance optimization of POM-carbon composite SC electrodes. Understanding how POMs combine in solution, allowed for the development of mixed POM molecular coatings with tunable electrochemical properties. These molecular coatings were used to modify low cost biomass derived carbon substrates that had been structurally optimized to accommodate POM molecules. The resulting electrode composites utilizing low cost materials fabricated through simple scalable techniques demonstrated (i) high capacitance (361 F g-1), (ii) close to ideal pseudocapacitive behavior, (iii) stable cycling, and (iv) good rate performance.	Ph.D.	energy	7
George, Tammy	Razack, Sherene H.	Be All You Can Be or Longing to Be: Racialized soldiers, the Canadian military experience and the Im/Possibility of belonging to the nation	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2016-11	Military conquest and intervention have played a central role in the making and maintaining of empires for centuries. The question of who serves in those militaries remains extremely significant in settler societies, particularly in the contemporary negotiation of citizenship, immigration, national belonging and identity. In this dissertation I ask the following questions: Who is the racialized soldier subject? How do racialized soldiers negotiate national belonging? What are their experiences in the Canadian military? This research study examines the racial underpinnings of citizenship through an exploration of the experiences of racialized soldier subjects in the Canadian Forces in the post 9/11 era. The study is based on in-depth interviews with twenty-five reserve and retired soldiers, both men and women from various racialized communities in Canada. Drawing on a â race cognizantâ poststructuralism and feminist critical race theories of subjectivity, masculinity, nation formation, citizenship and racial discourse, this research reveals several important findings. First, this dissertation reveals that while the Canadian military projects itself as a racially diverse institution, the reality is quite different. In this thesis, I theorize military recruitment as a project of inclusion into a white culture. Racialized soldiers join the military family for a number of reasons, but often experience the military as duplicitous and are at times met with enormous bureaucracy. Their journeys into the military reveal complex structural conditions that make joining the military a viable option. Once in the military, interviews with racialized soldiers reveal the visceral nature of whiteness within the Canadian military apparatus. The narratives of soldiers of colour also show that despite the amount of racial labour involved in negotiating this white space, there still remains a desire to belong. In battle zones, soldiers of colour often display an ambivalence if not a critique of the racist and Orientalist underpinnings of war. Yet they remain dedicated and are proud of their military service. These findings have important implications for understanding institutional diversity, the experiences of military life and finally, the undeniable role of racism in modern day warfare.	Ph.D.	equitable, labour	4, 8
Germain, Rachel M.	Gilbert, Benjamin	Historical Contingencies in the Ecology and Evolution of Species Diversity	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2016-11	Ecologists have long-sought to explain the high diversity of species in biological communities, given that classic theory predicts that diversity is limited by available niche space. In recent years, ecologists have looked towards â historical contingenciesâ , the persistent effects of past ecological and evolutionary processes, as possible mechanisms that maintain diverse communities, either by relaxing the constraints of niche availability or by adding temporal dimensions to speciesâ niches. In this thesis, I use field and greenhouse experiments to explore three ways in which historical contingencies manifest in annual plant communities. First, my work on maternal effects shows that abiotic (ch. 2) and biotic (ch.3) conditions in the maternal generation have diverse effects on offspring phenotypes across an assemblage of species. Because species differences in environmental responses can facilitate coexistence, these studies suggest that maternal effects could act as a form of niche differentiation, and motivate future research to clarify their influences on coexistence outcomes. Second, I performed, to my knowledge, the first experimental decoupling of dispersal limitation and environmental sorting in a natural landscape by manipulating entire seed pools of annual plants (ch. 4). In doing so, I was able to identify the pervasive and scale-specific influences of dispersal limitation that constrain species distributions in plant communities. Lastly, I used competitive trials to identify macroevolutionary divergence in competitive interactions among species (ch. 5), and found evidence that divergence is contingent on historical competitive interactions in ways that are consistent with character displacement. In sum, my dissertation work has expanded our understanding of (i) the number of potential niche dimensions that might allow species to differentiate, (ii) how this differentiation can arise over evolutionary time, and (iii) the interplay of current and historical conditions in the maintenance of species diversity, and the timescales over which they play out.	Ph.D.	environment	13
Gewurtz, Rebecca E.	Kirsh, Bonnie	Instituting Market-based Principles within Social Services for People Living with Mental Illness: The Case of the Revised ODSP Employment Supports Policy	Rehabilitation Science	2011-06	Policies are shaped by social values and assumptions, and can significantly impact the delivery of health and social services. Marginalized groups are often disadvantaged in the political realm and reliant on publicly funded services and supports. The purpose of this research is to consider how public policies are constructed and implemented for marginalized groups and to increase understanding of the consequences of policy reform. It draws on a case study of the Ontario Disability Support Program, Employment Supports (ODSP-ES) and considers the impact of the policy revision that occurred in 2006 on employment support services for people living with mental illness. A constructivist grounded theory approach guided data collection and analysis. Key policy documents were analyzed and 25 key informant interviews were conducted with individuals who were involved in: the construction and/or implementation of the policy; developing and/or delivering employment services under the policy; or advocacy work related to the policy. The findings highlight the impact of outcome-based funding on employment services and practices, and provide lessons for the construction and implementation of public policy for marginalized groups. The new funding system has promoted a shift from a traditional social service model of employment supports towards a marketing model, wherein services focus on increasing job placement and short-term job retention rates. However, the introduction of market principles into employment services has had significant implications for people living with mental illness. Employment programs are required to absorb increased financial risk, thereby altering the way service providers work with clients to help them find and keep jobs; there is a heightened focus on the rapid placement of clients into available jobs and less attention to the quality of employment being achieved and to complex barriers that prevent individuals from succeeding with employment. Although ODSP-ES has been somewhat successful at connecting people with disabilities to competitive employment, it has led to secondary consequences that compromise its overall utility. The findings highlight the complexity of constructing and implementing public policy for marginalized groups and suggest that evaluating public policy is an interpretative exercise that should be explored from multiple perspectives beyond the stated objectives.	PhD	health	3
Ghali, Mona	Bickmore, Kathy	Education and (in)security: The Canadian International Development Agency's Education Sector Aid to Conflict-affected States, 2000-2013	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2015-03	This study investigates the relationship between education aid and security (goals, understandings, and discourses) in conflict-affected and post-conflict states, using Michel Foucault's archaeological and genealogical analytical methods. I used a comparative historical (archaeological) analysis to examine continuities and discontinuities in education reconstruction practices from 1945 to 2013, to develop a typology of education aid goals and practices comprising stabilization, protection, peacebuilding and statebuilding, and to identify historical trends and patterns in education aid to conflict-affected states. Next, I adopted a genealogical method to examine the Canadian International Development Agency's (CIDA's) education sector aid to Afghanistan Colombia, and (South) Sudan from 2000 until 2013. This genealogy entailed identifying the multiple security apparatuses inclusive of discursive and non-discursive practices that construct and reify security threats and risks, and the relationship between dominant understandings of security and education aid practices. The genealogical analysis revealed how CIDA, and the Canadian government more broadly, linked Canada's education aid with its foreign policy priorities through mechanisms ostensibly mandated to improve public sector accountability. In this context, accountability constituted a form governmentality--ways in which the government regulated the conduct of CIDA managers, and ensured domestic public support for Canada's development assistance program by shaping (through discourses) ways of thinking about aid, instead of employing directly coercive measures. The findings indicate that, in each country case study, CIDA's education aid practices were historically and contextually contingent, and embedded within a security apparatus. Broadly speaking, the security apparatus affected education aid in four main ways. First, the security apparatus produced subjectivities of at-risk (vulnerable) or risky (dangerous) populations which became the object of education sector interventions. Second, the security apparatus delimited the spatial dimension of Canada's aid commitments by separating and isolating territories. In some instances the security apparatus precluded areas from CIDA aid; in other instances it concentrated aid on a specific border zone, province, or areas. Third, the security apparatus entailed the use of education aid as a mechanism to regulate or discipline the conduct of populations. Fourth, CIDA's education sector aid divided the world into secure and insecure zones, particularly after 2005-2006. In secure zones, education contributes to a knowledge economy and continuous learning; in insecure, conflict-affected areas, education aid is used to manage populations perceived as at-risk and risky. Finally, the study draws attention to the possibility that, differently imagined and problematized, alternate understandings of security could support education reconstruction for transformative social change.	Ph.D.	inclusive, peace	4, 16
Gibbings, Sheri Lynn	Barker, Joshua	Unseen Powers; Transparency and Conspiracy in a Street Vendor Relocation in Yogyakarta, Indonesia	Anthropology	2012-03	This dissertation examines how a group of street vendors in Yogyakarta City, Indonesia, experienced a government-organized relocation from Mangkubumi Street to a newly renovated marketplace. In particular, I explore the strategies taken by the leaders of a street vendor organization called Pethikbumi to refuse the relocation and claim their right to the street. Contestations over streets, street vending and street vendor relocations constitute important moments during which citizenship, democracy and belonging are negotiated in the city. I argue that the conflict over belonging and democracy took the form of a social drama and was shaped and structured by specific moral appeals, public performances, and processes of imitation (cf. Turner 1974). The study begins with an exploration of the history of street vending and the pedagang kaki lima (street vendor) in Indonesia. I outline how the pedagang kaki lima were viewed as “dirty”, a simplified code for the transgression of social, spatial and legal boundaries. I move on to explore the way the street vendors of Pethikbumi drew on ideas of “the people” (rakyat), democracy and transparency in claiming their rights. I analyze the ways that Pethikbumi drew on important moments in Indonesia’s past and present, situating this relocation conflict as significant and as part of “history”. The relocation was also rooted in an epistemology of “skepticism” derived from an awareness of the ambiguity and tension between appearances and realities (cf. Anderson 1990). Pethikbumi engaged in tactics to both reveal and conceal the “unseen powers” that were imagined as working behind the scenes to generate conflict. The conflict over the relocation to a marketplace was not only a fight over who had access to the street but also a struggle over what constitutes democracy, how to achieve transparency, and who belongs in post-Suharto Indonesia.	PhD	rights	16
Gibson, John Howard	Karney, Bryan||Guo, Yiping	Water Quality and Hydraulic Trade-offs in Drinking Water Distribution Networks	Civil Engineering	2019-06	Historically, water distribution network design focused on providing water at the appropriate flow and pressure, particularly during high-demand and firefighting conditions. More recently, it was discovered that 18% of waterborne disease outbreaks in the U.S. could be linked to deficiencies in the distribution network (DN), shifting the distribution network research focus towards water quality. This thesis uses genetic algorithms to assess some of the tensions between providing high flows for firefighting and water quality in drinking water distribution networks. It is shown that relaxing the traditional design restrictions on minimum pipe diameters (i.e., that they be greater than 150 mm) can provide an improved balance of fire flow, water quality, and cost. Using genetic algorithms to generate a series of Pareto Fronts, it is shown that there are significant trade-offs between fire flow and achieving high flow velocities associated with establishing self-flushing pipes. Self-flushing pipes are believed to reduce high-turbidity water events, a major source of consumer complaints. A Monte Carlo simulation suggests that a velocity of 0.10 to 0.25 m/s is self-flushing. An additional benefit of high velocity networks may include better disinfectant mass transfer to the pipe wall, where opportunistic pathogens are likely to be found. To achieve these higher velocities, this work suggests a need to relax minimum pipe diameters, reduce redundant network loops, and reduce available fire flows. This approach is now used in several European countries but has yet to be adopted in North America. Finally, it is shown that health risks associated with intrusion remain relatively constant over time, even as the number of defects in the pipe and intrusion volume increase. It is suggested that health risks are a weak function of intrusion volume. Important risk factors for intrusion likely include the number of low-pressure events and the average pipe residence time.	Ph.D.	health, water, consum	3, 6, 12
Gibson, Margaret F.	Sakamoto, Izumi	Filtered Out: LGBTQ Parents Engage with Special Needs Service Systems	Social Work	2015-06	Using ethnographic methods, this study started from the everyday activities and narratives of LGBTQ parents of children with 'special needs'. A critical approach to intersectionality was employed to consider how certain parents, children, and families are constructed as "different" or "not fitting" in particular settings and contexts, and what consequences follow (Crenshaw, 1991; Gibson, 2013). Fifteen parents and six key informants were interviewed, all of whom were based in the Greater Toronto Area. Methods used were drawn from institutional ethnography (Smith 2005) and discourse analysis (Gee, 2005; Riessman, 2008). The study found that special needs services systems operate to `filter out' potential service users at multiple points of contact, regardless of the intentions of individual providers or the written policies of organizations. Parents encounter interpersonal and text-based, procedural barriers that discourage, deny, and defer claims. As a result, parents do extensive `systemwork' to improve the chances that their children will receive needed supports, and to fill in the gaps when they do not.This institutional reliance on parental work and the resulting framework of competition means that what children and families receive is highly variable. Parents marshal whatever financial, social, and relational resources they have in support of their efforts. Often `going private' is the only or best means of being able to secure or augment public services, however only some parents have the financial means to do so. For parents and children with fewer resources and privileges, it is more difficult to avoid being filtered out. Parents reported particular vulnerabilities and strategies related to their LGBTQ identities as they navigated special needs services. Parent narratives reflected the ways that parents both contend with and reshape dominant ways of thinking about queerness and disability. The impact of dominant notions about `desirable' children and parents could not only be seen in parents' narratives and strategies, but also in their reluctance to engage with special needs systems. This discursive background is thus another means in which parents are filtered out. These findings have implications for users, researchers, and providers of special needs service systems, particularly those who want to make special needs service provision accessible and responsive to all.	Ph.D.	institution, queer	5, 16
Gibson, Rachael Elizabeth	Bathelt, Harald	Dynamic Capitalisms? Understanding Patterns of Technological Specialization through an Exploration of Interfirm Interaction at International Trade Fairs	Political Science	2018-11	In recent years, the study of comparative capitalisms has raised important questions about the dynamic elements of capitalist diversity and the need for better explanations of institutional change. Building on this and related literatures in political economy and economic geography, this thesis explores a source of economic dynamism that has been overlooked in political science: international trade fairs. Despite their relative neglect in this field, trade fairs have long been recognized as an important promotional and sales tool. More recently, scholars have conceptualized trade fairs as critical sites through which global knowledge flows are circulated and ideas for innovation explored. From this perspective, trade fairs represent important platforms for networking, interactive learning, and knowledge exchange because they foster intense interactions among actors despite spatial boundaries. And, since trade fairs are organized according to a specific technological or industry focus, they facilitate interactions between firms from different capitalist varieties. Through the diffusion of state-of-the-art knowledge, trade fairs may serve as drivers of economic globalization, challenging the continuation of distinct capitalist varieties by enabling cross-system convergence regarding the technological specialization of firms. Yet, it is clear that countries have retained competitive advantages in specific industries and that full convergence has not taken place. Adopting a mixed-methods approach, this thesis addresses this puzzle, first, by exploring the micro-processes of search through a qualitative study. Using the garbage-can model and the “organized anarchy” concept, it finds that firms’ search processes rarely follow a linear or rational trajectory; yet, they are guided by the pre-existing production contexts and knowledge bases of their home countries. The empirical foundations of these findings are broadened through a quantitative study, which identifies different learning and search patterns between German and U.S. firms at trade fairs, largely consistent with the Varieties of Capitalism perspective. Taken together, the analysis reveals the path-dependent nature of firms’ search processes and suggests that firms from different countries are embedded in distinct paths and tend to follow their specific pathway. The thesis highlights the role of trade fairs as mediators of global economic processes and calls for greater attention to these events in political science.	Ph.D.	innovation, institution	9, 16
Giesbrecht, Jodi	Radforth, Ian	Killing the Beast: Animal Death in Canadian Literature, Hunting, Photography, Taxidermy, and Slaughterhouses, 1865-1920	History	2012-11	This dissertation explores the ways in which practices of killing animals in late nineteenth and early twentieth century Canada shaped humans’ perceptions of self and place. Analyzing the multivalent meanings of animal death in wild animal stories, sport hunting, photography, taxidermy, and meat eating, I argue that killing animals was integral to the expansion of settler colonialism in the dominion, materially facilitating the extension of agriculture and industry, and rhetorically legitimizing claims to conquest over indigenous peoples and wild landscapes. But humans’ self-definitions through animal death were not straightforward tales of mastery. Increasingly aware of the disappearance of wildlife from the dominion’s forests, less dependent upon wildlife for subsistence, women and men attributed greater cultural, political, and economic value to the nation’s animals, empathizing with animals and condemning animal extinction. Expressing a sense of guilt over human culpability in the vanishing of wild species, then, humans sought ways of defeating the ravages of modernity by preserving traces of animals in material, representational forms, using encounters with animals as means of defining a sense of self and nation. Fictional stories of animals proliferated, sport hunting soared in popularity, and taxidermied animals adorned many walls. Contemporaries killed animals as a means of legitimizing colonial occupation of newly settled land and asserting mastery over nature, then, but they also regretted their role in precipitating the disappearance of animals from nature. In reconciling this paradox, human and animal engaged in an ongoing process of co-constitution, defining and redefining shifting boundaries of kinship and otherness in a myriad of ways. Such paradoxical meanings of animal death emerged when humans were no longer reliant upon wild animals for survival. As such, I conclude this study by analyzing an important counterpart to wild animal death—the slaughtering of domestic animals as meat. Eating commercially produced meat increasingly defined one’s status as a modern subject within a technologically advanced and civilized nation, the transition from eating wild animals to domestic animals symbolizing a sense of success in overcoming the challenges of settlement in a colonial landscape.	PhD	forest, agriculture, industr	2, 9
Gill, Jagjeet Kaur	Dei, George Jerry Sefa	Minding the Gap: Understanding the Experiences of Racialized/Minoritized Bodies in Special Education	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2012-11	The issue of special education in the United States has been a contentious issue, at best, for the past 40 years. In Ontario, to a lesser extent, there have been issues of equal access to education for minoritized and racialized students. Special education in the Toronto area has not been without its issues surrounding parental advocacy, the use of assessments, and disproportionate number of English Language Learners in special education. This project examines how racialized and minoritized families understand special education practices and policies, specifically within the Toronto, York, Peel, and Halton Regions. The investigation is informed by nine interviews with students in grades 7 to 12, their respective mothers, and five special education administrators and educators. Students and parents identified themselves as Black, Latino/a, and South Asian. Within these categories, parents identified themselves as Somali, Trinidadian, Jamaican, and Punjabi-Sikh. Students were identified with a range of disabilities including learning, behavioural, and/or intellectual. This research focuses on ways to interrogate and examine the experiences of minoritized students and their parents by bringing forward otherwise silenced voices and understanding what it means to “speak out” against the process of identification and placement in special education. The findings of this investigation suggest a disconnect how policies and practices are implemented, and how, parents’ rights are understood. In particular, policies are inconsistently applied and are subject to the interpretation of educators and administrators, especially in relation to parental involvement and how much information should be released to families. The issue of language acquisition being read as a disability was also a noted concern. This investigation points to implications for teacher education programs, gaps in parental advocacy and notions of parental participation within schools, and re-examining special education assessments, practices, and policies.	PhD	inclusive	4
Gill, Ralph	Fadel, Mohammad	Corporate Governance, Corporate Culture, and Innovation	Law	2020-03	Mainstream corporate theory posits the standard shareholder-centered model (“SSM”) as the global normative standard for corporate governance and predicts convergence around a universalistic set of core principles and best practices, regardless of industry context; this thesis develops “knowledge primacy” as a production and knowledge-based critique of SSM. Knowledge primacy suggests optimal allocation of control in a firm’s governance structure is contingent upon, and an endogenous response to, the nature of its production process; it reviews empirical evidence and develops theory to support its hypothesis of an optimally inverse relationship between shareholder rights and the complexity of a firm’s production process, arising from: (i) problems of evaluation and control, and non-contractibility that increase with the knowledge formation, trust, and social exchange requirements of complex, knowledge-based production; and (ii) the tradeoff between lower agency costs and higher governance or “principal costs” associated with the allocation of control under conditions of “knowledge inversion” to cognitively unqualified public shareholders, resulting in net losses from the separation of knowledge and control. In certain production contexts, SSM is destructive of shareholder value, firm value, and social welfare. It rests upon a set of fundamentally ideological assumptions and assertions incongruent with the underlying logic, structure, and historical evolution of corporate law, which has accommodated the needs of increasingly complex production by shrinking the bundle of property rights associated with share ownership, thereby preserving optimal integration of knowledge and control. A neo-institutional perspective on organizations suggests that vestigial formal governance structures, such as shareholder meetings and shareholder votes, are institutionalized myths and ceremonies, retained and enacted as societally legitimated rationalized elements to provide cover for the decoupling of formal and informal controls required by complex production; the formal role of shareholders in the legal-rational structure of corporate governance may be largely symbolic, analogous to that of the Crown in the civic institutions of a constitutional monarchy such as Canada, or the “peppercorn” theory of consideration in the law of contract. The disruptive general implications of such a view for SSM are explored herein; knowledge primacy is compared and contrasted with director primacy and team production critiques of SSM.	S.J.D.	institution	16
Gill, Simerpal	Koren, Gideon	Investigating Sources of Variability in Pharmacological Response to Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy	Pharmacology	2010-03	Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) is the most common medical condition in pregnancy, and, unfortunately, variability exists among pregnant women in the therapeutic effect of anti-emetics as well as in factors that can exacerbate NVP. Identifying and managing these sources of variability will result in significant improvements in the quality of life of pregnant woman. This dissertation addressed clinical pharmacology strategies in managing NVP by focusing on three predominant areas of variability. The first challenge addressed in this dissertation was women with pre-existing gastrointestinal (GI) conditions and adherence and tolerability to prenatal multivitamin supplementation. To identify the role of iron in reducing adherence and increasing NVP and GI symptoms, two separate studies were conducted. In the first study, women randomized to a prenatal multivitamin supplementation with higher iron content experienced more adverse GI effects and increased severity of NVP symptoms. In the second study, after discontinuing iron-containing prenatal multivitamins, two-thirds of women in a prospective cohort reported improvement in their NVP symptoms which was corroborated with validated scales to quantify NVP severity. The second challenge addressed in this dissertation was the effect of heartburn and acid reflux on the severity of NVP. In a controlled, prospective study, women experiencing heartburn and acid reflux experienced greater severity of NVP compared to women with no GI symptoms. Furthermore, treatment of heartburn and acid reflux with acid-reducing pharmacotherapy with associated with a reduction in GI symptoms and NVP severity. Therefore, histamine 2 blockers or proton pump inhibitors, which do not appear to be associated with increased fetal risks, should be administered when required. The third clinical pharmacology challenge addressed in this dissertation was to determine the pharmacokinetic variability of the active ingredients of Diclectin®, first-line pharmacotherapy for the treatment of NVP. Large variability was observed in the area under the curve for both active metabolites: a 6.5-fold difference for pyridoxal-5’-phosphate and a 2.1-fold difference for doxylamine. Whether these pharmacokinetic differences contribute to suboptimal efficacy remains to be determined. In conclusion, based on the results presented in this dissertation, several improvements in clinical pharmacology strategies can be made to enhance management of NVP.	PhD	women	5
Gilmour, Julie Frances	Bothwell, Robert	"The kind of people Canada wants": Canada and the Displaced Persons, 1943-1953	History	2006-06	In 1947 the federal government of Canada began a program to move European Displaced Persons (DP) out of the International Refugee Organization (IRO) camps in Germany and Austria. This program, designed to fill chronic labour shortages in Canada’s resource industries and contribute to a solution for Europe’s refugee crisis, occurred in a transitional moment in Canadian society. Canadians emerged from World War Two with a new sense of Canada’s role in the world, but despite a changed international climate, a new discourse of human rights and a potentially robust economy, old perceptions of race, immigration and economic management lingered in the postwar years complicating the work of a new generation of civil servants, politicians and industry operators. This is a history of the transition. It demonstrates the ways that old and new ideas of the nation, citizenship, race and immigration co-existed. It highlights the significance of the beginnings of a debate on the elimination of discrimination based on race in Canada’s immigration policy; shows the link between economic prosperity and popular support for immigration; and demonstrates the importance of individuals within industry, the civil service and in government in national decision-making. This is an international history, spanning the Atlantic and bringing a global perspective to local experience in Canadian industries. Chapters on the federal decision making process are supplemented by evidence from the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), the IRO, the Ontario Ministry of Education and forestry, mining and hydro industries. It uses a variety of methodologies including policy history, oral history, public opinion polling, gender, ethnicity and labour studies to investigate the implications of these decisions for Canadian society. It demonstrates that the 1947-1951 movement of DPs was initiated primarily under dual pressure from Canadians who had served abroad and industry leaders who had previously used POW labour to solve on going shortages in the bush. These decisions were strongly informed by both the crisis in Europe and Canadian assumptions about race, labour and citizenship. By examining the expectations Canadians had for the behaviour of its newest arrivals and future citizens this study highlights the foundations of Canadian citizenship in 1947: community participation, contribution to the development of the economy, and political loyalty to the nation.	PhD	gender, labour, rights	5, 8, 16
Gilraine, John Michael	McMillan, Robert	Three Essays in the Economics of Education	Economics	2017-11	In principal, public education provides a child's key means of skill accumulation, irrespective of background. In practice, however, the actual performance of public schooling is a disappointment, with stakeholders concerned that the current state of public education heightens inequality and prepares students inadequately for the workforce or higher learning. This thesis develops and applies novel econometric techniques to highlight education policies that may increase student achievement and reduce the pervasive test score gaps that plague public education today. Chapter 1 sets out a new approach that enables me to credibly identify dynamic interactions among school inputs for the first time. Such an approach is rarely adopted in empirical research due to stringent requirements: in an observational setting, identifying dynamic interactions requires period-by-period randomization. I overcome this challenge by combining rich administrative data with a rule whereby students are held accountable only if there are forty or more students in their demographic group. The rule provides useful year-to-year variation, supplying the backbone of my identification strategy. I then estimate the technology structurally and consider the efficacy of alternative accountability schemes: conditioning on initial test scores rather than prior test scores can increase average achievement and reduce inequality. Chapter 2 proposes an approach that allows researchers to identify separate treatment components from a single discontinuity. As an application, I consider the discontinuity associated with class size caps -- a widespread education policy used to reduce class sizes. My approach exploits the asymmetry between school-grades entering versus exiting treatment to distinguish the pure effect of changes in class size from the effect of a newly-hired teacher. Using data from New York City, I find that class size reductions increase student achievement, though these gains are counteracted by the newly-hired teacher. Chapter 3 uses a regression discontinuity design to investigate the merits of decentralized public goods provision in the context of Title I, the largest U.S. federal education funding program. My results indicate that the negligible impact of Title I is caused by its centralized nature: in a decentralized form, Title I generates a substantial improvement in student achievement, particularly for the socioeconomically disadvantaged.	Ph.D.	socioeconomic, educat, equality, inequality	1, 4, 5, 10
Girard-Pearlman, Jeannine	Magnusson, Jamie Lynn	Between the Idea and the Reality: An Intersectional Anlaysis of the Challenges of Teaching Health Advocacy as a Means to Achieve Social Responsibility in Medicine	Leadership, Higher Education and Adult Education	2013-06	Canada, like other countries around the world, has health inequities. The literature on social accountability and responsibility urges medical schools to be grounded in the needs of communities to address health inequities. The Canadian professional and regulatory bodies promote the CanMEDS Competencies of which one, the Health Advocate Competency, speaks of addressing community issues. Yet medical schools face challenges actualizing social responsibility and teaching the Health Advocate Competency. Therefore it is important to understand how the teaching of health advocacy and social responsibility is incorporated into the undergraduate curricula of self-defined socially responsible medical schools in Canada. In this study, mixed methods were used beginning with a semi-structured questionnaire administered to undergraduate Course Directors at two medical schools in Canada with a response rate of 74% (n=60). This was followed by a series of open-ended interviews with eleven equity leaders to bring their perspective into the data collection and establish knowledge about frontline intersectional equity work. The major theoretical lens encircling this work was intersectionality which examines historical oppression and how the intersection of gender, race, and class compound health inequities. Questionnaire results made it clear that biomedical ideology and the CanMEDS Medical Expert Competency were privileged in the undergraduate curriculum at the expense of other knowledge such as health advocacy and social responsibility. The objective biomedical discourse ignores or marginalizes important social influences on health which are highlighted by using an intersectional lens. The semi-structured interviews provided rich data about working in an intersectional equity framework highlighting the impact of the intersections of race, gender, class and other identities on health inequities. These interviews also demonstrate the importance of health advocacy in improving health care outcomes and addressing social responsibility. Incorporating intersectionality into previously accepted assessment tools for physicians adds an important dimension to the health care encounter. Explicitly embedding social responsibility and health advocacy in the medical school mission and curriculum is essential to their acceptance. A series of supporting recommendations are offered.	PhD	gender, health	3, 5
Gladstone, Brenda McConnell	McKeever, Patricia ||Boydell, Katherine	"All in the Same Boat": An Analysis of a Support Group for Children of Parents with Mental Illnesses	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2010-06	The effectiveness of psychoeducation and peer support programs for children of mentally ill parents is frequently measured by demonstrating children’s ability to meet program goals according to pre-defined categories determined by adults. Little is known about how children respond to these goals, whether they share them, and how, or if, their needs are met. I conducted an ethnographic study of one such group for school-aged children. I examined how specific discourses framed the content of the program manual designed to educate and support children and I observed how children responded to the program. My study is rooted in Goffman’s (1959) dramaturgical analyses of the reciprocal influence individuals have on one another in face-to-face encounters. From a critical dramaturgical perspective the participants were expected to conform to behavioural expectations of the setting, itself framed by broader arenas of interaction in which shared institutionalized meanings govern (often idealized) presentations of self. Data collection included: 1. a critical discourse analysis of the program manual; 2. participant observation of interactions during the eight-week program; and 3. children’s evaluations of the program in a separate group interview. Being identified as “as all in the same boat” was meaningful and consequential for children who were expected to learn mental health/illness information because, “knowledge is power”, and to express difficult feelings about being a child of a mentally ill parent. Children could be said to have achieved the goals of the program because they developed a mutual understanding about how to interpret and give meaning to their circumstances; “recognizing” unpredictable behaviours as signs of illness and becoming responsible for managing only how “their own story would go”. Children were not expected to care for ill parents, even when they wanted some responsibility, and were strongly discouraged from turning to friends for support. Children strategized to negotiate and resist group expectations and challenge assumptions about being “all in the same boat”. Suggestions are made for determining what constitutes “good” mental health literacy based on children’s preferences for explaining their circumstances in ways they find relevant and for supporting children’s competencies to manage relationships that are important to them.	PhD	health	3
Gladstone, Lia	Gérin-Lajoie, Diane	Learning From Rape Crisis Volunteers: Remembering The Past, Envisioning The Future	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2013-11	While research on sexual violence, rape crisis centres and volunteers is extensive, there are very few empirical studies that draw specifically on the experiences of rape crisis volunteers. Instead, most of the literature pertaining to rape crisis work focuses on the efforts of social workers or other paid staff. When rape crisis volunteers are examined, the focus is primarily on the context through which their work is performed, for instance, how a rape crisis centre operates in relation to other community organizations (Campbell, 1998) or whether a specific rape crisis centre upholds feminist philosophies (Maier, 2008). Studies are also usually restricted to the negative effects of rape crisis work (for example, how rape crisis workers experience anxiety, social withdrawal and vicarious trauma) or focus on what sustains rape crisis workers while working in a stressful environment (Baird and Jenkins, 2003; Hellman and House, 2006; Thornton and Novak, 2010; Wasco and Campbell, 2002). Using the life history approach, this study builds on previous research and explores the experiences of volunteers at rape crisis centres across Ontario, Canada. In particular, the following issues were examined: motivations to volunteer, personal challenges and tensions, as well as challenges with respective centres. Findings indicate that all participants in the study have directly and/or indirectly experienced a range of different kinds of violence. Also, participants noted a range of complex and interconnected motivations for their initial and ongoing involvement in rape crisis work, most notably, self-healing. Finally, most participants expressed hesitancy towards identifying as feminists and did not associate feminism and the anti-violence movement as being strictly related to women. Theorizing the experiences of rape crisis volunteers through the lens of standpoint theory offers a new approach to knowledge construction in the area of rape crisis work and points towards the way that services, including training, can be improved for volunteers. Furthermore, the life history approach offers a unique way to understand the experiences of rape crisis volunteers in greater depth and breadth, since attention was placed on the volunteer process as well as other life experiences.	PhD	women	5
Glas, Aarie	Hoffmann, Matthew J.	Habits of Peace: The Foundations of Long-Term Regional Cooperation in Southeast Asia and South America	Political Science	2017-11	The regions of Southeast Asia and South America are often cited as puzzling cases of long peace among nation-states. Absent hard power balancing behaviours, liberal democratic development, and economic interdependence, both present unlikely cases for prolonged periods of time absent large scale inter-state violence. This research begins with an inquiry into the foundations the long peace of each region: practices of conflict management. More narrowly, this project asks: How can we understand cooperation and community building alongside persistent militarized violence? Upon what foundations have these largely illiberal states been able to build relative but lasting peace despite pervasive territorial disputes? In answering these questions, this research argues that distinct and diplomatic habits shape the management of peace and conflict in each region. The underlying argument of this work is that the habitual and dispositional qualities of regional diplomatic practice inform the long peace of these regions and regional relations more generally. In each region, distinctive and discrete qualities of regional relations shape crisis response, but also shape how crises, themselves, are understood by regional diplomatic officials. These â habits of peaceâ make possible long-term regional cooperation and relative peace alongside persistent intra-regional violence. After articulating the conflictual nature of peace in each regional case, I suggest that existing understandings of regional long-peace overlook the practical and tactical foundations upon which interstate cooperation rest. I offer a theoretical framework and particular set of methods attentive to the habitual and dispositional qualities of inter-state relations. In the subsequent empirical cases I demonstrate the existence and effect of a particular regional habitual disposition in each region, with a particular focus on episodes of regional crisis including the 2011 Preah Vihear border dispute in Southeast Asia and the 1995 Cenepa conflict between Peru and Ecuador.	Ph.D.	peace	16
Goary, Woyengi	Williams, Charmaine C	The Institutional Organization of Black Female Child Protection Workers’ (Re)construction of their Role as Carers in Child Protection: An Institutional Ethnographic Inquiry	Social Work	2018-06	This institutional ethnographic study explores the coordinated processes that organize Black female child protection workers’ (re)construction of their role as carers in the Ontario child protection system. This examination occurs within the backdrop of colonialism and shifting and unequal power relations in Canada. Absent from social work research is an understanding of the complex sequences of actions in every day child protection activities that authorize colonial ideologies and practices and the impact of Black female child protection workers’ negotiation of this context on their well-being. This study’s informant sample includes 9 Black female child protection workers currently employed at a child protection institution in Ontario. Data was collected from semi-structured interviews and textual analysis. The findings revealed colonialism in the child protection system is maintained through institutional patterns of exclusion and acts of dissimulation in the institutional discourse and practice. In response, Black female child protection workers resist colonial practices through their injection of acts of caring into their work. At the same time, their constant experiences of structural violence lead to institutional trauma. This research highlights a contradiction within the social work framework; the overt espousal of human rights and social justice as ethical priorities, while covertly maintaining colonialism in the child protection system, specifically towards Black female child protection workers and their communities. The findings advance social work knowledge by offering a way to identify the existence and the impact of the colonial context on Black female child protection workers as well as map out the sequences of actions or inactions that embed colonial ideologies and practices in the child protection system.	Ph.D.	worker, justice, rights	8, 16
Goddard, Shannon	Cuthbertson, Brian H	Barriers and Facilitators to Early Physical Rehabilitation in Mechanically Ventilated Patients	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2017-06	Background: Physical rehabilitation strategies, when initiated in critically ill patients, may improve functional outcomes of survivors and may shorten duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU length of stay, although evidence is conflicting. Despite some conflicting evidence, it has been recommended in clinical practice guidelines, but not been consistently implemented in critical care units. The implementation of complex interventions in healthcare is challenging, but may be improved using theory to understand barriers and facilitators, and ultimately to design interventions. The Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) is a framework based on health psychology that was designed to improve implementation of evidence based practice. Methods: This dissertation describes a series of projects, based on the TDF, and aimed at understanding barriers and facilitators to early physical rehabilitation in mechanically ventilated patients. First, a systematic review of the literature, using the TDF to synthesize barriers and facilitators was done. The following two research chapters describe a Delphi study of nurses, physical and occupational therapists, respiratory therapists and physicians. The first round of the Delphi consisted of semi-structured interviews. With the TDF, a theoretically driven topic guide was developed and interviews analyzed using a theory-driven content analysis. The following rounds of the Delphi consisted of agree/disagree questions with a Likert scale, based on Round 1 results that were reviewed and prioritized by the research group. Results: The systematic review of the literature found that there was a general lack of theory in assessing barriers and facilitators. Using the TDF to synthesize, we found a significant focus on the domains of Behavioural Regulation, Environmental Context and Resources and Beliefs about Consequences. The Dephi study confirmed these findings, although also found a focus on the domains of Skills, Social and Professional Role, Beliefs about Capabilities, Social Influences, Knowledge and Optimism.	Ph.D.	health	3
Godin, Paul Joseph	Strong, Kimberly	Laboratory Spectroscopy of Fluorinated Molecules for Atmospheric Physics	Physics	2017-11	Temperature-dependent absorption cross-sections are presented for five fluorinated molecules considered to be greenhouse gases due to being radiatively active in the mid-infrared. The molecules studied are perfluorotributylamine (PFTBA), 2,2,3,3,3- pentafluoropropanol (PFPO), 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP), perfluorodecalin (PFDC), and 2H,3H-perfluoropentane (HFC-43-10mee). HFIP is a fluorinated liquid commonly used as a specialty solvent for some polar polymers and in organic synthesis. PFTBA, PFPO, and HFC-43-10mee are commonly used in electronic and industrial applications. PFDC is capable of dissolving large quantities of gases, making it useful for a variety of medical applications. Experimental absorption cross-sections were derived from Fourier transform infrared spectra recorded from 530 to 3400 cm â 1 with a resolution of 0.1 cm â 1 over a temperature range of 298 to 360 K. These results were compared to theoretical density functional theory (DFT) calculations and previously published experimental measurements made at room temperature. Theoretical DFT calculations were performed using the B3LYP method and a minimum basis set of 6-311+G(d,p). The calculations have determined the optimized geometrical configuration, infrared intensities, and wavenumbers of the harmonic frequencies for different ground-state configurations due to the presence of internal rotors. As the population of each configuration changes with temperature, changes in the experimental spectra were used to make accurate band assignments. From these band assignments, the DFT spectra were calibrated to match the experimental spectra, increasing the accuracy of the DFT prediction outside of the experimental range. Using the adjusted DFT-calculated spectra, the wavenumber range was extended beyond the experimental range to calculate radiative efficiencies and global warming potentials. When using only the experimental range, the new values agreed with previously published values. However, when the range was extended using the DFT spectra, the radiative efficiency and global warming potential were increased, suggesting that the current values are underestimating the climate impacts of these species. Additionally, work done on building a multipass White cell is presented. This new system can be used in the future to resolve weak lines to extract line parameters needed for atmospheric trace gas retrievals.	Ph.D.	global warming	13
Goh, Y. Ingrid	Koren, Gideon	Examining Different Levels of Prevention of Birth Defects and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder	Pharmaceutical Sciences	2009-03	While all women hope to deliver a healthy baby, approximately 3-5% babies are affected by birth defects. Birth defects can occur naturally or be induced by teratogens. Alcohol is a known teratogen that causes fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), the most commonly known cause of neurobehavioural and neurodevelopmental deficits. Individuals affected with FASD are likely to be involved with or require additional assistance from healthcare, education, social services, and justice sectors. Due to this immense burden, effective prevention of FASD can have a major public impact. Prevention of FASD can occur at different levels: primary prevention (preventing alcohol-induced birth defects from occurring in the first place); secondary prevention (preventing alcohol-induced birth defects from developing or progressing); tertiary prevention (improving the outcome of individuals affected with FASD); and quaternary prevention (preventing another child from being affected with FASD). The objective of this thesis was to explore a multilevel birth defect and FASD prevention strategy. Primary prevention by was investigated by maternal multivitamin supplementation to optimize fetal growing conditions, as alcoholics are commonly deficient in nutrients. A meta-analysis of maternal multivitamin supplementation demonstrated a decreased risk for certain congenital anomalies and pediatric cancers. Secondary prevention was investigated by a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled evaluating the ability of high doses of antioxidants (vitamin C and vitamin E) to mitigate the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. The study was ceased due to safety concerns regarding high doses of vitamin C and vitamin E in preeclamptic studies. Tertiary prevention was investigated by anonymous meconium screening of babies of Grey-Bruce, Ontario residents delivering at or transferred to St. Joseph’s Health Care in London, Ontario. A 30% prevalence of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) positive meconium was observed at this high-risk unit. Meconium screening is also a means of quaternary prevention since positive screens also identify mothers who were unable to stop consuming alcohol after 13 weeks of pregnancy, and therefore are at risk of delivering another child who is prenatally exposed to alcohol. The identification and engagement of these mothers into treatment programs constitutes primary prevention of FASD in subsequent pregnancies.	PhD	health, women	3, 5
Golberg, Shari Beth	Gibbs, Robert	When Beruriah Met 'A'isha: Textual Intersections and Interactions Among Jewish and Muslim Women Engaged with Religious Law	Religion, Study of	2013-11	This study explores various understandings of religious authority, law and empowered textual interpretation among two distinct yet inter-related groups of Jewish and Muslim women: contemporary academics and laywomen in North America who are engaged in the study of classical religious texts. There are two modes through which I examine these interpretive activities by women: the first approach involves a comparative textual analysis of academic writings on religious texts by women, while the second utilizes feminist ethnography to zero in on the textual experiences of Jewish and Muslim laywomen who spent time studying religious texts together. Although the entitlements offered to women under secular laws in North America generally surpass those granted to them under Jewish and Islamic law, rather than abandoning religious laws entirely, Jewish and Muslim laywomen and exegetes continue to grapple with religious legal texts and praxis, since these are bound up with notions of identity, community and belonging. But rather than accepting the status quo, this highly-educated subset of Jewish and Muslim women empower themselves to reinterpret traditional texts and adapt communal practices to better reflect more inclusive and egalitarian values. Through their academic works, scholars such as Amina Wadud, Tikva Frymer-Kensky, Judith Hauptman, Fatima Mernissi, Kecia Ali and Rachel Adler revisit religious law and succeed in broadening the communal spaces, leadership roles and personal status entitlements available to Jewish and Muslim women. Similarly, when Toronto-based laywomen challenge the ideas coming from the pulpits of their local mosques and synagogues, or use their own knowledge of texts and other extra-textual sources to redefine how they eat, dress and pray as Muslims and Jews, they are pushing the boundaries of how each community views women, traditional praxis and authority, forcing us to confront what it means to be a Jewish or Muslim woman scholar in the twenty-first century. These acts of empowered interpretation and religio-legal reform among both laywomen and exegetes arise from a similar source: a "textual confidence", which is a strange alchemy of a solid traditional and secular education, strong familial and communal supports, but is equally related to one's geography, conceptions of gender and perceptions of authority.	PhD	gender, inclusive, women	4, 5
Goldberg, Caroline	McDonald, Lynn	Towards a Framework for Practice: A Phenomenological Study of Community Dwelling Holocaust Survivors' Social Work Service Needs	Social Work	2011-11	This phenomenological study explores the needs of community dwelling Holocaust survivors and proposes a framework for social work practice with this population. Data from qualitative interviews with Holocaust survivors and family caregivers of Holocaust survivors suggest that there are at least two different cohorts of Holocaust survivors in this study. These cohorts, referred to as classic and contemporary survivors in this dissertation, differ with regard to their age as well as the extent to which they are affected by numerous barriers relating to their health and physical ability as well as to language, education, and work background. A small number of respondents demonstrated characteristics belonging to both of the cohorts. A continuum, with classic survivors on one end of the scale and contemporary survivors on the other is therefore suggested as the best way to understand the differences between the two cohorts of Holocaust survivors in this study. Research findings compare and contrast these two ends of the continuum, as well as the cases which fit somewhere in the middle, and suggest the following five themes: 1. There are important similarities and differences between classic and contemporary survivors, 2. Individual Holocaust survivors, their family members and the larger community have all been affected by the Holocaust, 3. Identities and values have been impacted by the trauma associated with the Holocaust, 4. Survivor characteristics can be classified as characteristics of resiliency and/or vulnerability, (The sub-themes uncovered in this study relating to resiliency include fierce independence, a “never give up” mentality and a strong social conscience. The sub-themes relating to vulnerability include guarded trust, a “going without” mentality, increased vulnerability to loss, and loss of secure identity), and 5. The needs of the study population can be better understood by considering resiliency and vulnerability characteristics. The life course framework and individual and community trauma theories are applied to understand these research findings which inform the proposed framework for social work practice.	PhD	health, labour	3, 8
Goldman, Michael	Moodley, Roy	Beyond Acculturation: Cultural Constructions of Immigrant Resilience and Belonging in the Canadian Context	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2012-03	The psychological literature on immigrants has identified numerous challenges of resettlement. Research on acculturation indicates that adaptive functioning is characterized as a bicultural prospect in which individuals balance their heritage and the dominant culture within the receiving society. This conceptualization of positive adaptation typically relegates culture to a broad-based and static property circumscribed within ethnicity, neglecting diverse cultural representations and the way specific mechanisms affect the process of adaptation. The current research sought immigrants’ subjective accounts of resilience. The aim of this study was to identify specific markers of significant adversity and corollary positive adaptation that intersect with diverse mechanisms of culture to develop a theory of cultural adaptation. A constructivist grounded theory approach was implemented in data collection and analysis. Eighteen first-generation immigrants, who represented a range of cultural backgrounds and geographic regions, each participated in one semi-structured interview. The overarching theme that emerged from data analysis, Belonging, was found to explicate the meaning of resilience for immigrants in terms of their cultural adaptation. Belonging indicated a process by which immigrants gained a sense of identification with and inclusion in Canadian society. Immigrants’ perception of Belonging was affected by two mid-level themes, Forming Attachments and Feeling Acceptance. Forming Attachments was contextually driven and highlighted a personal process of developing cultural attachments. The advancement of attachments, interpersonally, occupationally and to the larger sociocultural environment, was meaningful to recovery and had implications for Belonging. The second mid-level theme identified a reciprocal process of acceptance that revealed a struggle to accept cultural changes as well as the significance of feeling accepted as an equal member of society. Taken together, Forming Attachments and Feeling Acceptance had a significant effect on immigrants’ sense of Belonging and were contextualized within a range of cultural domains. This study highlights the dynamic role of culture in immigrant adaptation and contributes to both research and health care professionals by offering a framework of immigrant resilience that may promote healthy forms of functioning.	PhD	inclusive	4
Gomaa, Noha AE	Quinonez, Carlos	The Biology of Social Adversity in Oral Disease	Dentistry	2018-11	Several pathways have been proposed to explain the relationship between adverse social and living conditions and oral health outcomes. However, little is known about the underlying biological mechanisms by which the social “gets under the skin” to bring about oral diseases. This work aims to investigate the pathobiological pathways by which adverse social exposures (focusing on socioeconomic position), become embodied in oral and systemic inflammation. The specific objectives are to: (1) evaluate the evidence on social-biological interactions in oral disease; (2) assess the contribution of socioeconomic factors to the association between periodontal and systemic inflammation; (3) assess socioeconomic differences in periodontal and oral immune parameters; and (4) examine the contribution of psychosocial stress factors and the activation of the stress pathway in these relationships. To do this, we first conducted a systematic review, based on which a conceptual model was plotted, followed by an analysis of secondary NHANES IV data where the contribution of socioeconomic position to the relationship between periodontal and systemic inflammation was assessed. Finally, an analysis of primary data was conducted to assess the socioeconomic differences in periodontal disease and oral immune outcomes and the contribution of financial stress, perceived stress and the stress hormone cortisol to these differences. Overall, the results showed that socioeconomic factors attenuate the relationship between periodontal disease and systemic inflammation, and that individuals on the lower rungs of the socioeconomic hierarchy are at a greater risk for a pro-inflammatory oral immune system that potentially increases their vulnerability to periodontal tissue damage. This relationship was significantly attenuated by the effect of financial and perceived stress and cortisol, indicating a biopsychosocial pathway between socioeconomic exposures and periodontal disease. Collectively, the results from this work show that the socioeconomic, psychosocial and biological factors have a convergent role in the oral disease process. Integrated policy solutions that target these underlying factors in oral disease and associated inequalities are required.	Ph.D.	socioeconomic, health	1, 3
Gönlügür, Emre	Anderson, Christy||Scrivano, Paolo	American Architecture and the Promise of Modernization in Postwar Turkey	History of Art	2014	This dissertation examines the Turkish reception of American architectural culture in the post-World War II period, with particular focus on the manner and geographical scope of the transfer of American architecture overseas in the wake of the Marshall Plan. I analyze the vehicles for the transmission of American architecture, including professional publications, exhibitions, technical assistance missions, scholarly exchanges, and projects constructed with US funds. In order to account for the circulation of American architectural ideals in postwar Turkey, I also draw on new research on popular culture and examine films, women's and family magazines, travelogues, and newly-emerging consumption habits that were effective in transmitting and disseminating ideas about the American way of life. My main concern is to show how in the context of Turkey's modernization efforts during the 1950s Turkish architecture looked to, reinterpreted, and even contested American architecture, planning ideals and building technologies. To this end, this dissertation delineates three different instances of cultural interaction between Turkey and the United States, which highlight the diffusion of American architectural ideals to Turkish architectural scene: the construction of the Istanbul Hilton Hotel as the centerpiece for Turkey's attempt to increase its share of the growing international travel market; the US contribution to the Izmir International Trade Fair where American domestic design and consumer goods were put on display; and the establishment of a school of architecture and planning in the Turkish capital Ankara with the assistance of American experts. I argue that American architecture cannot simply be viewed as serving to advance US political and economic interests in Turkey. American buildings, planning ideals, and notions of domestic modernity helped channel Turkey's pursuit of modernization and progress which was concentrated in three major areas: the development of international tourism, the creation of a consumer economy and the establishment of institutions of higher education.	Ph.D.	buildings, trade, industr	9, 10
Gonzalez Jimenez, Alejandra	Napolitano, Valentina	Entanglements: Volkswagen de MĂŠxico and Global Capitalism	Anthropology	2017-11	This dissertation is an ethnographic study of global capitalism. It examines the multilayered presence of Volkswagen de México to grapple with the double-edged sword of transnational economic dependencies. Car manufacturing in Mexico has created jobs for a number of college graduates, middle class status, modes of relationality and care, and even the possibility to migrate to Germany. At the same time global car production relies on a large number of low-wage and uncertain jobs, on mechanisms that make labor cheap and discipline the labor force, as well as on land and water dispossession. While Volkswagen de México is a medium of inclusivity into 21st century global capitalism, it has also created contentious relations on the ground: among those who celebrate the presence of the factory, those who oppose it, those who have been violently excluded, and among unionized and non-unionized workers. To elucidate this complex and convoluted landscape of social relations, this study examines how transnational car production intersects with processes of nation-state formation, local ideas about status, and personal aspirations, as well as the conjunctures between global transformations, manufacturing, and the North American Free Trade Agreement. This dissertation shows how Volkswagen’s car economy has endured through forms of domination, subjugation and accommodation, and traces its not-always-predictable effects on the ground. Thereby it offers a nuanced and textured account of how global capitalism is constituted trans-locally.	Ph.D.	institution, wage, trade	8, 10, 16
Goodfellow, Nathalie M.	Lambe, Evelyn K.	Serotonin 5-HT Receptor Currents in the Healthy Rodent Prefrontal Cortex and in a Model of Affective Disorders	Physiology	2013-06	Affective disorders represent one of the greatest global burdens of disease. Work in patients with affective disorders demonstrates that serotonin (5-HT) signaling within the prefrontal cortex, particularly at the level of the 5-HT receptors, plays an integral role in both the pathology and treatment of these diseases. Surprisingly, the characterization of the prefrontal 5-HT receptors under both healthy and pathological conditions remains incomplete. The technique of whole cell electrophysiological recording provides an unparalleled tool for investigating the functional effects of these 5-HT receptors on neurons in acute prefrontal cortical slices. The objectives of my thesis were to delve deeper into the 5-HT receptor subtypes that modulate the prefrontal cortex in the healthy control rodents and to examine how this modulation was disrupted in a rodent model of affective disorders. In work from healthy control rodents, I examined two prefrontal 5-HT receptor-mediated currents. I show for the first time the presence of the 5-HT1A receptor during the early postnatal period, a critical developmental window during which this receptor programs adult anxiety behaviors. In adulthood, I characterized an inhibitory current mediated by the 5-ht5A receptor; findings that will permit the classification of this receptor within the 5-HT receptor family. Collectively, this investigation of functional early 5-HT1A receptors and adult 5-ht5A receptors offers a novel conceptual framework for understanding 5-HT receptor modulation of the healthy prefrontal cortex. To model vulnerability to affective disorder in the rodent, I used the early stress of maternal separation. In early stress rodents, I observed a marked increase in 5-HT1A receptor currents during the early postnatal period, the critical time window for the programming of anxiety. By comparison, in adulthood I found that rodents exposed to early stress displayed increased 5-HT2A receptor currents. These findings provide novel insight into the developmental and long-lasting pathology underlying early stress, indicating that the early prefrontal 5-HT1A receptor and adult prefrontal 5-HT2A receptors as a potential therapeutic target in treatment of affective disorders At a fundamental level, the findings provided herein offer critical insight into the cellular mechanisms underlying affective disorders, one of the most debilitating and costly diseases worldwide.	PhD	health	3
Gora, Stephanie Leah	Andrews, Susan A	Development and Evaluation of Photocatalytic Linear Engineered Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials for the Removal of Disinfection Byproduct Precursors from Drinking Water	Civil Engineering	2017-11	Photocatalysis has long been touted as a potential drinking water treatment technology but has proven difficult to implement at full scale. This project aimed to address two of the perennial challenges preventing the use of photocatalysis for drinking water treatment: the need to safely remove the photocatalyst from the water after treatment and the danger that incomplete mineralization of contaminants will lead to the formation of intermediate compounds that are more reactive or toxic than their parent compounds. A suite of titanium dioxide-based linear engineered nanomaterials (LENs) was synthesized and compared to standard commercial titanium dioxide nanoparticles in terms of filterability, settleability, surface characteristics, crystal phase structure, available surface area, photonic efficiency, and propensity to form hydroxyl radicals. The LENs were also evaluated in terms of their ability to remove disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors from two natural surface water matrices via adsorption and photocatalysis. DBPs, which form when naturally occurring organic precursor compounds interact with chemical disinfectants used in drinking water treatment, are suspected carcinogens and are widely regulated throughout the world. In this study, photocatalysis increased the DBP formation potential of both water matrices at short irradiation times. Longer treatment times resulted in decreased in DBP formation potential. Adsorption removed DBP precursors from the water without transforming them. The surface area and crystal phase structure of the nanomaterials were identified as important drivers of photocatalytic treatment effectiveness and regenerability. Adsorption efficacy was mainly impacted by surface area, agglomeration, and charge interactions. The effects of both adsorption and photocatalysis on DBP formation potential were strongly influenced by the composition of the water matrix being treated. The results of this project have informed the conceptual design of two titanium dioxide-based water treatment processes for DBP precursor removal: a single step photocatalytic system and a two-step adsorption and regeneration system.	Ph.D.	water	6
Gorczynski, Paul	Faulkner, Guy	Addressing Obesity in Schizophrenia: An Ecological Approach	Exercise Sciences	2013-06	Individuals with schizophrenia are at high risk for obesity. Contemporary treatment approaches have concentrated on improving diet and physical activity behaviour. Guided by the Medical Research Council Framework, this thesis aimed to identify modifiable environmental factors that may influence the dietary and physical activity behaviours of clients at a psychiatric facility and examine the efficacy of intrapersonal and environmental components of a broad ecological intervention. Study one explored what environmental factors at the facility influence diet and physical activity. Participants identified that obesogenic elements involved aspects of the social and built environments and that both intrapersonal interventions and environmental changes are needed to improve physical activity and dietary behaviour. Based on the findings of the first study, study two examined the feasibility of exercise counseling amongst individuals with schizophrenia and its effect on increasing moderate and vigorous levels of physical activity (MVPA). Findings showed that exercise counseling is feasible. Accelerometer results showed that levels of MVPA decreased throughout the study, but levels of mediating psychological variables of physical activity increased. Study three examined the use of point-of-choice prompts to increase stair use at the hospital. Overall, no significant changes in stair use between the study phases were found, but male staff members increased their stair use throughout the study. Using multiple research methods, this thesis has made several contributions to the understanding of physical activity and dietary behaviours in individuals with schizophrenia. Novel solutions are needed to move beyond lifestyle interventions and address multiple individual and environmental factors that cause weight gain in this population.	PhD	health	3
Gordeyko, Marcia Anne	Peterson-Badali, Michele||Henderson, Joanna	Examining the Needs of Crossover Youth: Individual and System Level Factors	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2017-06	Examining the Needs of Crossover Youth: Individual and System Level Factors, 2017 Marcia A. Gordeyko Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development University of Toronto Abstract Objective. Crossover youth are broadly defined as youth who have had contact with both the child welfare and youth justice systems. Although there has been increased research on crossover youth, including the numerous negative outcomes they experience (e.g., high rates of recidivism, multiple out-of-home placements; Herz, Ryan, Bilchik, 2010), much of this research has been based on data drawn from large child welfare and youth justice administrative databases. This approach may limit our understanding of crossover youth in other domains in which they also experience difficulties (e.g., mental health and substance use), as well as limit our understanding of these youth from a variety of perspectives (e.g., community service providers). Given that high rates of mental health and substance use difficulties are of concern for crossover youth (Turpel-Lafond Kendall, 2009), we need more specific information on their mental health needs, how these needs are met, and how service providers conceptualize the needs of crossover youth. To begin to address these questions, the two papers that make up my dissertation examined the mental health needs of crossover youth and service providers’ perspectives on those needs, respectively. Paper 1. The first part of this paper examined whether crossover youth have unique mental health symptomatology (in terms of symptom type and/or severity) compared to their peers involved in a single-system (i.e., youth justice or child welfare alone) and their non-system-involved peers. Part two examined whether youth system involvement and symptom presentation predicted receipt of mental health services. To address these questions, 389 youth in Grades 7 to 10 were recruited from school boards and mental health agencies across Ontario, Canada to complete self-report surveys. Crossover youth had the highest rates of all types of mental health symptoms and a significantly higher rate of externalizing symptoms compared to child welfare and non-system-involved youth. With respect to service receipt, findings are discussed in terms of the differential impact of internalizing versus externalizing symptoms, as well as system-level barriers. Paper 2. The aim of the second paper was to gather information on service providers’ perspectives on crossover youth, their needs, and the barriers they may face while navigating various systems. Semi-structured interview data from 10 service providers from multiple service domains (e.g., mental health, child welfare, housing) resulted in the following five themes grounded in the data: 1) crossover youth have unique experiences and needs that make them a distinguishable group; 2) family struggles – particularly difficulties with relational connectedness or attachment – impact crossover youth as they move through various systems; 3) crossover youth struggle to engage in positive relationships with others (e.g., peers and service providers); 4) crossover youth require multiple services across multiple service domains; and 5) crossover youth face numerous barriers in having their needs met, which are exacerbated by the behavioral and relational difficulties they experience. These findings exemplified that crossover youth are impacted by both individual factors (e.g., behavioral and relational difficulties) and system level factors (e.g., multiple service providers), which interact to create further challenges for crossover youth. These themes, along with previous research, were used to create an exploratory model encompassing the experiences of crossover youth at the individual and system levels, with the aim of providing a more holistic perspective on the needs of crossover youth as well as stimulating future research. Conclusions. Together, the findings from both papers highlight the importance of continued research that broadens our understanding of crossover youth beyond their experiences and outcomes in the child welfare and youth justice systems. To help inform the development of effective treatment programs and prevent negative outcomes, a more in-depth exploration is required of individual factors (particularly behavioral and relational difficulties), system level factors, and how these factors may interact to exacerbate negative outcomes for crossover youth.	Ph.D.	health, justice	3, 16
Gordon-Muir, Lorna	McCready, Lance	Some Black Male Teachers' Perspectives on Underachievement Problems for Black Male Students	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2013-06	This dissertation examines some structural and cultural problems that can contribute to the problem of underachievement facing Black, male students in the educational system. A phenomenological approach was used to gain the perspectives of six Black, male educators on this problem. Underachievement problems for these students have garnered much interest in the research literature and in pedagogical debates. It is a problem with a long history from the Royal Commission on Learning (1993) to TDSB Urban Diversity Strategy (2008) the problem continues to baffle educators. Data also presents a dismal picture, with 40% from this group underachieving. Black, male teachers‟ perspectives are significant because presently their voices are limited in the literature. Their perspectives are also influenced by race, ethnicity and gender, and these are issues that impact on the problem being investigated. The main questions of the study are: - What are some Black male educators' perspectives of the role of structural and cultural factors that contribute to the problem of underachievement and school failure for Black, male students? Were these the same barriers they faced and how did they overcome these barriers as students? - How might the narratives of these Black male educators both challenge and support multicultural approach to curriculum that purports to particularly address the problems facing Black, male students? The result of the research indicates that there are structural and cultural factors that can cause underachievement problems for Black, male students. It suggests that an iii integrated approach which acknowledges the influence of both structure and culture could be used as a means for improving learning outcomes for this group of earners.	EDD	urban, inclusive	4, 11
Gordon, Blair	Liu, Jun	Lsr2: An H-NS Functional Analog and Global Regulator of Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Molecular and Medical Genetics	2013-06	Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), the etiological agent of tuberculosis (TB), continues to be one of the leading global health challenges causing ~2 million deaths annually. In the majority of infected individuals, the bacteria establish a latent, asymptomatic infection capable of persisting for decades with 5-10% of infected individuals developing active disease in their lifetime. Currently it is estimated that one-third of the world’s population is latently infected, representing a large reservoir for disease reactivation and subsequent spread. Latent TB infection is a paucibacillary disease in which a small heterogeneous population of bacilli is present in the body. M. tb persisters, which are characterized by reduced or altered metabolic activity and enhanced drug tolerance, are thought to be the major contributor towards latent infection and disease relapse following chemotherapy; however, the molecular mechanisms governing persisters formation remain poorly understood. My thesis concerns the characterization of the highly conserved DNA binding protein Lsr2 of mycobacteria. Previous biochemical study of Lsr2 revealed it exhibits DNA-bridging activity analogous to H-NS, an important nucleoid associated protein found in the proteobacteria. iii Here I show using in vivo complementation assays that Lsr2 is functionally equivalent to H-NS, even though these proteins share no sequence similarity. I also present genetic evidence that Lsr2 is a global regulator of M. tb that acts primarily as a transcriptional repressor. Notably, I found that Lsr2 represses a large cohort of genes induced in M.tb during in vitro models of latency including genes implicated in persister formation. I also present evidence that lsr2 is selectively inactivated during long-term hypoxia, a condition thought to be important for persister formation during latency. Lastly, I tested the lsr2deletion mutant in a mouse model of infection and found it had reduced growth relative to the WT but was still able to persist. Taken together my work implicates Lsr2 as a central regulator of persister formation and opens up exciting future research avenues on latent TB infection.	PhD	health	3
Gordon, David Jeremy	Hoffmann, Matthew	From Global Cities to Global Governors: Power, Politics, and the Convergence of Urban Climate Governance	Political Science	2016-06	Cities are increasingly included in discussions of climate governance and lauded as sources of innovation, leadership, and experimentation. But can they succeed where states have failed in producing meaningful collective actions and effects? To respond to this pressing question requires understanding whether cities can achieve more than rhetorical commitment to coordinated action, whether they can come together and coordinate their actions. To answer this question my dissertation addresses the puzzling ability of the C40 Climate Leadership Group to achieve internal coherence. Leveraging a novel dataset of over 4700 discrete urban climate governance actions, I demonstrate empirically that the cities of the C40 have come not only to cohere around a common project, employ common practices of climate governance, but that the C40 has converged around a common set of governance norms: shared ideas as to the role of cities in global climate governance, the ways in which cities can and should engage in governance, and how governance should be practiced. I introduce a novel conceptual framework that interweaves elements of social constructivism and network analysis with Bourdieu's social field theory, and demonstrate how reconceiving the C40 as a governance field illuminates currents of power that operate beneath the still waters of nominal and voluntary cooperation, and provides a means of explaining how convergence has been pursued, contested, and produced by actors who claim and wield various sorts of power and authority. The dissertation applies this novel conceptual apparatus to demonstrate why contestation was paramount between 2005 and 2010, and how convergence was produced from 2011 on. Put simply, the C40 only achieved convergence once there was an actor with enough power to overcome resistance and secure complicity from its members, with such power translated into influence through the mechanism of recognition.	Ph.D.	water, cities, urban, climate, governance	6, 11, 13, 16
Gordon, Joshua	Haddow, Rodney	Bringing Labor Back In: Varieties of Unionism and the Evolution of Employment Protection and Unemployment Benefits in the Rich Democracies	Political Science	2012-11	This thesis looks at the politics of labor market policy in the postwar period in the advanced industrialized democracies. Specifically, the dissertation seeks to explain stark cross-national differences in unemployment benefit systems and employment protection legislation. The theory advanced in this thesis emphasizes significant differences in union organization across the rich democracies. This view, “Varieties of Unionism”, shows how the varying political capacities and policy preferences of labor movements explain most of the cross-national policy differences. In particular, the research points to union movements’ ideological traditions and varying rates of union density, union centralization, and involvement in unemployment benefit administration as crucial explanatory forces. Each feature of union movements captures an important part of why they might choose to advocate on behalf of the unemployed and to their differential ability to have those policy preferences realized, as well as indicating the kinds of preferences they will have for employment protection legislation. In the case of policies directed at the unemployed (or so-called labor market ‘Outsiders’), these insights lead to the construction of an index of “Outsider-oriented Unionism”, which correlates very closely to cross-national variations in unemployment benefit generosity as well as to active labor market policy spending. The thesis also introduces a new fourfold typology of unionism that helps to explain the different combinations of employment protection legislation and ‘Outsider policy’ generosity that exist among the rich democracies, or labor market policy ‘regimes’. The thesis makes this argument with multiple regression analysis of fifteen rich democracies and with detailed historical case studies of Britain, The Netherlands, and Sweden. In making this case, the thesis strongly challenges the explanations of labor market policy put forward by the Varieties of Capitalism literature and Insider-Outsider theory. In addition, the thesis reformulates the traditional Power Resource view by introducing a more rigorous theory of labor movements’ policy preferences and thereby qualifies recent statements that have emphasized partisanship almost alone. Most broadly, the theory challenges the “individualist turn” in recent comparative political economy scholarship and suggests that the field needs to return its gaze far more toward organized interests.	PhD	employment, industr	8, 9
Gore, Christopher D.	Stren, Richard	Power and Process: The Politics of Electricity Sector Reform in Uganda	Political Science	2008-03	In 2007, Uganda had one of the lowest levels of access to electricity in the world. Given the influence of multilateral and bilateral agencies in Uganda; the strong international reputation and domestic influence of its President; the country’s historic achievements in public sector and economic reform; and the intimate connection between economic performance, social well-being and access to electricity, the problems with Uganda’s electricity sector have proven deeply frustrating and, indeed, puzzling. Following increased scholarly attention to the relationship between political change, policymaking, and public sector reform in sub-Saharan Africa and the developing world generally, this thesis examines the multilevel politics of Uganda’s electricity sector reform process. This study contends that explanations for Uganda’s electricity sector reform problems generally, and hydroelectric dam construction efforts specifically, must move beyond technical and financial factors. Problems in this sector have also been the result of a model of reform (promoted by the World Bank) that failed adequately to account for the character of political change. Indeed, the model of reform that was promoted and implemented was risky and it was deeply antagonistic to domestic and international civil society organizations. In addition, it was presented as a linear, technical, apolitical exercise. Finally the model was inconsistent with key principles the Bank itself, and public policy literature generally, suggest are needed for success. Based on this analysis, the thesis contends that policymaking and reform must be understood as deeply political processes, which not only define access to services, but also participation in, and exclusion from, national debates. Future approaches to reform and policymaking must anticipate the complex, multilevel, non-linear character of ‘second-generation’ policy issues like electricity, and the political and institutional capacity needed to increase the potential for success. At the heart of this approach is a need to carefully consider how the character of state-society relations in the country – “governance” – will influence reform processes and outcomes.	PhD	hydroelectric, governance	7, 16
Gorham, Nathan J.S.	Stewart, Hamish	Wrongful Pre-Trial Detention in the Toronto Area Bail System	Law	2015-11	This study examines 20 bail cases from the Greater Toronto Area where the accused persons were detained in custody pending trial but their charges were later withdrawn or dismissed. It is concluded that many of the cases amounted to miscarriages of justice in the bail system. A miscarriage of justice in the bail system – wrongful pre-trial detention – is defined as any unjustifiable detention order followed by the withdrawal or dismissal of the charges. Many of the cases involved detention orders that were premised on errors in principle. The cases are examined to determine the causes of the miscarriages of justice. Relevant constitutional principles are also discussed. Change in the nature of a “strong prima facie case” test is proposed for any bail hearing where the Crown contends that the strength of its case weighs in favour of detention.	LL.M.	justice	16
Govind, Ajit	Chen, Jing Ming	Spatially Explicit Modeling of Hydrologically Controlled Carbon Cycles in a Boreal Ecosystem	Geography	2008-06	Current estimates of terrestrial carbon (C) fluxes overlook explicit hydrological controls. In this research project, a spatially explicit hydro-ecological model, BEPS-TerrainLab V2.0 was further developed to improve our understanding of the non-linearities associated with various hydro-ecological processes. A modeling study was conducted in a humid boreal ecosystem in north central Quebec, Canada. The sizes and nature of various ecosystem-C-pools were comprehensively reconstructed under a climate change and disturbance scenario prior to simulation in order to ensure realistic biogeochemical modeling. Further, several ecosystem processes were simulated and validated using field measurements for two years. A sensitivity analysis was also performed. After gaining confidence in the model’s ability to simulate various hydrologically controlled ecophysiological and biogeochemical processes and having understood that topographically driven sub-surface baseflow is the main process determining the soil moisture regime in humid boreal ecosystem, its influence on ecophysiological and biogeochemical processes were investigated. Three modeling scenarios were designed that represent strategies that are currently used in ecological models to represent hydrological controls. These scenarios were: 1) Explicit, where realistic lateral water routing was considered 2) Implicit, where calculations were based on a bucket-modeling approach 3) NoFlow, where the lateral sub-surface flow was turned off in the model. In general, the Implicit scenario overestimated GPP, ET and NEP, as opposed to the Explicit scenario. The NoFlow scenario underestimated GPP and ET but overestimated NEP. The key processes controlling the differences were due to the combined effects of variations in plant physiology, photosynthesis, heterotrophic respiration, autotrophic respiration and nitrogen mineralization; all of which occurred simultaneously in different directions, at different rates, affecting the spatio-temporal distribution of terrestrial C-sources or sinks (NEP). From these results it was clear that lateral water flow does play a significant role in the net terrestrial C distribution and it was discovered that non-explicit forms of hydrological representations underestimate the sizes of terrestrial C-sources rather than C-sinks. The scientific implication of this work demonstrates that regional or global scale terrestrial C estimates could have significant errors if proper hydrological constraints are not considered for modeling ecological processes due to large topographic variations of the Earth’s surface.	PhD	water, climate	6, 13
Goyal, Shivani	Cafazzo, Joseph A	Influencing Behaviour to Improve Diabetes Self-Management: The Design and Evaluation of Mobile Health Applications	Biomedical Engineering	2017-11	The global increase in the prevalence of diabetes along with the cost associated with complications is challenging traditional approaches to healthcare delivery. While the pervasiveness of mobile phones has resulted in a consumer-driven market for diabetes-focused mobile health applications (apps), the majority of these apps are not evidence-based or rigorously evaluated. The main objectives of this research were to design, develop and evaluate, a consumer-focused, behavioural app for the self-management of diabetes. Following a knowledge translation framework, existing evidence around behaviour change theory, diabetes self-management, and mHealth was reviewed, and informed the conceptualization of the app features. The app was developed following user-centered design principles, where iterative feedback was obtained from patients throughout the process. The resulting intervention, bant2, was a consumer-focused app for the self-management of type 2 diabetes, focused on the contextualization of blood glucose readings with personalized lifestyle behaviours. While a 12-month randomized controlled trial (RCT) was designed to evaluate the impact of bant2 on clinical outcomes, findings from recent studies led to reconsider both the intervention the evaluation approach. The bant RCT (n=96) and	Ph.D.	health	3
Graber-Naidich, Anna	Carter, Michael W||Verter, Vedat	Operations Research Methodologies to Improve the Quality, Accessibilty and Equity of Primary Care	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2015-11	A growing body of evidence reveals the importance of primary care to the overall health of populations, resulting in an increasing interest in efficient, effective, timely and equitable delivery of primary care services. This research focuses on two perspectives of delivering primary care. First, the work focuses on the quality of primary care delivery, represented by distribution of facilities that provide primary care on different quality levels and incur varying costs on the regulator. The proposed model optimizes the geographic distribution of facilities (locations and types) and provides tradeoffs between two objectives - the quality of provided care and the annual operating cost. The Pampalon deprivation index is incorporated directly as a proxy of varying needs, as it was correlated with complex health-care problems, more frequent visits and barriers to obtain care. Results are showcased on the area of Kingston, Ontario. Second, the distribution of general practitioners is addressed, measured in terms of general practitioners (GPs) per population. Many countries are experiencing inequitable distribution of GPs, such that does not match the distribution of the population. It usually results from the fact that health professionals are choosing practice locations according to their own preferences and considerations. To address this issue, human choice is incorporated into the modeling approach explicitly, using Huff’s spatial interactions approach. The utilities of the professionals when choosing communities are modeled, affecting in turn the probabilities of location choice. The presented model explores the option of modifying policies so that the resulting distribution of general practitioners in the studied geographic area will be more equitable. As an example, educational policies are explored, devising the optimal locations of residency training of family physicians and their background combinations (at each training location) for Ontario. The developed methodologies showcased for the province of Ontario, Canada, however they are general enough to be used in any jurisdiction with similar characteristics.	Ph.D.	health, equitable	3, 4
Graham, Susan M.	Bayoumi, Ahmed	Sexual Risk Behavior, HIV, and Sexually Transmitted Infections in a Cohort of Kenyan Female Sex Workers, 1993 – 2007	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2011-06	This thesis comprises a detailed analysis of sexual risk behavior among female sex workers participating in a prospective cohort study in Mombasa, Kenya between 1993 and 2007. To determine whether high-risk behavior has decreased over time, I examined trends in and associations with condom use and partner numbers at enrolment and over follow-up using multinomial logistic regression. While condom use increased among women enrolling into the cohort, women reduced partner numbers, rather than increasing condom use, over cohort visits. Workplace, charge for sex, duration of sex work, alcohol use, pregnancy and illness were all predictors of condom use. To evaluate the extent to which HIV risk estimates were affected by loss to follow-up, I investigated associations between sexual risk behavior, loss to follow-up, and HIV acquisition, using competing risks regression. Women reporting unprotected sex with multiple partners had the highest risk for HIV infection, and were also most likely to remain in the cohort. Finally, I used Andersen-Gill modeling to assess the impact of sexual risk behaviors on acquisition of sexually transmitted infections (STI) including gonorrhea, non-specific cervicitis, and trichomoniasis. While incident gonorrhea was closely associated with recent sexual risk behavior, incident trichomoniasis was not. Both conditions had high hazards for recurring in a 90-day window after a prior diagnosis. Non-specific cervicitis was demonstrated to be a chronic, relapsing condition associated with protected sex with multiple partners (possibly due to more frequent condom use) and with known biologic risk factors (i.e., pregnancy, hormonal contraceptive use, cervical ectopy, and genital ulcer disease). Overall, these analyses have led to a better understanding of how different sexual behavior patterns are associated with adverse outcomes, including HIV and STI acquisition, and identified specific factors associated with high-risk sexual behavior that may be amenable to intervention.	PhD	women, worker	5, 8
Grainger, Tess Nahanni	Gilbert, Benjamin	Coexistence in a warm and patchy world	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2018-06	For the many species that rely on patchily distributed resources, patterns of coexistence and diversity are the product of local abiotic and biotic interactions and inter-patch dispersal. Understanding the multi-scale drivers of coexistence in patchy landscapes has become increasingly pressing, as habitat fragmentation makes the world patchier, and warming threatens to disrupt biological processes across spatial scales. In my thesis, I use meta-analytic, observational and experimental approaches to understand how local species interactions and dispersal shape diversity in patchy landscapes, and how warming disrupts these dynamics. In Chapter 1, I review metacommunity experiments to identify when common experimental approaches that homogenize metacommunities fail to test existing theory, and outline how emerging theory on the invasion criterion, food webs and priority effects could be used to help reveal the mechanisms underlying observed responses. In Chapter 2, I use dispersal and anti-predator traits of specialist milkweed herbivores to predict species’ distributions across a patchy landscape and test the importance of local top-down pressure in mediating classic biogeographic relationships. In Chapter 3, I test predictions about the impact of warming on plant-herbivore interactions and the importance of species’ arrival order and demonstrate how warming strengthens trophic interactions, amplifies priority effects and alters the interspecific differences in dispersal that determine arrival order. In Chapter 4, I test the combined impact of warming-induced changes to local competitive interactions and dispersal on metacommunity diversity, and show that positive local effects of warming, combined with the risk of moving across the matrix, can produce unexpected interactive effects of temperature and connectivity on metacommunity diversity. By describing and implementing novel approaches that provide better tests of metacommunity theory, and applying a multi-scale approach to climate change research, my thesis informs our understanding of how natural and anthropogenic processes shape diversity in patchy landscapes.	Ph.D.	climate	13
Granados, Andrea	Gubbay, Jonathan B||McGeer, Allison J	Clinical Utility of Viral Loads in Influenza Virus Infections	Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology	2018-06	For influenza, as for many other infectious diseases, a test which could predict which patients have illness which progresses and requires hospital care, and which can be safely discharged home would improve care and reduce healthcare system costs. Attempts to develop clinically based severity score systems have failed to predict in-hospital mortality/ICU admission in patients with influenza. Viral loads have been shown to correlate with disease severity for some respiratory viruses, and technology is now available that might make measuring viral load in clinical microbiology laboratories feasible. This thesis hypothesizes that influenza viral load can be measured in routine clinical testing and is predictive of disease severity. First we investigated the process of viral load testing, by evaluating collection methods and storage conditions. We compared viral loads in self-collected and investigator-collected nasal swabs in a cluster randomized vaccine trial, and found no difference in viral load regardless of collection method. Utilizing serially diluted RNA transcripts and clinical specimens, we measured viral loads at different storage temperatures over time and after multiple freeze/thaw cycles. We identified that samples with RNA concentrations ≤3.0 log10 copies/ml degrade more quickly than those with higher concentrations of RNA and that nasopharyngeal specimens can undergo up to 7 freeze/thaw cycles and storage up to three years at -80°C if they are re-extracted before testing. Next, we investigated the relationship between viral loads of influenza in out-patients, patients requiring hospital admission, and patients admitted to the ICU. We determined that viral loads were lower in influenza A patients admitted to the ICU compared to other settings, while influenza B viral load were higher in ICU patients compared to other settings. Finally, we investigated the association between influenza A viral load and hospital length of stay in a sample of patients with detailed clinical and epidemiological data, and the association between influenza viral load and symptom severity in healthy adults. We did not find an association between viral load and these outcomes in either population. In conclusion influenza viral load, while it can be reliably measured in samples, it is not a suitable marker for disease severity in influenza.	Ph.D.	health	3
Grant, Jacque-Ann Natacia	Hofmann, Ronald	UV-advanced Oxidation Treatment of Micropollutants in Secondary Wastewaters	Civil Engineering	2015-11	Ultraviolet light+hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2) advanced oxidation is known to effectively oxidise micropollutants in wastewater. Its relatively high cost and energy requirements in comparison to other treatment options, however, have limited its implementation. This research evaluated the use of coagulation as a modification to the pre-tertiary component of the wastewater treatment process. The objective was to reduce the background scavenging capacity of the wastewater as a means of improving the oxidation efficiency of UV/H2O2 while reducing the cost and energy requirements. Effluent organic matter (EfOM) was identified as the primary wastewater component responsible for scavenging of the hydroxyl radicals required for oxidation in UV/H2O2 treatment. The organic constituents of EfOM that are the driving force for its reactivity with the hydroxyl radical were identified as the high molecular weight components (biopolymers) and tryptophan-protein like components. Since EfOM concentration and composition can vary from one water matrix to another, a comparison of secondary wastewaters from membrane bioreactor (MBR) and activated sludge (AS) treatment systems showed that the average scavenging capacity of the AS systems exceeded the average of the MBRs such that MBRs may be more amenable to UV/H2O2 treatment. Coagulation of the wastewater using ferric chloride, aluminium sulphate, and polyaluminium chloride primarily removed the high molecular weight components and significantly reduced the EfOM scavenging capacity. This improvement in wastewater quality also resulted in an improvement in the degradation rates of micropollutant compounds, reduced the energy requirements required to achieve 1-log removal of the compounds, and significantly reduced the costs associated with the UV/H2O2 system. No one coagulant outperformed any of the others; however the study demonstrated that coagulation is a feasible modification for a wastewater treatment plant upstream of an UV-AOP system. It was also found that the cost benefit to UV/H2O2 exceeded the chemical costs of coagulation. Nevertheless, facilities considering UV-AOP systems should weigh the benefits of increasing the H2O2 concentration or using coagulation as the cost savings are relatively similar at high H2O2 concentrations.	Ph.D.	pollut	13
Grassau, Pamela Anne	Williams, Charmaine C	Navigating the Cathexis: Mothers and Daughters and End of Life	Social Work	2015-06	This dissertation begins with women's lives and examines the experience of mothering (and daughtering) across the full continuum of women's lives, including the end of their lives. Specifically, my work focuses on the cathexis, the specific flow of energy that moves between mothers and daughters as they navigate the meaning, significance and context of their connection as a mother is at the end of her life. Strongly informed by a feminist epistemology, this study draws on multiple conversations with five mothers and adult daughter s (10 participants including one-in law pairing) as a mother is receiving in-patient or home based end of life care. Drawing on a narrative methodology and utilizing joint/dyadic interviews as my method, mothers and daughters were asked to share relational stories over time: when the daughter was young; when the daughter was a young-adult/adult; when illness arrived; in the present and what they hoped for one another in the future. Applying a narrative thematic and dialogic/performance analytic approach, end of life relational stories were examined to further our understanding of how and why mothers and daughters experiences of end of life are experienced and performed in particular ways. Findings across the two analytic approaches reflect interwoven processes between mothers and daughters which are individual, relational and intersubjective. Individual processes address individual knowing and individual choices; relational processes reflect relational care practices between mothers and daughters, and mothers and daughters and care providers; and intersubjective processes address mutual knowing of dying and death. Implications of this study for social work practice and education strongly encourage social work practice to expand to dyadic interviews and interventions in end of life, with an emphasis on what we can learn if we listen carefully to what, how and why people say things in particular ways. Implications for research encourage further questioning about how end of life is relational, and strongly urges researchers to explore joint/dyadic interviews as a method to explore living and dying in relationship.	Ph.D.	women	5
Gratton, Susan L.	Sossin, Lorne	Administrative Law in the Welfare State: Addressing the Accountability Gap in Executive Social Policy-making	Law	2010-11	With the rise of the welfare state, democratic, common law governments undertook a new proactive role as social welfare manager; allocating limited health, education, and social services benefits among competing public priorities. In spite of the important impact of this role on the lives of citizens, the various political, managerial, and legal mechanisms designed to hold executive social policy-makers accountable to the legislature have largely broken down. In this dissertation, I argue that our constitutional democracy permits courts to fill this accountability gap by acting as an accountability mechanism of last resort. I propose a new doctrine of administrative review for social policy and programs in which deference is based on evidence of accountability achieved within the policy-making process. Administrative review for accountability would allow courts to evaluate the legitimacy of the process by which social policy is created rather than interfering in the substance of social policy. My dissertation seeks to develop this administrative review doctrine within existing constitutional constraints including the separation of powers.	SJD	institution	16
Gray, Carolyn Steele	Deber, Raisa Berlin	Accountability in the Home and Community Care Sector in Ontario	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2013-11	This research seeks to identify what accountability frameworks were in place for the home and community care sector in the Canadian province of Ontario, how home and community care agencies in Ontario responded to accountability demands attached to government service funding (specifically through Community Care Access Centre (CCAC) contracts and Local Health Integration Network (LHIN) Multi-Service Accountability Agreements (MSAAs) and what, if any, effect accountability frameworks had on service delivery. This study uses a multi-phase parallel mixed methods approach. First, an environmental scan and document analysis was conducted to identify accountability frameworks and identify key characteristics of accountability demands. Next, 114 home and community care agencies in Ontario were surveyed and 20 key informant interviews were conducted with executives from 13 home and community care agencies, two CCACs and two LHINs. Data from these different methods were combined in the analysis phase. Home and community care agencies face multiple accountability requirements from a variety of stakeholders. We found that government agencies relied most heavily on regulatory and expenditure policy instruments to hold home and community care organizations to account. Organizational size and financial dependence were significantly related to organizational compliance to accountability demands attached to CCAC contracts and MSAAs. In addition to the theorized potential organizational responses to external demands (compliance, compromise, avoidance and defiance), this study found that organizations engaged in internal modification where internal practices are changed to meet accountability requirements. Smaller, more poorly resourced organizations that were highly dependent on LHINs or CCACs were more likely to internally modify organizational practice to meet accountability demands. Although MSAAs and CCAC contracts supported a quality culture amongst organizations, internal organizational changes, such as redirecting time towards reporting requirements and away from care, and cutting innovative practices and programs, were reported to have a negative impact on the quality of service delivery. Government reliance on contract-based accountability for funded home and community care services, while politically advantageous, has the potential to seriously and negatively affect the quality of home and community services delivered. Policy makers need to carefully consider the potential impact on quality of service delivery when developing and implementing accountability policy.	PhD	health	3
Gray, Kimberly Anne	McDonough, Peggy	The Politics of Knowledge Production in HIV/AIDS Research about Ontario's African, Caribbean, and Black Communities	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2015-06	HIV/AIDS science has long been a site of contestation by civil society actors. Early activists originating in the gay community affected the course of HIV/AIDS science by challenging the definition and treatment of the disease. However, little is known about the politicized efforts of other groups disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS, particularly Black communities, to mobilize and shape research about their communities. This thesis interrogates social relations and power in research about HIV/AIDS in Ontario's African, Caribbean, and Black (ACB) population. Using Pierre Bourdieu's field theory, together with concepts from the sociology of science and race theory, I investigate tensions and struggles over the definition and production of ACB HIV/AIDS research. Through a review of research grants and 21 semi-structured interviews with actors engaged in research, I characterize the field of ACB HIV/AIDS research and explore the struggles therein. I also examine what is at stake in these struggles and their implications for the reproduction of, and resistance to, systems of domination. My findings indicate that the field of ACB HIV/AIDS research is composed of interlocking scientific disciplines and non-scientific domains. Struggles over the field's organizing principles are represented in the different stances that participants adopt concerning the legitimate definition of research. Some academic-based actors define HIV/AIDS research according to empiricist principles oriented toward technical control and prevention of disease. These serve to depoliticize science and defend scientific authority and the social order. Other actors, both academic- and community-based, depict HIV/AIDS research through a social justice lens focussed on the empowerment of the ACB population and improvement of its social position. Community-based ACB actors in particular resist the epistemic dominance of science and argue for the legitimacy of non-scientific actors as "knowers" of the ACB population, and research as a socio-political tool. These subversive strategies challenge scientific authority and threaten to disrupt the status quo. The findings suggest that ACB actors navigate between utilizing existing mechanisms of science and resisting the dominance of science in shaping knowledge about their lives. My research contributes to the sociology of science scholarship concerning the politics of knowledge, scientific boundary work, and health movements.	Ph.D.	health, justice	3, 16
Gray, Michael G.	Christopoulos, Constantin ||Packer, Jeffrey A.	Cast Steel Yielding Brace System for Concentrically Braced Frames	Civil Engineering	2012-11	This thesis presents the development and validation of a high ductility seismic resistant steel brace connector called the Yielding Brace System (YBS) that improves the earthquake performance of steel braced frame buildings. The connector is comprised of two steel castings which dissipate seismic energy through flexural yielding of specially designed triangular yielding fingers. In this body of work, the need for such a system is presented along with a summary of previously developed steel castings for enhanced earthquake performance of building structures. The development of the YBS concept is then discussed in detail and equations are developed to predict the elastic and plastic response of a YBS connector based on the geometry of the yielding fingers. The low-cycle fatigue life of the cast steel material used for the yielding elements of the YBS is characterized based on the results of several cyclic, small-scale yielding fingers tests and a low-cycle fatigue life prediction model is derived. Following this, the design of a prototype connector for the second storey brace of a fictitious six storey sample building located in Los Angeles is presented. This design is conducted using the low-cycle fatigue prediction model, the response prediction equations and non-linear finite element analysis. Results of four full-scale prototype tests are then presented. Two of the tests are axial tests of the device alone, while the other two are full-scale braced frame tests. Finally, the design of a 12-storey sample building is presented. This building design is then evaluated via non-linear time-history analysis using the FEMA P-695 methodology. The results from these analyses are then discussed and compared to a similar study conducted on the same building designed with buckling restrained braces. This work shows that the Yielding Brace System is a highly ductile, seismic resistant brace that can be used as an alternative to the buckling restrained brace with the potential to provide a stiffer structure with increased ductility.	PhD	buildings	9
Gray, Sarah	MacNeill, Margaret	Biological Differences or Social Constructions? The Entanglement of Sex and Gender in Health and Physical Education	Exercise Sciences	2018-06	Increasing concern over the wellness of young people has placed an increased emphasis on health and physical education as part of the schooling process for young men and women (13–18 years). An increasing number of policies have been implemented in schools in a consorted effort to address student wellbeing. This dissertation explores the discourses that shape the experiences of young men and women in secondary school. Specifically, I explore biological assumptions and social behaviours of young people which influence their eating behaviours and physical activities. Using a biopedagogical theoretical perspective combined with a sex and gender framework, this analysis engages with the complex relationships between biological understandings and resulting social behaviours with the intention of determining whether or not one is a predictor or resistor of the other. Data collection occurred in three phases (interviews with participants in policy implementation and dissemination, focus groups with secondary students, and policy analysis) and was conducted in a public school board in the Greater Toronto Area. I demonstrate that young people’s own understandings of about natural biological differences between young men and women are reinforced and (re)produced in social behaviours. Dominant discourses and constructions about sex and gender create binary categories and give rise to behaviours which impede the experiences and expressions of some young men and women. This research demonstrates the need to understand sex and gender as a continuum instead of binary categories. This would broaden the expressions of eating behaviours and physical activities for both young men and women.	Ph.D.	well being, gender	3, 5
Graziano, Antimo	Sain, Mohini||Jaffer, Shaffiq	Novel Functional Graphene and its Thermodynamic Interfacial Localization in Biphasic Polyolefin Systems for Advanced Lightweight Applications	Forestry	2020-06	Implementation of multiple polymers represents a fast and cost-efficient method to bring additional functional attributes that are practically impossible without a highly capital-intensive synthesis of the product from a monomer. However, most polymer groups are thermodynamically immiscible, resulting in the material to devalue in performance. The purpose of this research is to study the impact of a novel nanostructured carbon co-factor on the compatibility between Polyethylene (PE) and Polypropylene (PP), in a macro-micro biphasic polyolefin system, with PE representing the macro phase. An alternative and inexpensive Graphene Oxide (GO) modification is performed for synthesizing a novel functional graphene. Then, a thermodynamically driven mixing mechanism of the three components is proposed for selectively localizing the additive at the PE/PP interface. The focus is on improving the structural attributes of PE, increasing its industrial value, through the combined effect of micro phase PP and interface localized novel functional graphene. The experimental results highlight the effectiveness of the GO modification process in recovering pure graphene structure and properties, in a cost-effective way. Moreover, the preferential localization of the highly exfoliated novel functional graphene at the biphasic system interface lowers PE/PP interfacial tension and viscosity mismatch. This increases phase compatibility and promotes a remarkably fine dispersion of the micro phase into the macro phase. Consequently, a significant thermo-mechanical performance enhancement is seen, with stiffness and toughness being greater than the ones of virgin PP, and strength and heat deformation resistance almost matching the neat PP ones. Lastly, PE non-isothermal crystallization kinetics are investigated to validate the experimental data. It is shown that the increase in material’s performance is in direct correlation with nucleation-controlled PE crystallization, induced by the synergistic combination of micro phase and novel functional graphene. These findings will allow industries to replace their PP based materials with one that has a more abundant, simpler, cheaper, and yet performant PE as the major component, bringing a paradigm shift in the manufacturing of advanced lightweight polyolefin materials with tuned functionalities, suitable for emerging engineering applications.	Ph.D.	industr	9
Greaves, Wilfrid William John	Hoffmann, Matthew J	Constructing In/Security in the Arctic: Polar Politics, Indigenous Peoples, and Environmental Change in Canada and Norway	Political Science	2016-06	As climate change transforms the circumpolar Arctic, ‘Arctic security’ has increasingly been used as a concept to address the most urgent related policy questions. But security is a contested concept, and there is contradiction among the various understandings of what it actually entails in the Arctic region. This dissertation investigates competing conceptions of security and environmental change by state and non-state actors in the Arctic regions of Canada and Norway. It asks why, despite being understood as a threat to national and global security by other states and in other regional contexts, has climate change not been constituted as a security threat by Arctic states? I examine this question through a comparative analysis of Canada and Norway’s foreign and security policies, how they construct the significance of climate change, and those policies’ correspondence with local Indigenous conceptions of Arctic security. The findings suggest that the conception of security held by Arctic Indigenous peoples have been structurally excluded from official Arctic security discourse. The dissertation makes three central contributions: it offers a comparative analysis of circumpolar states’ understandings of Arctic security; it undertakes the first comparative analysis of Indigenous understandings of Arctic security; and it proposes a revised theory of how certain identities condition the process through which in/security is socially constructed.	Ph.D.	environment, climate	13
Greene, Carolyn Toller	Doob, Anthony N.	Creating Consensus: An Exploration of Two Pre-charge Diversion Programs in Canada	Criminology	2011-06	Over the last forty years, diversion of young offenders from the criminal justice system has been a part of youth justice policy in Canada. Over this period of time numerous research studies have examined the effectiveness of diversion programs. Many have had similar conclusions: diversion programs do not draw the majority of their participants from court bound populations. While the purpose of diversion was to limit state intervention into the lives of young people, it has instead served to extend the arm of the law by increasing state intervention for many young offenders. Yet, despite the evidence diversion policy and programs continue to garner broad based support. This research is an attempt to understand the popularity of diversion over time and explore the purposes, beyond that of a reduction in the use of youth court, that diversion serves. This research examines two police pre-charge diversion programs in Ontario, Canada. Diversion is explored from the perspective of the police that use and operate these programs as well as from the perspective of the young people processed in them.	PhD	justice	16
Greensmith, Cameron DI	Cannon, Martin	Diversity is (not) good enough: Unsettling White Settler Colonialism within Toronto's Queer Service Sector	Social Justice Education	2014-06	This dissertation explores the ways in which queer service provision and non-Indigenous lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, and trans (LGBTQ)-identified service providers in downtown Toronto can contribute to and become complicit in white settler colonial projects. During this study based on in-depth interviews, forty-three research participants were asked about their experiences working within their respective queer service organizations, and, more specifically, about their understandings of how diversity, anti-racism, and anti-colonialism are practiced. Findings highlight how queer service provision, particularly its perpetual crisis and capacity to care for queerness, can obscure the ways the organizations themselves contribute to the naturalization of a hierarchy of oppression that centralizes the needs of white queers. Additionally, I consider the narratives of white service providers' goodness as easily relocating Indigenous peoples as "problems" and "pathology" who then become unworthy of care. Moreover, this inquiry theorizes how the narratives offered by white service providers fit Indigenous peoples and people of colour into stories of Canadian multiculturalism. I show how non-Indigenous queer and trans service providers' evocations of diversity and inclusion easily deflect their implicatedness in white settler colonialism. Although queer service provision is a rich site of queer politics, it continues to be a site that is tied to state-sanctioned funding regimes and neoliberal models of care used to naturalize Indigenous peoples' elimination, erasure, and assimilation. Thus, this research contends that queer communities in downtown Toronto operate to sustain white supremacy and settler colonialism. I conclude with a set of questions that asks non-Indigenous service providers to engage with how they participate (often unknowingly) in white settler colonial projects, and move beyond queer service provision as a site of emancipation in order to meaningfully support Indigenous resurgence and decolonization.	Ph.D.	queer	5
Greenwood, Ryan	Armstrong, Lawrin	Law and War in Late Medieval Italy: The Jus Commune on War and Its Application in Florence, c. 1150-1450	Medieval Studies	2011-11	This study, on law and war in late medieval Italy, has two primary aims. One is to review the legal tradition on war as it developed in the medieval jus commune, or common law, from approximately 1150-1300, and then to consider how that tradition evolved from roughly 1300-1450. In general the latter period still represents a lacuna in scholarship on the legal theory of war, and can be addressed as a distinct period because the fourteenth century was a time when theory moved in important new directions. It will be suggested in turn that those new directions were related to changing politics and institutions in Italy. The second aim continues and reflects the first, as it seeks to better understand how legal arguments about war and peace were employed in practice, using Florence as an example. The study finds that these legal arguments found their most important role in diplomacy. Florentine diplomatic records, as well as legal opinions (or consilia) on inter-city disputes, will help to examine the complex nature of that role. In general it will be seen that the law, including the jus commune, was a strategic tool and an important regulatory mechanism for relations between political actors in late medieval Italy, though one that also had significant limitations. The first chapter introduces the material and themes. The second treats the just war tradition and laws on war through 1300. The third chapter examines legal theory on war, particularly in Roman law, from roughly 1300 to the early fifteenth century. The fourth explores how just war arguments were deployed in Florentine political discourse between 1230 and 1430. The fifth chapter examines a range of legal issues related to war, as found in diplomatic instructions and consilia which played a role in Florentine wartime diplomacy from 1392-1402. The sixth chapter is the conclusion.	PhD	institution	16
Gregg, Kelly	Hess, Paul	Pedestrianized Streets – From Shopping to Public Space: The History and Evolution of Pedestrianization In North America From Modernism to Contemporary	Geography	2019-11	This dissertation addresses the evolution of pedestrianization, specifically examining the pedestrian mall concept, which originated from modernist planning and design ideas in the early 20th century. The pedestrianization of Times Square in New York City in 2009 has heightened contemporary interest in pedestrianization for public space purposes. Only a few decades ago however, post-war pedestrian malls were dismissed as a failure that devastated retail districts in downtowns across North America. Given this history, how did pedestrianization in North America experience a rise, fall and reinvention in only a few decades? This research specifically examines how pedestrianization and the pedestrian mall concept evolved as a planning idea, a design strategy, and planning policy from modernism to the contemporary planning era in North America. To address this overall question, this dissertation is divided into three articles. The first article questions how pedestrianization was conceptualized as a modernist idea and transferred between North America and Europe during the 20th century and identifies Architect Victor Gruen as a primary figure in the post-war idea exchange. The second article outlines how the pedestrian mall was established and widely replicated as an urban renewal strategy in the American post-war. The third article demonstrates how the post-war pedestrian mall concept failed and was subsequently abandoned in North America. The final and concluding chapter synthesizes the research and suggests evolutionary phases of pedestrianization ranging from the early experimental ideas that were prominent before and during World War II, to the contemporary rise in experimentation with pedestrianization ideas. I conclude in arguing that there is a clear link and recycling of ideas that were only recently rejected and that a similar process of replicating ideas is still occurring.	Ph.D.	urban	11
Greiss, John	Rogerson, Carol	Applicability of the Charter in the Healthcare Context Through the Lens of Vaccination-or-mask Policies	Law	2016-11	Despite numerous Supreme Court of Canada decisions on Charter applicability, there has been limited discussion on how the Charter applies to entities operating in the healthcare sector. This paper uses vaccination-or-mask policies as a test case to illustrate the difficulties in applying the current law to determine if the Charter applies to various actors, including hospitals, regional health authorities, physiciansâ offices and other for-profit healthcare companies, and the professional regulatory bodies. The analysis demonstrates that the current test remains confusing and unclear, does not significantly reduce the possibility of government shirking its Charter obligations, and may lead to a differential protection of rights across the provinces. A solution is proposed that requests the court to consider a more holistic approach to characterizing an entity as governmental or not. Also, it may be useful to recognize that healthcare as a public monopoly is a unique case for Charter applicability.	LL.M.	health	3
Greve, Patricia	Adler, Emanuel	Overlap, Identities, and Expectations: Explaining Challenges to Cohesion in Security Communities	Political Science	2018-06	This dissertation asks why there are recurrent challenges to cohesion in security communities (SCs) in international relations. Each of the three papers provides a specific part of the answer to this question. Focusing on SCs and the balance of power (BOP), the first paper juxtaposes two common ways of governing security relations between actors in international relations and describes the repertoires of practices that they are based on. A process-based understanding of SC and BOP suggests that they may overlap. We explain why that is the case and identify different types of overlap (temporal, functional, spatial, and relational). Challenges to cohesion may arise in cases where SC and non-SC practices coexist. The second paper focuses on the process of identification in SCs. It does so by bringing together the literatures of ontological security, recognition, and security communities. A revised ontological security view suggests that security communities need to not only continually reinforce a sense of “we-ness” but also recognize members’ distinctiveness. This tension leads to struggles for recognition during which actors employ different strategies: adoption, reform, denial, or exit. I show how struggles for recognition can help explain challenges to cohesion in security communities, and I illustrate how my argument may help adjudicate the debate about the state of transatlantic relations after the end of the Cold War. The third paper conceptualizes security communities as governance mechanisms that include but also may go beyond the routinization of peaceful conflict resolution: Members of a security community “do things together;” they exhibit collective intentionality – which can be inward as well as outward oriented. I argue that collective intentionality gives rise to different kinds of expectations: I develop an analytical framework for understanding the interplay of predictive and prescriptive expectations among members of a security community and its effects on the cohesion of the community. Somewhat counterintuitively, I suggest that managing expectations is particularly challenging in security communities because of the problem of complacency, the likelihood of resentment, the expectation of forgiveness, and the problem of recognition needs. Taken together, my arguments imply that stable cooperative inter-state relationships can only partially rely on structural conditions for their maintenance: Supposedly stable ‘material’ and ‘ideational’ structures do not exist outside of or separate from the continuous political process of struggles for recognition and expectations management.	Ph.D.	governance	16
Grewer, David Michael	Simpson, Myrna J.	Changes to Soil and Sedimentary Organic Matter Composition with Permafrost Active Layer Detachments in a Canadian High Arctic Watershed	Chemistry	2017-11	The vast reservoir of organic matter (OM) locked up in Arctic permafrost may become vulnerable to degradation with increased thawing. In recent years, higher than average Arctic temperatures have increased the frequency of abrupt permafrost thawing events. On sloped terrain, deeper seasonal thawing of permafrost soils can initiate landslide-like events called active layer detachments (ALDs) which can release large amounts of previously unavailable carbon into the surrounding environment. Once exposed, more easily degraded permafrost-derived OM may be transported and mineralized through hydrological networks, altering biogeochemical cycles both locally and globally. It is therefore important to investigate the environmental fate of permafrost-derived OM following release by ALDs. Several complementary methods were used to investigate soil and sedimentary OM composition from an ALD-impacted High Arctic watershed, including: biomarker analyses via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (solvent extractable compounds, base hydrolysable products, CuO oxidation products, phospholipid fatty acids), solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and radiocarbon analysis using accelerator mass spectrometry. Samples collected from the watershed represented three distinct environments: soils, fluvial sediments, and lacustrine sediments. Soil OM composition of depth profiles from upslope and downslope regions of the disturbance were compared. Lower amounts of labile OM upslope, suggesting increased erosion, contrasted with higher amounts downslope indicative of the accumulation of OM. Additionally, labile OM observed in subterranean soil downslope indicates storage of more easily degraded material in deep permafrost. Fluvial sedimentary OM composition downstream of the disturbance was investigated to characterize potential shifts in OM composition resulting from ALD inputs. In addition, downstream translocation of ALD inputs over time was determined when comparing samples from 2011, 2013, and 2014. OM composition in areas along the river receiving ALD inputs also shifted from permafrost-derived biomarkers toward more contemporary aquatic-derived inputs over time. OM composition from recent lacustrine sediments contained older, more persistent compounds suggesting that the labile OM released by ALDs likely undergoes degradation before reaching the lake. Overall, this thesis reveals the ongoing shifts in the OM composition of ALD-impacted Arctic landscapes and contributes to the growing body of evidence suggesting enhanced losses of labile permafrost-derived carbon with future warming and climate change.	Ph.D.	environment,	13
Griffiths, Caitilin J.	Keirstead, Thomas	Tracing the Itinerant Path: Jishū Nuns of Medieval Japan	East Asian Studies	2010-11	Medieval Japan was a fluid society in which many wanderers, including religious preachers, traveled the roads. One popular band of itinerant proselytizers was the jishū from the Yugyō school, a gender inclusive Amida Pure Land Buddhist group. This dissertation details the particular circumstances of the jishū nuns through the evolving history of the Yugyō school. The aim is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the gender relations and the changing roles women played in this itinerant religious order. Based on the dominant Buddhist view of the status of women in terms of enlightenment, one would have expected the Buddhist schools to have provided only minimal opportunities for women. While the large institutionalized monasteries of the time do reflect this perspective, schools founded by hijiri practitioners, such as the early Yugyō school, contradict these expectations. This study has revealed that during the formation of the Yugyō school in the fourteenth century, jishū nuns held multiple and strong roles, including leadership of mix-gendered practice halls. Over time, as the Yugyō school became increasingly institutionalized, both in their itinerant practices and in their practice halls, there was a corresponding marginalization of the nuns. This thesis attempts to identify the causes of this change and argues that the conversion to a fixed lifestyle and the adoption of mainstream Buddhist doctrine discouraged the co-participation of women in their order.	PhD	inclusive, gender	4, 5
Griffiths, John Darrin	Ryan, James	Promoting Inclusion in Urban Contexts: Elementary Principal Leadership	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2011-06	The purpose of this study is to explore the strategies principals use to promote inclusion in their urban elementary schools. Data was collected from sixteen urban elementary school principals—who were identified as skilled at promoting inclusion—in Ontario, Canada. The thesis argues that inclusion is vital to ensuring social justice and combating the culture of positivism in the current educational context. As well, this thesis presents numerous strategies to promote inclusion with staff members, students, and parents. I also identify critical themes: the importance of principals teaching others, particularly teachers, about inclusion; how the principals in this study learned about inclusion; teachers as barriers to the promotion of inclusion; and the negative impact on principals who promoted inclusion. I conclude with the connection of inclusion with the concept of the public intellectual.	EDD	inclusive	4
Grise, Paul Edmund	Walks, Alan||Leslie, Deborah	The (D)evolution and Neoliberal Restructuring of Social Housing in Canada: A Comparative Study of Municipal and Provincial Governance in Toronto, ON and Vancouver, BC	Geography	2016-11	Neoliberal policies have been widely adopted and implemented in capitalist societies. Canada is no exception, as neoliberal strategy is evident at the federal, provincial and municipal levels. Examples of this can be found in Canadian social housing, among other areas of policy. Since the 1990s the ways in which social housing is managed and funded have changed significantly. Through devolution the federal government’s role has decreased considerably, resulting in increased responsibilities for provinces and municipalities. While most provinces now manage social housing portfolios, Ontario is the only province to subsequently devolve its responsibility to the municipal level. Given reduced levels of government funding, providers are increasingly challenged to find new and innovative ways to assist in the delivery of social housing. The purpose of this research is to examine how varying levels of devolution influence neoliberalization processes at the local level, and determine if a greater degree of downloading is linked to a more intensified withdrawal of direct state involvement and increased private sector participation. This is achieved through an in-depth comparison of Toronto and Vancouver, two of Canada’s largest cities. The results highlight how neoliberal policies are experienced differently across time and space, the complexity of policy devolution, and consider the role of local path dependencies in social housing provision. Additionally, by presenting detailed accounts of the devolution process, the introduction of new ‘affordable housing’ programs, and the expiry of federal operating agreements, this study provides a comprehensive, critical and updated review of Canada’s evolving social housing system.	Ph.D.	cities	11
Gruner, Sheila	Mojab, Shahrzad	Learning Land and Life: An Institutional Ethnography of Land Use Planning and Development in a Northern Ontario First Nation	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2012-06	This study examines intricately related questions of consciousness and learning, textually-mediated social coordination, and human relationships within nature, anchored in the everyday life practices and concerns of a remote First Nation community in the Treaty 9 region. Through the use of Institutional Ethnography, community-based research and narrative methods, the research traces how the ruling relations of land use planning unfold within the contemporary period of neoliberal development in Northern Ontario. People’s everyday experiences and access to land in the Mushkego Inninowuk (Swampy Cree) community of Fort Albany for example, are shaped in ways that become oriented to provincial ruling relations, while people also reorient these relations on their own terms through the activities of a community research project and through historically advanced Indigenous ways of being. The study examines the coordinating effects of provincially-driven land use planning on communities and territories in Treaty 9, as people in local sites are coordinated to others elsewhere in a complex process that serves to produce the legislative process called Bill 191 or the Far North Act. Examining texts, ideology and dialectical historical materialist relations, the study is an involved inquiry into the text process itself and how it comes to be put together. The textually mediated and institutional forms of organizing social relations—effectively land relations—unfold with the involvement of people from specific sites and social locations whose work is coordinated, as it centres on environmental protection and development in the region north of the 51st parallel. A critique of the textually mediated institutional process provides a rich site for exploring learning within the context of neoliberal capitalist relations and serves to illuminate ways in which people can better act to change the problematic relations that haunt settler-Indigenous history in the contemporary period. The work asks all people involved in the North how we can work to address historic injustices rooted in the relations and practices of accumulation and dispossession. The voices and modes of governance of Aboriginal people, obfuscated within the processes and relations of provincial planning, must be afforded the space and recognition to flourish on their own terms.	PhD	environment, land use, institution	13, 15, 16
Guerrero, Alexandra Cristina	Gaztambide-Fernandez, Ruben	Rethinking Latin@ Student Engagement: Identification, Community Engagement, and Transformative Learning through Youth Participatory Action Research	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2014-06	My dissertation explores the ways in which youth participatory action research (YPAR) can provide students with the affective and the socio-educational experiences to become agents of personal, social, as well as educational change. My analysis is centred on a YPAR pilot study at Urban High School (pseudonym), a central Toronto secondary school with large numbers of students who self-identified as Latin@. This YPAR program, which was implemented as a Saturday senior social science credit course, involved 20 Latin@ students from diverse national, ethnic and academic backgrounds. Through a transnational Latin@ feminist lens and a methodological framework of YPAR, I examine how the students describe the processes of self-identification, community engagement, and transformative learning. While exploring the students' perspectives on their engagement and learning throughout the course, this dissertation problematizes conventional forms of schooling and argues for the necessity of shifting schooling towards more culturally relevant and student-centred pedagogies such as YPAR. The findings of this dissertation present YPAR as an alternative pedagogy that provides students with the opportunities to participate in collaborative learning environments through which they can develop knowledge as well as critically engage with issues that are relevant to them. In turn, this youth-centred pedagogy provides students with various forms of resources that create vast possibilities for transformative learning on individual and collective levels. Included in these possibilities is the building of relationships as well as critical dialogue on a variety of topics like power relations, gender, race, immigration, and schooling. The opportunities for such critical conversations cultivate a relevant context through which students can develop their research and inquiry skills and acquire a foundation through which to learn more about themselves and their social context. The dissertation concludes with an account of how this YPAR work has been expanded beyond the course and into further work with Latin@ and other groups of youth. This account points not only to the necessity of rethinking conventional forms of schooling, but also to the possibilities that YPAR yields for empowering youth to shift how they see themselves and engage with the world around them.	Ph.D.	inclusive	4
Gugel, David Michael	Meyerson, Mark D	The Social and Cultural Worlds of Elite Valencian Youth, 1300-1500	Medieval Studies	2016-06	This study examines the socio-cultural position of adolescents and youths – those between the approximate ages of fifteen and twenty-five years old – within aristocratic and patrician society in late medieval Valencia. It investigates how young people were defined and described by adult society, as well as how young people understood their own relationship with sources of adult authority – sometimes acquiescing to it and sometimes actively resisting it – and concludes that, far from being an insignificant or abbreviated period of transition from childhood to adulthood, adolescence was a vital and protracted period of preparation that was believed to require special vigilance and attention from adult society to ensure that adolescents and young adults became “successful” members of society. The study begins, in Part I, by investigating how adolescence was understood and defined by the Valencian legal code, the Furs, which collectively codified adolescence as a period of “quasi-adulthood.” Then, the second part examines how adolescence and youth were constructed in works of prescriptive literature composed by ecclesiastical and secular authors in late-medieval Valencia, with particular attention given to the writings of the Franciscan writer Francesc Eiximenis, as well as Ramon Llull’s Llibre de l’orde de cavalleria, and Joanot Martorell’s chivalric epic, Tirant lo Blanc. These sources highlight the importance of paternal or adult supervision of a child’s education, while also giving insight into societal constructions of aristocratic masculinity and femininity, aristocratic honor, masculine aggression, and socially acceptable forms of sexual expression between young men and women. Finally, Part III of this study explores how the values expounded by the sources used in Parts I and II were expressed by young people within society. Using legal records (court cases and judicial records) and documentary materials, this section analyzes how young members of aristocratic households, particularly squires and the younger members of aristocratic families, were socialized into the culture of violence, honor, and “proper” sexual comportment by adult society and, consequently, reproduced these values in their own lives.	Ph.D.	women	5
Guilcher, Sara	Jaglal, Susan	An Investigation of the Journey of Care Related to Secondary Health Conditions for Community-dwelling Persons with Spinal Cord Injury	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2014-11	This thesis comprises an in-depth analysis of the journey of care in managing secondary health conditions (SHCs) for community dwelling persons with a spinal cord injury (SCI) in Ontario. Persons with SCI are at high risk of preventable secondary health conditions. The Network Episode Model was used to help conceptually guide the thesis. To determine whether potentially preventable SHCs may be related to emergency department (ED) use, in the first study, I examined patterns of emergency department use (ED) such as the number of visits by year post injury and characteristics of these visits (e.g., acuity level, timing of visits, reasons for visits). Results from this study suggest that the ED is being used as an inappropriate substitute for primary health care for individuals with traumatic SCI. In the second study, to better understand care provision in the community, I examined the caregiving networks, in particular the structure and roles of informal care. While networks are smaller for persons with SCI compared to the general population, these ties are strong, which is essential when the roles involve a level of trust and flexibility. These informal networks serve as critical key players and secondary team members. Finally, in the third study, the journey of care related to SHCs was examined at the micro (individual level), meso (care provider level) and macro (health system level). Significant challenges at the macro health system level were identified such as rigid policies, wait-times for services, funding and social inequities. These analyses have led to a better understanding of the journey of care, which seems to be a challenging and an uphill struggle for persons with SCI, care providers, and community-based advocates. If we are to make significant gains in minimizing the incidence and severity of SHCs, we need to tailor efforts at the health system.	PhD	health	3
Guilford, Nigel Gareth Hugh	Edwards, Elizabeth A.	The Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Solid Wastes of Variable Composition	Chemical Engineering Applied Chemistry	2017-11	Abstract Every year in Canada approximately 8 million tonnes of organic solid waste is placed in landfills where it decomposes anaerobically over decades, produces large volumes of leachate requiring treatment, and releases 20 million tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions as CO2eq. Anaerobically digesting this waste prior to landfill would obviously be beneficial, but this is difficult to achieve because solid waste is a complex, heterogeneous and variable mixture, making any form of processing much more expensive than landfill. This thesis investigates the capabilities of a new approach to the anaerobic digestion of solid waste designed to overcome these obstacles. Most of the costly separation and pretreatment steps common in European anaerobic digesters are eliminated. The waste remains stationary, the leachate is recirculated through it, and the resulting digestate is aerobically cured. The biogas generated is recovered for the generation of electricity or the production of renewable natural gas. A laboratory scale system comprising six sequentially batch fed leach beds and an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor was constructed, and operated continuously for 616 days. The feedstock consisted of a mixture of cardboard, boxboard, newsprint, and fine paper, to which varying amounts of food waste were added (from 0% to 29% on a COD basis). The digester accommodated these and other changes without any signs of process upset or instability. It was found that the addition of food waste increased biogas production from the fibre mixture from 101 L.kg-1CODfibreadded to 330 L. kg-1CODfibreadded an increase of 225%. A substrate destruction efficiency of 65% (on a COD basis) and a methane yield of 225 L.kg-1 CODadded were achieved, at a solids retention time of 42 days. This performance was similar to that of a CSTR digesting similar wastes. A financial analysis showed that the technology can be competitive with landfill.	Ph.D.	renewable, waste, greenhouse gas	7, 12, 13
Gunness, Patrina	Koren, Gideon	New insight into Acyclovir Renal Handling and Nephrotoxicity	Pharmaceutical Sciences	2011-11	Drug – induced nephrotoxicity is a serious adverse reaction that can have deleterious effects on a patient’s health and well-being. Acyclovir is an example of such an agent that causes the aforesaid effects. The drug induces severe nephrotoxicity in patients. The etiology of acyclovir – induced nephrotoxicity has not been fully elucidated. The overall objective of this thesis is to gain new insight into the pathogenesis of acyclovir – induced nephrotoxicity. Cytotoxicity studies showed that acyclovir induced human renal proximal tubular (HK-2) cell death, in vitro, and that the degree of this toxicity was significantly reduced by co-exposure to 4-methylpyrazole. The results suggest that acyclovir induces direct insult to human renal proximal tubular cells and the toxicity may be caused by the parent drug’s noxious acyclovir aldehyde metabolite. Transepithelial transport studies illustrated that acyclovir does not inhibit the transport of creatinine across porcine renal proximal tubular (LLC-PK1) or HK-2 cell monolayers. The results suggest that acyclovir does not inhibit the tubular secretion of creatinine in vitro, and possibly, in vivo, as well. Therefore, the abrupt, pronounced and transient elevations in the levels of plasma creatinine observed in patients may be solely and genuinely due to reduced GFR as a result of acyclovir – induced nephrotoxicity, and not to a tubular interaction between creatinine and acyclovir. Employing human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) containing the full-length human ABCG2 gene encoding the wildtype ABCG2 amino acid sequence; cell accumulation studies showed that in the presence of the human breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) inhibitor, fumitremorgin C (FTC), there was significant intracellular accumulation of acyclovir. The results suggest that acyclovir is a substrate for the efflux transporter and bears several potential implications with respect to the renal transport mechanisms and pathogenesis of the direct tubular damage induced by the drug. Synthesizing all the data, the results contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of acyclovir – induced nephrotoxicity. Moreover, the research highlights the need for future studies that will aid in further elucidation of the underlying cell and molecular mechanism(s) of this toxicity and potential therapies for prevention of the direct renal tubular injury induced by the drug.	PhD	health	3
Gupta, Sumit	Sung, Lillian||Guttmann, Astrid	Socioeconomic Status, Diagnostic Interval Length and Outcome in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2014-06	Efforts to determine the causes of treatment failure in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the most common childhood cancer, have neglected the potential role of socioeconomic status (SES). This thesis aimed to address three key knowledge gaps in the field of SES and pediatric oncology. First, we evaluated the current literature by conducting a systematic review of studies evaluating the impact of SES upon childhood cancer survival. Of the 36 studies identified, we found that low SES was uniformly associated with inferior outcome in low- and middle-income countries. The same association was commonly found in studies conducted in high-income countries. Secondly, as several researchers have proposed that prolonged diagnostic intervals (time between first healthcare access and diagnosis) may serve as a pathway linking low SES and inferior cancer outcome, we developed and validated a novel measure of diagnostic interval length among Ontario children with ALL using population-based health services data. Using this measure, we found that prolonged diagnostic interval (≥4 days) was associated with having a general practitioner (GP) as primary care physician vs. a pediatrician [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-2.47; p=0.03]. Socioeconomic and healthcare access variables were not associated with interval length. While prolonged diagnostic intervals were associated with superior event-free survival [hazard ratio (HR) 0.71, 95% CI 0.52-0.98; p=0.04], this association was confounded by disease biology. Finally, we aimed to determine the impact of SES upon Ontario children with ALL. We found that while low SES was not associated with inferior EFS, immigrant status was associated with superior outcome (HR 0.36, 95% CI 0.13- 0.96; p=0.04). These findings have important implications for patients, caregivers, researchers and policymakers. Future studies should use the methodologies developed in this thesis to explore the impact of SES and diagnostic interval length in other malignancies	Ph.D.	socioeconomic, health	1, 3
Guta, Adrian	Strike, Carol	A Foucauldian Engagement with the “Problem of Ethics” in the Canadian HIV Community-based Research Movement	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2013-06	This dissertation examines the Canadian HIV community-based research (CBR) movement, with an attention to how research ethics is understood and practiced. HIV CBR brings together health researchers, clinicians, service providers, and people living with HIV (PHAs) to undertake collaborative research and evaluation. HIV CBR is characterized by inclusive and community-driven research processes, a commitment to partnership building, and the involvement of relevant stakeholders. However, HIV CBR practitioners claim the formal research ethics review process is unresponsive and alienating, and fails to address the ethical issues present in their work. For these reasons, research ethics review has been identified as a major barrier to HIV CBR. Towards examining these claims, interview data were collected from recipients of Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) HIV CBR operating grants from across Canada. The analysis offered here departs from the majority of the literature by using Michel Foucault’s approach to ethics. Foucault’s work considers the role of power, discourse, and how conceptions of morality emerge within particular systems of governance. This dissertation includes an introductory chapter, three core chapters written in a manuscript format and a concluding chapter. In Chapter 1, I situate my dissertation at the intersections of HIV CBR, empirical bioethics, and critical public health. Chapter 2 examines the confessional dimensions of interviewing participants about their ethical transgressions. Chapter 3 offers an analysis of the relationship between actors in the CBR movement, related funding programs, and the state. Chapter 4 examines the relationship between actors in the CBR movement and prescriptive research ethics. In Chapter 5, I conclude by exploring the implications for advancing greater critical reflexivity in HIV CBR. Overall, this dissertation theorizes the so called “problem of ethics” in HIV CBR and uses it as opportunity to ask different kinds of questions about community engagement in collaborative research.	PhD	health	3
Guthrie, Jordan Alexander	Eyoh, Dickson	Land and Leviathan: Local Politics and Land Tenure Reform Implementation in Rural Tanzania	Political Science	2014-11	Reforms aiming at the transformation of customary or communal institutions of rural property rights into systems of ownership operable through the market mechanism have gained prominence on contemporary development agendas and, since the 1990s, have been undertaken by over twenty African countries. Strategies and outcomes of these reforms, however, have varied significantly across diverse rural contexts throughout sub-Saharan Africa. The dissertation asks: How have global shifts in thinking about property relations played out within state and local institutions? How has the character of rural property rights reforms been shaped by the diverse local social and political contexts of their implementation in African countrysides? The analysis draws on institutionalist theories of state-formation, socio-cultural perspectives on agrarian change, and ten months of fieldwork in rural Tanzania to argue that differences in the organization of local authority over land within particular rural political ecologies determine the character and outcomes of property rights reforms across rural contexts within the same country and even district. Boone's (2003) analysis of the impact of communal structures on state strategies of rural institution-building, and Berry's (1993, 2002) arguments about the fluidity, negotiability, and contestation of African social institutions provide starting points for the analysis. Particular strategies of reform in Tanzania are situated within the country's own historical trajectory of agrarian political economic development before their implementation is analyzed within rural contexts differing in the relative centralization (Moshi District of Kilimanjaro Region) or decentralization (Bagamoyo District of Coast Region) of communal authority. Differences in the local organization of authority are shown to shape both the strategies of central reformers, as well as the ways in which local elites and producers have sought to contest, harness, and manage the reform process. Communal structures evolve in the face of new risks and opportunities and are argued to provide rural actors with different sets of tools in managing processes of agrarian change. Implications are drawn for understanding dynamics of rural commoditization, the character of political contestation in contemporary African countrysides, and the role not only of rural elites but of producers themselves in shaping outcomes of institutional change.	Ph.D.	rights	16
Guven, Ali Burak	Sandbrook, Richard	Peasants, Bankers and the State: Forging Institutions in Neoliberal Turkey	Political Science	2006-06	The recent rediscovery of institutions in the study of international development has drawn considerable attention to macro arrangements, but sparked much less interest in mid-range, sectoral institutions and how they are reshaped under dynamic domestic and nondomestic constraints. This study joins the few examples of this latter research focus by offering a typology of sectoral institutional pathways in contemporary late developers. The typology incorporates four variables: pre-existing institutions, international norms, technocratic engineering, and coalition politics. It is argued that from careful pairings of these variables, for which the sectoral effects of internationalization and the intensity of domestic political competition are used as the main criteria, it is possible to deduce distinct ideal-typical pathways: insulated accommodation, insulated innovation, negotiated accommodation, and negotiated innovation. The typology models the complexity of institutional trajectories, but it cannot predict concrete institutional profiles. Its value is in providing guidance for empirical analysis. The bulk of the study is devoted to applying this framework to the evolution of Turkey’s fiscal, financial and agricultural regimes of governance from 1980 to 2007. This comparative exercise unlocks several empirical mysteries at once: the failure of Turkish governments in the 1990s to readjust the novel fiscal and banking regimes to preempt the perils of democratic instability and rapid financial integration; the surprising persistence of populist-corporatist forms of market governance in agriculture despite the neoliberalism of the 1980s and 1990s; the stark divergence in reform outcomes across these regimes during the intense restructuring efforts of the 2000s; some odd instances of institutional complementarity; and the exotic twists in the fortunes of Turkish peasants and bankers throughout the entire period. A separate chapter extends the typology to four non-Turkish cases to gain comparative insight into the different types of reshaping: Chinese banking, South Korean corporate governance, Mexican agriculture, and Argentine labor markets. Among the main findings of the study are the need to get beyond dichotomous notions of institutional continuity and change, the problematicity of the quest for good institutions via externally-inspired reforms, and the value of mid-range institutional analysis for understanding shifts in collective fortunes and preferences under processes of macro-transformation.	PhD	agriculture, institution	2, 16
Habib, Muhammad Ahsanul	Miller, Eric	Microsimulating Residential Mobility and Location Choice Processes within an Integrated Land Use and Transportation Modelling System	Civil Engineering	2009-11	This research investigates motivational and procedural aspects of households’ long-term decisions of residential locations. The main goal of the research is to develop microbehavioural models of location processes in order to implement this critical land use component within a microsimulation-based model of Integrated Land Use, Transportation and Environment (ILUTE). The research takes a disaggregate and longitudinal approach to develop the models, which is consistent with the real-world decision-making process of households concerning their movements from one residence to another over time. It identifies two sequential model components to represent households’ relocation behaviour: (1) a model of household residential mobility that determines whether a household decides to become active in the housing market, and (2) a (re) location choice model. Both components are empirically investigated using retrospective surveys of housing careers. For the residential mobility decision, the research tests continuous-time hazard duration models and discrete-time panel logit models, and attempts to capture heterogeneity effects due to repeated choices within both modelling techniques. A discrete-time random parameter model is selected for implementation within ILUTE since it incorporates time-varying covariates. Assuming a sequential decision process, this mobility decision model is linked to the (re) location choice model that establishes preference orderings for each active household for a given set of dwelling units that it considers to relocate within the housing market. A unique feature of the (re) location model developed in this research is that it incorporates reference dependence that explicitly recognizes the role of the status quo and captures asymmetric responses towards gains and losses in making location choice decisions. The research then estimates an asking price model, which is used to generate base prices for active dwellings to interact with active households through a market clearing process within a microsimulation environment. A multilevel model that simultaneously accounts for both temporal and spatial heterogeneity is developed in this research using multi-period property transaction data. Finally, this research simulates evolution of households’ location choices for a twenty-year period (1986-2006) and compares the results against observed location patterns.	PhD	land use	15
Hackett, Kristy Melissa	Sellen, Daniel W	Impact of a Community-based Smartphone Intervention on Maternal Health Service Utilization in Rural Tanzania	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2016-11	Improving access to safe facility-based delivery (FBD) is a challenge in rural Tanzania, where 50% of women deliver at home without skilled medical assistance. Community health workers (CHWs) may improve women’s demand for, and uptake of FBD services; however CHW performance can be suboptimal without supportive supervision and job aids. This dissertation addresses key questions in maternal health services research and contributes to the evidence base for mobile health (“mHealth”), for which rigorous impact studies in low-income countries remain scarce. This study employed a cluster-randomized, controlled, mixed-methods trial design to evaluate the impact of a smartphone-based intervention (SP+) designed to assist CHWs with data collection, prenatal education delivery, gestational danger sign identification, and referral on women clients’ utilization of FBD. Pairs of CHWs in 32 villages were cluster-randomized to receive training on either SP+ or standard, paper-based protocols for use during household visits with clients. The main outcome (delivery location) was ascertained via postnatal household surveys with 572 randomly selected women. In-depth qualitative interviews with 60 CHWs and 14 healthcare professionals, and focus group discussions with 56 women clients were conducted to explore perceptions of CHW performance, quality of care, and SP+ implementation strength. SP+ was associated with increased FBD: after adjusted analyses, the odds of FBD in intervention villages were two times greater than the odds in control villages (OR=1.95; p=0.02). A key underlying mechanism was increased household visit frequency by smartphone-assisted CHWs; these CHWs reported higher job satisfaction compared to peers in the control group. Qualitative findings suggest that SP+ led to perceived improvements in data management, communication, decision-making support, emergency response, enhanced social status and credibility, and perceived health system improvements among clients. However, concerns regarding privacy and data security were raised. Through triangulation of methods and data sources, I demonstrate how factors influencing women’s use of FBD in this context are multidimensional and thus require multi-level maternal health programs and policies. I argue that while SP support for CHWs can be efficacious in targeting increased FBD, prevailing health system weaknesses including a lack of formal support for CHWs limits the potential impact of such strategies.	Ph.D.	health, women, rural	3, 5, 11
Hackett, Valarie Cynthia Rhonda	Williams, Charmaine C.	Families Building Nations, or Nations Building on Families? An Exploration of How African Caribbean Immigrants (Re) Construct Family in the Context of Immigration and Oppression in Canada	Social Work	2016-11	This study retrospectively explores the experiences of separation and reunification of African Caribbean immigrant families and how they rebuild their families in the context of immigration and oppression in Canada. Experiences of multiple separations and prolonged reunification have been expected and commonplace for many Caribbean families who have immigrated to Canada since the 1960s. There is a gap in social work knowledge about the experiences of African Caribbean immigrant families in Canada, and this lack is particularly important in light of the frequency of these families’ contact and conflict with institutions such as child welfare agencies, the educational system, and the criminal justice system; these are social institutions where social work has an instrumental role. The study sample consisted of 27 participants, including 25 who identified as African Caribbean women and men, and two who were not African Caribbean-identified. This qualitative study used a decolonizing critical constructionist grounded theory methodology, with data collected through semi-structured individual interviews and focus groups. The major themes that emerged from the study include “Cast Out,” “Keeping Up,” and “Child Rearing.” Together, these themes point to the specific realities and complexities involved in the impact of multiple separations and extended reunification on African Caribbean immigrant families. For social work, the findings offer important contextual knowledge about African Caribbean immigrant families that may help to inform transformative policies and practices. Additionally, the findings aim to contribute towards depathologizing and decolonizing understandings of the historical and contemporary social conditions and subsequent life choices and chances of African Caribbean immigrant families in Canada.	Ph.D.	women, justice	5, 16
Hadayeghi, Alireza	Shalaby, Amer Saïd ||Persaud, Bhagwant	Use of Advanced Techniques to Estimate Zonal Level Safety Planning Models and Examine their Temporal Transferability	Civil Engineering	2009-06	Historically, the traditional planning process has not given much attention to the road safety evaluation of development plans. To make an informed, defensible, and proactive choice between alternative plans and their safety implications, it is necessary to have a procedure for estimating and evaluating safety performance. A procedure is required for examining the influence of the urban network development on road safety, and in particular, determining the effects of the many variables that affect safety in urban planning. Safety planning models can provide a decision-support tool that facilitates the assessment of the safety implications of alternative network plans. The first objective of this research study is to develop safety planning models that are consistent with the regional models commonly used for urban transportation planning. Geographically weighted Poisson regression (GWPR), full-Bayesian semiparametric additive (FBSA), and traditional generalized linear modelling (GLM) techniques are used to develop the models. The study evaluates how well each model is able to handle spatial variations in the relationship between collision explanatory variables and the number of collisions in a zone. The evaluation uses measures of goodness of fit (GOF) and finds that the GWPR and FBSA models perform much better than the conventional GLM approach. There is little difference between the GOF values for the FBSA and GWPR models. The second objective of this research study is to examine the temporal transferability of the safety planning models and alternative updating methods. The updating procedures examine the Bayesian approach and application of calibration factors. The results show that the models are not temporally transferable in a strict statistical sense. However, relative measures of transferability indicate that the transferred models yield useful information in the application context. The results also show that the updated safety planning models using the Bayesian approach predict the number of collisions better than the calibration factor procedure.	PhD	urban	11
Haderer, Margarete	Kohn, Margaret	Politics and Space: Creating the Ideal Citizen through Politics of Dwelling in Red Vienna and Cold War Berlin	Political Science	2014-03	To wield direct influence on the everyday lives of citizens, new political elites have often professed a profound interest in shaping the politics of dwelling. In the 1920s, Vienna’s Social Democrats built 400 communal housing blocks equipped with public gardens, theaters, libraries, kindergartens, and sports facilities, hoping that these facilities would serve as loci for “growing into socialism”. In the 1950s, housing construction in Berlin became a site of the Cold War. East Berlin’s social realist “workers palaces” on Stalinallee were meant to serve as an ideal flourishing ground for the “new socialist men and women”. In contrast, West Berlin's modernist Hansa-Viertel was designed to showcase an ideal dwelling culture and an urban environment that would cultivate individuality. This dissertation examines three historically situated and ideologically distinct responses to the housing question: social democracy in Red Vienna, state socialism in East Berlin, and liberal capitalism in West Berlin. It illuminates how political promises of a radical new beginning were translated into spatial arrangements—the private scale of the apartment and the urban scale of the city—as well as how citizens appropriated the social, political, and economic norms inherent to the new spaces they inhabited. More specifically, the following analyses demonstrate the fact that inherited social, technological, and economic practices have often subverted political visions of a radically different future. This was the case with pedagogy in Red Vienna’s municipal housing, instrumental reason in the form of Taylorism and Fordism in East and West Berlin’s mass housing, and gender relations in Red Vienna’s and East Berlin’s politics of dwelling. At the same time, this dissertation examines counter-spaces that emerged from the dialectics between political promises and actual socio-spatial realities, counter-spaces that both reflect critically on past hegemonic “politics of dwelling” and that foreshadow alternative political imaginations that are still relevant today. Of particular interest are counter-hegemonic practices of dwelling that embody possibilities of emancipation—of experiencing oneself as subject instead of object of social transformation, justice—of emphasizing considerations of equality and recognition, and radical democracy—of questioning power relations and of forming alliances among disadvantaged groups to transform everyday life.	PhD	equality, gender, justice	5, 16
Hajighasemi, Mahbod	Yakunin, Alexander F.||Edwards, Elizabeth A.	Enzymatic Depolymerization of Synthetic Polyesters by Microbial Carboxylesterases	Chemical Engineering Applied Chemistry	2017-11	Several types of biodegradable polyesters with different physical properties have emerged to replace traditional petroleum-based polymers, including polylactic acid (PLA). However, the lack of a sustainable recycling strategy for most biodegradable plastics and their accumulation in aquatic environments necessitate the design of ecologically benign polymers with improved life cycles. Enzymatic degradation of polyesters may not only serve as an energy-efficient approach to convert and re-use post-consumer plastics, but will also pave the way to design plastics with improved biodegradability. Although a number of polyesterase enzymes have been identified, the growing global demand for novel plastics and polymers has stimulated an interest in biocatalytic approaches for plastics recycling technologies. The discovery of novel polyesterases with high activity against a broad range of complex synthetic polyesters remains a key challenge for the development of enzyme-based plastic recycling. In this work, over 200 purified uncharacterized hydrolases from different microbial genomes and metagenomes were screened for esterase activity against polylactic acid, polycaprolactone (PCL), and the model polyethylene terephthalate substrate 3PET producing 39 active enzymes. Direct, activity-based screening of purified uncharacterized hydrolases has revealed the presence of polyesterase activity in several uncharacterized hydrolases from diverse esterase families, whose activity could not have been predicted using current bioinformatics tools. In this work, 17 novel polyester-degrading enzymes were biochemically characterized using both mono-ester and polyester substrates. Some of the identified polyesterases catalysed complete or extensive hydrolysis of solid PLA with the production of soluble lactic acid oligomers and monomers. Agarose-based assays with 24 different synthetic polyesters demonstrated a broad substrate range of the six identified polyesterases. Moreover, the crystal structures of two polyester- hydrolases were determined and the active site residues critical for the enzymatic activity were identified using site-directed mutagenesis. The crystal structure of the RPA1511 polyesterase from Rhodopseudomonas palustris revealed the presence of a molecule of polyethylene glycol bound close to the catalytic Ser residue, which represents the first structure of the polyesterase-substrate mimic complex. The results presented in this thesis indicate that microbial carboxylesterases can hydrolyze a broad range of polyesters with high rates, making them attractive biocatalysts for plastics depolymerization and recycling.	Ph.D.	recycl, production	7, 12
Halim, Md. Abdul	Thomas, Sean C	Forest Disturbances and Climate Feedbacks in a Mixedwood Boreal Forest	Forestry	2020-06	Boreal forests play a critical role in global climate via important biophysical and biogeochemical feedbacks. Large-scale disturbances, particularly fire and harvesting, significantly affect these feedbacks by altering the surface and stand attributes, and can impact boreal forests’ role in the global climate system. Surface- and stand-attribute-driven feedbacks change rapidly in early successional stages, making them challenging to model. As the frequency and intensity of disturbances in boreal forests are predicted to increase, a vast landscape with proportionally more young forests is likely to result. Understanding these feedbacks during early stand development is thus more critical than ever before. Scarcity of data on key biophysical (e.g., albedo, soil temperature) and biogeochemical (e.g., soil greenhouse gas fluxes) processes during early stand development has been noted, particularly in mixedwood boreal forests. Using a series of micrometeorological towers in fire and harvesting chronosequences of a mixedwood boreal forest of northwestern Ontario, we studied combined effects of vegetation cover and climate warming on the surface soil (~2 cm depth) temperature in post-disturbance stands, and the patterns and drivers of surface albedo and soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes during early stand development stages in post-fire and post-harvest stands. A proxy-year analysis indicated that surface soil temperature in winter and spring was lower in a warm year compared to a baseline year, and the magnitude of this difference varied with vegetation cover (Chapter 2). Albedo differences between post-fire and post-harvest stands were most pronounced during winter and spring and primarily driven by stand age and species composition (Chapter 3). We also found that CO2 effluxes were lower in post-fire stands compared to post-harvest stands; post-fire stands were never a source, but some young post-harvest stands were a net source of CH4 . The magnitude in flux difference between post-fire and post-harvest stands varied with stand age and was affected by environmental variables such as soil temperature, moisture, pH, and litter depth (Chapter 4). These findings are critical for understanding dynamics in soil temperature, albedo, and soil carbon fluxes during early successional stages and useful for climate-smart boreal forest management.	Ph.D.	climate, greenhouse gas, environment, forest	13, 15
Hall, Aaron M.	Fortin, Marie-JosĂŠe	Anthropogenic Impacts on Multihabitat Species and Applications for Conservation	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2015	Anthropogenic impacts are apparent in all ecosystems, threatening the persistence of biodiversity everywhere on Earth. Species' responses to these impacts depend largely on their biology and ecology, and therefore all species are not equally impacted. Species with particular life histories, such as long generation times, specific habitat requirements, small geographic ranges, or poor dispersal potential, are more at risk because they are unable to respond positively in the face of anthropogenic threats. With respect to habitat preferences, the more specific a species' needs, the higher the threat because even a small loss of habitat can lead to local extinctions, meaning that species requiring multiple habitats that are spatially adjacent might be even more at risk of extinction than those that do not. This need for multiple, adjacent habitats, is a common life history strategy, yet how anthropogenic impacts affect these species is currently understudied. Furthermore, the adjacency requirements of these species' habitats are rarely incorporated into conservation tools intended to inform conservation practitioners. To address these gaps in conservation science, in this thesis, I focus on a common group of species that require multiple habitats, Odonata, and investigate the influence of anthropogenic recreation, landuse change, and climate change on their diversity and community composition as larvae and as adults. I then incorporate adjacent habitat requirements into species distribution models and migration simulations. Overall, I find that: (1) anthropogenic impacts from recreation, landuse change, and climate change do affect the diversity and community composition of odonata, generally resulting in reduced diversity of specialist species; (2) adults and larvae respond differently to anthropogenic pressures, likely because they utilize distinct habitats, or the same habitats in different manners; and (3) incorporating adjacent habitats into species distribution models and migration simulations leads to more restrictive, but potentially more realistic, range expansion predictions of one species of Odonata in a fragmented landscape in southern Ontario.	Ph.D.	climate, biodiversity, ecology	13, 15
Halmrast, Nathan	Park, Andreas	Essays in Financial Economics and Banking	Economics	2015-11	This thesis studies the economics of changes in financial and banking rules and regulations. Chapter 1 provides an empirical investigation of the impact of a regulatory change on domestic financial markets, and potential spillovers to international markets. Chapter 2 examines sweeping reforms to international financial and banking regulations from the perspective of central banks. Chapter 3 investigates how financial markets compete, both domestically and internationally, through the introduction of new exchange specific rule changes. In Chapter 1, I study how 2010 amendments to Regulation SHO, which impose temporary constraints on short sale trades after triggering a circuit breaker, impact trading. Using matching based analysis for in period variation, and a pre-regulation placebo counter factual test I find circuit breakers have a marked impact on most market measures for firms post circuit breaker. The regulation aims to improve liquidity, as evidenced through the measure of depth. I do find that depth improves, however, this change is driven by a change in the composition of depth which suggests that real liquidity diminishes after a circuit breaker has been triggered. In collaboration with Anita Anand and Albert Yoon, Chapter 2 examines the legal mandates of central banks prior to and following the recent financial crisis. We examine the mandates of central banks of 42 countries from 2002 to 2011. Across the sample, we find that most central banks have consistent, but not identical, mandates and that most mandates create discretionary rather than affirmative responsibilities. In addition, we find that the total number of central bank mandates has increased dramatically. In Chapter 3, with Katya Malinova and Andreas Park, we investigate how securities exchanges worldwide aim to incentivize liquidity provision introducing maker-taker fee structures. We analyze the impact of maker-taker pricing on market quality, by studying the 2006 introduction of maker rebates on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX). We find that measures of quoted and effective spreads tighten, but depth declines. Benefits to liquidity providers decline while costs for liquidity demanders do not increase, even after accounting for rebates and increased fees, respectively, due to increased competition.	Ph.D.	financial market	10
Hamam, Ahmed	Kronzucker, Herbert J.	On the Understanding of Sodium Transport and its Role in Salinity Stress in Plants	Cell and Systems Biology	2020-06	Soil salinity is a major threat to global agriculture, affecting >900 million hectares of land. Sodium chloride is the most soluble and widespread salt on earth, and at high cytosolic concentrations, is considered toxic. For decades, researchers have been investigating the pathways of Na+ transport and its distribution in plants under salinity stress, especially at the point of contact, the root surface, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly resolved. According to the current proposed model, Na+ enters root cells passively (i.e. down its electrochemical gradient), via membrane channels, at very high rates and is then actively pumped out of the cytosol at nearly the same rate. This model of rapid Na+ cycling has recently been called into question, as inexplicable cellular energetics, flawed methodologies, conflicting results, and a lack of in-planta demonstrations all plague the model. The present work addresses these fundamental issues by systematically comparing radiotracer measurements and electrophysiological recordings, in conjunction with various nutritional profiles, inhibitory assays, mutant analyses, and genetic characterizations in the model systems barley (Hordeum vulgare), rice (Oryza sativa), and Arabidopsis thaliana. Efflux analysis showed the first physiological evidence of differential unidirectional Na+ efflux from distal root and bulk root zones under steady-state conditions, validating the physiological role of the Na+/H+ antiporter (SOS1) in Na+ efflux, but lack of significant involvement in rapid Na+ cycling based on known expression patterns. Electrophysiological recordings and radiotracer measurements indicated that Na+ influx is modest in nature and saturates well below any toxic concentration of Na+, in stark contrast with what is reported in the literature in support of the standing model. Influx analysis also revealed considerable plasticity in Na+ transport under salinity stress in response to nutritional changes, but only by breaking with conventional protocols. These findings provide clear evidence that the current model of rapid Na+ cycling is invalid and in need of significant reevaluation. It is concluded that most of the reported Na+ fluxes under salinity stress are a gross overestimation of symplastic flow and are more likely to be predominately apoplastic in nature.	Ph.D.	agriculture	2
Hamanishi, Erin T.	Campbell, Malcolm M.	Intraspecific Variation in the Populus balsamifera Drought Response: A Systems Biology Approach	Forestry	2013-06	As drought can impinge significantly on forest health and productivity, the mechanisms by which forest trees respond to drought is of interest. The research presented herein examined the intra-specific variation in the Populus balsamifera drought response, examining the potential role of the transcriptome to configure growth, metabolism and development in response to water deficit. Amassing evidence indicates that different species of Populus have divergent mechanisms and Three lines of inquiry were pursued to investigate the intraspecific variation the drought response in P. balsamifera. First, the transcriptome responses of six genotypes of P. balsamifera were examined using Affymetrix Poplar GeneChips under well-watered and water-deficit conditions. A core species-level transcriptome response was identified. Significantly, intraspecific variation in the drought transcriptome was also identified. The data support a role for genotype-derived variation in the magnitude of P. balsamifera transcriptome remodelling playing a role in conditioning drought responsiveness. Second, the impact of drought-stress induced declines in stomatal conductance, as well as an alteration in stomatal development in two genotypes was examined. Patterns of transcript abundance of genes hypothesised to underpin stomatal development had patterns congruent with their role in modulation of stomatal development. These results suggest that stomatal development may play a role as a long-term mechanism to limit water loss from P. balsamifera leaves under conditions of drought-stress. Finally, the drought-induced metabolome of six P. balsmaifera genotypes was interrogated. Metabolite profiling reveled amino acids such as isoleucine and proline and sugars such as galactinol and raffinose were found with increased abundance, whereas TCA intermediates succinic and malic acid were found with decreased abundance in response to drought. Comparative analysis of the metabolome and the transcriptome revealed genotypic-specific variation in energy and carbohydrate metabolism. Taken together, the findings reported in this thesis form a foundation to understand the basis of intraspecific variation in the drought response in P. balsamifera. Transcripts and metabolites that contribute to within-species differences in drought tolerance were defined. These molecular components are useful targets for both future study, as well as efforts aimed at protecting and growing trees of this important species under challenging environmental conditions.	PhD	forest	15
Hamdani, Suryani Sara	Renwick, Rebecca	Problematizing Transition to Adulthood for Young Disabled People	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2016-11	The purpose of this critical qualitative study was to understand how transition to adulthood for young people with developmental disabilities (DD) is constituted as a ‘problem’ in policies and practices across sectors in Ontario and the implications for these young people and their parents. This transition to adulthood has been identified as a policy problem in three provincial government sectors in Ontario, Canada—rehabilitation, education, and developmental services. The problem is predominantly framed as a service transition issue, particularly when young people ‘age out’ of pediatric health services by age 19 and public education by age 21, and seek adult-oriented programs and services. Transition policies have been developed in each sector, shaped by both explicit and implicit understandings of key concepts, such as disability and adulthood. These understandings function to constitute transition as a particular kind of problem, and play a key role in what is considered and proposed to address it, but also what is not considered or potentially neglected or even ignored. What is and is not considered has implications for the health and daily lives of young disabled people and their families. Guided by a problem-questioning approach to policy analysis proposed by Carol Bacchi, I used a multimethod design, including analysis of three policy documents and in-depth interviews with 13 parents, to examine how transition to adulthood is constituted as a problem. My analysis revealed that normative assumptions about ways of being, becoming, and acting as an adult shaped an implied problem of disabled children and their inadequate progression to socially valued adult roles and activities. Policies shaped by these assumptions had both positive (e.g., feelings of self-worth for achieving or approximating socially valued roles and activities) and unintended negative effects (e.g., social exclusion, stress or anxiety when adult roles were not achieved) on young disabled people and their parents. These findings highlight opportunities for rethinking the policy problem in ways that can mitigate unintended harmful consequences on young people with DD and their families and for improving their health and daily life circumstances through healthy public policy and cross-sector coordination.	Ph.D.	health	3
Hamlin, Daniel	Davies, Scott	School choice in deindustrialized cities: A mixed method comparison of charter and public schools on safety and parental involvement in Detroit, Michigan	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2017-06	Charter schools have rapidly expanded in deindustrialized American cities over the past twenty-five years where they have been touted as a solution to pressing school safety problems, low parent participation, and educational underperformance. Yet, research on charter schools has focused on student achievement, largely overlooking school safety and parental involvement. This thesis compares charter and public schools on perceived school safety and parental involvement in Detroit, Michigan in three studies in the sandwich format. With its large charter school sector, Detroit is a highly relevant setting, embodying the social and economic challenges of deindustrialized cities that have undergone charter school reforms. In the first study, charter schools exhibited statistically higher perceived school safety, net of controls for neighborhood, school, and demographic characteristics. However, this relationship was largely diminished after accounting for parent-related characteristics. In the second study, non-profit managed charter schools elicited statistically higher parental involvement than for-profit managed charter and public schools while public schools reported greater parent decision-making, net of controls. The third study examined the mechanisms underlying the statistical results by conducting site observations (n = 40), interviews with parents (n = 20) and teachers (n = 20), and numerous informal interviews with different groups of stakeholders. Findings indicated that although charter school strategies were partly attributable to school performance, distinguishing attributes of school choosers conferred a self-selection advantage to charter schools. Overall, charter schools in deindustrialized cities appear to offer a modest improvement on perceived school safety and parental involvement, but they are not accessed by the most disadvantaged students. Extending access to information and transportation may enable greater access, but policy remedies beyond school choice may be needed to address challenges in neighborhood public schools where extraordinarily disadvantaged students are likely to remain enrolled. Additionally, relationship-building and a parent presence in school may be strategies for improving perceived school safety. This thesis furthers existing scholarship by demonstrating the following: the importance of safety to school choice processes in deindustrialized cities; distinguishing features of school choosers among demographically similar families; and differences in safety and parental involvement strategies by school type.	Ph.D.	educat	4
Hamonic, Nicole Dianne	Gervers, Michael	The Order of St John of Jerusalem in London, Middlesex, and Surrey, c.1128–c.1442: A Social and Economic Study Based on The Hospitaller Cartulary, British Library Cotton MS Nero E vi	Medieval Studies	2012-11	This dissertation is a socio-economic analysis of the Knights Hospitallers’ estate management in London, Middlesex, and Surrey. It is based on the examination of 372 charters that trace the social, legal, administrative, and economic history of the Order in England between c.1128 and c.1442. The Hospitallers’ involvement in London’s property market is placed within the larger social and economic context of the city. The evolution of the Order’s administrative policy from serving largely as an absentee landlord, to one entangled in litigation to recover rents in arrears, allowed the Order to more than double its income from urban and suburban possessions between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries. Regarding the rural Middlesex estates, it is argued that the Hospitallers tailored their administrative tactics to suit local social and economic conditions. They developed new estates with aggressive solicitation of properties and manorial assets, and expanded pre-existing manors by purchasing scattered properties and quit-claims from the descendants and widows of tenants. In response to fourteenth-century population decline and rising prices and wages, the Order shifted to long-term leasehold tenancies, removing themselves ii from the direct management of the properties. Social tensions after 1381, moreover, resulted in shorter leases, and the emergence of copyhold tenancies in the early fifteenth century. A comparative analysis of the Templars’ urban and rural possessions, and of the Hospitallers’ administration thereof following the dissolution of the Templars in 1312, is included in this dissertation. It is argued that the Hospitallers’ acquisition of Templar possessions increased not only their economic standing in England, but also positively impacted the spiritual profile of the priory church at Clerkenwell, London. This dissertation is the first of its kind to examine the corpus of charters pertaining to the Hospitallers’ estate management in London, Middlesex, and Surrey. It is a valuable contribution to our understanding of one of the most important medieval military orders in Europe, and its relationship with London. It is also of interest to scholars of the social and economic history of England. The charters that serve as the basis for this dissertation have been edited, and are included here as an appendix.	PhD	wage, socioeconomic	1, 8
Hancock, Rebecca L.	Ungar, Wendy Joan	An Economic Evaluation of Teratology Information Services	Medical Science	2010-06	BACKGROUND: Teratology Information Services (TIS) educate the public and health professionals via telephone regarding the safety of drugs and other exposures during pregnancy and lactation. Currently TIS consultations are free, but funding is eroding. A cost-benefit analysis may inform resource allocation. It was hypothesized that an individual TIS consultation regarding anti-depressant use during pregnancy provides a positive net benefit compared to a family doctor (FD) consultation. METHODS: A survey of international TIS was conducted to gauge TIS costs. A discrete choice experiment (DCE) was designed to assess preferences and willingness-to-pay (WTP, an estimate of benefit) for teratology counseling. DCE respondents (local community volunteers) chose between potential counseling services following an anti-depressant exposure during pregnancy. Services were described by five service attributes and one cost attribute, which were generated in focus groups. Preferences and WTP were estimated using logit regression. Incremental benefits and costs of counseling by TIS and FD were compared in a probabilistic sensitivity analysis to obtain the incremental net benefit from both a societal (productivity costs included) and health system perspective. The FD consultation was costed through OHIP billing codes. The TIS consultation was micro-costed. RESULTS: Eighteen TIS in North America and 16 international TIS completed the survey. Most TIS are small (median two employees, median budget US$69,000). The DCE had 175 respondents. The most important attribute of counseling was receiving very helpful information; information delivery methods were less important. WTP for the TIS scenario was CDN$124 (SD $12); WTP for the FD scenario was CDN$79 (SD $8). Service costs were similar for TIS and FD (approximately $32/consultation); FD had higher productivity costs. Incremental TIS benefits were likely to outweigh costs under both the societal and health system perspectives (probability 99% and 97% respectively). CONCLUSIONS: An economic evaluation of a program that delivers pregnancy health information via telephone required a novel approach. While there are some methodological challenges to valuing benefits through willingness-to-pay, it may be appropriate for valuing counseling. TIS should emphasize their ability to provide high quality information. The benefits of an individual TIS consultation on anti-depressant use during pregnancy are likely greater than the costs.	PhD	health	3
Hande, Mary Jean Elizabeth	Magnusson, Jamie	Disability (and) Care in Late-Capitalist Struggle: A Dialectical Analysis of Toronto-based Disability (and) Care Activism	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2017-11	Disability organizing has proliferated across North America, particularly in the historic centres of disability organizing: San Francisco and Toronto. Similarly, attention to “care” in its multiple practices and formations has proliferated in community-based and radical activism. This proliferation is linked to the historical developments of austerity, neoliberalism, and imperialism as dominant material and ideological social relations. In this context, the meanings of disability (and) care are being reworked and reconceptualized by the state, grassroots organizers, and a variety of financial interests, proliferating disability identities. These social relations place care (and social reproduction) at the heart of radical and revolutionary organizing. Disability organizers and activists seeking to consciously intervene and change these conditions and social relations must grapple with the disability (and) care of the past as well as possibilities for the future in order to shape their projects from forms of resistance to prefigurative and strategic revolutionary struggle. Drawing on oral stories, zines and blogs of activists and organizers, I use a relational/reflexive method (Gorman 2005) to dialectically investigate how disability activists, anti-poverty organizers and political care workers develop “disability consciousness” as they mediate and politicize the contradictions of their disability care praxis. In my interviews with activists beyond the umbrella of disability politics proper, I broaden the historical and material dialectics of care to include disability consciousness around processes and stigmatized drug use in the context of gentrification and drug wars. By expanding these dialectics I can better attend to the social relations of race, imperialism and finance capitalism that remain marginal in disability politics. This thesis is an investigation of how disability activists, anti-poverty organizers and political care workers develop “revolutionary disability consciousness” through struggle. My analysis will develop dialectical methods for recognizing this struggle, while also charting a path towards a revolutionary future, which is not wistful, but realistic, necessary and already becoming.	Ph.D.	health	3
Hannah, Erin	Pauly, Louis	Contesting Cosmopolitan Europe: A Study of Non-governmental Organizations in the European Union's External Trade Policymaking Process	Political Science	2008-11	This thesis investigates whether more open trade policymaking processes that include non-governmental entities, by virtue of the divergence of interests represented, lead to a stronger, more legitimate and qualitatively enhanced international trade system. The European Union stands out among major trading powers for its significant and dramatic response to new demands for access and participation. The thesis examines whether improvements in the political opportunity structure for ‘progressive’ Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) result in more legitimate external trade policymaking in the European Union (EU). Legitimacy is assessed along two lines: the way policy is made (procedural legitimacy) and the projected outcomes of policy (substantive legitimacy). The role of NGOs is evaluated in two important cases in the context of World Trade Organization negotiations since 2000. The first concerns the formulation of the formal European Communities’ (EC) position on trade related intellectual property rights (TRIPS) and access to medicines. The second concerns the EC’s requests for water services liberalization in the context of General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) 2000 negotiations. Through a critical evaluation of the role of NGOs in these cases, the thesis argues that there is clear potential for NGOs to represent citizens’ demands, constitute a basic form of popular representation and hold decision-makers accountable to a broader public. However, they cannot determine policy outcomes in this arena. This thesis challenges a theoretical perspective on public policymaking called Cosmopolitanism. Grounded in democratic and normative theory, it conceives of Global Civil Society, and NGOs in particular, as major conduits for democracy and social justice in global and/or regional governance. The thesis builds upon the insights of Constructivism to advance an alternative account of the significance of NGOs in the EU’s external trade policymaking process. In particular, it argues that epistemes, the deepest level of the ideational world, dominate the external trade policymaking process. NGOs succeed only when their attempts to achieve more democratic, just, equitable and fair external trade policies in the EU conform broadly to the dominant legal/liberal episteme. When they seek to overrule that episteme, they fail, regardless of their formal involvement in the external trade policymaking process.	PhD	equitable, trade, justice	4, 9, 16
Haqanee, Zohrah	Badali, Michele	Examining Education Outcomes for Justice-involved Youth	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2020-06	School is one of several critical points for breaking the cycle of offending. Although probation officers are addressing issues related to youths’ schooling at a greater rate than other – perhaps more pressing – criminogenic needs with which youth may present, there is limited empirical evidence to inform such practices, including what academic achievement looks like for justice-involved youth. In this dissertation I examined the school characteristics of 721 14-19-year old justice-involved youth serving probation sentences in Ontario, Canada, including relationships between demographic, criminal justice system, and school variables. Using Latent Class Analysis (LCA), I examined whether there were distinct classes of youth characterized by academic and behavioural at-risk indicators, and – if so – whether classes differed in terms of demographics, criminal justice system, and school variables. Using linear mixed effect modelling, I examined the longitudinal pattern of achievement over time, including whether achievement changed over the time spent on probation. Results indicated that youths struggled academically from the start of grade 9, with little improvement throughout high school. By age 17 they had earned, on average, a third of the credits required to graduate, and – of those old enough – only 27% actually graduated, compared to the provincial average of 82%. Compared to youth who did not complete high school, youth who graduated had fewer difficulties with family and substance abuse, more productive use of leisure time, lower levels of procriminal/antisocial attitudes, lower levels of involvement with criminally- involved peers, and less justice system involvement. Using risk indicators for school dropout found within the broader education literature, the LCA produced three classes of school risk. Classes differed in intensity of criminogenic needs and total credits earned in school. The effect of probation on credits earned over time was moderated by levels of substance abuse and antisocial peer relationships. Implications for case management of youth on probation include the potential usefulness of prioritizing criminogenic needs outside of (but related to) school in order to improve school outcomes.	Ph.D.	justice	16
Hardcastle, Lorian	Flood, Colleen M.	The Role of Tort Liability in Improving Governmental Accountabilty in the Health Sector	Law	2013-03	Over the past decade, concerns with the accessibility and quality of health services have led several individuals to bring tort claims against provincial governments. Unlike other types of health sector legal claims, which have been the subject of much commentary, this thesis provides the first treatment of the tort cases against governmental defendants. To date, Canadian courts have not been receptive to these claims, striking nearly all of them on pre-trial motions, on the basis that government defendants did not owe the plaintiffs a duty of care. In order to situate the health sector tort claims within the judiciary’s broader approach to governmental liability, I compiled a dataset of all tort cases against Canadian governmental defendants from the past decade. My dataset indicates that judges have dismissed more health sector tort claims than those arising from nearly all other sectors of government activity, even accounting for other explanatory variables. I also develop a framework to categorize the judicial approaches to the test for establishing a duty of care. Canadian judges now generally conduct a comprehensive analysis of the closeness and directness of the parties’ relationship and the policy implications of tort liability in determining whether a defendant owes a plaintiff a duty of care. However, judges adjudicating health sector claims fail to appreciate the government’s modern role in the health sector and are almost singularly concerned with the policy implications of their decisions. I conclude with two policy recommendations. First, I argue that judges should more frequently permit these claims to proceed beyond the pre-trial dismissal stage to a full trial, in order to evaluate the policy concerns both for and against governmental liability with the benefit of a full evidentiary record. Second, I argue that judges should more frequently permit health sector tort claims to proceed beyond the duty of care stage of the negligence analysis to an assessment of whether the government met the standard of care. While this approach would allow judges to scrutinize the reasonableness of the government’s decisions, improving transparency and potentially motivating an improved decision-making process, it would not necessarily lead to widespread liability.	SJD	health	3
Hardy, Billie-Jo	Daar, Abdallah	Bridging the Genomics Gap: The role of Large-scale Genotyping Projects in the Developing World and the Importance of Genomic Sovereignty	Medical Science	2012-03	In recent years, there have been several proposals for large-scale human genotyping projects in the developing world. The dissertation presented here explores the motivations, opportunities and challenges of initiating locally led, large-scale genotyping projects documenting human genomic variation in the developing world. I analyze two case studies: the Indian Genome Variation Consortium in India and the University of Cape Town, Department of Human Genetics and the African Genomics Education Initiative in South Africa. These case studies, together with similar projects in Mexico and Thailand provide compelling reasons for pursuing these projects: the potential to address local health needs and reduce health care costs; the opportunity to stimulate economic development through investments in genomic sciences, and the availability of unique population resources. In an effort to capture the value of these investments and promote an equal stake in international collaborations, Mexico and India have developed guidelines and laws to protect local human genetic material as a sovereign resource, referred to here as ‘genomic sovereignty’. Critics have suggested that it can impede international collaborations and reduce access to external funding. I provide an in depth analysis of genomic sovereignty and how it may contribute to each country’s aim of achieving health equity through investments in genomics, its relation to heritage and patrimony, and its potential limitations. The debate is critical, as the knowledge generated from large-scale human genomic research will need to be interpreted in larger international collaborative efforts before it can lead to health benefits. Qualitative case study methodology is employed and the primary data source consists of interviews conducted with key informants. The research described here provides a source of empirical description and analysis that is informing the framing of policies, principles and practices on how research infrastructure and capacity are being established for human genomic sciences in developing countries.	PhD	health, infrastructure	3, 9
Harper, Alexander	Jill, Caskey	Patronage in the re-Christianized Landscape of Angevin Apulia: The Rebuilding of Luceria sarracenorum into Civitas Sanctae Mariae	History of Art	2014-11	This dissertation examines the early fourteenth-century architecture, art, and urbanism of Lucera in Apulia, a city that for most of the thirteenth century served as the only Muslim settlement on the Italian peninsula until its violent purge and destruction by the king of Naples on August 15, 1300. As a city that was suppressed, repopulated, and rebuilt within the span of two decades, Lucera is unique and facilitates a case study that bridges scholarship on the art and architecture in southern Italy, urbanism, multiculturalism, and the emergence of states. This interdisciplinary work argues that Lucera's destruction and reconstruction were due to the rise of an Angevin state and investigates how the repopulated city's art and architecture were affected by the priorities of consolidation and centralization. This dissertation emphasizes the growth of Angevin cities as social and historical phenomena within an analysis of their built environments and the art forms that inhabited them. The most fundamental question raised is how did the emergence of the centralized Angevin crown, the same force that willed the end of Muslim Lucera and its subsequent reconstruction, affect architectural production as well as the dissemination of artistic styles throughout the kingdom? In addition, what was the relationship between arts on a smaller scale, many examples of which were "imported" from regional artistic centers, and buildings, which largely were vernacular constructions? This dissertation argues that the links between political centralization, building production, and artistic circulation within the Angevin South were inextricable. It reaches three fundamental conclusions: the development of an Angevin state meant that a large population of visible religious and ethnic minorities at Lucera was seen as detrimental to political, social, and cultural consolidation, necessitating a purge; the group of outsiders was located within an economically important region of the kingdom, prompting an immediate reconstruction to complete a network of urban centers that had begun three decades earlier; and the same commercial and diplomatic networks of which rebuilt Lucera formed one of the final pieces facilitated the circulation of materials, individual expertise, and art work employed to build, govern, and furnish the reconstructed city. In essence, this dissertation provides a history of the Angevin state through a detailed examination of Lucera's art and architecture rather than providing purely monographic histories of each object.	Ph.D.	cities, urban	11
Harris, Christopher	Sawchuk, Peter H.	The Development of Working-class Organic Intellectuals in the Canadian Black Left Tradition: Historical Roots and Contemporary Expressions, Future Directions	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2011-06	This thesis explores the revolutionary adult education learning dimensions in a Canadian Black anti-racist organization, which continues to be under-represented in the Canadian Adult Education literature on social movement learning. This case study draws on detailed reflection based on my own personal experience as a leader and member of the Black Action Defense Committee (BADC). The analysis demonstrates the limitations to the application of the Gramscian approach to radical adult education in the non-profit sector, I will refer to as the Non-Profit Industrial Complex (NPIC) drawing on recent research by INCITE Women of Colour! (2007). This study fills important gaps in the new fields of studies on the NPIC and its role in the cooptation of dissent, by offering the first Canadian study of a radical Black anti-racist organization currently experiencing this. This study fills an important gap in the social movement and adult education literature related to the legacy of Canadian Black Communism specifically on the Canadian left.	PhD	equality	5
Harris, Lucille	Coupland, Gary	Heterarchy and Hierarchy in the Formation and Dissolution of Complex Hunter-gatherer Communities on the Northern Plateau	Anthropology	2012-11	This research explores the changing nature of social organization associated with the growth and breakup of large nucleated hunter-gatherer winter settlements in the Mid-Fraser region of south-central British Columbia, ca. 2000-300 cal. B.P. It uses hierarchy and heterarchy as overarching conceptual frameworks for theorizing and evaluating structures of social and political organization. Regional radiocarbon data were used to examine issues of demography and to evaluate the role of scalar stress in producing social change in these burgeoning communities. In order to explore aspects of economic practice and wealth distribution over time artifacts, fauna, and features from sixteen different housepits from five different village sites near the present-day town of Lillooet, British Columbia were analyzed. Results suggest that the villages formed around 1800 cal. B.P. and attained peak population ca. 1200 cal. B.P. The onset of the Medieval Climatic Anomaly at that time altered resource conditions, resulting in greater reliance on mammalian rather than riverine resources. Increased pressure on these resources led to the incorporation of greater amounts of small bodied mammals after 1000 cal. B.P. Apparent declining numbers of houses within large villages after 1200 cal. B.P. suggest that village abandonment began at this time, with individual families likely settling in dispersed villages. The large villages were totally abandoned by 900-800 cal. B.P. Lack of evidence for wealth differentiation in these contexts suggest that social hierarchy based on control over access to resources never emerged in the large villages and that more egalitarian conditions prevailed. Heterarchical structures that allow for shifting balance of power between bands and individual families is argued to have characterized the shift between population aggregation and dispersal.	PhD	wealth distribution	1
Harrison, Spencer James	Ardra, Cole	Not a Freak Show, Growing up Gay in Rural Ontario: An Arts-informed Inquiry	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2014-11	Not a Freak Show: An Arts-informed Inquiry into Growing up Gay in Rural OntarioBy:Spencer James HarrisonDepartment of Leadership, Higher, and Adult EducationUniversity of TorontoAbstract This thesis provides a lens into the climate of growing up gay in rural Ontario in the 1960s and 1970s when there were no images, narratives, or roles models upon which to build one's identity. A full-sized painted circus tent forms the basis of the research and the accompanying written thesis is in the form of an artist's catalogue. Through these forms I present my narratives as a sexual minority and provide strategies for how the present climate of homophobia might be understood and shifted if different stories were created to challenge the oppressive ones that now surround and frame this population. To examine the phenomenon of growing up gay during this time period I began an Artist-in-Residency in a Toronto District School Board High School, where I used an autoethnographic methodology to paint and tell my own story, so I might hear it, share it, and investigate how I and others understand it. This studio provided a site where the narratives of my life, which homophobia had silenced and made invisible, could be revealed. Through the production of a major program of painting I challenged others' ideas of what growing up gay was like, I addressed a missing element of Canadian gay history, and I made methodological advancements through bringing together Arts-informed and Autoethnographic methodologies. Upon completing the painted project I wrote the major narratives that emerged from creating the studio space. The written thesis is presented in a storied form to make it accessible to a broad range of readers and to leave space for readers to consider their own stories. Through this research I came to understand how I made sense of my world, ways my community can change the narratives that are told about them through telling their own, and the value of art as a mechanism for social change. This research contributes to fields of art for social change, history of sexual and gender minority people, notions of belonging, and furthers Arts-informed and Autoethnographic methodologies.	Ph.D.	queer	6
Harrison, Teddy	Williams, Melissa S	Criminal Justice, Indigenous People, and Political Power in Canada	Political Science	2020-06	My dissertation contributes to the work of reconciling radically different justice concepts with a view to designing institutions that can be accepted as legitimate by Indigenous and non- Indigenous Canadians alike. The project is principally a work of political theory within Canadian politics, but it draws upon and contributes to literatures in political philosophy, empirical political science, criminology, and law. The central question of my dissertation is, how can criminal justice in Canada be rendered legitimate for Indigenous people? I argue that legitimate criminal justice is possible, but only if Canadian criminal justice practices are altered to incorporate fundamental insights from Indigenous theories of justice. Chapter two surveys the failures of Canadian criminal justice for Indigenous people, including overincarceration, underrepresentation on juries, the epidemic of missing and murdered Indigenous women, and over- and under-policing. Drawing on Indigenous voices, I argue that these are symptoms of an underlying problem: the criminal justice system is not legitimate for Indigenous people. In the third chapter, I argue that the prominent liberal theories of legitimacy that undergird the Canadian polity cannot legitimate the Canadian constitutional framework or the institutions of criminal justice. Instead, criminal justice institutions must establish a form of freestanding legitimacy by deploying practices that themselves are acceptable to Indigenous people. In chapter four I make the case that a separate system of justice for Indigenous people cannot provide legitimacy. The lives of Indigenous and non-Indigenous Canadians are sufficiently intertwined that justice problems would inevitably cross jurisdictional boundaries (defined territorially or by identity), leaving many caught in the other system. In matters of justice, separation cannot obviate the need for reconciliation. In chapter five, I work to reconcile Indigenous and non-Indigenous understandings of a concept fundamental to Canadian justice: impartiality. I develop an inclusive model of impartiality implicit in Indigenous practices of circle justice that can supplement the Canadian model of impartiality as disinterestedness. In the conclusion, I note that the level of punitiveness of Canadian justice is unjustified, and a less punitive approach for all would open up more juridical and legal space for Indigenous approaches to justice.	Ph.D.	justice	16
HASAN, MOHAMMAD	PARK, CHUL	A Systematic Study of Solubility of Physical Blowing Agents and their Blends in Polymers and their Nanocomposites	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2013-11	The solubility of a blowing agent (BA) in polymer melts is a critically important parameter affecting the plastic foams fabrication. Theoretically, cell nucleation occurs when the pressure of the polymer/gas mixture drops below the solubility pressure. For effective process design, accurate solubility data for blowing agents in polymers is necessary. However, getting more accurate solubility data is a big scarce. Through this research, it was possible to generate more accurate solubility and pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) data and to verify various equations of states (EOS). During the last two decades, due to ozone-depleting-potential (ODP) and global warming issues of BAs, the plastic foam industry has experienced serious regulatory, environmental, and economical pressures. In response to this, researchers and industry have been exploring the uses of blowing agent blends. Nevertheless, very limited fundamental research on the foaming mechanism using blowing agent mixtures has been conducted. The end results of this research is expected to provide guidance to choose the optimal composition of environmental-friendly blowing agent blends and offer insights to develop sustainable foaming technology. This thesis also highlights a comprehensive research for the PVT and solubility behavior of polymer nanocomposites (PNCs). By using the magnetic suspension balance (MSB) and PVT apparatus, it was possible to determine the solubility behavior of PNC more accurately. Fully experimental results indicated that infusion of nanoparticles decreases the volume swelling as well as solubility and diffusivity. It was hypothesized that infusion of organoclay nanoparticles generates a significant amount of solidified (solid-like) polymer near its surface and consequently reduces total absorption capacity of the system. However, it is believed that the solubility behavior of polymeric composites fully depends on the interaction or affinity between fillers (micro or nano) and gas. In other words, if the nanoparticles (such as CaCO3, aluminum oxide, tin oxide) or fillers (such as carbon black, zeolites, silica gel) are highly polar and/or porous, overall sorption (absorption + adsorption) might increase due to adsorption phenomenon. Through the solubility, PVT and modeling of nanocomposites, this research has advanced the understanding of the effect of nanoparticles on solubility that governs different physical phenomena (such as cell nucleation and, cell growth) during plastic foaming.	PhD	industr, environment, global warming	9, 13
Hasdell, Rebecca	Poland, Blake D||Mah, Catherine L	The Space in Between: Healthy Public Policy Development in Canada’s Provincial North	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2019-06	Healthy public policy is a cornerstone of public health practice, and a key strategy for creating enabling environments for health. A recent priority has been to better account for and integrate context into healthy public policy-making, including in the design, execution and evaluation of population health interventions. Healthy Public Policy may be an important tool for promoting health in the smaller cities and rural regions that comprise Canada’s Provincial North. Populations living in these regions share common health challenges and bear a disproportionate burden of poorer health outcomes compared to their urban counterparts. The objective of this research was to explore healthy public policy development for smaller cities and rural regions. An empirical focus on retail food environments in Canada’s Provincial North captured the contextual scale needed for this research aim. Through a community-university partnership in Northern British Columbia, I asked: (1) How is context accounted for and integrated in population health intervention planning? (2) What features of local context are most important to measure to build an evidence-base for action? I employed an interpretivist methodology and a mixed-methods approach, adopting a exploratory sequential design. Over the course of two years embedded in the field, I engaged in participant observation, and conducted workshops and key informant interviews to design a locally-relevant retail food environment assessment plan, then conducted environmental observation of stores to quantify features. Finally, I completed in-depth interviews with retail store operators to further examine qualitatively their experiences of contextual factors. I found that institutions, settings and communities are organized according to the regional connectedness of smaller cities and adjacent rural regions, which has implications for healthy public policy-making in Canada’s Provincial North. Regional connections engender contextual features that are important to measure and understand, but capacity challenges in public health as well as retail practice limit data collection and evidence use at this scale. Existing strategies such as partnerships and community-engagement planning utilized by public health practitioners should be preserved. Additionally, new partnerships with retailers are needed to identify contextual priorities for future action.	Ph.D.	health, cities, urban, rural	3, 11
Hasinoff, Dorothy Brenda	McDonald, Lynn	Declines and Regains in Income Status and Health Status Among Mid- and Later-life Canadians	Social Work	2015-06	As Canada's population ages, understanding the associated economic and social issues that may emerge becomes critical. This study's purpose was to investigate sociodemographic and health behaviour factors that influence income and/or health changes among Canadians in mid- and later-life. To examine these factors, logistic regression analyses were undertaken using a representative sample (n = 2,368) of Canadians, ages 40 to 59 from seven cycles (1994-1995 to 2006-2007) of longitudinal data from the National Population Health Survey. This study examined whether, for this age group, income decline was a stronger determinant of health decline (social causation) than vice versa (reverse causation). Of 382 respondents who experienced both an income and health decline, 230 experienced an income before a health decline. Several logistic regression findings supported social causation and only one supported reverse causation. Also explored by this study was the comparative influence of sociodemographic versus health behaviour factors on changes in income and health. Compared to sociodemographic factors, health behaviour factors had less influence on changes in income and health. The physical inactivity and obesity variables were infrequently statistically significant predictors of income and health changes. The drinking habits variable was frequently a statistically significant predictor of changes in income and health. A history of smoking was very frequently a statistically significant predictor--of health declines only, both income and health declines, and income declines before health declines.The factors associated with * two-fold declines (income and health) were higher income, good or very good (vs. excellent) health, being older, not having graduated from high school, and a history of smoking; * income regains were lower income, being male, younger, married, and a high school graduate; and * health regains were higher income, being neither a high school graduate nor an immigrant, never having smoked, and being a moderate or nondrinker. A better understanding of the patterns and predictors of income and health declines and regains among mid- and later-life Canadians may serve to identify opportunities to improve the future welfare of the elderly.	Ph.D.	health	3
Hathaway, Mark D.	Scharper, Stephen B.	Cultivating Ecological Wisdom: Worldviews, Transformative Learning, and Engagement for Sustainability	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2018-06	The ecological crisis—encompassing interrelated challenges like climate change, biodiversity loss, and the widening gap between rich and poor—threatens the future of entire species, ecosystems, and human civilisation. This crisis is not only a political, economic, and technological challenge, but also has roots in the way that people—particularly those living in industrialised, affluent societies—perceive their relationship to other humans, living beings, and the Earth itself. Therefore, a shift towards more ecological worldviews and the cultivation of an ecological wisdom that enables persons to perceive reality relationally and discern ecologically-appropriate actions for the common good can play a key role in addressing the crisis. Based on in-depth interviews with 24 ecological educators and activists and extensive biographical and theoretical research, this inquiry examines how ecological worldviews and wisdom may be cultivated in practice. To do so, it explores both the nature, meaning, and manifestations of ecological wisdom as well as how different significant life experiences contribute to the cultivation of ecological wisdom. Using an organic, thematic-narrative approach, the stories of the research participants are presented and analysed, endeavouring to maintain the narrative gestalts to communicate the experiences in a way that is meaningful and transformative. Ecological wisdom may be understood as a process of perceiving reality as relational and interconnected; attuning oneself to the wisdom of other beings and Earth itself; and acting cooperatively and co-creatively to bring forth an ecologically regenerative, socially just, and meaningful way for humans to live harmoniously within specific contexts. Transformative ecological learning—which reshapes consciousness, feelings, thoughts, relationships, and actions to cultivate ecological wisdom—involves a variety of processes. Primary is practicing mindfulness—while letting go of destructive habits and mentalities—to enable one to connect and relate to other beings, learn from them, and work co-creatively with them. Other key processes involve immersions into novel cultures, ecosystems, states of consciousness, and Indigenous wisdom; concretely practicing new ways of perceiving and acting; exercising imagination, art, and responsive creativity; sharing stories embodying ecological wisdom; analysing the crisis and seeking insights from scientific and traditional knowledge; and organising with others to effect transformation. La crisis ecológica no es solo un desafío político, económico y tecnológico, sino que también tiene sus raíces en la forma en que las personas - particularmente aquellas que viven en sociedades industrializadas y prósperas - perciben su relación con otros seres humanos, otros seres vivos y la Tierra misma. Por lo tanto, un cambio hacia cosmovisiones más ecológicas y la cultivación de una sabiduría ecológica que permita a las personas percibir la realidad relacionalmente y discernir acciones ecológicamente apropiadas para el bien común puede desempeñar un papel clave al abordar la crisis. Basado en entrevistas profundas con 24 educadores y activistas ecológicos, esta investigación examina cómo las cosmovisiones y la sabiduría ecológicas pueden cultivarse en la práctica. Para hacerlo, explora tanto la naturaleza, el significado y las manifestaciones de la sabiduría ecológica y al mismo tiempo cómo las diferentes experiencias de la vida significativas contribuyen a la cultivación de la sabiduría ecológica. La sabiduría ecológica puede entenderse como un proceso de percibir la realidad como relacional e interconectada; sintonizándose con la sabiduría de otros seres y la Tierra misma; y actuando de manera cooperativa y co-creativa para generar una forma ecológicamente regenerativa, socialmente justa y significativa para que los humanos vivan armoniosamente dentro de contextos específicos. El aprendizaje ecológico transformador - que transforma la conciencia, los sentimientos, los pensamientos, las relaciones y las acciones para cultivar la sabiduría ecológica - implica una variedad de procesos. Primaria es la práctica de la atención plena, mientras se libera de hábitos y mentalidades destructivas, para permitir que uno se conecte y se relacione con otros seres, aprenda de ellos y trabaje de manera cooperativa con ellos. Otros procesos claves incluyen inmersiones en culturas y ecosistemas nuevas además de estados de conciencia alternados y la sabiduría indígena; practicando concretamente nuevas formas de percibir y actuar; ejercitando la imaginación, el arte; compartiendo historias que manifiesten la sabiduría ecológica; analizar las causas profundas de la crisis; contemplando ideas del conocimiento científico y tradicional; y organizándose con otros para efectuar la transformación.	Ph.D.	educat, climate	4, 13
Hathiyani, Abdulhamid	Mirchandani, Kiran	A Bridge to Where? An Analysis of the Effectiveness of the Bridging Programs for Internationally Trained Professionals in Toronto	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2017-06	The biggest hurdle for new immigrants in Canada is their integration into the economic system. These immigrants have higher levels of education but their earnings have been lower and falling in comparison to the native-born Canadians (Akter et al., 2013; Block and Galabuzzi, 2011; Reitz, 2011). The issue of integrating Internationally Educated Professionals (IEPs) into the labour market in Canada is complex and multifaceted. In its effort to ease this gap of integration, the provincial government has invested millions of dollars to establish numerous â bridging programsâ in Ontario. These bridging programs that are supposed to integrate IEPs quickly into the labour market vary depending on the profession, service providers, their length and structure. Utilizing qualitative research and an interpretivist lens, with the help of IEPs (n=20) who have completed the bridging programs and service providers (n=8) for primary data, it has become apparent that although these programs were of benefit to some participants, they do not live up to expectations for many IEPs who continue to struggle to get employed in their profession. This thesis identifies neoliberalism, as not only an economic and political force but also a potent ideology that fosters self-blame.The bridging programs are short-term courses of varying lengths that are supposed to help IEPs address and overcome the challenges of economic integration. They may help in certain ways but are neither equipped to address, nor capable of addressing, the systemic issues of discrimination or racism, with issues of inconsistencies, instability and short sidedness surrounding them. An overall change in attitude to embrace social responsibility and renewed commitment to social justice is required by all stakeholders, if we are to address the ongoing plight of the so many IEPs who are qualified and skilled, but cannot practice in their professions.	Ph.D.	equality, labour, wage	5, 8
Hatzopoulou, Marianne	Miller, Eric	An Integrated Multi-model Approach for Predicting the Impact of Household Travel on Urban Air Quality and Simulating Population Exposure	Civil Engineering	2008-11	The population and economic growth experienced by Canadian metropolitan areas in the past twenty years, has been associated with increased levels of car ownership and vehicle kilometres travelled leading to a deterioration of air quality and public health and an increase in greenhouse gas emissions. The need to modify urban growth patterns has motivated planning agencies in Canada to develop a broad range of policies aiming at achieving a more sustainable transportation sector. The challenge however, remains in the ability to test the effectiveness of proposed policy measures. This situation has led to a renewed interest in integrated land-use and transport models to support transport policy appraisal. This research is motivated by the need to improve transport policy appraisal through the use of integrated land-use and transport models linked with a range of sub-models that can reflect transport externalities. This research starts with an exploration of the transport policy environment in Canada through a questionnaire-based survey conducted with planners and policy-makers. The survey results highlight the need for tools reflecting the sustainability impacts of proposed policies. While the second part of this research explores sustainability indicators and recommends a set of social, economic, and environmental measures, linked with integrated land-use and transport models; effort is dedicated to estimate the environmental indicators as part of this thesis. As such, the third part of this research involves the development of an emission-dispersion-exposure modelling framework. The framework includes a suite of sub-models including an activity-based travel demand model (TASHA), an emission factor model (Mobile6.2C), a meteorological model (CALMET), and a dispersion model (CALPUFF). The framework is used to estimate link-based emissions of light-duty vehicles in the Greater Toronto Area under a base scenario for 2001. Dispersion of emissions is then conducted and linked with population in order to estimate exposure to air pollution.	PhD	health, economic growth, urban, greenhouse gas, environment	3, 8, 11, 13
Hawkes, Michael	Kain, Kevin C.	Host Pathogen Interactions in Malaria and Tuberculosis: Experimental Models and Translation to Novel Adjunctive Therapies	Medical Science	2012-06	Malaria and tuberculosis together account for more than 2 million deaths worldwide each year. The present body of work examines interactions between these leading pathogens and cross-cutting themes in innate immunity to both diseases. Not only are malaria and tuberculosis important threats to public health in their own right, but malaria-tuberculosis co-infection appears to generate more severe pathology than either disease on its own, and malaria may exacerbate primary or re-activation tuberculosis (Chapter 2). Moreover, both diseases appear to share common host defense pathways, including CD36, a macrophage cell surface receptor important for innate immunity (Chapter 3). Biomarkers of host defense pathways common to both malaria and tuberculosis distinguish between clinical disease phenotypes and predict mortality in severe malaria (Chapters 4-7). Biomarker discovery led to the identification of angiopoitetin-2 (Ang-2) as a surrogate marker of disease severity in malaria and a potential therapeutic target. Nitric oxide, in addition to its antimycobacterial properties, is known to inhibit Ang-2 release from the endothelium, and is therefore hypothesized to improve outcomes in African children with severe malaria (Chapters 8 and 9). A broad range of methods are applied to address these diseases and their interactions, ranging from mammalian cell culture experiments in vitro, animal models of disease, analysis of human samples, and clinical epidemiology (randomized controlled trial). Translational aspects of this research are emphasized, outlining how advances in understanding of infectious disease pathogenesis can be applied to improved diagnosis, prognosis, and novel adjunctive therapies for two of the leading global infectious threats.	PhD	health	3
Hawkins, Naoko	Schieman, Scott	Nativity Status and the Relationship between Education and Health: The Role of Work-related and Psychosocial Resources	Sociology	2014-03	The claim of some policymakers that education is the great equalizer of socioeconomic disparities in health (Low et al. 2005) has come under question in recent years. Higher education is related to better health for both immigrants and the Canadian-born. However, immigrants experience weaker health returns to their education than the native-born (Kennedy et al. 2006). Despite the importance of this issue, the reasons for this gap are not fully understood. This dissertation integrates the immigrant health, social stress, and immigrant integration literatures to better understand this issue, using Cycles 17 and 22 of the Statistics Canada collected General Social Survey (GSS). The analyses reveal that education has a diminished effect on the self-rated health (although not stress) of immigrants, the functional limitations of established immigrants, and the happiness of recent immigrants. The reasons for this gap vary depending on the health measure. The weaker relationship between education and the functional ability of established immigrants and the happiness of recent immigrants is explained by immigrants’ lower work-related returns (employment type, occupational skill, personal income) to education. For self-rated health, the nativity status differential in the effect of education on self-rated health is rooted in immigrants’ lower work-related and psychosocial returns (mastery and trust, although not social support) to education. Since work-related and psychosocial resources are integrally linked to health, immigrants experience lower health returns to their education than the native-born. These findings make three major contributions. First, they extend the traditional understanding of the relationship between education and health (Low et al. 2005), underscoring that immigrants do not experience the same level of health benefits to their education as the native-born. Second, they augment knowledge about why immigrants experience weaker health returns to their education than the native-born: because they receive diminished employment types, occupational levels, income, mastery, and trust relative to their levels of education. Third, the results highlight that foreign education is not linked to as high mastery and trust as that of the native-born – a new finding that underscores that foreign education is not just linked to diminished work-related resources and health, but psychosocial resources as well.	PhD	socioeconomic, health, educat	1, 3, 2004
Hay, Alexander Hans	Karney, Bryan W	Post-conflict Infrastructure Rehabilitation	Civil Engineering	2019-11	The International Community’s rehabilitation paradigm for post-conflict regions has persisted since its inception for post-World War II Europe, though has yet to repeat that initial success. The nature of the post-conflict environment is different, challenging the assumptions upon which the paradigm rests. The Paris Declaration 2005 called for greater alignment of reconstruction projects with local needs, and more recent demands for greater accountability of humanitarian agencies working in post-conflict areas reflects increased frustration with this lack of success. However, the consistent challenge for all stakeholders has been a lack of common reference and the projection of assumed essential services models that can rarely adapt to local nuances. This thesis represents an investigation of the rehabilitation paradigm, explores what successful delivery looks like and how to inform its practicable attainment. Above all, any change to the existing paradigm must be readily adoptable by practitioners and this largely defines the scope of this conceptual work. It frames the nature of the rehabilitation requirements and the role of infrastructure, proposing an outcomes-based system of project measurement and a Common Operating Picture (COP) that are built on a near-real time stand-off recognition of the existing natural, built and human situation. The COP is dynamic, responsive to change, providing an auditable evidence-based common reference for all stakeholders to understand the existing situation and evaluate proposed policies and projects effects. This includes the re-discovery of long-established practices such as intelligent resourcing, as well as proposing Beneficial Capability and a unifying purpose for post-conflict infrastructure around the physical, mental and social wellbeing of the local population. Five critical components of a post-conflict rehabilitation implementation framework are proposed for improved alignment and outcomes: common reference for all stakeholders, a unifying purpose of local population health, intelligent resourcing, beneficial capability, and a system of systems view of the relationship between infrastructure and society. These will assist the infrastructure engineer in the planning and delivery of infrastructure projects, concluding that the process of project implementation is as important as its substance.	Ph.D.	infrastructure	9
Hayes, Katie	Poland, Blake	Responding to a Changing Climate: An Investigation of the Psychosocial Consequences of Climate Change and Community-based Mental Health Responses in High River	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2019-11	This dissertation explores the psychosocial consequences of climate change and psychosocial adaptation opportunities in High River, Alberta. Influenced by the theoretical approach of Political Ecology, I investigate community impacts and community-based mental health responses in High River following the 2013 Southern Alberta floods. Research methods include: a desktop climate change and health vulnerability and adaptation assessment that includes over 116 data sources; telephone interviews with key informant health and social services leaders (n = 14); four focus group sessions with front-line health and social services workers (n = 14); and, semi-structured interviews (n = 18) with a sample of community-members exposed to the 2013 flood and who self-identify in any one or more ways: female, youth, elderly, non-white, someone living in a low socio-economic status, someone with pre-existing health concerns. A total of 46 participants were recruited in this research. Results of the empirical investigation in High River are showcased in three manuscripts. The first manuscript, informed by critical Political Ecology, is an investigation of sociopolitical conditions that influence health inequities and adaptation opportunities (or lack thereof) in a changing climate in High River. The second is an empirical exploration of the long-term psychosocial consequences of the 2013 flood, relating these consequences to the broader issue of climate change and psychosocial health. The third manuscript is an exploration of how the long-term psychosocial risks and impacts of the 2013 flood are being addressed via response interventions and connecting these lessons-learned to the broader topic of climate change and psychosocial adaptation. This research suggests that a Political Ecology lens can support a critical analysis of what the environment means and to whom, with a particular focus on what adaptation to our changing climate means and to whom. Further, findings from this empirical research suggest that there are a range of psychosocial outcomes related to the 2013 Southern Alberta flood, and these outcomes continue to affect the psychosocial wellbeing of High River residents, particularly those most marginalized, five years post-flood. Findings also suggest that there are lessons-learned from High River about actions to support or enhance psychosocial adaptation to a changing climate.	Ph.D.	climate, environment, health	3, 13
Hayhurst, Lyndsay	MacNeill, Margaret ||Kidd, Bruce	“Governing” the “Girl Effect” through Sport, Gender and Development? Postcolonial Girlhoods, Constellations of Aid and Global Corporate Social Engagement	Exercise Sciences	2011-11	The “Girl Effect” is becoming a growing global movement that assumes young women are catalysts capable of bringing social and economic change to their families, communities and countries, particularly in the Two-Thirds World. The evolving discourse associated with the Girl Effect movement holds implications for sport, gender and development (SGD) programs. Increasingly, SGD interventions are funded and implemented by transnational corporations (TNCs) as part of the mounting portfolio of global corporate social engagement (GCSE) initiatives in development. Drawing on postcolonial feminist international relations theory, cultural studies of girlhood, sociology of sport and governmentality studies, the purpose of this study was to explore: a) how young women in Eastern Uganda experience SGD programs; and b) how constellations of aid relations among a sport transnational corporation (STNC), international non-governmental organization (INGO), and southern non-governmental organization (SNGO) impacted and influenced the ways that SGD programs are executed, implemented and “taken up” by young women. This study used qualitative methods, including 35 semi-structured in-depth interviews with organizational staff members and young women, participant observation and document analysis in order to investigate how a SGD program in Eastern Uganda that is funded by a STNC and INGO used martial arts to build young women’s self-defence skills to help address gender-based, sexual and domestic violence. Results revealed martial arts programming increased confidence, challenged gender norms, augmented social networks and provided social entrepreneurial opportunities. At the same time, the program also attempted to govern young women’s sexuality and health, but did so while ignoring culturally distinct gender relations. Findings also highlighted the colonial residue and power of aid relations, STNC’s brand authority over SGD programming, the involvement of Western actors in locating “authentic” subaltern stories about social entrepreneurial work in SGD, and how the politics of the “global” sisterhood is enmeshed in saving “distant others” in gender and development work. Overall, this study found that the drive for GCSE, when entangled with neo-liberal globalization, impels actors working in SGD to look to social innovation and entrepreneurship as strategies for survival in an increasingly competitive international development climate.	PhD	gender, women, innovatin	5, 9
Haynes, Kristine	Mitchell, Carl PJ	Climate Change Impacts on Mercury Cycling in Peatlands	Geography	2017-06	Climate change, through hydrological impacts and shifts in vascular plant communities, may significantly affect the strength of peatlands as sinks of inorganic mercury (Hg) and downstream sources of neurotoxic methylmercury (MeHg). Four complementary studies were conducted at the PEATcosm (Peatland Experiment at the Houghton Mesocosm Facility) and SPRUCE (Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Climatic and Environmental change) sites to investigate the anticipated effects on Hg cycling. Lowered, more variable water tables and the removal of Ericaceae shrubs in the PEATcosm mesocosms significantly enhance Hg and MeHg mobility in peat pore waters as well as export from the peat in runoff during the snowmelt period. Mercury is mobilized in association with dissolved organic carbon leached from the peat as a result of increased aerobic decomposition. Enhanced Hg and MeHg solid phase peat concentrations are observed within the zone of the lowered, fluctuating water tables due to translocation within the peat profile. This shift in peat concentrations does not correspond to any significant differences in Hg methylation or MeHg demethylation. The strongest trend of Hg deposition to peat occurs with increased sedge cover, possibly as a result of coincidental shuttling of Hg to the peat by aerenchymous tissues. Different plant functional groups alter the pathway of gaseous Hg exchange, with greater Hg sorption to leaf surfaces and accumulation in leaf tissues by stomatal uptake for the Ericaceae shrubs as compared to the sedges. Total gaseous Hg fluxes increase marginally with deep soil warming. Isotopic analyses demonstrate differences in Hg depositional sources to the two peatland sites, likely due to differences in snow accumulation, and provide insight into the mechanisms governing Hg cycling in peatlands. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that anticipated climate change may significantly affect peatland Hg mobility and cycling within and among the terrestrial, atmospheric and hydrological pools.	Ph.D.	water, climate, environment	6, 13
Hayter, Jennifer	Bohaker, Heidi	Racially "Indian", Legally "White": The Canadian State's Struggles to Categorize the Métis, 1850-1900	History	2017-11	The Canadian state has constantly been faced with a paradox: differentiated rights and regulations required it to define the boundaries of the invented category "Indian," yet it was never able to do so satisfactorily. The existence of mixed-ancestry and Métis people disrupted its seemingly clear categories of "Indian" and "White." This thesis asks three central research questions: how did the Canadian state understand the category they called "half breeds;" what cultural and intellectual ideas informed these notions; and what was their impact? There was no single meaning or understanding of the term "Half Breed," but it was in fact characterized by inconsistency, ambiguity, contradiction, and confusion. There were two significant opposing forces at play: 1) the need to consolidate the power of the emerging state, which usually meant grouping the Métis and people of mixed ancestry in with “Indians” in order to better control them, and 2) the desire to save money, which usually meant separating out “half breeds” as a way of reducing the number of status Indians (to minimize the scope of the state’s fiscal responsibilities). The Métis presented themselves as a free “civilized” Indigenous People, but for the government, the term "half breed" was most useful as a floating signifier, with no stable meaning. In an era of increasing state rationalization, the sliding signifier allowed for flexibility in otherwise rigid laws and policy, aiding the state in navigating between its often-conflicting goals. Only in a few instances did the state recognize the Métis as a distinct People. Because of discrimination and the lack of official recognition, many Métis people were dispossessed and hid their heritage. On the other hand, this very ambiguity could provide a degree of freedom, and Métis today are working to define themselves as a distinct people and to fight for their inherent Indigenous rights.	Ph.D.	rights	16
Hayward, Stephen	Wania, Frank	Fate of Current-use Pesticides in the Canadian Atmosphere	Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry	2010-11	Across Canada, and around the world, very large amounts of pesticides are produced and applied to agricultural crops each year. Although pesticide usage is declining, they are still a necessary part of industrial agriculture. Numerous pesticides have been quantified in the atmosphere, at high levels near regions of use and at lower, but still significant levels in remote regions. Some of the most persistent pesticides have been banned, but others continue to be used despite their persistence and potential for long-range transport (LRT). We have applied and refined an XAD-2 resin-based passive air sampler (PAS) to study the concentrations of pesticides in the atmosphere. A set of laboratory experiments measured the equilibria sorption coefficients for chemicals on XAD-2 resin, allowing the determination of a new predictive equation for equilibria sorption coefficients, and thus interpretation of the range of applicability of both XAD-based PAS and active air samplers (AAS). A set of field experiments were performed to compare the data obtained by both PAS and AAS, and to study the temporal trends of a wide range of pesticides in an agricultural area of southern Ontario. Because it is now apparent that XAD-PAS sampling rates can vary between compounds and with temperature, we also determined new compound-specific sampling rates for pesticides in the XAD-PAS. The XAD-PAS were deployed in two transects across Canada, one from the Great Lakes region to the Canadian Arctic, and one across southern British Columbia in four different mountain regions and at different elevations. The air concentrations of current-use pesticides were correlated with regions of their use in both transects. The variation of air concentration with elevation was correlated with local, ground-level sources in British Columbia. The LRT of pesticides was determined from the north-south transect, and correlated to their atmospheric half-lives. Historic-use pesticides such as hexachlorobenzene and hexachlorocyclohexane were found to have relatively uniform distributions in the Canadian atmosphere, while further evidence of α-hexachlorocyclohexane evaporation from oceans was observed in both transects.	PhD	agriculture	2
He, Qian	Reid, Frank ||Verma, Anil	Disadvantaged Groups in the Labour Market: Older Workers, Younger Workers, and Nonstandard Workers	Industrial Relations and Human Resources	2013-06	This dissertation examines four disadvantaged groups in the labour market from a variety of perspectives. Specifically, I looked into older workers, younger workers, nonstandard workers and female workers. In the first chapter, I examine the effects of Ontario eliminating mandatory retirement in 2006 on the labour force participation of older workers and the unemployment of younger workers. My second chapter examines the relationship between nonstandard employment and the subsequent workplace profitability. In my final chapter, I examine the interaction effect of employment status and gender on the issue of work hour mismatches. The first chapter examines the impact of recent labour policy change at a national/provincial level. I find positive and significant effects for the labour force participation rate of older workers in Ontario in the five years following the legislation change of banning mandatory retirement in Onatrio. Similar results are found for both men and women; however, the magnitude of this effect is somewhat smaller for men. In addition, the empirical analysis also reveals a short-run rise in the unemployment rate of younger workers. The second chapter examines the financial implication of nonstandard employment at an organizational level. The results suggest that nonstandard employment is positively associated with subsequent workplace profitability, after controlling for factors that might also affect profitability. Moreover, this significant positive relationship between nonstandard employment and subsequent profitability is primarily driven by capital intensive manufacturing, the real estate/rental/leasing, the retail/trade/consumer service, and the education and health services industries as well as smaller workplaces. Larger workplaces and the rest of the private sector do not display significant results. The final chapter looks into how employment status and gender systematically impact work hour preferences at an individual level. The findings indicate that there is a significant interaction effect between nonstandard employment and gender. Female nonstandard workers prefer to work more hours. Male workers, both nonstandard and standard, are more likely to prefer to work fewer or the same hours. These results conform to labour market trend of increasing labour force participation rates of females and a declining trend among males.	PhD	health, gender, women, employment, labour	3, 5, 2008
Helson, Julie Elizabeth	Williams, D. Dudley	Macroinvertebrate Community Structure and Function in Seasonal, Low-land, Tropical Streams across a Pristine-rural-Urban Land-use Gradient	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2012-11	Tropical freshwater ecosystems are understudied and not well understood relative to temperate systems; however, they are becoming increasingly imperiled by escalating anthropogenic impacts. The aim of this thesis was to investigate how tropical freshwater macroinvertebrate communities changed both structurally and functionally over a pristine-rural-urban land-use gradient, in relation to different spatial and temporal scales, as well as to the availability of potential food sources. Fifteen streams in the Panama Canal Watershed were sampled during the dry and wet seasons of 2007 and 2008, for macroinvertebrate communities (benthic and leaf litter), environmental variables, and potential food sources. Along the land-use gradient, in both habitat types, taxon richness, diversity, and evenness all decreased significantly; whereas, abundance increased significantly. For the benthic macroinvertebrate community, unique variation was explained equally well by local (water chemistry and sediment type) and landscape (riparian vegetation and watershed land use) characteristics in the dry season, and landscape characteristics explained slightly more variation in the wet season. Leaf-litter macroinvertebrate community unique variation was better explained by local variables than by landscape variables in both seasons. In terms of potential food resources, fine detritus and inorganic material were the most common across all streams (increased quantities in urban streams) and seasons; whereas, the availability of diatoms and leaf material increased in the dry season. Using gut content analyses, we found that collectors (gatherers and filterers) were by far the most common functional feeding group, increasing in abundance along the land-use gradient. Predators, shredders, and scrapers were all most abundant in pristine streams and decreased along the land-use gradient. Finally, using seven community metrices, a potential biomonitoring tool was developed, the Neotropical Low-land Stream Multimetric Index (NLSMI), which distinguished well among the different levels of stream impairment. This study demonstrated that tropical communities were negatively affected by human land alteration, but that community responses depended on the habitat sampled, the influence of different spatial scales varied between the seasons, and the effect of food resources appeared to be complex. These aspects must be taken into consideration for management decisions and restoration strategies to be effective.	PhD	water, urban, rural, environment,	6, 11, 13
Hemington, Kasey Sarah	Davis, Karen D	Neural Correlates of Pain and its Associated Clinical and Psychological Correlates in the Dynamic Pain Connectome in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis	Medical Science	2018-11	Chronic pain is a major public health issue. Despite its prevalence, the brain and behavioural mechanisms underlying chronic pain are not well understood, hampering effective treatment. Both individual factors (such as how we adapt in response to stressors), and brain function contribute to variability in pain perception. Abnormalities in brain and behaviour may indicate (mal)adaptive response or functioning in chronic pain patients. The overall goal of this thesis is to elucidate brain and behavioral mechanisms involved in pain. I first explore brain communication within and between networks of the dynamic pain connectome (default mode network; DMN, salience network; SN, sensorimotor network; SMN) that reflect chronic pain symptoms. Second, I examine how resilience – an individual’s ability to adapt well in response to stress – contributes to individual differences in pain perception. Finally, I investigate the intersection of brain communication and resilience and how this relationship is altered in chronic pain. My participants included healthy controls and patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) experiencing chronic pain. Participants underwent a resting state fMRI scan and psychophysical testing, and completed questionnaires probing resilience and other factors. I found that 1) AS patients exhibit abnormal, heightened DMN-SN cross-network functional connectivity, 2) cross-network connectivity between the DMN, SN, SMN, and descending pain system tracks AS pain-related outcomes, 3) resilience, anxiety, and their interaction predict pain-related affect in response to experimental pain stimuli, 4) AS patients reporting high pain intensity and disease activity are less resilient, 5) Chronic pain intensity is related to (heightened) DMN – SMN cross network connectivity, and 6) within-DMN connectivity tracks resilience in healthy individuals and patients reporting minimal pain. This thesis demonstrates that AS patients have chronic pain-related abnormalities between brain networks of the dynamic pain connectome, and that resilience plays a role in the pain experience and its representation in the brain.	Ph.D.	health	3
Henderson, Gail Elizabeth	Fadel, Mohammad||Lee, Ian B	A Duty to Minimize the Corporation's Environmental Impacts: Corporate Governance and Sustainable Development	Law	2014-11	The scale and scope of today's economic activity will impact the natural environment several generations into the future. Much of this economic activity is undertaken by corporations. The interests of future generations in the natural environment, which are not protected adequately by traditional forms of environmental regulations, require moving away from the shareholder primacy norm that currently dominates both academic writing and directors' understanding of corporate governance in North America. The nascent "responsible investing" movement may result in some changes to corporate behaviour, but it also is insufficient to protect the interests of future generations. For these reasons, a new legal duty imposed on corporate directors is proposed here. This duty should be enacted through the corporations statute in order to make clear the change in the duties of directors away from simply maximizing shareholder wealth. The duty would require the board of directors to minimize the corporation's environmental impacts. "Minimize" is defined as up to the point of causing "undue hardship" to the corporation's ability to generate a profit. The duty therefore requires directors to balance profitability and environmental sustainability. This balancing is inherent in the concept of sustainable development, and therefore asking directors to take on this task is necessary to achieve sustainable development. Although this proposal raises concerns regarding compliance, enforcement and accountability, these concerns are answerable.	S.J.D.	sustainable development, environment, governance	8, 13, 16
Hennessy, Dean A.	Silverman, Brian S.	External Entry and the Evolution of Clusters: A Study of the Biotechnology Industry in Canada	Management	2008-03	Building on recent work in economic geography, evolutionary economics, and international business, I examine how firms that enter from outside a region alter the knowledge and opportunity structure for potential entrepreneurial entrants and indigenous incumbents in that region. In particular, I examine the short and long run effects of both greenfield and acquisition entry on entrepreneurial entry, as well as on the exit and growth of indigenous incumbents in industry clusters. A comprehensive dataset of all firms in the Canadian biotech industry between 1976 and 2003 is used to study the dynamic effects within all regions that have experienced an external entry. The results show a complex set of processes at work. Newer greenfield and acquisition entrants have consistently opposing effects, with newer greenfields enhancing entrepreneurial entry, but dampening growth and survival of indigenous incumbents in the longer run. Older greenfields, those that have a long presence in a given region and are primarily traditional pharmaceutical firms, have a similar effect to that of acquisitions. Moreover, the level of agglomeration moderates the influence of ‘outsiders’ on the indigenous industry, especially in the case of acquisitions. The results suggest that legal constraints on labor mobility barriers have an important influence on the observed patterns. The overall patterns suggest that the search and site selection of outsiders is an important mechanism driving local industry evolution, complementary to other traditional mechanisms.	PhD	industr	9
Henry, Caitlin	Silvey, Rachel	Reproducing Care: Changing Geographies of Nursing Work in the United States	Geography	2017-06	Nurses provide essential care to people in their most vulnerable times and perform myriad tasks that support the healthcare system as a whole. In spite of their essential role, nurses in the United States have been subject to devaluation individually and systemically, through underinvestment in nurse training, understaffing of facilities, and a lack of recognition for the work that they do. This dissertation is a qualitative study of nursing work in the US, focusing on nursesâ experiences of their jobs since the 2008 financial crisis until 2014. I base my argument on interviews I conducted with 37 nurses working in New York City and St Louis, Missouri. I also analyzed a variety of texts including media stories, union publications, and discussion boards, as a complement to nursesâ own stories. I examine three means of managing nursing work: the restructuring of the built environment of health services, the lengthening of the working day, and the changing modes of measuring and counting nursing work. I demonstrate different ways and scales at which nursesâ work and working conditions are changing during a dynamic period of restructuring in US health care. By drawing on interviews with nurses working in the New York and St Louis metropolitan regions, complemented with secondary textual analyses, I examine how broader changes to the political economy of health care, specifically the built environment, shift length, and ways of measuring work, impact the mundane and everyday aspects of the nursing job. Through these three means of governing nursing work, I add texture to theories of social reproduction. Social reproduction, or the reproduction of people and of everyday life and institutions, includes historically feminized work that sustains life, such as nursing work. Health and health care work, however, are under-theorized in the social reproduction literature. This dissertation contributes to feminist geography by foregrounding nursing work and the workplace of the hospital. While there is a rich literature in geography on the global migration of nurses and on the gendered dynamics of work, few scholars have engaged with the everyday experiences of nurses in their most common worksite. Furthermore, health geography has paid scant attention to the crucial roles that health care workers play in the making of health. Therefore, in this dissertation, I contribute to these literatures by focusing on the workers, how they and their work are regulated, and their subjectivities in relation to their work as it is restructured.	Ph.D.	health, worker	3, 8
Hepburn, Nicola Celeste	David, Wolfe	Minding the Gap Between Promise and Performance: The Ontario Liberal Government's Research and Innovation Policy, 2003-2011	Political Science	2014-11	The Ontario Liberal government committed an unprecedented $3 billion between 2003 and 2011 to support research and innovation in order to drive economic growth and prosperity. Premier Dalton McGuinty established Ontario's first Ministry of Research and Innovation and appointed himself the inaugural minister, instantaneously pushing research and innovation to the top of the political agenda. Given the scale of new resources committed, Ontario's research and innovation actors intensified efforts to influence the development of research and innovation policy and secure their share of research and innovation money. This study examines the dynamism of policy development in a sector with a state that demonstrated a strong political will to advance an innovation-oriented agenda, and different groups of societal actors intent on influencing the development of that agenda and its supporting policies and initiatives. Using policy network analysis as an explanatory framework and bearing in mind the power of ideas on policy outcomes, this study explains why Ontario's Ministry of Research and Innovation policy developed the way that it did. The dissertation contends that various research and innovation actors played critical roles in ensuring that the ministry's suite of support programs maintained a supply-side innovation orientation between 2003 and 2007. However, changes in the policy network post-2008 made decision-makers more receptive to demand-side innovation programmatic ideas. And while the government introduced a small number of demand-side innovation initiatives to address recessionary concerns, Ontario's policy mix maintained a supply-side innovation bias. The dissertation identifies the factors that constrained a shift to a more demand-side innovation policy orientation, discusses the adverse impact these policy choices had on the government's efforts to realize its economic goals, and offers policy recommendations on how decision-makers can move forward towards implementing a strategic, integrated, place-based approach to policy development that will drive growth and sustainability.	Ph.D.	economic growth, innovation	8, 9
Hepburn, Shamette	Coloma, Roland S.	Residential Selection at Retirement: A Visual Ethnography Exploring the Later Life Mobilities of Jamaican Canadian Transmigrants	Social Justice Education	2018-06	This thesis focuses on the migratory life course and everyday life geographies of Jamaican Canadian older adults in order to document, analyze, and share how they sustain their social and economic wellbeing. My research questions are: What are the experiences of Jamaican Canadian transmigrant older adults who live in and across Canada and Jamaica? As racialized older adults, what factors determine their geographical options at retirement? How do systemic barriers stemming from intersections of age, race, gender, and class impact their mobility strategies and decisions? My research is informed by my preliminary empirical studies (Hepburn, 2011; Hepburn et al., 2015) and by my five-year professional background as a gerontological social worker in Toronto. To understand the life course of racialized transmigrant older adults, my study utilizes visual ethnography, operationalized as photovoice in conjunction with constructivist grounded theory methods, to advance a new theoretical framework propitious for social work practice. To address the study’s central questions, my data collection took place in Toronto, Canada and in Trelawny and Manchester, Jamaica. I examined the lives and living conditions of 12 Jamaican Canadian older adults categorized into three groups: those who decided to stay in Canada permanently; those who reside in both Canada and Jamaica; and those who returned to Jamaica permanently. For feasibility, data from five participants who represented information-rich cases were selected for this thesis. In what is largely a critique of mainstream social gerontology and migration studies, I propose a “critical transnational ethnogerontology framework” based on the ways in which Jamaican Canadian older adults navigate transnational spaces. This framework is generative for social work because it broadens the gerontological imagination and revises social work’s theoretical, methodological and practice models that are bounded within the nation-state and linear conceptions of the life course. Transmigrant mobility presents social workers with challenges, such as how to deliver services to older adults who move between countries, what their needs are, and how to develop support networks beyond a singular state. My study provides a new theoretical framework, relevant empirical data, methodological innovation, and policy and practical recommendations for the later life adaptations of transmigrant racialized older adults to an increasingly insecure, globalized world.	Ph.D.	well being	3
Heppner, Denise Hudspith	Peterson, Shelley S	Case Study of an Indigenous Teacher’s Writing Instruction: Tensions and Negotiations Among Western Discourses of Writing and 8 Ways Aboriginal Principles	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2020-06	This research investigated an Indigenous teacher’s pedagogy in a rural First Nation school in order to gain insight into culturally responsive writing instruction. Pre-service and in-service educators have identified significant challenges in the teaching of writing, feeling unprepared and/or lacking confidence to teach this essential skill. Additionally, many teachers feel uncomfortable and/or ill-equipped to incorporate Indigenous content and perspectives into their classrooms. Resulting from generations of on-going colonial oppression, educational disparities in literacy development have been identified between Indigenous and non-Indigenous students. Along with a focus on traditional language and cultural revitalization, Indigenous families in Canada have advocated education for their children in the dominant literacy practices of schooling. With a growing Indigenous population, educators are seeking ways to respectfully and successfully integrate cultural perspectives, content, and traditional ways of knowing/learning into their classrooms. This study addressed the paucity of research on writing development in Canada conducted within rural areas and with Indigenous Peoples. Case study methodology was utilized. Qualitative data was collected and analyzed in the form of classroom observations, formal and informal interviews, and collection of artifacts (e.g., student writing, curricular resources, etc.). An initial objective of this study was to identify which of six evidence-based discourses of writing (Ivanić, 2004) were employed in the teacher’s instructional approaches and beliefs about writing instruction. Findings revealed that she utilized all six at varying times over the course of the classroom observations, reflecting a comprehensive approach to teaching writing. Tensions were revealed between conflicting discourses, some remained unresolved while others were successfully negotiated. The second question in this study sought to determine which of the 8 Ways Aboriginal pedagogies (Yunkaporta, 2009) did the teacher utilize in her writing instruction. In addition to incorporating local cultural content she utilized all instructional methods identified through the 8 Ways framework. Examination of classroom practices revealed an overlap between Western discourse theory and the Indigenous 8 Ways pedagogy framework. Utilization of Indigenous instructional strategies directly address the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada’s (2015d) call to action regarding the integration of Indigenous knowledge and teaching methods into classrooms.	Ph.D.	inclusive	4
Herath, Sreemali	Gagné, Antoinette	Teachers as Transformative Intellectuals in Post-conflict Reconciliation: A Study of Sri Lankan Language Teachers' Identities, Experiences and Perceptions	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2015-06	The UNDP (2005) notes the twentieth century as one of the bloodiest in human history. It has been defined by wars between countries and regions, as well as conflicts within countries. As members of the global community, it is hard for educators not to encounter the effects of violence and war in different forms in local and professional contexts. Set against the aftermath of one of the longest civil wars in recent times, this study explores what three Sri Lankan teacher education programs in the National Colleges of Education (NCOE) are doing to prepare prospective English language teachers to teach in a time of post-conflict reconciliation. This qualitative study was conducted in three teacher education programs in the Western, Central and Northern Provinces of Sri Lanka and includes the voices and perceptions of culturally and linguistically diverse teacher candidates and teacher educators. Most of the war zone was located in northern Sri Lanka. In particular, this study focuses on teacher candidates' identities, their experiences within the program and with diversity, their understanding of diversity as well as their roles and responsibilities when teaching socially and culturally diverse learners. This qualitative research inquiry utilizes a blend of narrative and case study methodologies, and includes a variety of traditional data sources such as semi-structured face-to-face interviews, formal and informal observations, and document analysis, as well as non-traditional methods such as picture descriptions, identity portraits and mind maps generated by the teacher candidates. The research is informed primarily by a group of focal participants comprised of 12 teacher candidates (4 from each program). Their voices are complemented by a peripheral group of 16 teacher candidates and 9 teacher educators from the three teacher education programs, thus providing a rich understanding of how Sri Lankan English language teachers experience the process of becoming teachers. An integrated conceptual framework based on notions of pedagogical orientations (Cummins, 2009; Miller and Seller, 1990; Miller, 2007, 2010) support the analysis of teacher candidates' diverse perspectives and experiences relevant to curricular practices in their teacher education program. Additional concepts and theories are considered to allow for a more textured understanding of the prospective teachers' identities, the nature of their experiences in the program and their perceptions of their own roles as future teachers. These include post-structuralist identity theory (Clarke, 2009; Norton Pierce, 1995; Norton, 2000), social justice teacher education (Cochran-Smith, 2004; Zeichner, 2009, 2011) and culturally relevant pedagogy (Gay, 2000, 2002). The findings of the study highlight the promise of language teacher education programs to create conditions for teacher candidates to become transformative intellectuals (Giroux, 1985) in the larger post-conflict reconciliation process underway in Sri Lanka.	Ph.D.	justice	16
Herrera Vacaflor, Carlos Alejandro	Cook, Rebecca J	Obstetric Violence in Argentina: a Study on the Legal Effects of Medical Guidelines and Statutory Obligations for Improving the Quality of Maternal Health	Law	2015-11	Obstetric Violence is a pervasive phenomenon that affects women’s maternal health worldwide. It has been recognized by the WHO that abusive and disrespectful treatment in facility-based childbirth is a contributing factor in maternal and infant mortality, and the global community has adopted steps in attempting to identify and eliminate all forms of obstetric violence. Within Latin America, Argentina has taken proactive measures legislating the proscription of obstetric violence. This thesis seeks to examine the development of the concept of Obstetric Violence in Argentina, its organic evolution from internal medical regulations and guidelines to national legislation. The thesis will also track evidence about the degrees of success that Obstetric Violence definition, assessment and regulation have had in preventing violations of women’s rights—both on a practical level and in the legal redress of these rights through tort claims.	LL.M.	health, women, rights	3, 5, 16
Herstein, Lesley Maureen	Adams, Barry J	The Water Provision System: Developing and Applying a Conceptual Systems Framework for Provincial and State Water Provision Dynamics	Civil Engineering	2015-11	Societal systems are complex networks of actors, institutions, policies, and technologies that evolve over time to service the needs of the public. Such a system exists for the public provision of water and can be referred to as the water provision system. The ultimate goal of a given water provision system is to provide safe water to the public at an acceptable level of service in a financially sustainable manner. The failure to fulfill this mandate is a failure of the water provision system as a whole, which can threaten public health and safety, and economic and political stability. Without a shared understanding of the complex dynamic behaviour of the water provision system, uncertainty can overwhelm stakeholders and undermine the decision- making process. This can result in short-term solutions that do not take into account the long- term needs of the water provision system and can result in the failure to provide this important service in the future. This thesis demonstrates the value of creating a shared conceptual understanding of the water provision system. A conceptual model is developed to describe the water provision system in the context of Canadian and American water provision. The value of such a model is exhibited by (i) applying the model to explain systemic challenges associated with the current water provision system; (ii) proposing an alternative water provision system that can potentially address these issues; and (iii) proposing a pathway for the transition from the current to the proposed alternative water provision system. Overall, this thesis explores the systemic origin of issues that have, over decades, manifested within the water provision system and stand to ultimately threaten its existence. Therefore, the work presents a pathology of water provision system challenges in an effort to meaningfully understand and address the systemic cause of these issues.	Ph.D.	water	6
Hervas, Anastasia	Isakson, Ryan	The Socio-ecological Ramifications of Boom Crops: Examining the Impacts of Oil Palm Expansion upon Food System Vulnerability in the Lachuá Ecoregion, Guatemala	Geography	2019-11	Integration of contract farmers into oil palm production schemes has been advocated as a strategy for spurring rural development and improving food security in the global South. In Guatemala, oil palm contract farming has been promoted through a contentions government program, which has led to rapid expansion of the crop in the country’s northern lowlands, including the Lachuá Ecoregion where this study is set. In this thesis, the socio-ecological food systems framework is used to demonstrate ways in which oil palm expansion has altered food system vulnerability and adaptation capacity in an oil-palm dominated community in the Lachuá Ecoregion, as compared to a neighbouring community with minimal oil palm presence and prevalent staple maize farming. Effects of oil palm on local land transactions, employment, and household income are examined in relation to cross-scalar dynamics of self-provisioning and market-provisioning of food. Ecological variables including the conditions of forests, water, and soil nutrient cycling are also considered as they lead to changes in local food access and consumption patterns, notably the reduced consumption of fresh vegetables, fruits, and herbs. This study challenges the official narrative that smallholder oil palm cultivation catalyses rural development, improves food security, and deters peasant land sales. Results indicate that oil palm expansion has accelerated land sales and put pressure on subsistence farming, while providing limited benefits to the host community – namely non-inclusive and precarious jobs. At the same time, it exacerbated many existing food system vulnerabilities, such as degraded soils and shrinking forest resources, and introduced new ones, including increased exposure to global commodity shocks. The study concludes that, in the absence of profound efforts to address the underlying causes of food system vulnerability, the promotion of cash crops like oil palm will exacerbate inequalities in food access and weaken the food system overall.	Ph.D.	food, water, employment, rural	2, 6, 8, 11
Hewer, Micah Joel	Gough, William A	Weather, Climate (Change) and Zoo Visitation: A Case Study of the Toronto Zoo (Ontario, Canada)	Geography	2016-11	The statistical relationship between weather, climate and zoo visitation was determined and the impact of projected climate change was assessed, based on a case study of the Toronto Zoo (Ontario, Canada). This research was conducted in three independent study stages. The first study determined the weather sensitivity and temperature thresholds associated with visitation to the zoo, based on a statistical analysis of historical data. Temperature was found to be the most influential weather variable, positively affecting daily zoo visitation; however, when temperatures exceeded 26 째C in the shoulder season or 28 째C in the peak season, negative effects on visitation were observed. The second study used a modelling approach to assess the impact of projected climate change on future visitation to the zoo. The output from a series of seasonal multivariate regression models suggests that annual visitation to the zoo will likely increase over the course of the 21st century due to projected climate change. The main increases in visitation were projected during the shoulder seasons, with some potential losses during the peak season, especially if warming exceeds 3.5 째C. The third study used a multi-year temporal climate analogue approach to explore zoo visitor responses to seasonal climatic anomalies and reassess the impacts of projected climate change on zoo visitation. When anomalously warm winters and springs occurred within the historical record, total zoo visitation in those seasons increased significantly. Conversely, when anomalously warm summers occurred, visitation decreased significantly. Temperature anomalies in the autumn season did not result in any significant differences in visitation. Zoo visitation was determined to be highly weather sensitive, with both the modelling and analogue approaches suggesting that projected climate change will have significant but disparate impacts on visitation across the seasons, demonstrating both opportunities and threats for zoo managers and city planners.	Ph.D.	climate	13
Higginbottom, Katie	Ryan, James	Women Directors of Education: Policy Consequences, Gender Perspectives and Leadership Strategies	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2018-06	This study presents a qualitative analysis exploring how women Directors of Education in Ontario (English) public school boards manage the pressures of leadership. Alongside this analysis is a concurrent exploration of the effects the Ontario government’s 1993 PPM 102: Affirmative Action/Employment Equity for Women Employees policy had on women Directors of Education in Ontario (English) public school boards. Data collection includes 12 interviews of women Directors of Education in Ontario (English) public school boards. The study revealed a complex relationship between women Directors of Education in Ontario (English) public school boards and their discrimination experiences. Participants denied experiencing discrimination, despite describing instances of clear discrimination. Dropping out of the study or altering their original interviews silenced some women. Gender microaggressions were also apparent throughout the interviews. Additionally, participants denied ever experiencing pressures associated with their gender. Strategies for coping with the pressures of leadership are designed to deal with pressures associated with the board of trustees, board staff, the public and church clergy. Strategies Directors of Education used to manage these pressures were categorized into three groups: strategies for personal success; micropolitical strategies in the workplace and strategies for managing home life and professional life. Fifty percent of participants described formal/informal hindrances in managing the pressures of leadership, while 100% of participants described formal/informal supports, which aided their management of the pressures of leadership.The study also revealed that most participants identified either an indirect effect or a direct effect of PPM 102 on their career; seven noted an indirect effect, and 1 a direct effect. Four noted no effect at all on their career.	Ph.D.	gender, women	5
Hill, Jenny Charlotte	Drake, Jennifer A||Sleep, Brent	Designing Green Roofs for Low Impact Development: What Matters, and Why?	Civil Engineering	2017-06	This thesis assesses the performance of green roofs primarily as hydrologic systems and as components in biogeochemical cycles; asking: What are they made from? Which design parameters are most influential? What are the relative impacts? Can the findings be explained? A multivariate experiment (n = 24) at the Green Roof Innovation Testing laboratory (GRITlab) between May 2013 - April 2015 revealed that irrigation has the greatest effect on annual runoff coefficient, compared to type of planting medium or planting depth (đ ĽĚ = 0.5). Switching between Sedum. or native species planting made no significant difference. NRCS curve numbers (đ ĽĚ = 90) and peak runoff coefficients (đ ĽĚ = 0.1) were considered robust, unchanging with any of the design factors. Water extractable total phosphorus in 3.5-year-old media had been unaffected by irrigation, depth or planting compared to the overall difference between the compost or mineral basis (90 ppm and 46 ppm respectively). Electrical conductivity was higher in water discharged from the mineral media; in situ measurements are highly variable, complicated by the heterogeneity of the materials. Higher concentrations of humic acids were found at in the water discharged from the compost. The water retention curve (WRC) of ten media components and mixtures were used to explore the bi-modal distribution of inter-particle voids and intra-particle pore spaces and to explain why the non-linear storage capacity of the materials. The water retention capacity was inversely related to saturated hydraulic conductivity; both macroscale properties were highly dependent on the size of the lowest decile fraction of particle sizes. Media components with high organic matter content were assessed for wettability using contact angle measurements. Past and current practices in green roof construction were considered by sampling media from thirty-three green roofs. Most planting media were compost based with high organic matter (OM), or mineral based with very low OM. Bulk density, particle density and porosity were all dependent on OM, as were the hydrological properties of water retention capacity and permeability. An average 10% loss of depth was observed across all installations regardless of their age or organic matter content.	Ph.D.	innovation	9
Hlevca, Bogdan	Wells, Mathew G	Influence of Hydrodynamic Events on Circulation and Thermal Habitat in Coastal Embayments of the Great Lakes	Physical and Environmental Sciences	2016-06	Coastal embayments act as the main interface between urban and agricultural run-off and the waters of the Great Lakes. They make a large contribution to the water quality of the Great Lakes for their size. Given the relentless urbanization occurring in Ontario, it is now critical to understand how water circulation within these confined coastal bays determines the health of the aquatic ecosystem. This research tackles three interconnected aspects of embayment physics and littoral circulation. First, the mechanisms that contribute to the flushing of coastal embayments are assessed. Lake water level fluctuations provide an important role in flushing shallow coastal embayments in the Great Lakes, especially if the embayment has a resonant response. Specifically, long-period waves can excite resonance in coastal embayments, which greatly increases the flushing rates. Three shallow coastal embayments of Lake Ontario and Lake Huron are analyzed and the difference in their responses to similar long-period waves is found to be explained by resonance. Second, water stratification and its effect on the physical processes in coastal embayments is studied. Toronto Harbour, which is taken as a case study, is characterized by considerable thermal variability as a result of diurnal heat fluxes and large amplitude movements of the thermocline of Lake Ontario. During the ice-free period an array of benthic and surface temperature loggers were deployed to obtain the spatio-temporal distribution of water temperatures. Cold intrusions were found to quickly flow from the lake into the harbour and lead to rapid drops in temperature that may be associated with a variety of negative effects on many aquatic organisms. Finally, frequent water level oscillations are shown to drive significant exchange between Toronto Harbour and Lake Ontario. Analysis of water currents, water levels and temperatures is used to determine the hydrodynamic characteristics of the lake-harbour system and demonstrate that strong water level fluctuations with a period of one-hour dominate the exchange flows in the shallow embayments of the harbour, which is in contrast to the conventional wisdom that water circulation in coastal embayments of the Great Lakes is always dominated by baroclinic processes driven by differential heating or upwelling events.	Ph.D.	water	6
Ho, Elise	Gough, William A.	Chldren's Ideas About Climate Change	Geography	2009-03	This thesis examines children’s (aged 11-12) ideas about climate change. Seventh grade children in 9 schools in Ontario were interviewed and submitted illustrated responses about climate change over a one year period of data collection. Qualitative grounded theory was used to allow themes from the data to emerge, and the use of computer software, NVivo7, was used to code and classify themes. The data were analyzed to answer three main research questions. First, the thesis explored if there were common similarities or differences between the children’s and adults’ responses (as gained from the literature). Second, children’s responses were grouped by geographical location. These locations included rural, urban, and suburban school. This was conducted in order to determine if any group differences exist among children in these three areas. The study found that children’s and adults perceptions are quite similar, and that in some situations, both groups tend to use substitution of other environmental knowledge (cultural models) in lieu of knowledge of climate change but that children also tended to use different cultural models to explain their ideas about climate change. The thesis concluded that no group differences existed among rural, urban, and suburban children and children in all groups tended to have much more detailed knowledge of mitigation strategies than the effects and causes of climate change. The thesis also concluded that a new educational framework, modeled after the Causes, Effects, and Mitigation Strategies of Climate Change (CEM Framework) ought to be used to redistribute this knowledge across these three areas.	PhD	climate	13
Ho, Lok See	Baumann, Shyon ||Wheaton, Blair	On Cultural Capital: Fine Tuning the Role of Barriers, Timing and Duration of Socialization, and Learning Experiences on Highbrow Musical Participation	Sociology	2012-06	Recent research in the sociology of culture has placed significant focus on musical taste and practices. This research agenda has ushered an understanding of the relationship between social class and cultural consumption, and particularly, the implications that patterns of cultural preferences and practices have on social inequality. A frontrunner in this line of work is Bourdieu (1984), who offers a sophisticated and useful theoretical framework—the Cultural Capital Theory—to illuminate the role of culture and its consumption in society. Written as three publishable papers, the chapters use empirical evidence to explore three issues surrounding highbrow musical practices that enrich Bourdieu (1984)’s framework. The first paper (Chapter 2) examines the role of structural and personal barriers in blocking attendance to highbrow concerts. It takes as a starting point Bourdieu (1984)’s argument that upper class individuals are more likely to attend classical music and opera concerts than their lower class counterparts, and questions whether these distinct patterns of participation are attributable to the different barriers that each class faces. The second paper (Chapter 3) offers a sophisticated analysis of the impact of socialization on highbrow concert attendance. By innovatively integrating the concepts of timing and duration, hallmarks the Life Course Perspective, I map out the potentially dynamic nature of the socialization process. In doing so, I illustrate the varying implications that different timing and duration of exposure has on later life highbrow concert participation. The last paper (Chapter 4) investigates the process of socialization to understand what conditions present during this crucial period in time encourage persistence in highbrow musical practices. I find that engaging in interactions that allow one to experience positive emotional resonance, develop a musical identity, and feel a sense of autonomy over musical decisions lead to the propensity to remain engaged in musical activities throughout life.	PhD	equality, consum	5, 12
Hoch, Laura Brennan	Ozin, Geoffrey A	Functional Nanomaterials for Gas-phase Heterogeneous Photocatalysis: Toward Efficient Solar Fuel Production	Chemistry	2016-06	Harnessing abundant solar energy to facilitate the capture and conversion of greenhouse gas CO2 into carbon-based fuels and chemical feedstocks represents a significant scientific challenge with implications for both climate change and sustainable energy production. Herein, we have demonstrated that highly defected indium oxide, In2O3-x(OH)y, nanoparticles can function as effective gas-phase photocatalysts for CO2 reduction to CO via the reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction. Significantly we have found that the presence of both oxygen vacancies and surface hydroxide groups are necessary to facilitate the reaction. Using transient absorption spectroscopy we demonstrated that these defects play a significant role in the excited state charge relaxation pathways, with higher defect concentrations resulting in longer excited state lifetimes, which is attributed to electron and hole trapping in oxygen vacancies and surface hydroxide groups, respectively. This supports the proposed surface Frustrated Lewis Pair (FLP) reaction mechanism, in which a surface active site composed of a Lewis acidic, coordinatively unsaturated indium atom, created by the presence of an oxygen vacancy, adjacent to a Lewis basic hydroxide, assists the adsorption and heterolytic dissociation of H2, which then enables the adsorption and reaction of CO2 to form CO and H2O. Preliminary results indicate that photogenerated electron and hole localization in these defects enhances their Lewis acidity and basicity, lowering the activation energy for the RWGS reaction under illumination. Finally, we demonstrated that by evenly dispersing In2O3-x(OH)y nanoparticles on vertically aligned silicon nanowires (SiNW), we can increase reaction rates by improving reflective losses and facilitating light trapping in the region of the solar spectrum where In2O3-x(OH)y absorbs. Further, by using the photothermal properties of the SiNWs, the light energy not absorbed by In2O3-x(OH)y can be converted into localized heat energy, removing the need for external heating and improving the overall energy efficiency of the process.	Ph.D.	energy, solar, greenhouse gas	7, 13
Hoe, Alice	Boyd, Monica	Working in ‘Bad Jobs’: Immigrants in the New Canadian Economy	Sociology	2017-11	Beginning in the late 1960s, the Canadian economy experienced two significant changes: the growth of immigrants from non-traditional source regions and major economic restructuring. The work transformation significantly undermined the quality of work, leading to a growing number of ‘bad jobs’, characterized by low wages, lack of fringe benefits, and declining union coverage. The literature on work transformation, however, relies primarily on macro-level theorizing, and pays less attention to how new forms of inequality emerge from these changes. Alternatively, studies on immigrants’ economic integration tend to rely on single-dimension, orthodox indicators of economic outcomes, such as earnings, and many do not incorporate the context of the new economy. Among the studies that do, the use of small samples and qualitative measures limit the ability to identify patterns of inequality. My dissertation fills this gap in the literature by bringing together these two intricately intertwined, yet disparate sets of literature. I analyze how job quality differs significantly by nativity status and demonstrate immigrants’ overrepresentation in ‘bad jobs’. I study immigrants’ disadvantage on three levels, in three independent papers: 1) likelihood of engaging in ‘bad jobs’, 2) differential long-term outcomes of engaging in ‘bad jobs’, and 3) household-level inequalities based on job quality and nativity status of the household head. I analyze the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics, using both cross-sectional and panel data, as well as household-data, which I constructed from cross-sectional individual files. I find that immigrants experience significant disadvantage in the new Canadian economy: they are more likely to work in ‘bad jobs’ and stay in ‘bad jobs’ than the Canadian-born. These individual-level inequalities also translate to household-level inequalities in terms of likelihood of living low-income. The results from this dissertation draw attention to stratification within the new economy and incorporates the context of the new economy into the study of immigrant integration.	Ph.D.	equality, labour, wage, inequality	5, 8, 10
Hoffmann, Florian	Oreopoulos, Philip ||Shi, Shouyong	Essays on Human Capital, Wage Dispersion and Worker Mobility	Economics	2011-06	This dissertation is comprised of three papers. In Chapter 1 I analyze if career heterogeneity in terms of life-cycle earnings, occupational mobility and unemployment is predominantly driven by skills acquired prior to labor market entry or by decisions made and shocks accumulated over the working life. My study is based on a Dynamic Discrete Choice model that enriches the proto-typical dynamic Roy-model with a number of potentially important sources of career heterogeneity, such as match heterogeneity and permanent shocks to skills. I find that a large fraction of life-cycle income inequality is driven by match heterogeneity among workers with the same observable and unobservable credentials. Differences in comparative advantages, though quantitatively important as well, have a much smaller impact than what has been found in research that relies on estimates from more restrictive dynamic Roy models. In Chapter 2 I estimate a flexible non-stationary variance components model of residual earnings dynamics and investigate if recent increases in residual inequality are caused by an increase of the variances of permanent, persistent or transitory shocks. My results suggest that underlying sources of increasing wage inequality are very different across education groups. Most importantly, only the lesser educated experience a large increase in earnings instability. Chapter 1 and 2 utilize a unique administrative data set from Germany that follows workers from the time of labor market entry until twenty-three years into their careers. In the last chapter I investigate empirically if a particular set of pre-labor market skills – namely university student achievement – can be fostered by assigning male teachers to male students and female teachers to female students. I find that being taught by a same-sex instructor helps students to improve their relative grade performance and the likelihood of completing a course, but the magnitudes of these effects are small.	PhD	equality, employment, worker, inequality	5, 8, 10
Hojati, Zahra	Wane, Njoki	Ironic Acceptance – Present in Academia Discarded as Oriental: The Case of Iranian Female Graduate Student in Canadian Academia	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2011-06	The purpose of this research is to examine the experiences of first-generation, highly educated Iranian women who came to Canada to pursue further education in a ‘just’, ‘safe’, and ‘peaceful’ place. The research has revealed that these women who were fleeing from an ‘oppressive’ and ‘unjust’ Iranian regime face new challenges and different forms of oppression in Canada. This dissertation examines some of the challenges that these women face at their place of work and/or at graduate school. The research findings are based on narratives of eleven Iranian women who participated in in-depth interviews in the summer of 2008. These women, whose ages range from 26 to 55 and are of diverse marital status, all hold an academic degree from Iran. They were also all enrolled in different graduate schools and diverse disciplines in Ontario universities at the time of the interviews. The research findings indicate that their presence in Canada became more controversial after the September 11, 2001 attack on the World Trade centers in New York. Historically, the social images imposed on Middle Eastern women derive from the Orientalism that arose following the colonization of the Middle East by Western imperialists. The perpetuation of such images after the 9/11 attack has created a harsh environment for the participants in this research. After 9/11 most immigrants from the Middle East were assumed to be Muslim and Arab, which many North Americans came to equate with being a terrorist. In order to analyze the participants’ voices and experiences, I have adopted a multi-critical theoretical perspective that includes Orientalism, anti-colonialism and integrative anti-racist feminist perspectives, so as to be equipped with the tools necessary to investigate and expose the roots of racism, oppression and discrimination of these marginalized voices. The findings of this research fall under six interrelated themes: adaptation, stereotyping, discrimination, being silenced, strategy of resistance, and belonging to Canadian society/ graduate school. One of the important results of this research is that, regardless of the suffering and pain that the participants feel in Canadian graduate school and society, they prefer to stay in Canada because of the socio-political climate in Iran.	PhD	women, inclusive	4, 5
Holland, Emily	Rogers, Tracy	Bringing Childhood Health into Focus: Incorporating Survivors into Standard Methods of Investigation	Anthropology	2013-11	The osteological paradox addresses how well interpretations of past population health generated from human skeletal remains reflect the health of the living population from which they were drawn. Selective mortality and hidden heterogeneity in frailty are particularly relevant when assessing childhood health in the past, as subadults are the most vulnerable group in a population and are therefore less likely to fully represent the health of those who survived. The ability of subadults to represent the health of those who survived is tested here by directly comparing interpretations of childhood stress based on non-survivors (subadults aged 6-20,14 females and 9 males) to those based on retrospective analyses of survivors (adults aged 21-46, 26 females and 27 males). Non-survivors and survivors were directly matched by birth year, using the Coimbra Identified Skeletal Collection; therefore interpretations of childhood stress reflect a shared childhood. Long bone and vertebral canal growth, linear enamel hypoplasia, cribra orbitalia, porotic hyperostosis, scurvy indicators and periosteal bone reactions were assessed for both groups. Overall, long bone growth generates the same interpretation of health for both non-survivors and survivors, and both groups exhibit the same range of stress (mild to severe), but the pattern of stress experienced in childhood differs between the two groups. Female survivors reveal different timing of stress episodes and a higher degree of stress than female non-survivors. Male survivors exhibit less stress than male non-survivors. These different patterns suggest that interpretations based solely on non-survivors would under-represent the stress experienced by female survivors and over-represent the stress experienced by male survivors, further demonstrating the importance of addressing issues of selective mortality. In addition, these different patterns suggest that hidden heterogeneity of frailty may be sex specific where males are more vulnerable to stress and females more able to develop resistance to stress and survive.	PhD	health	3
Holmes, Krista M.	Janzen, Katharine	Research Ethics in the Ontario College Sector: An Exploratory Descriptive Study of Governance and Administrative Frameworks	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2016-06	The purpose of this study was to explore the existing frameworks for the governance and administration of research ethics policies and practices in place at the Ontario Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology (CAATS), and to identify implications for policy and practice related to the future governance and administration of research ethics at Ontario CAATs. This study examined four key areas associated with the management of compliance with ethics principles related to research conducted at the 22 English language Ontario colleges: the history of the establishment of Research Ethics Boards in the Ontario college sector; what currently exists, in terms of relevant policies, processes, funding and infrastructure at participating colleges; what currently works within the sector, to ascertain areas for improvement; and implications for future policy and practice. Lewin's (1947a) Theory of Planned Change formed the basis of the theoretical framework for this study. College employees responsible for the administration of research ethics and REB Chairs at the participating colleges were the key informants; research ethics administrators from all 22 English language colleges in Ontario were invited to complete an online questionnaire, and interviews were conducted with eight REB Chairs or their designate from a stratified purposeful sample of the English language colleges. The conclusions drawn from this study suggest that numerous driving and restraining forces exist to support and challenge the governance and administration of research ethics at participating colleges, and that these forces can be effectively addressed to improve the governance and administration of research ethics across the Ontario college sector. The study findings may inform policy and practice that could enhance the governance and administration of research ethics for the ultimate benefit of enhancing the culture of applied research and innovation, not just at the colleges that participated in this study, but also at other colleges and institutes across Canada and internationally that may face similar challenges.	Ph.D.	governance	16
Holyoke, Paul	Deber, Raisa Berlin	Behaviour in a Canadian Multi-payer, Multi-provider Health Care Market: The Case of the Physiotherapy Market in Ontario	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2009-06	This is a study of several contentious issues in Canadian health policy involving the interaction of public and private payers and for-profit (FP) and not-for-profit (NFP) providers; the influence of health professionals on market structure; and the role of foreign investment. A case study was used, the Ontario physiotherapy market in 2003-2005, with its complex mix of payers and providers and foreign investment opportunities. Key market features were: fragmented but substantial payer influence, effective though uncoordinated cost control across payers, constrained labour supply, and fragmented patient referral sources. These features increased the complexity of providers’ interactions with patients and payers, reducing standardization and therefore favouring local, professional-owned small business FP providers (FP/s) for ambulatory care. NFP Hospitals’ market share declined. The findings generally confirmed expected behavioural differences between FP and NFP providers but expected differences between investor-owned FP providers (FP/c) and FP/s providers were not generally found. FP/s dominated the market, and FP/c providers appeared to mimic FP/s market behaviours, competing in local sub-markets. With no single or dominant payer, cost control difficulties were expected, but all 11 payer categories (public and private) used various cost control mechanisms, resulting in significant collective but uncoordinated influence. Generally, no payer alone supported a provider’s operations. The dominant labour suppliers, regulated physiotherapists, were scarce and exerted significant pressure, affecting market structure by asserting individual preferences and professional interests. FP/s dominance resulted, supported by the traditional patient referral source, physicians in small practices. Very little foreign investment was found despite little protection for domestic providers under NAFTA. In sum, this study showed FP and NFP provider stereotypes are subject to payer pressure: FP/c organizations can adapt by mimicking FP/s, and payers can modify NFPs’ assumed community orientation. Labour shortages and historical referral patterns can make individual professionals and their preferences more influential than their collective profession without diminishing the importance of professional interests. The degree and structure of payer control can make a market unattractive to foreign investors. Finally, this market – neither a planned or standard market – had a service provision pattern more broadly influenced by professionalism and practitioner interests than policies or prices.	PhD	health	3
Hong, Qing	Smart, Michael	International Taxation and Income-shifting Behaviour of Multinational Corporations	Economics	2010-11	This thesis examines the income-shifting behaviour of multinational corporations when they are facing international corporate income tax rate differentials. Multinational corporations may apply tax-planning strategies in order to shift their pre-tax profits from a high-tax country to a low-tax country; therefore, the same amount of money would be subject to a lower tax rate. By doing so, multinational corporations minimize their global tax liabilities without changing their total income. The first essay develops a simple general equilibrium model by which to explore the effect of tax planning on the host country in terms of social welfare and optimal taxation. We endogenize multinational corporations’ investment decisions by allowing the user cost of capital to be affected by shifting decisions. We find that if tax rates are not excessively high, then an increase in tax planning activity causes a rise in optimal corporate tax rates, and a decline in multinational investment. Thus, fears of a “race to the bottom” in corporate tax rates may be misplaced. Also, we find that the residents in high-tax countries may be better off with (some) income shifting. We prove that there is an interior optimal thin capitalization rule (a restriction on the debt-to-equity ratio) that is lower than the degree of tax planning preferred by multinational firms. The second essay empirically examines the evidence of income-shifting behaviour of Canadian multinational corporations. The results are consistent with the income-shifting hypothesis that multinationals are inclined to shift their pre-tax profits to low-tax jurisdictions. I find that having non-arm’s length transactions with related parties in tax-haven countries has a significant negative impact on the taxable income that is reported in Canada. Further, I compare the different roles between small havens and large havens and find that the effect of having transactions with small havens is significantly negative, while the effect of having transactions with large tax havens is not significant. Also, I find that if Canadian corporations control their foreign-related corporations with whom they had non-arm’s length transactions, then they are more likely to report lower taxable incomes in Canada than are those that have other types of relationships with their foreign-related corporations.	PhD	taxation	10
Hook, Benjamin Austin	Halfar, Jochen	Paleoclimatology of the Paleocene/Eocene using Kimberlite-hosted Mummified Wood from the Canadian Subarctic	Earth Sciences	2014	By the end of this century, if fossil fuel emissions are not reduced atmospheric CO2 will increase to levels that have not existed for tens of millions of years. During the Paleocene/Eocene (P/E) transition (ca. 56--52 Ma), high atmospheric CO2 levels (680--1030 ppmV) caused steeply elevated global temperatures (8 °C higher than modern mean annual temperatures). Arctic and Subarctic regions were warm and humid, supporting a temperate rainforest biome rather than tundra. Although this period has been studied using ocean sediment cores with low temporal resolution, high-resolution proxies (e.g., tree rings) offer the possibility of understanding fine-scale climate variability during the P/E. Recently, mummified (non-petrified) wood (Taxodioxylon Hartig 1848, and Piceoxylon Gothan 1905) was discovered in Canadian Arctic diamondiferous kimberlites near Lac de Gras, in the Northwest Territories. Wood samples within individual kimberlites were crossdated, to produce some of the oldest floating tree-ring width (RWI) chronologies (up to 417 years in length) in history. Using the oldest verified tree-ring alpha-cellulose ever found (ca. 53.3 Ma), I constructed stable isotope records (d13C and d18O) from samples of Piceoxylon including an 86-year-long record at annual resolution, and a subannual-scale record spanning four tree rings.Mean temperatures were estimated at 11.4 °C (std. dev. = 1.8 °C), which is an average of 16°C warmer than the modern Subarctic (-4.6 °C). Subannual temperature variation ranged from 3.5--16.4 °C, with a mean of 10.9 °C (std. dev. = 3.0 °C). Spectral analysis of annual records (stable isotope and RWI) exhibited strong bidecadal oscillations (20--30 years/cycle) along with marginally significant interannual, pentadecadal, and centennial oscillations. This oscillatory pattern is similar to the modern Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), suggesting that a PDO-like phenomenon existed in the early Eocene, causing a bidecadal cloudiness regime at our study site, whereby periods of greater cloudiness and increased precipitation caused increased tree growth, alternating with decades of less moisture and decreased tree-ring growth. Results presented here will offer insights into patterns of tree growth and physiological responses to high-CO2 greenhouse climates, providing data with which paleoclimate models of the P/E may be validated.	Ph.D.	climate	13
Hoornweg, Daniel	Kennedy, Christopher	A Cities Approach to Sustainability	Civil Engineering	2015-06	A Cities Approach to SustainabilityThis thesis provides a response to the question of how we might achieve greater sustainability, and from that sustainable development. An engineering approach, or applied science (physical and social), integrated within a multi-stakeholder partnership, is proposed. A road map to a partial, or `shadow agreement' is proposed, that would hopefully serve as the start of a global process leading to comprehensive sustainable development.An argument is made why cities are the most likely actors to design and bring about such an agreement. An agreement among the world's larger cities (those urban areas with 5 million or more residents by 2050) is possible, and is likely a necessary, but not sufficient condition to achieve sustainable development. Each city is viewed as a unique system as well as collectively within a `system-of-systems,' and more broadly within local and global ecosystems and economies. Global boundaries and objectives such as the Sustainable Development Goals are down-scaled and applied at a metro-city level.Population projections are provided for the world's larger cities (in 2025, 2050, 2075 and 2100). Along with the hierarchy of sustainable cities, two new tools are developed in this thesis: (i) a cities approach to physical and socio-economic boundaries, and: (ii) sustainability costs curves. These two tools underpin the shadow agreement and are powerful planning and engineering tools in their own right. Case study application of the tools is provided for Dakar, Mumbai, Sao Paulo, Shanghai, and Toronto.	Ph.D.	sustainable development, cities	8, 11
Hori, Yukari	Gough, William A.	Impact of Climate Change on Winter Road Systems in Ontario's Far North: First Nations' and Climatological Perspectives on the Changing Viability and Longevity of Winter Roads	Physical and Environmental Sciences	2016-11	Climate change is already being experienced in Ontario’s Far North with implications for First Nations communities that are reliant on winter road systems. The first study of this thesis examined how winter road seasons have been affected historically by particular climate conditions by focusing on the timing of opening dates of the James Bay Winter Road (JBWR). This study established a minimum threshold of 380 freezing degree-days (FDDs) below 0°C, a threshold subsequently used to assess the impacts of climate change on winter road systems in the future using climate change projections. The second study explored the current vulnerability of the Fort Albany First Nation community regarding physical, social/cultural, economic impacts associated with changing winter roads and its seasons, as well as river ice regimes. Through the analysis of key informant interviews and winter road user surveys on the changes in winter roads and river ice regimes, the six major themes were identified. As a result, the JBWR has now become a critical seasonal lifeline for not only providing a relatively inexpensive land transport of essential goods and supplies, but also reconnecting coastal remote communities by physical, social, and cultural activities during winter. The third study focused on the viability and longevity of winter road systems in Ontario’s Far North for the next century using recent climate model projections using three Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios. Using FDD threshold established in the first study as the main metric, climate conditions are expected to remain favourable in Big Trout Lake and Lansdowne House during winter road construction through the end of 2100. However, climate conditions would possibly be unfavourable for winter road construction at Moosonee, Kapuskasing, and Red Lake by 2041−2070. These studies demonstrate that there is an immediate need to develop adaptation strategies in response to impacts of climate change on winter roads in Ontario’s Far North.	Ph.D.	climate	13
Horne, Lendell Chad	Joseph, Heath	Health, Risk, and Justice	Philosophy	2014-11	While citizens in a liberal democracy are generally expected to see to their basic needs out of their own income, health needs are an exception. Most rich liberal democracies provide their citizens with health care or health care insurance in kind. Many people find this special treatment for health care appealing, but political philosophers and bioethicists have struggled to justify it. Most theorists hold that it is justified by the moral importance of health, but this approach has many flaws, not least of which is the fact that access to personal health care services is in fact a relatively inconsequential determinant of population health. This dissertation offers a new justification for health care entitlements. Health needs are not more important than other basic needs, morally speaking, but they are more unpredictable. I argue that health care entitlements are best justified in terms of risk management rather than health equalization or health promotion. Citizens ought to have insurance against health risks to provide stability in their future expectations and thus to protect their capacities to form, revise, and pursue a rational plan of life. The failure of private markets to deliver adequate access to health care insurance provides a rationale for state involvement in the delivery of health care. This approach provides tidy answers to some pressing problems in macro-level bioethics, but it has implications for political philosophy as well. One of the most important functions of the modern state is to provide citizens with security against various risks, including health risks, and yet this function is conspicuously absent from John Rawls's influential theory of justice. My dissertation begins the work of integrating security from risk into a liberal-egalitarian theory of justice.	Ph.D.	health, justice	3, 16
Hossain, Shaik	Caspersen, John	Branch Growth and Crown Dynamics in Northern Hardwood Forests	Forestry	2015-06	The canopy is one of the last frontiers of forest research, due to the difficulty of gaining direct access to tree crowns, and the difficulty of identifying and measuring individual tree crowns from a distance. These challenges have limited our understanding of both tree growth and stand dynamics. This thesis examines ontogenetic trends in the diameter growth of tree trunks and radial growth of tree crowns, using a combination of ground-based inventory data and in-situ measurements taken from a mobile canopy lift. The main goal was to determine whether and why growth declines once trees reach the canopy. The inventory data revealed that both diameter and crown growth rates follow a hump-shaped trend, and that the crown area of many large trees shrank over time, suggesting that the decline in expansion rates is the net effect of declining growth and increasing dieback. The in-situ measurements confirmed that dieback increases with tree size, suggesting that tree sway increases as trees grow larger, resulting in more frequent collisions between neighboring crowns. Indeed, dieback was higher in tree crowns located within 3 m of another crown, confirming that dieback is in part the result of inter-crown collisions. In-situ measurements of lateral branch growth were also taken before and after gap formation to examine species- and size-specific responses to canopy disturbance. Yellow birch did not respond significantly to gap formation, but sugar maple and beech did. On the other hand, small trees responded more to gap formation than large trees. Following release, small trees grew faster than large trees, but lateral growth did not vary with branch length or tree height, suggesting that growth declines due to increased reproduction, rather than increased support costs or hydraulic limitation. Indeed, in-situ measurements confirmed that large trees that produced a lot of seeds grew less than small trees that produced few seeds. Overall, this research indicates that disturbance acts in concert with declining growth and increased dieback to offset the size-asymmetry of light competition, favoring small trees that can grow laterally to exploit light in canopy gaps, as well as web of narrow spaces between crowns of canopy trees.	Ph.D.	forest	15
Hossein, Caroline Shenaz	Teichman, Judith A.	The Politics of Microfinance: A Comparative Study of Jamaica, Guyana and Haiti	Political Science	2012-11	The microfinance revolution of the 1980s acclaimed micro-credit as a tool that would improve the lives of economically active people trapped in poverty. The 2006 Nobel prize awarded to Mohammed Yunus and Grameen Bank confirmed for the industry’s advocates that microfinance was a panacea, and billions of dollars have been channeled to financial services for the poor. However, a series of high-profile scandals in 2010 shook development agencies’ faith in micro lending, and support has waned in light of evidence that microfinance alone cannot change structural inequalities and end poverty. I show that politics operate throughout the industry, reproducing inequalities within the process of micro lending. In my political ethnographic study of 460 people in three countries, I find that race and class politics is entrenched in all three countries, yet there are different outcomes related to attitudes of microfinance managers. In Jamaica and Guyana, micro lenders demonstrate that historically rooted racial and class biases go beyond gender to determine the allocation of micro loan resources. Ingrained biases interfere with the allocation of loans to the urban poor because discriminatory practices reinforce pre-existing social divisions. The Haiti case is hopeful: lenders, particularly the caisses populaires (credit unions), are made up of socially conscious people who recognize the country’s exclusionary politics. Managers and staff have class origins similar to the clients they serve and view micro loans as a tool to contest class and race-based oppressions. Haiti’s case suggests that collective systems such as those found in the caisses populaires and informal banks are effective because they relate to people’s history; and managers influenced by the masses, organize financial programs that are responsive to their clients and remain free from elite capture. This bottom-up approach in microfinance determines a greater level of social transformation for the urban poor.	PhD	poverty, gender, urban	1, 5, 11
Houle, David	Skogstad, Grace	Carbon Pricing in Canadian Provinces: from Early Experiments to Adoption (1995-2014)	Political Science	2015-11	This dissertation studies the emergence of carbon pricing mechanisms at the sub-federal level in Canada to answer two questions. First, why have some Canadian provinces adopted carbon pricing instruments, either a cap-and-trade or a carbon tax, while others have not? And, second, of the provinces that have adopted carbon pricing, how can we explain differences in the design of their carbon pricing instruments? In order to answer these questions, the dissertation has investigated the process of adoption of climate change policy in Canada’s ten provinces through four distinct stages: 1) the diffusion of the ideas supporting carbon pricing, 2) climate policy capacity building, 3) the public debate following the proposition of carbon pricing by the governing party, and 4) the design of the carbon pricing instrument. After reviewing the climate policy-making processes in the provinces, the dissertation’s answer to the first question is that carbon pricing instruments have been adopted in provinces in which the government has shown early on an acceptance of both the scientific paradigm of anthropogenic climate change and the policy paradigm of liberal environmentalism—the latter promoting market-based climate policy. These provinces are also the ones in which the premier has shown a personal commitment to the issue of climate change, which has contributed to focusing resources on the issue and to building climate policy capacity ahead of other provinces. Among provinces that have adopted carbon-pricing, climate policy is framed as providing important economic benefits through the creation of carbon markets and fostering investments in the renewable energy industry and other green technologies. The answer to the second question is that provinces, although to varying degrees, have designed carbon pricing instruments in order to take into consideration the particularities of their economic context and the policy preferences of their main industrial emitters. While some provinces, such as Quebec in imposing a cap-and-trade system, have been willing to go well beyond what their industries have been ready to accept, at least initially, others have adopted carbon pricing instruments designed to match closely the policy preferences of their most important GHG emitting industry.	Ph.D.	energy, renewable, climate, environment	7, 13
House, Julian	Zhong, Chen-Bo||DeVoe, Sanford	Mercenaries: The Paradoxical Effect of Pay-for-performance on Unethical Tasks	Management	2015-11	While some organizations, like charities and government agencies, engage in prosocial behavior that upholds the highest prescriptive moral values in our society; others, like those in the tobacco, fossil fuel, gambling, and weapons industries, operate within the confines of the legal system while nevertheless behaving antisocially and violating core moral proscriptions against harming others. Unfortunately our understanding of the psychology that enables collective moral violations is still very limited because scholarship in behavioural business ethics has tended to focus on individual-level antecedents of unethical behaviour as opposed to the interpersonal and organizational factors that lead ordinarily ethical people astray. This dissertation attempts to rectify this imbalance by asking how it is possible to motivate employees to comply with instructions that violate society’s ethical principles. Given that money is generally considered the most powerful motivational tool available to most organizations, this research examines how different financial incentive structures motivate performance of dirty work that is technically legal but violates society’s ethical norms. Surprisingly, and contrary to its well-documented positive effect on the performance of ethically-neutral work tasks, I predict that pay-for-performance incentive structures will have a negative effect on performance of unethical tasks. Existing motivational theories are unable to make similar predictions, so I contribute to our understanding of unethical behavior on behalf of organizations by considering the embedded nature of ethical decision-making and argue that pay-for-performance alters employees’ perceived employment relationships and thereby inhibits moral disengagement from societal norms. Through a series of pilot studies I identify two appropriate experimental paradigms to test my hypotheses. The first reported experiment involves a novel paradigm in which online workers are recruited as part of a marketing study to compose social-media advertising messages in support of a tobacco company. The second experiment adapts an established bug-killing paradigm in which laboratory participants are asked to place either bugs or inanimate objects into a modified coffee grinder that they subsequently activate. In both experiments, participants are either paid for their performance of this moderately unethical task or receive a comparable flat fee. This dissertation reports the results of these experiments and discusses their scholarly contribution.	Ph.D.	employment	8
Hove, Jennifer Kathleen	Fletcher, Joseph F.	A Struggle for Hearts and Minds: Statebuilding and Origins of Political Legitimacy in Post-2001 Afghanistan	Political Science	2015-11	This thesis tackles a central puzzle of externally-assisted statebuilding: why international efforts to rebuild states with more capacity do not necessarily result in more internal legitimacy. It examines the dynamics of state legitimacy in Afghanistan since the fall of the Taliban by tracing dominant understandings of political legitimacy that came to characterize the international statebuilding project; (de)legitimizing practices of the Afghan state and external actors; and in turn, citizen evaluations of state institutions. Unlike scholars who interpret legitimacy as automatically following from particular kinds of institutions (namely those associated with liberal democracy), this thesis suggests that legitimacy is best understood as resulting from complex interactions between state, society and – in the context of externally-assisted statebuilding – international actors. The study finds that despite initial optimism and the existence of a state that provides more to its citizens than has historically been the norm, many Afghans have grown critical of state institutions. This shift in perceptions owes in large part to the conflicted approach to governance taken by the international statebuilding project. I argue that international actors first positioned good governance as a core criterion against which to judge the legitimacy of the Afghan state, which represented a departure from traditional understandings of political legitimacy in the country. Despite this emphasis, external actors then contributed to a dysfunctional governance environment characterized by a polarization of power, an uneven distribution of resources, and high levels of external intrusiveness in local politics, especially in Afghanistan’s insecure southern provinces. Aligning with these arguments, this dissertation finds that local attitudes towards international actors are instrumental in determining Afghans’ perceptions of state legitimacy, especially in the South where external actors were more invasive in shaping the statebuilding project. Secondly, it finds that key governance indicators – namely the state’s perceived inclusiveness, responsiveness and fairness – are critical drivers of legitimacy, particularly in the South where the gap was especially great between the rhetoric of good governance and governance failings on the ground. These findings help to position political legitimacy at the center of conversations about statebuilding efforts, and contribute to a richer understanding of state legitimation during international intervention.	Ph.D.	institution	16
Hovhannisyan, Gayane	Millson, Peggy||Lee, Colin	Syndromic Management of Chlamydia and Gonorrhea in Women with Vaginal Discharge at the Public Health Sexual Health and Sexually Transmitted Diseases Clinics in Hamilton, Ontario	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2014	Background. Canadian guidelines on sexually transmitted infections recommend that women with vaginal discharge and high-risk for STIs be treated for chlamydia and gonorrhea when high quality laboratory testing is not available or follow-up cannot be assured. Hamilton Public Health (HPH) Sexual Health (SH) and Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) clinics offer antibiotics for chlamydia and gonorrhea when women present with vaginal discharge or dysuria; however, this approach has never been evaluated. Objectives. To determine the positive predictive value (PPV) of the syndromic approach at the HPH SH and STD clinics; to determine risk factors for chlamydia and gonorrhea in the study population and to retrospectively evaluate whether the addition of one or more risk factors would improve the performance of the syndromic approach at these clinics; to estimate the interval between testing and treatment, and the proportion of chlamydia and gonorrhea cases who did not return for treatment. Methods. A retrospective chart review was conducted. 3700 charts were abstracted from the HPH SH and STD clinics. Time to treatment and data on cases who did not return for treatment were obtained from the Integrated Public Health Information System. Risk factors were analyzed using log-binomial regression, to estimate relative risks of outcomes associated with characteristics of interest. Results. Syndromic management of vaginal discharge and dysuria at HPH clinics had PPVs of 10% and 1% for treating chlamydia and gonorrhea, respectively. Treating these women for chlamydia and gonorrhea based on two or more risk factors for these infections would have resulted in a PPV	Ph.D.	health	3
Howard, Philip Sean Steven	Dei, George Jerry Sefa	The Double-edged Sword: A Critical Race Africology of Collaborations between Blacks and Whites in Racial Equity Work	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2009-06	In recent years, there has been a significant amount of new attention to white dominance and privilege (or whiteness) as the often unmarked inverse of racial oppression. This interest has spawned the academic domain called Critical Whiteness Studies (CWS). While the critical investigation of whiteness is not new, and has been pioneered by Black scholars beginning at least since the early 1900s in the work of W. E. B. Du Bois, what is notable about this new interest in whiteness is its advancement almost exclusively by white scholars. The paucity of literature centering the Black voice in the study of whiteness both suggests the lack of appreciation for the importance of this perspective when researching the phenomenon of racial dominance, and raises questions about the manner in which racial equity work is approached by some Whites who do work that is intended to advance racial equity. This study investigates the context of racial equity collaborations between Blacks and Whites, responding to this knowledge deficit in two ways: a) it centers the Black voice, specifically and intentionally seeking the perspectives of Blacks about racial equity collaborations b) it investigates the nature and effects of the relationships between Blacks and Whites in these collaborative endeavours. This qualitative research study uses in-depth interview data collected from ten Black racial equity workers who collaborate with Whites in doing racial equity work. The data makes evident that the Black participants find these collaborations to be necessary and strategic while at the same time having the potential to undermine their own agency. The study examines this contradiction, discussing several manifestations of it in the lives of these Black racial equity workers. It outlines the importance of Black embodied knowledge to racial equity work and to these collaborations, and outlines an epistemology of unknowing and a politics of humility that these Blacks seek in their white colleagues. The study also outlines the collective and individual strategies used by these Black racial equity workers to navigate and resist the contradictory terrain of their collaborations with Whites in racial equity work.	PhD	equitable	4
Howse, Dana	Eakin, Joan	Injured Workersâ Moral Engagement in the Compensation System: The Social Production of Problematic Claiming Experience	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2017-11	A small proportion of compensation claims in Ontario are complex, prolonged, and often adversarial. These claims are associated with chronic disability, unemployment, and financial and emotional suffering for injured workers, and significant financial and administrative burden for the compensation system. This thesis employed a critical interpretive qualitative design to better understand sociologically the issue of ‘problematic claiming’ from the standpoint of injured workers. A key finding is that injured workers engage with the compensation system morally, framing their experience of claiming in terms of right and wrong, just and unjust, good and bad. Their experience is characterized by mistrust, confrontation with system players, feelings of dehumanization and judgement. Injured workers in this study responded to their moral experience of claiming through the performance of ‘identity work’: attempts at reputation repair that involved displaying their status as ‘good workers’ and ‘good claimants’. This thesis elaborates on this central finding and explores what might produce injured workers’ moral engagement in compensation by considering three social discursive contexts that may play a role in shaping the system and the understandings and practices of those within it: the injured worker movement’s ‘justice discourse’, and the broader societal-level discourses of sick role and neoliberalism. This analysis contributes to both the substantive field of work and health and the theoretical field of social theory. The findings illuminate the tensions and related consequences that arise from the differing conceptions of claiming between injured workers and the compensation board. Highlighting the value of applying concepts from the social sciences to the study of the relationship between work and health, the research underscores the continued and expanded usefulness of sick role theory in contemporary studies of health and illness behavior, and provides empirical substance for understanding the notion of moral in sociological terms.	Ph.D.	health, employment, worker	3, 8
Hsiao, Marvin Min-Yen	Jha, Prabhat ||Nathens, Avery B.	Road Traffic Injury Mortality in India	Medical Science	2013-11	Introduction: The burden of road traffic injuries (RTI) is worsening globally, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) and among the young and economically productive populations. A major barrier to improving road safety in India and other LMIC is that existing RTI data sources are severely limited by poor population coverage and data quality. This dissertation explores the reliability and feasibility of using a novel data source with verbal autopsy (VA) methods for the purposes of RTI surveillance in India. Methods: The reliability of the VA methods was assessed using physician agreement on the specific categories of injury death as the metric. Next, a nationally representative household mortality survey with VA methods was used to directly estimate the age- and gender-specific RTI death rates and to identify context-specific RTI risk factors in India. Finally, a national spatial database was constructed to quantify potential access to trauma care in relation to the spatial distribution of RTI deaths in India. Results: Across a broad array of application settings in India, the level of physician agreement was high indicating that the VA methods were reliable in distinguishing RTI deaths among other specific categories of injury deaths. The estimated 183,600 RTI deaths in 2005 from the mortality survey were over 50% more than the national police statistics. Of these RTI deaths, 65% were males between ages 15-59 years, 68% were pedestrians and other vulnerable road users, and over 55% occurred at the scene of collision, within minutes of collision, and/or involved a head injury. The existing community health centres and district hospitals in the Indian public health system had inadequate trauma care capacity but were suitably located to allow broad spatial access to timely trauma care for the majority of RTI deaths in India, which were most problematic in the northern states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and in Tamil Nadu. Conclusions: Properly designed VA studies can provide accurate and reliable RTI surveillance data and assist in identifying context-specific road safety interventions.	PhD	health	3
Hsu, Amy Teh-Mei	Laporte, Audrey	An Investigation of Approaches to Performance Measurement: Applications to Long-term Care in Ontario	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2015-11	With a growing proportion of older adults in the Canadian population, the sustainability of publicly-funded long-term care (LTC) continues to be a concern. While emphasis has been placed on more efficient care delivery – that is, to increase output with a fixed amount of resources – it is unclear if, and how greater efficiency can be realized in a market where the quantities of inputs and output are carefully regulated by government policies. Furthermore, despite the wealth of information on the association between organizational structure, efficiency, and quality of care from research conducted in the U.S., these relationships have not been extensively studied in Canada. This type of analysis is of particular relevance for Ontario, which has the highest proportion of for-profit, chain-owned nursing homes (also known as ‘LTC homes’) in the country. To explore these questions, econometric methods were applied to evaluative the productivity and technical efficiency of LTC homes in Ontario. The dataset was derived from Statistics Canada’s Residential Care Facilities Survey (RCFS) and consisted of observations from 627 LTC homes collected over 15 years (1996/1997 to 2010/2011). Dynamic panel data models – including random effects, fixed effects, maximum likelihood and quantile regression – were estimated to determine the production function of service providers in this sector. Descriptive results revealed that staffing levels were the highest among municipal LTC homes, followed by not-for-profit and for-profit operators. On average, independent facilities provided more hours of direct care than chain-affiliated LTC homes. Within these facilities, health care aides provided more hours of care than any other category of care personnel; in fact, their contribution to residents’ care increased over time. Results from the dynamic panel data models found chain affiliation, urban location, and the scale of operation to be positive and significant predictors of technical efficiency – controlling for heterogeneity in the residents’ care needs, other organizational attributes (e.g., profit status) and the operating environment (e.g., market concentration). Technical efficiency is one of many aspects of performance. The empirical work presented in this thesis offers examples of methods that can be used to analyze and inform LTC policies in Ontario in the future.	Ph.D.	health	3
Huang, Yu-Te	Fang, Lin	Opportunities and Challenges: Identity Development and Lived Experiences among Chinese Immigrant Young Gay Men in Toronto	Social Work	2017-11	This grounded theory study sets out to explore identity development and lived experiences among Chinese immigrant young gay men, with a focus on their migration journey and intersectional social locations. Eighteen Chinese gay men who were aged 18-28 and had moved from Mainland China, Hong Kong, or Taiwan to Canada participated in semi-structured individual interviews conducted in either Mandarin or English. Findings indicate that these gay men migrated to Canada for an array of reasons, citing “living in a LGBT-friendly country” as only one of many factors. Recent socioeconomic and cultural changes in Chinese societies have led many participants to revise their original perception of “the West is better.” On the other hand, the increasing acceptance of homosexuality in Chinese societies is noted throughout the interviews. Situated in this socio-cultural context, the participants’ current state of ethnocultural identity is found to be in-between, consisting of constant transitions between Canadian culture and Chinese culture over time and across contexts. Their sexual identity generally followed a linear progression and achieved a uniform and settled state with selective, pragmatic disclosure. Yet, various interpersonal and environmental factors were highlighted to bear upon their process of self-identifying as gay. Several themes regarding intersectionality emerged from the data. First, study participants do not experience conflicts between their sexual and cultural identities. Second, the intersectionality is context-specific. While rejecting the ubiquitous existence of intersectional oppression, study participants have experienced a certain form of marginalization that occurs in the context of disclosing their gay identity to their Chinese friends/families and finding a dating partner within a gay community. Third, participants consider the label of “double minority” oversimplified and derogatory, indicating that their intersectional identities can serve as a source of social support. Based on the research findings, implications for social work theory, research, and practice are discussed.	Ph.D.	queer	5
Huang, Yuheng	Agrawal, Aneil F	Genetic Variation, Adaptability and Gene Expression Pplasticity in heterogeneous Environments	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2015-11	Natural environments change over time and space. How populations respond to different forms of environmental heterogeneity has strong impacts on the health and persistence of the populations. In my thesis, I explored the effects of temporal and spatial heterogeneity on several important aspects of populations—levels of genetic variation, the potential of future adaptation, and gene expression plasticity—using replicated experimental populations of Drosophila melanogaster evolving under alternative regimes: constant regimes maintained in either cadmium- or salt- enriched larvae diets (Cad and Salt, respectively) and two heterogeneous regimes that vary either temporally (Temp) or spatially (Spatial) between the two diets. Whole-genome resequencing of these populations found that for sites likely under differential ecological selection (and those closely linked to them), the pattern of within-population diversity is Spatial > Temp > Salt, Cad. However, for sites that are not affected by differential selection, the pattern is Spatial > Salt, Cad > Temp. Quantitative genetic variance patterns for three fitness related traits are partially consistent with the genomic diversity. Spatial populations tend to harbor more genetic variation than Temp populations or those under a constant environment that is the same as the assay environment. The adaptability of these populations was further assessed by exposing them to high temperature while being maintained in their original larval diet regimes. Both types of heterogeneous populations had a larger adaptive response to high temperature than homogeneous populations for female productivity but not for male siring success. Finally, the transcriptome was measured in both diets for each population to examine gene expression plasticity. Relative to the constant populations, both heterogeneous populations showed increases in adaptive plasticity. Spatial populations are more readily to increase adaptive plasticity than Temp. Whereas for the genes selected for similar expression in both diets, Temp populations more readily evolve to the adaptive state than Spatial.	Ph.D.	health	3
hughes, naomi	cooper, karyn||roxana, ng	Homelessness, Health, and Literacy: An Institutional Ethnographic Study of the Social Organization of Health Care in Ontario, Canada	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2013-11	This thesis presents findings from an institutional ethnographic study that examined the experiences of 27 individuals who frequented an Open Access homeless shelter in Greater Toronto, Ontario. Many participants interviewed in the study either lacked an Ontario Health Insurance Card, or they expressed little interest in acquiring one. Individuals who had chosen not to seek reissuance of their health cards either implicitly or explicitly self-excluded themselves from participation in programs and services that, although useful to them, might be seen to regulate, control, and thereby subordinate their interests to those of the dominant institution. This study sought to map, locate, and make visible the local, everyday experiences of individuals at an Open Access shelter, and to situate that map within the translocal and often invisible realm of broader neoliberal ideologies and their related bureaucratic health care policies and directives. Neoliberal doctrines have also been evidenced in recent health care reforms, including the reduction in welfare spending and social subsidies, the centralization of federal power and authority over provincial mandates, and the implementation of high-tech computerized monitoring and management systems designed to reduce fraudulent access to health care. This study not only explicated the different forms of literacy (organizational, technological and health literacies) that are both employed and reproduced in institutional settings, but it also examined the role of literacy within larger social, political, and economic contexts. Using an institutional ethnographic method of inquiry, this study examined the ways in which literacy (or the lack of literacy) shapes and mitigates the experiences of homeless individuals attempting to gain access to health care. This study asked: How are institutional health policies evidenced in the everyday, material lives of real people? Are such policies potentially exclusionary?	PhD	health	3
Hume, Nathan	Choudhry, Sujit	Constitutional Possibilities: An Inquiry Concerning Constitutionalism in British Columbia	Law	2012-11	Constitutional change is relentless. Today, states jockey with regional associations, international organizations, transnational networks and sub-state authorities to define the scope of legitimate political conduct and establish rival bases for political affiliation. Constitutional theorists must be resolute but they should not be rigid. Especially in such uncertain conditions, theories are best understood not as plans to be implemented but as hypotheses to be tested. Charles Sabel and David Dyzenhaus write separately but share this pragmatic orientation, in which doubt is indispensable and truth is the end of public inquiry. They also share a distinctive belief that constitutionalism serves a moral end: it is the project of cultivating citizens who conceive their political community in terms of the commitments revealed by its practices. Their position, which is well suited for contemporary challenges, warrants elaboration and examination. British Columbia offers an ideal constitutional laboratory for that test. During the 1970s and 1980s, doubts mounted about the legitimacy of the constitutional settlement imposed by the Crown in the westernmost province of Canada. Legal, political and constitutional decisions raised the possibility that aboriginal rights and title survived colonization and Confederation. Since 1990, their existence has been confirmed in a cascade of constitutional experiments. Those initiatives can be distilled into four procedures: litigation, negotiation, consultation and collaboration. Although they have delivered practical benefits to some indigenous peoples, these procedures have not transformed provincial politics into a moral endeavour. The constraints on constitutionalism in British Columbia are both conceptual and institutional. Despite marginal improvements, those constraints endure and constitutionalism remains for now the sporadic pursuit of a small elite. To conceive constitutionalism as a project is to set a sound but exacting standard. Although British Columbia falls short, its failure is informative: the theory is useful.	SJD	institution	16
Humphreys, Alexander Fendrich	Halfar, Jochen	Shallow Water Carbonate Sediments of the Galápagos Archipelago: Ecologically Sensitive Biofacies in a Transitional Oceanographic Environment	Earth Sciences	2018-03	Shallow water carbonate producing organisms are directly controlled by their local oceanography. As a result, long-term environmental signals—stemming from the breakdown of calcareous organisms—can be read from time-averaged carbonate sediments. To better understand these complex biophysical interactions, it is important to study carbonate development within oceanographic transition zones and environments affected by disturbances, such as the El Niño—Southern Oscillation (ENSO). This dissertation represents the first investigation into modern shallow water, soft sediment, carbonate environments of the Galápagos Archipelago, eastern tropical Pacific (ETP). This region is notable for straddling an oceanographic transition zone from tropical oligotrophic to temperate eutrophic—caused by high nutrient and low pH upwelling—and for being directly impacted by ENSO. A top-down approach is followed, which analyzes the biogenic structure of Galápagos sediments and their connection to local and regional oceanography and climate, and then explores how these findings relate to benthic foraminifera—sensitive environmental indicators contained within the sediments. Sediment point counting and statistical models revealed that while these carbonate environments span a biogenic and oceanographic transition comparable to similar settings in the ETP, the proximity of the Galápagos to the ENSO region directly influences its sedimentary structure and distribution. Point counting also revealed a near-absence of benthic foraminifera, which is unusual for ETP, and tropical shallow water carbonates in general. Statistically comparing foraminiferal species composition and diversity to dominant oceanographic parameters revealed the low abundances and distribution of these testate (shelled) single-celled protists to be negatively influenced by the combination of repeated Holocene ENSO events, and the effects of protracted exposure to high nutrient and low pH waters of the southern archipelago. Ultimately, the results of this study may serve as a template for investigating the interaction of carbonates and oceanography within similar atypical tropical assemblages in the fossil record.	Ph.D.	ocean, water	14
Hunter, Alexandra	Hannah-Moffat, Kelly	Flipping the Paradigm: The Conceptualization and Practice of Mental Healthcare in Ontario Prisons	Sociology	2020-06	This dissertation focuses on understandings of mental illness and on the organization and delivery of mental healthcare in Ontario prisons. In the process, I identify a nascent model of correctional medicine in Ontario prisons. Having interviewed both medical professionals and correctional personnel, I give a voice to those who deliver care in prisons in Ontario, a voice that has been rarely heard. Although my focus is on the provision of mental healthcare, the study offers a window into the workings of provincial prisons more generally. Multiple reports, commissions, and ombudspersons have called for improvements to mental healthcare for people in custody. Missing in these discussions is clarity about who and what is being talked about. I start to answer these questions and describe what care is being provided and for whom. I also show that the current practices define people out of the category of mentally ill rather than in. ‘Defining out’ perpetuates the inadequacy of care. Moreover, the inherent subjectivity of mental health diagnoses and treatment is not being mediated by appropriate communication among those delivering care in prisons. I discuss how prisons are becoming de facto mental health facilities; how institutional responses vary across the province of Ontario; and how everyone dealing with mentally ill individuals has to improvise – sometimes just to get everyone through the day as safely as possible. My findings indicate that correctional officers operate with insufficient understandings of mental illness to effectively carry out their current roles as central gatekeepers to mental healthcare. As a result, medical professionals have limited access to the people who would benefit from that expertise. I show how practitioners perceive the patterns of mental healthcare delivery in correctional settings and expose an emerging model of medicine that is distinct from both community medicine and forensic medicine. Throughout the dissertation, I argue for the need to flip the paradigm of mental healthcare from one with a singular focus on illness to one that focuses on wellness in order to better address the mental health needs of all people in prison, including those experiencing forms of ‘un-wellness’.	Ph.D.	health, institution	3, 16
Huryn, Steven Matthew	Gough, William A	Analysis of Thunderstorm Trends in Southern Ontario, Canada: Past and Future	Physical and Environmental Sciences	2016-06	Despite the potential hazards associated with thunderstorms, they have been underrepresented in climatology studies. Southern Ontario is Canadaâ s most active thunderstorm region, and the countryâ s most populous and industrialized region. To date there has been no analysis of past trends of thunderstorms in Southern Ontario, or any analysis of how thunderstorm frequency might change over the current century. This thesis consists of three research chapters flanked by an introduction (Chapter 1) and discussion (Chapter 5). In Chapter 2 manual thunderstorm observations from eight Environment Canada weather stations are evaluated for accuracy by comparing them to data from the Canadian Lightning Detection Network. The results indicate the manual observations are reliable for small distances around each weather station, as is expected given the normally localized nature of thunderstorms. In Chapter 3 the historical manual hourly thunderstorm observations are evaluated for trends over the past several decades. Daily precipitation and wind gust data are used as proxies to determine if there have been changes in thunderstorm intensity, and yearly thunderstorm occurrence is compared to the larger scale phenomena ENSO and NAO. No consistent significant trends were observed over this period in either thunderstorm occurrence or intensity and a correlation between thunderstorm frequency and ENSO and NAO was also not detected. In Chapter 4 thunderstorm occurrence was successfully related to convective available potential energy (CAPE), with the probability of observing a thunderstorm on a given day at each of the weather stations increasing with daily maximum CAPE. While there were no consistent significant trends in CAPE observed over the reference period, by statistically downscaling three general circulation models it was found that large and robust increases in CAPE are expected over the coming decades across all weather stations, which consequently will have the potential to result in an increase in thunderstorm frequency.	Ph.D.	climate, weather	13
Hussey, Brendan John	McMillen, David R	Towards Engineering a Programmable Universal Transcription Activation System	Cell and Systems Biology	2017-11	Developing the next generation of medical, agricultural and sustainability biotechnology is limited by the complexity of natural biological systems; namely the dynamics and interactions between genetically encoded parts. Synthetic biology seeks to reduce the complexity by replacing natural biological components with simplified, synthetic control systems. Transcription is a major control step for biological systems and thus subject to a number of successful efforts for synthetic regulation, primarily in eukaryotes. These systems, however, rely primarily on host components and thus are still largely entangled in the complex host processes. Additionally, prokaryotes, which represent a large fraction of hosts in industrial biotech, still lack the programmable activation systems of eukaryotes. Furthermore components are not readily transferable between the two, which is important for simplifying design. Thus, we sought to design a programmable transcription activation system in prokaryotes by combining the wealth of information on the strong phage T7 RNA Polymerase (RNAP) with modular and programmable DNA binding proteins. Importantly, T7 RNAP is a self-contained RNAP that interacts minimally with the host and is thus orthogonal. We reasoned that reducing T7 RNAPs natural affinity for DNA would allow for control of initiation through programmable DNA binding proteins (DBPs). We show that indeed, T7 RNAP can be programmed to transcribe synthetic promoters via fusion to programmable DNA binding proteins and this interaction can be tuned with various molecular manipulations of promoter and protein. Furthermore, the set of DBPs can be expanded by replacing the fusion with a split T7 and DBP facilitated through programmable leucine zipper domains. This culminates in T7 RNAPs that are programmable and small molecule inducible.	Ph.D.	industr	9
Hutson, Janine Rose	Gideon, Koren	Evaluation of Transplacental Pharmacology and Toxicology from Bench to Bedside	Medical Science	2014-11	Many women require pharmacologic treatment during pregnancy. Clinical studies of drug safety in human pregnancy are often limited because of ethical considerations and thus a theoretical framework to evaluate drug safety in pregnancy is needed. Dual perfusion of a single placental lobule is the only experimental model to study human placental transfer of substances in organized placental tissue. The objectives of this thesis were to systematically evaluate the perfusion model in predicting placental drug transfer and to develop a model to account for non-placental pharmacokinetic parameters in the perfusion results. In general, the fetal-to-maternal drug concentration ratios matched well between placental perfusion experiments and in vivo samples taken at the time of delivery. After modeling for differences in maternal and fetal/neonatal protein binding and blood pH, the perfusion results were able to accurately predict in vivo transfer at steady state (R2 = 0.85, P	Ph.D.	women	5
Hwang, Merose	Schmid, Andre ||Poole, Janet ||Song, Jesook	The Mudang: Gendered Discourses on Shamanism in Colonial Korea	East Asian Studies	2009-11	This dissertation examines the discursive production of mudang, also known as shamans, during the late Chosŏn Dynasty (eighteenth to nineteenth-centuries) and during the Japanese colonial period in Korea (1910-1945). The many discursive sites on mudang articulated various types of difference, often based on gender and urban/rural divides. This dissertation explores four bodies of work: eighteenth to nineteenth-century neo-Confucian reformist essays, late nineteenth-century western surveys of Korea, early twentieth-century newspapers and journals, and early ethnographic studies. The mudang was used throughout this period to reinforce gendered distinctions, prescribe spatial hierarchies, and promote capitalist modernity. In particular, institutional developments in shamanism studies under colonial rule, coupled with an expanded print media critique against mudang, signalled the needs and desires to pronounce a distinct indigenous identity under foreign rule. Chapter one traces three pre-colonial discursive developments, Russian research on Siberian shamanism under Catherine the Great, neo-Confucian writings on "mudang," and Claude Charles Dallet’s late nineteenth-century survey of Korean indigenous practices. Chapter Two examines the last decade of the nineteenth-century, studying the simultaneous emergence of Isabella Bird Bishop’s expanded discussion on Korean shamanism alongside early Korean newspapers’ social criticisms of mudang. Chapter Three looks at Korean newspapers and journals as the source and product of an urban discourse from 1920-1940. Chapter Four examines the same print media to consider why mudang were contrasted from women as ethical household consumers and scientific homemakers. Chapter Five looks at Ch’oe Nam-sŏn and Yi Nŭng-hwa’s 1927 treatises on Korean shamanism as a celebration of ethnic identity which became a form of intervention in an environment where Korean shamanism was used to justify colonial rule.	PhD	gender, urban, rural	5, 11
Hwee, Jeremiah	Pole, Jason D||Sung, Lillian	The Role of Infections in the Etiology of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2018-11	Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood cancer. However, the etiology of childhood ALL is uncertain. An infectious trigger for ALL is hypothesized based on evidence from biological and epidemiologic studies. The goal of the dissertation was to assess the relationship between prior infections and the development of childhood ALL. In a systematic review and meta-analysis, no overall relationship between prior infections and childhood ALL could be identified (odds ratio, OR=1.10, 95% confidence interval, CI 0.95-1.28). The systematic review showed most studies that used self-reported data to measure infections were susceptible to recall bias. Thus, administrative data may be particularly useful in furthering our understanding of the infectious etiology of ALL. Using electronic medical records as the reference standard, a study was conducted to assess the criterion validity of administrative databases to identify infectious syndromes in children aged 0-18 years from Ontario, Canada. Administrative billings codes for an infection (respiratory, skin and soft tissue, gastrointestinal, urinary tract or otitis externa) demonstrated moderate sensitivity (0.74, 95%CI 0.70-0.77), and high specificity (0.95, 95%CI 0.93-0.96), positive predictive value (0.87, 95%CI 0.84-0.90), and negative predictive value (0.88, 95%CI 0.86-0.89). Finally, the association between prior infections and the development of childhood ALL, using health administrative data, was conducted applying the findings from the validation study to define and measure infections. Overall, having >2 infections per year increased odds of ALL by 43% compared to children with ≤0.25 infections per year in Ontario. Infections occurring between 1 to 1.5 years of life may be a critical period as having an infection in this window increased the odds of ALL by 20%. Certain infections such as respiratory and invasive infections may be more important than other infections in the development of ALL. The accumulated insights from each study was used to inform subsequent objectives, resulting in a unified dissertation that found infections have a role in the etiology of childhood ALL. Future work should extend the empirical study investigate the critical period between 1 to 1.5 years by collecting detailed infection data and other exposures that begin around this period.	Ph.D.	health	3
Hyatt, Ashley Elizabeth	Stewart, Suzanne	Working Together: Indigenous Knowledges, Urban Youth, and Mental Health for Career Development	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2019-11	Indigenous people in Canada have endured and survived many traumas as a result of the legacy of colonization, which have negatively impacted their social determinants of health. Employment, especially for Indigenous youth, has been identified as an area in need of urgent attention. Despite the fact that Indigenous youth are the fast growing population in Canada, they continue to be underemployed despite programs that were designed to increase Indigenous youth employment rates. This study explores the intersections of employment policies and practices, traditional and cultural knowledges, and mental health by interviewing ten Indigenous key community informants and five Indigenous Elders/Traditional Knowledge keepers in the Greater Toronto Area. The results revealed that decolonizing and Indigenizing current employment policies and practices and is integral to supporting Indigenous youth employment. The results of this study highlight the importance of modifying services so that they emphasize the strengths of Indigenous knowledges and cultures to promote healing and mental wellness. Implications were identified that policies, practices, and vocational psychology models can be enhanced in their application with Indigenous youth by integrating Indigenous worldviews related to health and wellness to promote healing from trauma and mental health.	Ph.D.	health	3
Ibrahim, Nadine	Kennedy, Christopher	Prioritizing Climate Action for Low-carbon Growth in Cities	Civil Engineering	2015-11	Cities play a vital role in the global economy, which necessitates incremental progress towards low-carbon growth to serve their long-term needs and remain competitive locally and collectively. Urban energy consumption makes the climate challenge more pronounced in cities, where simultaneously, the opportunities for mitigation are prevalent. From a climate governance perspective, this thesis examines the prioritization of climate action to meet greenhouse gas emission targets that come at a cost to cities and their residents. The thesis presents four papers that together structure climate action by developing tools to support cities in decarbonizing their economic growth. A three-pronged approach to climate action is developed to integrate key city documents: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories, Climate Action Plans, and Budgets, and a review of practices and advancements in progressive cities are presented. Greenhouse gas inventories are the starting point of cities’ climate action, which are analyzed comparatively as they apply to community, corporate and upstream emissions, with examples from New York, Shanghai and Paris. Surprisingly not typically linked to inventories, climate action plans are strategic documents defining ambitious initiatives to reduce emissions. A methodology to compile mitigation measures suggested in climate policies and programs in a city, and that of higher orders of government is established, and their cost-effectiveness and abatement potential is calculated and illustrated in the form of a marginal abatement cost (MAC) curve. A case study of prioritizing mitigation measures in the energy supply, buildings, transportation and waste sectors is demonstrated for Toronto’s climate targets, drawing implications for the city’s 2020 and 2050 outlook. To integrate budgets with inventories and action plans, the METRO model is designed for cities to forecast greenhouse gas emissions and evaluate city budgets and business and household incomes relative to climate mitigation priorities. Applying the model to Toronto, the methodology of the METRO model is demonstrated to show that climate commitments have a quantitative dimension and an economic reality. Prioritized climate action positions cities for timely mitigation efforts, where knowledge sharing among cities is paramount to achieving low-carbon growth.	Ph.D.	energy, cities, urban, consum, climate, waste, greenhouse gas	7, 11, 12, 13
Ignagni, Esther	Eakin, Joan	Disabled Young People, Support and the Dialogical Work of Accomplishing Citizenship	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2011-11	Governments, human rights bodies and disability studies scholars all have suggested that disabled people’s citizenship – the legal status and lived practices that enable membership, participation and belonging in one’s community - depends on consistent, adequate and readily available home and personal supports. Yet, little theoretical or empirical work examines disabled young people’s citizenship or their use of support, particularly from their standpoints. Consequently, the ‘work’ disabled young people do to accomplish citizenship remains unrecognized, as are their unique requirements for support to do that work. Normative non-disabled citizenship assumptions remain unproblematized. This study explores what disabled young people do to accomplish citizenship, using home and personal support as the empirical foci. I used a dialogic theoretical and methodological approach, drawing on Mikhail Bakhtin and Dorothy Smith. Both posit that our talk, consciousness and actions respond to and anticipate the voices of others. Through participatory media arts techniques with disabled young people, ethnographic observation and interviews with gatekeepers to formal and informal care, I describe the work that a group of disabled young people did to secure and maintain support and how this in turn shaped their opportunities for specific citizenship practices: self-determination, community participation and social contribution. I argue that disabled young people's work to secure and maintain support requires that they mobilize the authoritative discourse of 'the poster child': a set of objectified values and views encapsulated in utterances about disabled people as futureless, deficient and deferential, originating in images to promote charitable giving. I trace three sequences of activities in which participants assimilated, resisted or brought poster child utterances into ‘dialogue’. The findings raise questions about the extent to which formal entitlements to supports influence how citizenship is lived. Drawing attention to the gaps and tensions in support provision, the findings illuminate the tremendous invisible, tacit work these participants do to strengthen fragile supports. This work, organized by philanthropic rather than rights discourses, leads to a qualified or fragile citizenship. Finally, the study raises questions about the normative and material demands that we may all experience with respect to achieving citizenship, regardless of disability or age.	PhD	rights	16
Imtiaz, Sameer	Rehm, Jürgen	Cannabis Use and Cannabis Use Disorder: Burden of Disease in Canada, Trends in Utilization of Specialized Addiction Treatment Services in Ontario and Efficacy of Brief Interventions	Medical Science	2019-11	Three broad topics related to the treatment of cannabis use and cannabis use disorder were examined. First, cannabis-attributable burden of disease in Canada in 2012 was quantified based on the burden of disease analyses, including comparative risk assessments. The cannabis-attributable burden of disease was substantial, most of it due to cannabis use disorder in the form of disability rather than mortality. Although the contributions of cannabis-attributable schizophrenia, lung cancer and road traffic injuries were comparatively minimal, lung cancer and road traffic injuries were the main contributors to cannabis-attributable mortality. Second, trends in treatment of problematic cannabis use were characterized through Ontario’s specialized addiction treatment system between 2010/11 and 2015/16. As cannabis use became less stigmatized and more accepted as normative behavior, clients in treatment for problematic cannabis use only decreased. At the same time, the frequency of cannabis use among all clients in treatment for problematic cannabis use increased. Taken together, treatment that was unnecessary from a clinical standpoint may have been reduced, but there may have been overall increases in severity. Third, the efficacy of brief interventions for cannabis use, compared with minimal control interventions, was reviewed based on participants recruited from health care settings in randomized trials. A systematic review and meta-analyses indicated an overall small number of studies on this topic. The available evidence indicated that brief interventions for cannabis use were not efficacious for improving cannabis-specific ASSIST scores and number of days of cannabis use. On the other hand, the evidence for other cannabis-specific outcomes was limited and mixed. Altogether, the three studies suggested continued monitoring of cannabis use disorder, continued public education of lower risk cannabis use, lack of evidence to scale up brief interventions for cannabis use, expansion of treatment options for cannabis use disorder and development of the evidence base for cannabis use.	Ph.D.	health	3
Ingram, Leigh-Anne	Joshee, Reva	Citizen-girls: Girls' Perspectives on Gender, Ciitizenship and Schooling	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2013-06	The voices, perspectives and experiences of girls and young women in history, political and civic education remain rare, and those of girls of color are even rarer still. This dissertation reports on the results of a qualitative study exploring girls’ perspectives on and experiences of citizenship in the Toronto area. Through the use of document analysis, semi-structured interviews; and photovoice, this study suggests that the girls easily identify traditional gendered expectations in their families, schools and in the society at large. At the same time, the girls often make deliberate choices to defy these expectations, carve out their own paths, and serve as advocates for gender equality, social justice and engaged citizenship. This study focuses on the voices of girls and the ways in which concepts of gender enhance, shape and inhibit civic action within schooling. Despite an increased emphasis on education for active citizenship in education more broadly, this study provokes serious questions about what girls are learning about their roles in society and how concepts of gender affect the ways young people understand and enact their citizenship roles. There are new fields of research in the areas of youth civic engagement, citizenship education, feminist and girlhood studies, all of which informed my understanding of these ‘citizen-girls’, however they still often remain separated and inadequately consider the intersections of multiple identity factors as well as the relationship between individual agency and the societal structures that construct dominant values. This study has important implications for educators and policymakers, suggesting a need for more spaces and opportunities both within the classroom, and outside the school, for girls and boys to critically engage with the messaging they receive about gender, democratic participation and citizen engagement. Furthermore, these girls’ experiences also suggest that we must broaden our definition of citizenship and civic participation in order to better reflect the myriad new forms of citizen expression being used by girls and young people in modern societies today.	PhD	gender, women, equality	5
Ip, Alexander Halley	Sargent, Edward H	Broad-spectrum Solution-processed Photovoltaics	Electrical and Computer Engineering	2015-11	High global demand for energy coupled with dwindling fossil fuel supply has driven the development of sustainable energy sources such as solar photovoltaics. Emerging solar technologies aim for low-cost, solution-processable materials which would allow wide deployment. Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are such a materials system which exhibits the ability to absorb across the entire solar spectrum, including in the infrared where many technologies cannot harvest photons. However, due to their nanocrystalline nature, CQDs are susceptible to surface-associated electronic traps which greatly inhibit performance. In this thesis, surface engineering of CQDs is presented through a combined ligand approach which improves the passivation of surface trap states. A metal halide treatment is found to passivate quantum dot surfaces in solution, while bifunctional organic ligands produce a dense film in solid state. This approach reduced midgap trap states fivefold compared with conventional passivation strategies and led to solar cells with a record certified 7.0% power conversion efficiency. The effect of this process on the electronic structure is studied through photoelectron spectroscopy. It is found that while the halide provides deep trap passivation, the nature of the metal cation on the CQD surface affects the density of band tail states. This effect is explored further through a wide survey of materials, and it is found that the coordination ability of the metal cation is responsible for the suppression of shallow traps. With this understanding of CQD surface passivation, broad spectral usage is then explored through a study of visible-absorbing organolead halide perovskite materials as well as narrow-bandgap CQD solar cells. Control over growth conditions and modification of electrode interfaces resulted in efficient perovskite devices with effective usages of visible photons. For infrared-absorbing CQDs, it is found that, in addition to providing surface trap passivation, ligands must be used to prevent nanocrystal fusion that leads to introduction of band tail states. The most efficient solution-processed infrared solar cells yet reported are achieved through this approach, opening a path towards low-cost photovoltaics with high spectral usage.	Ph.D.	energy, solar	7
Iqbal, Farwah	Librach, Clifford||Li, Ren-Ke	Characterization of Potential Mechanisms that Render the Combination of First Trimester Umbilical Cord-Derived Perivascular Cells (FTM HUCPVC) and Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPC) a Promising Cellular Therapeutic Strategy Following Ischemic Cardiac Injury	Physiology	2019-11	Heart disease is the main cause of mortality worldwide. The available treatments are limited, high risk and often inefficient. Cell-based therapies are being developed to provide an efficient and safe option to improve quality of life, prevent future mortality and the need for heart transplantation. Aged and ill individuals often have impaired endogenous regenerative cells. Instead, healthy, young cells can be delivered into the damaged heart to decrease inflammation, restore blood flow, preserve the myocardium and increase cardiac output. Pre-clinically and clinically tested therapeutic cell types achieved some of these goals, but no single-cell type seems to be versatile enough, to heal the heart on its own. Herein, I propose the combined use of two regenerative cell types as a treatment after myocardial infarction (MI). The first cell type is the endothelial progenitor cell (EPC), which are the origin of new blood vessels, second is the first trimester human umbilical cord-derived perivascular cell (FTM HUCPVC). FTM HUCPVC can support developing blood vessels, control inflammation and release growth factors. We hypothesized that combined administration of these cells can achieve clinically significant healing in a damaged heart. We previously found that FTM HUCPVC have greater regenerative potential following cardiac injury compared to term HUCPVC and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Optimal cell ratios were determined by a mouse model of subcutaneous angiogenesis and an immunocompromised rat model of MI. The combination of FTM HUCPVC and EPC significantly improved vasculogenesis compared to single cell-type treatments partly through the platelet-derived growth factor beta (PDGF-B) signalling cascade. Both FTM HUCPVC and EPC in combination support perivascular niches in the myocardium by homing to vascular structures and secreting pro-angiogenic factors. The resultant cardiac perfusion is likely required for cardiac muscle preservation, scar tissue reduction, and ultimately the improved cardiac function. To our knowledge, this study is the first to show significant structural and functional cardiac improvements following combination cell therapy compared to single cell-type therapies. Currently our group is working on large animal studies to test this novel therapeutic approach as we plan for a phase I clinical trial to provide a novel treatment option for patients following MI.	Ph.D.	health	3
Irvine, James Alexander	Bertoldi, Nancy	Canadian Refugee Policy Paradigm Change in the 1990s: Understanding the Power of International Social Influence	Political Science	2011-06	This dissertation explores the factors which contributed to a change in the paradigm that framed Canadian refugee policy over the course of the 1990s. This change is characterized in the dissertation as a shift from a refugee protection paradigm that dominated policy-makers’ thinking in the 1970s and 1980s, to a security-control paradigm by at the end of the 1990s. This change is puzzling because it occurred prior to the events of 9/11 rather than in response to them and because domestic motivations for change do not provide a complete explanation of the shift. The dissertation argues that although factors in the domestic and international environments may have enabled paradigm change, a more complete explanation of shift needs to consider the process through which Canadian policy-makers were socialized into a developing international norm. This process of international socialization occurred through bureaucrats’ international interaction in bilateral and Regional Consultative Processes akin to Anne-Marie Slaughter’s global government networks. Using data generated from primary document analysis and a series of interviews of key policy-makers this dissertation maps paradigm change over the two periods. This data is then used to provide evidence of the importance of bureaucratic socialization through a global government network for migration in explaining this change.	PhD	governance	16
Ishikawa, Wakako	Niyozov, Sarfaroz	An Examination of the Culture of Health education and Education for Health in Timor-Leste	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2018-06	This study examines public health culture in Timor-Leste, subsequent to independence in 2002. After having been a colony of Portugal for 450 years and under Indonesian occupation for almost 25 years, Timor-Leste has established a new health system and began promoting health education in the country. This thesis is a qualitative case study in which prominent local people and international workers in Timor-Leste were interviewed, and existing information from both international and local organizations was investigated, along with relevant research from the literature review. The information was compared with neighbouring countries’ health education programs and similar studies. Moreover, this study explores the benefits and disadvantages between one district near the capital and another district at the east end of the country. The government organized the flagship program, Servisu Integradu da Saúde Communitária (SISCa) (Integrated Community Health Services) titled, “From, With and To the Community,” as a bottom-up program in 2008, for participation by the citizens. The government is successfully shifting from only hospital health care to community health care. In addition, the model of curable health care was changed successfully to one of preventative health care. The government will need to continue development of the country’s health plan by implanting more fully health education in the schools and communities, and by organizing infrastructures, such as the clean water system and the sewage system in the whole country, to modify the sanitation and hygiene problems.	Ph.D.	health	3
Issahaku, Paul Alhassan	Neysmith, Sheila	Male Partner Violence against Women in Northern Ghana: Its Dimensions and Health Policy Implications	Social Work	2012-11	The study was conducted in northern Ghana to determine the scope of male partner violence (MPV) against women, identify the factors associated with this problem as well as point out the health implications of MPV. In a sample of 443 married women drawn from outpatient populations across six district health centers we found that nearly 7 out of 10 women have experienced some MPV: 62% have experienced psychological violence; 29% have experienced physical violence; and 34% have experienced sexual violence. A multiple regression analysis showed that male controlling behavior, number of children, presence of concubines, partner appreciation, and very good health significantly predicted Total Violence. The results showed that the more controlling a husband is the more likely his wife is to experience severe violence and that more children in the marriage is associated with more violence for the women. Marriage duration was significantly positively correlated with violence, indicating that the longer the time since a woman got married, the more likely she experiences violence. Husband’s education was significantly negatively correlated with violence, indicating that husband education has a decreased effect on violence. Logistic regression and ANOVA models identified a number of socio-demographic factors as significant correlates of MPV. These include couple’s unemployment, particularly husband unemployment, being young – under 30 years and being younger than the husband, presence of concubines, being Muslim or Traditional, living in a rural setting, husband alcohol use, being a healthy woman, and not being appreciated by the husband. We found that MPV is associated with physical and mental health difficulties among women. Some 47 women reported having sustained multiple injuries, including sprains, broken bones and teeth, cuts, and burns. Mental health difficulties among these women included partner phobia, sleep deprivation, and thoughts of suicide. We make recommendations that call on government and other stakeholders to initiate policy that provides services to women experiencing MPV and that implements education and campaign programs to eventually eliminate MPV in Ghana generally.	PhD	health, women, rural	3, 5, 11
Itani, Satoko	Sykes, Heather	Japanese Female and `Trans' Athletes: Negotiating Subjectivity and Media Constructions of Gender, Sexuality, and Nation	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2015-06	The focus of this thesis is twofold: 1) the construction of Japanese female athletes in `masculine' sports by Japanese media in terms of gender, sexuality, ethnicity, and nation; and 2) Japanese female and `trans' athletes' negotiation with Japanese gender and sexuality norms in the formation of their gendered subjectivities. A theoretical framework informed by feminist, queer, and postcolonial theories is used to analyze the discursive constructions and constitution of subjectivities of Japanese female and `trans' athletes in the `masculine' sports of soccer and wrestling. Critical discourse analysis (CDA) was employed to analyze Japanese mainstream newspaper and magazines published between 2001 and 2012 and in-depth interviews with twelve Japanese female and `trans' athletes in wrestling and soccer. The result of the media analysis illustrates that Japanese mainstream media used multiple normative and normalizing discursive tactics to construct Japanese female athletes within patriarchal, sexist, and heterosexist gender and sexual norms. These discourses were also mobilized in the reporting of international competitions in which the success of Japanese female athletes was appropriated to construct Japanese national identity in order to recuperate Japanese masculinity. The analysis of interviews with female and `trans' athletes illustrates their intricate processes of negotiation with male domination of their sport, Japanese gender and sexual norms, the conflicting demands of athletic careers, and the medicalized discourse of `Gender Identity Disorder (GID)'. The discursive fissures opened up by these conflicting and oppressive discourses, however, provided a `third' gender space in which `female sporting masculinity' is recognized as the `norm' and not as `queerness'. Although this `third' space may be temporary, it provided female and `trans' athletes a space to negotiate heterosexist and cisgenderist Japanese sporting spaces and the society at large.	Ph.D.	gender, queer	5
Ivanova, Iryna	Watson, Jeanne	The "How" of Change in Emotion-focused Group Therapy for Eating Disorders	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2013-11	Currently, there is a limited understanding of change mechanisms across all treatment approaches for eating disorders (ED), particularly with regard to group psychotherapy. This presents one of the major obstacles in the development of more effective treatments. The purpose of this study was to extend current understanding of therapeutic processes in group psychotherapy for bulimic disorders. Thirty-one women were randomly assigned to either 16-weeks of Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT) or Motivation/Education and Skill Building (M/ESB) as part another study at a participating outpatient ED program. The goals of this study were to: (1) evaluate the relationship between in-session processes; (2) compare these processes between two group treatments; (3) examine in-session differences as a function of client activity in group EFT; (4) and identify a pathway to change. As expected, the findings demonstrated that mid therapy emotional arousal was associated with higher levels of insight, and an increase in insight overtime was associated with an increase in therapeutic alliance. Arousal was not positively correlated with alliance. There was a significant interaction between group treatment x time: clients in EFT reported gains in insight overtime, as measured by post-session change measure, whereas clients’ scores in M/ESB did not change over the course of psychotherapy. Alliance increased significantly over the course of therapy in both groups. Contrary to expectations, clients in the EFT group did not report higher levels of arousal compared to the M/ESB group. The limited sample size in the control group precludes firm conclusions about group comparisons. When examining client activity within EFT, the results demonstrated that clients that were actively engaged in the chair-tasks reported higher post-session change scores, arousal, and alliance compared to when they were in the observing role; however, there was a significant upward trend on post-session change scores regardless of the client role. The pathway to change was partially supported: the observer-rated degree of resolution scores predicted a third of variance in post-session change scores; controlling for pre-treatment outcome scores, post-session change scores predicted variance at the outcome on several EDI-3 subscales. These preliminary findings are discussed in the context of psychotherapy process literature, highlighting limitations and future directions.	PhD	health	3
Iwase, Maki	Sioban, Nelson	The Social Effects of Gestational Diabetes in "High-risk Ethnic Groups"	Nursing Science	2014-11	This ethnographically-informed doctoral study examines the social effects of gestational diabetes (GD) in "high-risk ethnic groups" in order to elucidate how contested categories of disease, risk, and race cross-articulate in authoritative texts, clinical practice, and everyday realities of women of colour. The questions that guide this dissertation study are organized around truth discourses, strategies of intervention, and modes of subjectification: What kinds of discourses are employed to constitute knowledge about GD, risk, and race/ethnicity? What types of subjects are constructed through discourses on GD in "high-risk ethnic groups?" How are race-based risk discourses accomplished locally in the clinical setting? How do women respond to, engage with, and resist race-based risk discourses and practices pertaining to GD? And how do such discourses and practices shape women's subjectivities from diagnosis to post-partum? Study methods include discourse analysis of three authoritative texts, participant observation in two diabetes education centres in Southern Ontario, and interviews conducted with twelve women of colour in a three time sequence (after diagnosis, before delivery and post-partum). Data generated from these multiple sources were analyzed and interpreted through Foucauldian theoretical concepts of biopower, governmentality, and subjectification. The findings reveal that discourses are neither neutral nor value-free but infused with racial and moral assumptions. Race-based risk discourses are accomplished in the clinical setting through a variety of strategies that reproduce racial logics by rendering power relations invisible. However, women in this study engaged with and resisted disciplinary practices in enabling and constraining ways that contributed to the formation of an emergent type of racialized subject. I argue that discourses and disciplinary practices participate in the processes of racialization and subjectification which may paradoxically produce unintended effects of contributing to the problem of diabetes. I conclude by calling for greater reflexivity beyond racialization and medicalization.	Ph.D.	women	5
Izrailit, Julia	Reedijk, Michael	Notch Regulation in Breast Cancer	Medical Biophysics	2015-11	Breast cancer affects thousands of Canadian women every year, and ranks as the second most common cause of cancer death. Our group has previously shown that patients whose breast cancers abnormally express genes of the Notch family have poor survival rates. In addition, abnormalities in Notch are most common in the aggressive triple negative (TN) subtype of breast cancer for which there is currently no effective treatment. In order to understand what drives Notch activation in TN breast cancer cells, a novel Notch reporter system was developed and optimized for high throughput screens (HTS). Using the Notch reporter system, a chemical kinase inhibitor screen identified the MAPK-ERK signaling pathway as a predominant regulator of Notch ligand (JAG1) expression and Notch activation. Consistent with this, a kinome siRNA screen identified the pseudokinase Tribbles homolog 3 (TRB3), a known regulator of MAPK-ERK, among the most significant hits. We demonstrated that TRB3 is a master regulator of Notch through the MAPK-ERK and TGFβ pathways. Supporting our findings, in vitro and in vivo studies showed that TRB3 inhibition decreases breast cancer cell proliferation in a JAG1-dependant fashion and reduces the growth of MDA MB231 TN breast cancer xenografts. To understand how TRB3 is regulated, a proteomic screen of TRB3-associated cellular complexes was performed and identified the deubiquitinase USP9x as a novel interacting protein for TRB3. We showed that TRB3 serves as a scaffold for USP9x that regulates JAG1 function through two mechanisms: (1) through TRB3 deubiquitination and stabilization and (2) through deubiquitination and activation of Mind Bomb 1 (MIB1), an E3 ligase required for JAG1 activity. We also demonstrated that USP9x is required for TRB3 and JAG1 up-regulation in response to cellular stress. Taken together, the work presented in this thesis, contributes to a better understanding of Notch regulation in breast cancer and identifies novel pathways that may be therapeutically targeted in TN disease.	Ph.D.	women	5
Jack, William David	Ryan, James	Hiring for Diversity: Changing the Face of Ontario's Teacher Workforce	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2016-06	Changing the face of Ontario’s teachers is a topic that draws both ardent support and profound criticism by those closest to school governance. It surfaces questions about teacher quality, student achievement, inequity, diversity, politics, public trust, the past, the present, and the future. In the centre are teachers applying for jobs, and principals making decisions about whom to hire, and why. Influencing these decisions are a number of elements that range from the rational procedures that underlie human resources management to the intuitive, difficult to define factors borne of principals’ experiences and perspectives on teacher excellence. This study attempts to examine the processes at play as principals go about hiring teachers for the specific purpose of diversifying the teacher complement in their schools. Despite pressure from public policy since the 1980s, movement towards greater diversity in the teacher workforce has been slow, showing only modest change while the ethno-racial diversity of Ontario’s large urban centres approaches or surpasses fifty percent. Surveys from nearly a quarter of the principals in District A (a large, suburban school district in the Greater Toronto Area) and follow-up interviews with ten of their colleagues provide data that reflect how principals position diversity relative to other teacher qualities when hiring, their understanding of policy intimating the need for more teachers from diverse backgrounds, and the internal and external hurdles they face when hiring teachers. The data also show that these factors do not often include dimensions of teachers’ diverse identities. This finding remains surprisingly consistent among principals across variables such as experience, the number of interviews they conduct, and the student diversity of their respective schools. Data collected from personal interviews, however, show more nuanced differences between principals’ hiring stories and reflect a strong, unresolved tension between a belief in the benefits of teachers from diverse backgrounds and the hiring decisions that manifest this belief. Of note: the vast majority of participants in both the survey and interviews self-identify as White European. As such, the data are interpreted as a representative sample of principals in District A, but also as the prevailing identity of those charged with hiring teachers.	Ed.D.	equitable	4
Jackson, Derek Andrew	Mabury, Scott A.	Hydrolysis and Atmospheric Oxidation Reactions of Perfluorinated Carboxylic Acid Precursors	Chemistry	2013-06	This dissertation explores a number of different environmentally relevant reactions that lead to the production of perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), a family of environmental pollutants that does not undergo any further degradation pathways. The compound perfluoro-2-methyl-3-pentanone (PFMP) is a new fire fighting fluid developed by 3M that is designed as a Halon replacement. The environment fate of PFMP with regards to direct photolysis, abiotic hydrolysis and hydration was determined using a combination of laboratory experiments and computational modeling. PFMP was found to undergo direct photolysis giving a lifetime of 4-14 days depending on latitude and time of year. Offline samples confirmed PFCA products and a mechanism was proposed. Polyfluorinated amides (PFAMs) are a class of chemicals produced as byproducts of polyfluorinated sulfonamide synthesis via electrochemical fluorination (ECF). Using synthesized standards of four model compounds, PFAMs were detected and quantified in a variety of legacy commercial materials synthesized by ECF. PFAMs were hypothesized to undergo biological hydrolysis reactions, suggesting their importance as historical PFOA precursors. The PFAMs were also investigated with regards to their environmental fate upon atmospheric oxidation. Using a smog chamber, the kinetics and degradation mechanisms of N-ethylperfluorobutyramide (EtFBA) were elucidated. The lifetime of EtFBA to oxidation by OH was found to be approximately 4 days. Using offline sampling, PFAMs were shown to give PFCAs upon atmospheric oxidation and a plausible mechanism was proposed involving an initial N-dealkylation step followed by loss of isocyanic acid to give a perfluorinated radical. The perfluorinated radical then produces PFCAs by a series of known atmospheric reactions. Finally, the biological hydrolysis of the polyfluoroalkyl phosphate monoesters (monoPAPs) were studied in vitro using a bovine alkaline phosphatase enzyme. Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters were measured and compared to hexyl phosphate. It was discovered that monoPAPs hydrolyzed on average 100 times faster than hexyl phosphate due to the electron withdrawing fluorine substituents. The results were also used to rationalize the results of a previous in vivo study which suggested monoPAPs were rapidly hydrolyzed in the small intestines of rats following a high dose by oral gavage.	PhD	production, pollut	12, 13
Jackson, Fatimah Z.	Muntaner, Carles	Maternal Depression in Barbados: Exploring How Black Women Experience, Understand, Manage and Cope with Self-Reported 'Baby Blues' and Postpartum Depression	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2015	Postpartum depression is a major depressive disorder whose onset can appear up to one year after delivery and last for weeks, months or years (O'Hara, 1987). The `baby blues' is a mild affective syndrome common during the first three days after birth and can last up to 10 days (O'Hara, 1987; Cole, 2009). Existing research on maternal depression in the English-speaking Caribbean uses epidemiological methods to investigate the incidence and prevalence of depression occurring during pregnancy and the postpartum period, but largely excludes research on the `baby blues'. Also absent from the Caribbean research are studies that use qualitative methods which can help build understanding about how women's social worlds impact their mental health (Amankwaa, 2003; Almond, 2009). To investigate these gaps, a qualitative research project was conducted with 11 (n=11) Black women in Barbados to explore how they have understood, managed, coped, and sought treatment for self-reported postpartum depression and the `baby blues'. Black Feminist and Caribbean Feminist Theoretical frameworks anchored the project and helped consider how women's social, historical, racial, and cultural backgrounds were linked to their maternal mental health. The project's findings show that early maternal depression literature from North America and Europe largely excluded women from diverse racial and cultural backgrounds. Studies conducted to fill this gap have recorded higher rates for the `baby blues' and postpartum depression in Caribbean contexts. Research with Black Caribbean women in the Diaspora highlights their Intersectional experiences and explanatory models which have helped them understand maternal depression. Barriers that prevented research participants from receiving the maternal mental health care they needed included a lack of formal information and education on maternal depression at the postnatal stage; proliferation of international and non-local information sources on maternal depression; women's intersecting race, class and gendered experiences with self-reported maternal depression; and social/cultural stigmas around mental health. The formal and informal supportive resources women discussed and critiqued during their maternal depression experiences included local healthcare institutions, family members, intimate partners, and religious and spiritual sources. The research findings confirm that maternal depression exists in Barbados, and affirms that these conditions are a global public health concern. They also show that an Intersectional framework can facilitate analyses that acknowledge women's multi-layered identities which can help transform how maternal depression is treated and prevented.	Ph.D.	health, women	3, 5
Jackson, Paul	Prudham, W. Scott	Cholera and Crisis: State Health and the Geographies of Future Epidemics	Geography	2011-06	In the fall of 1892, fear of cholera was pervasive in North America. Ten years into the fifth international cholera epidemic -- that lasted from 1881 to 1896 -- cholera had been raging in the Middle East, India, and Europe, but the disease had yet to cross the Atlantic Ocean. The maritime traffic of immigrants from Europe was continuous, and each migrant ship potentially carried the disease. Doctors, government officials, and politicians were not asking 'will cholera come?', but rather when. While no one got sick or died of cholera in the city of Toronto in 1892, the crisis and fear of imminent cholera was very real. Drawing on archival research, this dissertation maps how a cholera crisis was shaped by urgency, immediacy, and speculation on the future. My argument will show how the geography of an epidemic is not limited to the presence of a disease. If crises are times of profound activity, how does this event need to be substantiated in order to produce change? This dissertation follows how cholera was integral to producing an object called proliferating life that held together: migrating populations, growing cities, and degeneration; marshland as the source of disease; the medical theory of zymosis that explained how disease outbreaks got out of control; and Malthusian 'laws' of population. Health experts used correlation and synecdoche to visualize these relations. However, these experts needed a stable institutional base to articulate both their fears and their recommendations, which included: professionalized expanding health boards, as social infrastructures; reclaiming Toronto’s marshland of Ashbridge's Bay; and a health ideology built upon the fear of future epidemics, immigration, and a growing economic rationale for health. By the early 20th century, state health became instrumental to a "national vitality", a practice of government intervention that I frame as bureaucratic bio-economy.	PhD	health	3
Jacobs, Josephine Christina	Peter, C. Coyte	The Impact of Informal Caregiving Intensity on Labour Market Outcomes	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2014-11	Most OECD countries have introduced policies shifting health care into community settings. These policies rely on informal caregivers to provide care to disabled or ill family and friends. At the same time, there are policies in place promoting labour market retention. To better understand how caregiving and labour policies may interact to affect the available pool of caregivers and labour force participants, we need more evidence about how informal caregiving is related to labour market outcomes. We explore this issue through three empirical studies, with a focus on caregivers who provide significant amounts of weekly care (i.e. intensive caregivers).The first study uses the Canadian cross-sectional General Social Survey to determine whether providing informal care is associated with various labour market states. We find that intense caregiving is associated with being fully retired for men and women. High intensity caregivers are also more likely to be retired before age 65. In the second study, we use the American National Longitudinal Survey of Mature Women and control for time-invariant heterogeneity and time-varying sources of bias amongst retirement-aged women. We find that women who provide at least 20 hours of informal care per week are 3 percentage points more likely to retire relative to other women, which supports the idea that intensive caregiving may cause women to retire. Finally, given changes in the policy, demographic, and cultural contexts, we use the American National Longitudinal Surveys of Young and Mature Women to explore whether labour market penalties have changed over time. Following two cohorts of pre-retirement aged women, we find that intensive informal caregiving is negatively associated with labour force participation for both pre-Baby Boomers and Baby Boomers. The caregiving effects are not significantly different across cohorts, implying that, despite the introduction of offsetting policies, labour market penalties for caregivers have persisted.	Ph.D.	health, women	3, 5
Jahanfar, Ali	Drake, Jennifer||Sleep, Brent	Hydrological and Life Cycle Assessment of Green Roof Photovoltaic Systems	Civil Engineering	2019-06	Traditionally, green roof (GR) and photovoltaic (PV) systems have been viewed as direct competitors vying for the same roof space. However, with appropriate design, synergistic effects can arise when these technologies are combined. This study is focused on two major areas: first, the cradle-to-use life cycle analysis of integrated systems in terms of energy and carbon emissions; and second, the hydrologic related effects of an integrated system including runoff, water retention, evapotranspiration, and soil moisture, among others. A probabilistic analysis was performed to examine the potential energy and carbon emissions of GR, PV, and integrated systems (GR-PV). The analysis demonstrates that a GR-PV system is a low-risk investment generating lower energy and carbon-emission pay-back time in comparison with separate GR and PV systems. The hydrology and vegetation growth of two full scale integrated systems was monitored at GRITlab between August 2016 and July 2017 with 1.2 m and 0.6 m differential height between GR modules and PV panels. Doubling the differential height (from 0.6 to 1.2m) did not significantly change the rainwater retention and peak flow reduction in the integrated systems. Larger vertical distance between PV and GR provided plants with more solar radiation and greater rain exposure, which led to more vegetation growth. GR evapotranspiration (ET) processes and modeling approaches for shaded and unshaded conditions were investigated using data from two GR modules installed at the Green Roof Innovation Testing laboratory (GRITlab) on the fifth-story roof of a University of Toronto building located on the downtown St. George campus. A modified Penman-Monteith equation was developed to provide improved prediction of hourly ET, specifically for GR applications. The modified equation improved ET estimates by 8-9% and 37% under non-water limited and water limited conditions, respectively for the GRITlab data. The net radiation and wind speed beneath PV panels was modeled as a function of length, height, slope and row-spacing of PV panels and diurnal wind/sun characteristics. ET rates beneath PV panels were shown to be most sensitive to PV panel row-spacing and length.	Ph.D.	water, energy, solar, innovation	6, 7, 2009
James, Patrick Michael Arthur	Fortin, Marie-Josee	Interacting Disturbances in the Boreal Forest and the Importance of Spatial Legacies at Multiple Scales	Forestry	2009-11	Forest disturbances and the spatial patterns they create affect ecosystem processes through their influence on forest vegetation from individual trees to landscapes. In the boreal and mixed-wood forests of eastern Canada the main agents of disturbance are logging, fire, and defoliation by the spruce budworm (SBW, Choristoneura fumiferana). These disturbances are similar in that they remove forest biomass and influence forest succession but also distinct in that logging creates patterns that are different than those created by natural disturbances. All disturbances are indirectly linked to each other through their mutual effects on forest spatial structure and succession. Through such feedbacks, spatial disturbance legacies can facilitate or constrain further disturbances, including forest management. Surprisingly, the long term spatial consequences of interactions among multiple natural and anthropogenic disturbances remain largely unexplored. This thesis investigates how, and at what spatial scale, legacies in forest composition and age structure influence natural disturbance dynamics, and how natural disturbances constrain forest management. I address four specific questions: (i) For how long do spatial legacies of different forest management strategies persist on the landscape? (ii) How do interactions among logging, fire, SBW, and succession affect timber availability and long term forest patterns in age and composition? (iii) How do these patterns differ from those created by each disturbance individually? And, (iv) How can management be used to reduce the extent and severity of fires and SBW defoliation through the manipulation of forest structure? The key scientific innovations of this thesis are: (i) Characterization of the duration and influence of spatial legacies on forest disturbances and sustainability; (ii) Development of a dynamic spatial forest simulation model that includes distinct successional rules that respond to different types of disturbance and shifts in disturbance regimes; and, (iii) Development and application of a wavelet-based significance testing framework to identify key scales of expression in forest spatial patterns. These innovations provide a scientific basis for landscape level forest management strategies designed to reduce the long term impacts of defoliating insects and to meet multiple objectives.	PhD	urban	11
Jang, In Chull	Heller, Monica	Consuming Global Language and Culture: South Korean Youth in English Study Abroad	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2017-06	In globalizing South Korea, it is a prevalent belief that English competence and global awareness are key qualifications for successful employment. This belief has led South Korean young adults to pursue transnational experiences to improve their employability in the neoliberal job market. This thesis examines how the ideology of English as a global language produces the necessity of learning the language abroad and governs students’ overseas learning and life, through the case of Korean youth studying English in Toronto. Drawing on 13-month ethnographic fieldwork in Toronto, two research trips to South Korea, and various types of relevant documents, this thesis analyzes sociolinguistic trajectories of a group of Korean students attending a private language school. Especially, from a political economic perspective of language and culture, the thesis focuses on the ways in which the Korean students consume and negotiate desired types of English and English speakers. This study shows that the majority of students accessing the English study abroad market were students from non-elite universities who had no legitimate global experiences and low levels of oral proficiency in English. Recognizing the necessity of linguistic and cultural capital, the Korean youth decided to study English abroad, as their parents agreed to financially support their overseas education. In the private language teaching industry, such social, linguistic, and economic positions of the Korean youth led them to be strategic, calculative, and consumerist in terms of their English learning. In multilingual Toronto, the Korean students stratified English speakers according to the latter’s authenticity, proficiency, and intimacy. They constantly navigated “good” English programs and teachers in their language school. However, their status in the Western society, which remained as temporary visitors, non-native English speakers, and (East) Asians, posed challenges to immersing themselves in local cultures. Furthermore, this thesis demonstrates that the Korean students’ attitudes toward life and learning emphasizing accountability and effectiveness caused emotional burn-out and intercultural fatigue. Subsequently, the Korean students temporarily suspended the normative ways for success in English study abroad and pursued an alternative way of life. They enjoyed leisure activities such as travels and everyday mingling, thus constructing their version of cosmopolitanism.	Ph.D.	employment	8
Janigan, Kara	Mundy, Karen	Factors affecting Girls' Education in Tajikistan: What Difference did the Girls' Education Project Make?	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2012-11	Since Tajikistan’s independence in 1991 the number of rural girls leaving school after grade 9 has been increasing at an alarming rate. In order to improve rural girls’ secondary school attendance and retention, in 2006 Save the Children, local non-governmental organization (NGO) partners, and the Ministry of Education implemented a two-year UNICEF-funded Girls’ Education Project (GEP). This mixed-method study compares rural girls’ secondary school experiences and opportunities at six schools (three GEP schools and three non-GEP schools) in two districts located in regions with the lowest levels of female secondary school participation nationwide. Two research questions guided this study: 1) What factors serve as obstacles or enablers to girls’ secondary school experiences and opportunities in rural Tajikistan? and 2) How did the GEP attempt to overcome factors limiting rural girls’ secondary school experiences and opportunities and which aspects of the project were perceived to be most effective? The study’s theoretical framework contains concepts from two sets of theories: 1) social reproduction (schooling as a means of maintaining and reproducing the status quo) and 2) empowerment (schooling as a means of changing the status quo). Data collected reveals two groups’ perspectives: 1) adult participants (Ministry of Education officials, NGO staff, school administrators and teachers) and 2) rural female upper secondary school students. A multi-level data analysis process was used to compare findings within and across districts. Factors that serve as either an obstacle or an enabler of girls’ educational experiences and opportunities include those relating to the community/society, family, school, and self. Factors related to community/society include the dominant belief that a girl is “grown-up” by 15 and should no longer go to school which intersects with family poverty to create a major barrier to girls’ non-compulsory secondary schooling. Factors affecting girls’ schooling related to the family were the most significant determinant of a girl’s schooling. Of all the GEP activities, participants consistently considered the girls’ overnight camp to be the “best” activity. Findings show how enabling just a few girls to return to school significantly increases the likelihood of other girls being allowed to attend school in these rural communities.	PhD	poverty, rural, educat	1, 4, 11
Janjua, Martyna Anna	Gastaldo, Denise	Governing the Lives of Immigrants: A Foucauldian Perspective on Tuberculosis Immigration Medical Surveillance in Canada	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2018-03	This dissertation critically examines the experiences of new Canadian immigrants and immigration applicants undergoing immigration TB health screening and surveillance, and focuses on the social effects of this process on the health and wellbeing of newcomers. Using Foucault’s theoretical framework of governmentality, this study seeks to understand how various knowledges about health and the immigrant body are (re)produced through the articulation of immigration, public health, and biomedical discourses, and how these regimes of knowledge and power constitute social relations and structure the daily reality of newcomers to Canada. The first purpose of this study was to document the ways in which ‘medicalization’ of the immigration process shaped the migratory journeys (i.e. constrained and enabled possibilities for action) of immigration applicants. The second objective was to understand how these overlapping discourses created rationalities of governance to construct and regulate immigrant subjects, and to what effect. Data were generated through semi-structured interviews (15) with newcomers undergoing immigration TB screening and surveillance, observations of immigration TB clinic appointments (14), and observations of the TB clinic itself. The data were analyzed to determine how newcomers navigated the immigration and settlement, and immigration medical surveillance (IMS) processes, and how they negotiated power during interpersonal encounters with authorities and experts, particularly at the site of the TB clinic. The tensions arising from competing discourses and logics were found to have multiple negative effects: they create structural barriers to obtaining immigration status causing physical, psychological and emotional suffering for applicants; they produce conflicting and perceivably irreconcilable subjectivities for applicants (the ‘desirable’ immigrant vs. the ‘good’ TB patient); and they unwittingly implicate TB health care providers into the mechanism of immigration surveillance as state authorities, corroding the doctor-patient relationship and undermining their ability to provide adequate medical care to newcomers. I argue that an overemphasis on biomedical approaches to treating TB among newcomers in the name of biosecuritization does little for actually controlling TB in Canada. Instead, this study reveals the need to incorporate a social determinants of health approach, particularly one that acknowledged the immigration and settlement process itself as a determinant of TB and immigrant health.	Ph.D.	health	3
Janmohamed, Zeenat	Mirchandani, Kiran	Getting Beyond Equity and Inclusion: Queering Early Childhood Education	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2014-06	The Canadian early childhood landscape is changing substantially, pushing early childhood from a private family responsibility into the greater public policy discourse. New investments in early childhood services, combined with research that defines the importance of early years learning, requires a careful analysis of the professional preparation of early childhood educators. At the same time typical understandings of family and childhood are being challenged through legal and social policy reforms. Although Canadian demographic changes indicate a growing number of queer families with children, the gap in addressing the interests of queer identified parents and their children is exacerbated by the dominance of a heteronormative perspective in early childhood theory, training and practice. My study demonstrates the disparity between the professional preparation of early childhood educators in Ontario and how queer families are understood in the Canadian context. I draw upon queer theory to deconstruct how educators understand child development patterns and family composition including the newly defined family units that can include single or multiple parents of varying sexual identities that may consist of, but are not limited to lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer and trans parents. Using qualitative methods, the research is grounded in data sources including text analysis of key early childhood texts, focus groups with early childhood educators who have graduated from ECE training programs in Ontario during the last decade and interviews with queer parents with young children enrolled in early childhood programs. I argue that the inherent heteronormative discourse of developmentally appropriate practice silences queer in early childhood training and is embedded in foundational approaches including standards of practice, curriculum frameworks and textbooks commonly used in the training of early childhood educators. Notions of diversity, equity and inclusion structure this silencing. My study also found that early childhood educators have a narrow understanding of how queer parents may be similar or different from other parents. Educators have a limited capacity to support and engage with parents that do not fit the dominant framework of family identity. The queer parents’ narratives consistently present subtle forms of homophobia and transphobia through the silencing of their family in their child’s early childhood program. The results of the study provide an opportunity to reimagine the professional training of early childhood educators embedding a much richer theoretical grounding and teaching practice of diversity and difference that includes queer parents and their children.	PhD	queer	5
Jeffrey, Kamara	Troper, Harold	Consultation, Conflict, and Collaborative Federalism: Canada-Ontario Immigration Relations, 1970-2005	Social Justice Education	2015-11	The provision of immigrant settlement services has long been recognized in the social science literature as essential to the economic, social, and political integration of immigrants to Canada. The 1976 Immigration Act, enacted in 1978, was a catalyst for increased provincial involvement in immigration, a jurisdiction shared between the two governments, yet largely managed by the Canadian federal government. The new Act initiated a flurry of bilateral federal-provincial cooperation accords on immigrant settlement throughout the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s. Yet, the Canada-Ontario Immigration Agreement (COIA), signed in November 2005, was the last of ten bilateral immigration accords to be signed in Canada. While other Canadian provinces successfully leveraged their jurisdictional capacity in immigrant settlement through the successful negotiation of bilateral immigration agreements with the federal government, the finalization of a Canada-Ontario agreement on immigration and settlement remained in bureaucratic and political impasse for decades despite Ontario’s position as the province receiving the largest proportion of immigrants to Canada. The purpose of this dissertation is to explore the process by which Ontario’s first intergovernmental immigration agreement, decades in the making, was successfully concluded in 2005. Drawing on archival government documents, extensive interviews, and multiple interdisciplinary analyses, this dissertation traces the trajectory of Canada-Ontario-municipal intergovernmental negotiations in the shared jurisdiction of immigration and settlement from 1970-2005 to show how these intergovernmental relations evolved against a dynamic backdrop of demographic shifts, changing international norms, bureaucratic restructuring, and broader political agendas and economic interests. The dissertation demonstrates that while the negotiation of the 2005 Canada-Ontario Immigration Agreement marked a new leaf in intergovernmental cooperation, the Canada-Ontario immigration relationship remains wrought with complexity. Ontario’s unique approach to immigration consultation, continued disputes over devolution and federal spending power in the province, and fluid federal-provincial-municipal jurisdictional boundaries continue to pose a challenge to existing theories of collaborative federalism and multilevel governance.	Ph.D.	governance	16
Jelle, Abdinoor Abdullahi	Perovic, Doug D.||Ozin, Geoffrey A.	Photochemical and Photothermal Reduction of Carbon Dioxide for Solar Fuels Production	Materials Science and Engineering	2017-11	Abstract Catalytic conversion of greenhouse gas carbon dioxide to value-added chemicals and fuels powered by solar energy is envisioned to be a promising strategy to realize both energy security and environmental protection. This work demonstrates that earth abundant, low cost nanomaterials based on silicon and iron can be used to harvest both light and heat energy from the sun to reduce CO2 and generate solar fuels. Herein, we have demonstrated that ruthenium supported ultra-black silicon nanowires can drive the Sabatier reaction both photochemically and photothermally where both incident photons absorbed by and heat generated in the black silicon nanowires accelerate the photomethanation reaction. This allows the reaction to be activated at ambient temperatures removing the need for external heating that could cause sintering, mechanical degradation and eventual catalyst deactivation and therefore improves the overall energy efficiency of the process. Additionally, we have shown that the rate of photomethanation is greatly enhanced when highly dispersed nanocrystalline RuO2 is chemically deposited onto the black silicon nanowires support. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that other silicon structures such as three-dimensional silicon photonic crystals can be used as an efficient support for CO2 hydrogenation. Unlike other insulating supports, these silicon nanostructured supports are particularly attractive for solar-powered catalysis because, with a band-gap of 1.1 eV, they can potentially absorb 80% of the solar irradiance. Moreover, they exhibit excellent absorption strengths and low reflective losses across the entire solar spectral wavelength range of the ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared portion of the solar spectrum. Finally, we demonstrated a comprehensive comparative study of the physical, electronic, and photocatalytic properties of ironoxyhydroxide (FeOOH) polymorphs by studying the extent of methylene blue photodegradation. This work led to the transformation of these FeOOH polymorphs into magnetite (Fe3O4) which effectively reduced CO2 to CO via the reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction.	Ph.D.	water, energy, solar, greenhouse gas	6, 7, 13
Jenkins, Margaret	Bertoldi, Nancy	The Global Person: A Political Liberal Approach to International Justice Theory Giving Moral Primacy to the Individual	Political Science	2010-06	John Rawls's The Law of Peoples has been criticized for focusing on the interests of peoples rather than individuals and for compromising individuals' fundamental human rights in order to tolerate nonliberal ideas of justice. This dissertation develops a new political liberal approach to international justice theory that responds to these concerns. This approach gives explicit moral primacy to the individual while also upholding the political liberal commitment to toleration. I do this by developing a political conception of the person specifically for international justice theory and a global original position of persons for working out principles of international justice. This involves the specification of an idea of freedom that is not parochially liberal and the development of a new political liberal human rights framework. This dissertation does not offer a defense of political liberalism as the right account of justice; the aim of this work is to consider whether a political liberal theory of international justice is able to give the individual moral primacy and to explore how it might do so.	PhD	rights	16
Jenney, Angelique	Mishna, Faye	Doing the Right Thing: Negotiating Risk and Safety in Child Protection Work with Domestic Violence Cases	Social Work	2011-06	The concepts of risk and safety are central to social work practice with survivors of violence against women, especially within the child protection system. Recent studies have highlighted how discrepancies between client and worker perceptions may create problematic conditions for developing effective intervention strategies (Dumbrill, 2006; Jenney, Alaggia, Mazzuca, & Redmond, 2005). In addition, tensions exist between movement toward improving worker-client interactions through collaboration and the use of standardized risk and safety assessments as a means of improving practice. The purpose of this research study was to explore how women’s narratives of domestic violence (DV), expressed within the context of child protection services (CPS), become translated into CPS workers’ assessments of risk and need for safety planning. Using Grounded Theory Methodology (GTM), this qualitative study used focus group and interview data to explore how both workers and clients’ experiences of the process of risk assessment and safety planning influenced the course of the intervention. What emerged is that workers and clients held similar representations about the social construction/collective representation of woman abuse and the work of CPS. For both worker and client participants the concept of ‘doing the right thing’ presented itself as an over-arching theme. This theme implies that there is a perceived ‘right way’ of addressing DV cases within CPS work and enhances understanding about the ways in which social workers and clients interact. These findings illustrate how narrative structures shape interactions that take place within the context of care and prevention, manifesting themselves in complex ways that can lead to misunderstanding the impact on children, the (un) conscious subjugation of women victims, and the absence of dialogue about the role of men in addressing DV at a system level.	PhD	women	5
Jessri, Mahsa	L'Abbe, Mary R	Evidence for a Paradigm Shift in Preventive Nutrition: Measuring the Role of Dietary Patterns in Chronic Disease Risk in Canada	Nutritional Sciences	2016-11	National nutrition surveys are the cornerstones of nutritional surveillance for developing dietary guidelines and policies. Some recent studies have questioned the usefulness of nutrition surveys due to their methodological limitations. The overall goal of this thesis was to use the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) 2.2 to address these limitations as the first step in population-based dietary pattern analysis, an essential component for development of evidence-based nutritional guidelines and policies. In the first study of this thesis, different methods for handling dietary misreporting were compared and “adjusting for misreporting bias” was identified as the most appropriate technique, which was used in all subsequent studies of this thesis. In the second study, we observed that closer adherence to the only Canadian a priori index, Health Canada’s Surveillance Tool Tier System (HCST) 2014, developed based on the Eating Well with Canada’s Food Guide 2007 (EWCFG) was associated with higher probability of meeting dietary reference intakes (DRI) for nutrients, even though it was not related to obesity risk. These findings were explained in the third study, where the strict focus of the EWCFG on single nutrients, rather than dietary patterns was identified as its main limitation. The first Canadian dietary pattern analyses using energy-based a priori (Study 4) and hybrid (Study 5) techniques were then conducted to address this limitation. Lack of adherence to the recommendations of 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans Adherence Index (DGAI), an a priori dietary quality index, and consumption of an energy-dense, high-fat and low-fiber dietary pattern derived from the weighted partial least squares, were associated with 2-3 times higher risk of obesity. Overall, studies in this thesis demonstrate that application of rigorous methodological techniques to survey data can enhance the usefulness of nutrition surveys for capturing the diet-disease relationships and for informing evidence-based national nutrition guidelines and policies.	Ph.D.	food, nutrition, health	2, 3
Jetha, Arif	Gignac, Monique	Early Employment Experiences of Canadian Young Adults Living with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Juvenile Arthritis and Spinal Cord Injury	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2013-11	Background: Participating in employment is an important milestone signaling the transition to adulthood. Few studies have examined how chronic diseases influence early work experiences. Purpose: This study examined barriers and facilitators to the employment status of young adults, ages 18-30 years, with systemic lupus erythematosus, juvenile arthritis and spinal cord injury; researched employment outcomes like work-health conflict, absenteeism, job disruptions and perceived productivity loss; and investigated barriers to employment among those not working. Methods: 155 participants were recruited from clinics in four Canadian provinces. Participants completed a 30-minute online cross-sectional survey of their work experiences. Demographic, health, psychosocial and work context information was collected. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed. Results: Over half of respondents were employed; a quarter of respondents were enrolled in school. Older participants, those reporting greater independence/autonomy, and participants reporting that fewer job accommodations would help them work, were more likely to be employed. Employed participants reported moderate work-health conflict and close to half reported absenteeism, job disruptions and some productivity losses. Greater perceived independence/autonomy, less fatigue and disease activity, and disclosing to others was related to lower work-health conflict. Less fatigue and social support, and greater self-disclosure and job control were related to absenteeism. Job control also was associated with less productivity loss. Among respondents not working, health was generally not a perceived barrier to employment, but drug benefits and work scheduling flexibility were desirable accommodations. Conclusions: Respondents were able to work and be productive despite health problems like pain, fatigue and activity limitations. Relationships with others that were supportive but also fostered independence/autonomy were important to the employment experiences of respondents and deserve greater attention in research. Policies and practices that emphasize work scheduling flexibility and recognize the importance of ongoing health management may help young adults with chronic diseases find and maintain work.	PhD	health, employment	3, 8
Jewett, Elizabeth Liane	MacDowell, Laurel	Behind the Greens: Understanding Golf Course Landscapes in Canada, 1873-1945	History	2015-06	Between 1873 and 1945, the golf course emerged as a distinct landscape category in Canada. During this transformative period of golf development, the course, as a landscape, revealed particular human and human/non-human interactions. To explore these associations, the term `golfscape' signals the course's literal and ideological construction as simultaneously a playing field and manifestation of nature. Gendered sport identities existed within these golfscapes and reinforced class-based and racialized relationships as well as Anglo-Canadian and Canadian/American connections. Traditional British golfing canon collided with the cultural and environmental realities of Canada to create a unique social and physical space. An examination of private, public, and resort course locations across the country illustrates how clubs positioned and promoted their playing fields within an urbanizing and diversifying country. For example, golfscape game and aesthetic features prompted private and public interests to integrate golf into nature tourism within Canada's national parks during this time. Clubs, however, were held to certain appearance and playability standards, whether in the wilderness of the Rocky Mountains or in the rural-urban fringe that fueled product experimentation and creation. Trends towards professionalism and expertise as well as recognition of the diversity of the country's climates and geographies created room for golf architects and agricultural scientists to position themselves as authorities with the power to experiment and disseminate knowledge and practices to the wider culture. Consequently, a North American-focused golf industry touted their products as scientifically tested and catered to local needs. An analysis of golfscape development, therefore, not only promotes a deeper understanding of the connections among culture, environments, and technology but also contributes a different vantage point from which to study the intersecting forces that shaped life in Canada during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.	Ph.D.	gender, land use, environment	5, 13, 15
Jeyapal, Daphne	Bhuyan, Rupaleem	Behind the 2009 Tamil Diaspora Protests in Canada: A Critical Analysis of the Production of Race, Resistance, and Citizenship across Borders	Social Work	2014-11	Critical social workers emphasize activism for social justice, and acknowledge that global justice movements can inform the evolution of social work practice. Yet, scholarship on community practice and citizen participation has shown varying levels of attention to the interests and context of racialized populations. This dissertation engages this discussion by developing an understanding of what activism comes to be for migrant communities who experience social injustices across local, national and transnational scales. I draw upon a framework of citizenship, racialization and spatiality to problematize conditions of resistance through the 2009 Tamil diaspora protests in Canada. Through a Critical Discourse Analysis of print media and key informant interviews, I explore the following: (1) What are the ideologies underlying media representations of the movement in Canada? (2) How can social work researchers ethically represent the resistance movements of others? (3) Why and how does race frame the production of suffering and spectacle through protest? (4) How can we unpack representations of racialized local groups who protest an issue unfolding elsewhere? This project highlights the challenges experienced by racialized communities' in their struggles towards citizenship, social justice and decolonization. Chapter 1 presents the context of the 2009 Tamil diaspora protests, the conceptual framework, and methodology guiding this study. In accordance with the Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work's 3-paper dissertation format, Chapter 2, 3 and 4 are stand-alone papers geared towards different peer-review journals. Chapter 2 problematizes how we should represent contested resistance movements in the age of terrorism. Chapter 3 examines how racial logic frames the expression of protesters' suffering, and the construction of the Canadian public's racial apathy. Chapter 4 explores how national media discourses racially and spatially mark protesters as "others," "outlaws," and "outsiders." The findings of this interdisciplinary study demonstrate how resistance by racialized groups in a white settler state is distorted by the indirect and direct representational politics imposed by a hegemonic West. In Chapter 5, I offer implications for social work theory, practice and education to reconsider the boundaries of social justice, incorporate a conceptualization of transnational activism as citizenship, and forefront the politics of protest.	Ph.D.	justice	16
Jeyathevan, Gaya	Jaglal, Susan B	An Exploration of Support Needs of Family Caregivers of Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury: A Qualitative Study	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2018-11	There is a gap in evidence with respect to the specific support needs of family caregivers of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). The objectives of this thesis include determining: 1) the perceived facilitators and barriers to undertaking and sustaining the caregiving role; 2) the types of support needed by individuals with SCI, and the factors related to the need for more support; 3) the skills needed by SCI family caregivers to enhance competency in caregiving; and 4) how caregivers and care recipients negotiate changes within the relationship post-SCI. This research used a qualitative descriptive approach with an exploratory design. Thirty-four interviews (19 individuals with SCI, 15 family caregivers) were conducted. In the first paper, the following four facilitators to caregiving were identified: access to community support services, positive coping in relationship, social support, and mastery of caregiving roles. Conversely, the following six barriers to caregiving were identified: lack of access to community resources, lack of knowledge about resources and formal training, fragmented continuity of care, negative coping in relationship, role strain, and caregiver injury or illness. In the second paper, the following types of support needed by individuals with SCI were identified: practical, emotional and advocacy. The following factors associated with the need for more support were also identified: a higher level of injury, greater frequency of secondary health conditions and age of the care recipient. In the third paper, twenty-nine SCI family caregiving skills were identified and grouped into six caregiving processes signifying the multiple dimensions of the SCI caregiving role. In the final paper, the following four factors that challenged relationship stability were identified: protective behaviours, asymmetrical dependency, loss of sex and intimacy, and difficulty adapting. Also, the following four strategies used by care recipients and caregivers to maintain/re-build their relationships were identified: interdependence, shifting commonalities, adding creativity into routine, and creating a new normal. These findings could serve to facilitate prospective planning of sustainable support for family caregivers as well as improve the health outcomes of individuals with SCI.	Ph.D.	health	3
Jia, Chao	Conle, Carola	Understanding School Stories: A Narrative Inquiry into the Cross-generational Schooling Experiences of Six Current and Former Chinese Students	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2009-11	This thesis research is a narrative inquiry into the cross-generational schooling experiences of six former and current students during a period of momentous social, economic, cultural and political change in China’s modern history, 1949 to the present. It focuses on students’ experience in curricular situations and how they construct and reconstruct curricular meanings. Through this work, I intend to foster a deeper understanding of knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and values about schooling revealed from students’ school experiences. According to Dewey (1938), Schwab (1978), Connelly and Clandinin (1988), curriculum does not only refer to the content in textbooks, but includes people, things, and processes of a learning environment. I used Schwab’s (1978) four commonplaces of curriculum, student, subject matter, teacher and milieu, to explore students’ curricular experiences in relation to the general field of curriculum studies as framed by Dewey, Schwab, Connelly and Clandinin. “These [four] commonplaces combine in different ways, becoming more or less prominent, and more or less salient, in teaching and learning situations” (Conle, 2003, p. 6). Schwab’s (1978) four commonplaces of curriculum provided an avenue for exploring the curricular meanings my and my participants make of our schooling. My participants are my parents, my nephew, an old (male) friend from school, a young female and myself. Since we all share a Chinese upbringing, our school stories were told and explored within China’s social, economic and political contexts. Telling and retelling my and my participants’ schooling experiences and making meaning and significance from them help to convey what has been happening in our curricular situations. Our cross-generational student experiences bring a set of perspectives to explore what it means to be educated in China. By constructing and reconstructing the meaning of our schooling experiences, this study provides space for students’ school stories to be reflectively heard and examined (Olson & Craig, 2005; Richie & Wilson, 2000)in the recent change in China’s educational reforms that seek to promote quality education and engage students’ independent and critical thinking.	PhD	educat	4
Jia, Jia	Ozin, Geoffrey||Perovic, Doug	Photothermal and Photochemical Nanostructured Catalyst Engineering Towards Efficient Solar Fuel Production	Materials Science and Engineering	2017-11	With global energy demand rising alongside the advancement of climate change, the conversion of greenhouse gas carbon dioxide into value-added chemicals and fuels is attracting increasing attention. The crux for the successful development of this promising technology is the exploration and discovery of highly active, selective, and stable catalyst materials. Herein we demonstrate that the reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction can be driven by Nb2O5 nanorod-supported Pd nanocrystals, without external heating, using visible and near infrared (NIR) light. By measuring the dependence of the RWGS reaction rates on the intensity and spectral power distribution of filtered light incident on the nanostructured Pd@Nb2O5 catalyst, we determine the RWGS reaction to be initiated by heat generated from thermalized charge carriers in the Pd nanocrystals that are excited by inter-band and intra-band absorption of visible and NIR light. We also demonstrate that the catalytic activity and selectivity of CO2 reduction to CO and CH4 products can be systematically tailored, by varying the size of the Pd nanocrystals, to acheive champion turnover frequencies (0.61 sâ 1) and efficient conversion of solar energy to stored chemical energy. The remarkable control over the catalytic performance of Pd@Nb2O5 stems from a combination of photothermal, electronic, and size effects. The insight gleaned from this detailed experimental-theoretical study provides a blueprint for how to tailor the performance metrics of earth-abundant, low-cost metal-metal oxide (M@M'Ox) analogues. Finally, we report a lattice strain and defect controlled strategy that enables the high-performance of low-cost photocatalystic materials. Lattice compressed ultrafine nonstoichiometric indium oxide dots, In2O3-x(OH)y, grown on the surface of niobium pentoxide nanorods were fabricated; the optimized hybrid structure exhibits 44-fold increase in efficiency compared with pristine In2O3-x(OH)y, along with extremely long-term operational stability, potentially originating from the increased number of active oxygen vacancies, prolonged excited-state lifetimes, and enhanced photo-generated carrier energies.	Ph.D.	energy, solar, climate, greenhouse gas	7, 13
Jia, Yongfang	Sawchuk, Peter	Struggles between Rural and Urban Ways: A Qualitative Study of Informal Learning amongst Female Migrant Domestic Workers in China	Social Justice Education	2018-06	There are existing researches regarding the subject matter of Chinese rural migrant workers, mainly focusing on economic and social effects of migrant workers, instead of regarding their thoughts, feels and needs. To fill these gaps, this dissertation conducted in-depth interviews involving 30 interviewees as a kind of primary research. It answers three research questions on barriers women migrant domestic workers face, with solutions, informal learning they obtain in workplace, and suggestions to governments, agencies and communities in facilitating their migration process. The thesis presents findings which shed lights to the related researches on the Chinese female rural migrant domestic workers, including the changing requirements as the globalization and urbanization deepen in China, the rural migrants’ active participation into urban life and their enhancing themselves for social upward mobility. The primary focus of analysis in this research is on women’s informal learning that stems from their economic migration between rural and urban areas as well as their work as domestics in the latter. Therefore, this informal learning takes place across a number of locations: within their workplaces (i.e. the homes of employers) but also extends beyond the workplaces (e.g. in discussions with family members or the community). Since this informal learning stems from the relationship of economic migration and domestic work specifically, the learning content is quite diverse. It involves content directly related to work tasks, skills and knowledge as well as relationships with employers (and their families), but it also includes learning content implicated by the context of rural-urban economic migration, such as effects on a worker’s children, husband or parents, aspects of urban living as well as the pendulum swings between their rural and urban lives, and much more. In keeping the type of observations that Malcolm, Hodkinson and Colley (2003) that aspects of informality and formality are likely part of all learning, we will also see how certain aspects of training and even educational attainment of these workers does shape how informal learning occurs, and vice versa learning done informally shapes interest and activity related to training interests, goals and practices as well.	Ed.D.	worker, rural	8, 11
Jien, Jerry Yu	Gough, William A	Impacts of Climate Variability and Change on Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones	Physical and Environmental Sciences	2015-11	Damages inflicted by tropical cyclones (TCs) worldwide have increased in recent decades with climate change and variability playing key roles in altering TC characteristics. In this thesis, the impact of natural variability is explored, using ENSO conditions, and climate change on the nature of eastern North Pacific (ENP) TCs. The first research objective of the thesis focused on a spatial-temporal separation of ENP storms based on El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phase (temporal variability, El Niño, La Niña, neutral) and regional storm stratification (spatial variability, east and west). The western development region (WDR) storms were found to be more sensitive to influences of ENSO. In particular, during El Niño years, there were more WDR storms. The second research objective explored the ENSO impact on the trajectory of ENP storm tracks by examining the locations for genesis and downgradation points and storm track movements. The storm tracks were strongly influenced by ENSO phases, with significant differences detected for many ENSO pairings. However, when storm data are regionally separated the latitudinal movement of WDR storms tend to be more extensive during El Niño conditions and as a result there are more landfalling TCs. The third research objective of the dissertation explored the importance of near-time sea surface temperatures (SSTs) on storm intensities. SST thresholds were found that were critical for the sustenance of stronger ENP storms that achieve hurricane and major hurricane status. Significantly, the minimum SST threshold varied between the MDR subdivisions. For major hurricanes, the SST requirements for EDR and WDR are substantially lower than that found in the North Atlantic basin at 28.25°C. Although SSTs appear to contribute little in determining the ultimate maximum storm intensity for ENP storms in general, when ENP storms are regionally divided, SSTs are found to be highly associated with the WDR major hurricanes. Evidently the recent warming shown in the distribution of storm-bounded SSTs has led to the rise of maximum potential intensity for ENP storms. Overall, the common theme that emerged from these three studies is that ENP storm characteristics associated with WDR are inherently more sensitive to climate variability and change.	Ph.D.	climate	13
Jindani, Farah	Volpe, Richard	Explorations of Wellness and Resilience: A Yoga Intervention for Post-traumatic Stress	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2014-06	Post-traumatic stress is a highly prevalent mental health condition. Mind-body interventions like yoga are increasingly being utilized in the treatment of PTS, but further research is needed to assess its effectiveness. This present randomized control study was designed to supplement the current field of inquiry with a relatively large group of participants and mixed method analysis of the data. The PTS symptoms and overall well-being of 50 participants enrolled in an eight-week trauma-specific Kundalini yoga (KY) program were examined. The findings demonstrate that KY may impact PTS symptomology, sleep, positive affect, perceived stress, and feelings of resilience. Eight month follow-up data are presented. Participant narratives are discussed corroborating quantitative findings and suggest that participants learnt tools to modulate emotions leading to self-mastery. Study limitations are presented with recommendations for future trauma-related research and practice.	PhD	health	3
Joanis, Marcelin	McMillan, Robert	Essays on the Political Economy of the Centralized Provision of Local Public Goods	Economics	2008-11	This thesis explores the political economy aspects of the provision of local public goods by higher levels of government. Chapter 1 focuses on local public goods as instruments for special interest politics at the supra-local level, with an emphasis on public infrastructure. To capture the implications of long-run relationships between political parties and their loyal supporters, I set out a dynamic probabilistic voting model which predicts that the geographic pattern of spending depends on the way the government balances long-run `machine politics' considerations with the more immediate concern to win over swing voters. To assess the empirical relevance of both forces, I analyse rich data on road spending from a panel of electoral districts in Québec. Empirical results exploiting the province's linguistic fragmentation provide robust evidence that partisan loyalty is a key driver of the geographic allocation of spending. Chapter 2 proposes a theoretical framework to analyse the coexistence of multiple tiers of government in local public good provision. I study the effects of such partial decentralization on accountability using a two-period political agency model, in which two levels of government are involved in public good provision and voters are imperfectly informed about each government's contribution to the public good. The model predicts that the net effect of a departure from complete centralization (or decentralization) balances the benefits of vertical complementarity against the loss of accountability following from imperfect information and detrimental vertical interactions. Chapter 3 investigates the impact of partial decentralization on local electoral accountability in the context of California's school finance system. I exploit the peculiarities California's school finance system and the federal No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 to estimate the extent to which politicians are punished or rewarded for observed policy outcomes, and how this channel is affected by the degree of centralization. Results show that voters are responsive to differences in dropout rates and pupil-teacher ratios, and that incumbents are less likely to be reelected when a district's degree of centralization is high. Increased federal involvement after 2001 is associated with sharper local electoral accountability.	PhD	infrastructure	9
Jofre, Daniella	Valentina, Napolitano	Guallatire: Negotiating Aymara Indigeneity and Rights of Ownership in the Lauca Biosphere Reserve, Northern Chile	Anthropology	2014-11	My dissertation explores a multilayered landscape of contestation at the Aymara borderlands of Guallatire. Based on ethnographic fieldwork with guallatire単os in this Andean locality, I focus on how both the history of border institutionalization and the creation of the Lauca Biosphere Reserve impacted ethnicity processes and indigenous ownership in the highlands. I examine the politics of indigeneity as a mobile social formation and transnational field of governance, subjectivities and knowledges, along with notions of heritage shaped by the materiality of property. While struggling for cultural recognition and economic redistribution, guallatire単os have been confronted with a neoliberal state apparatus and violent mechanisms of government, including contradictory legislation which consequently has fragmented traditional native territories and communities, privatized land and water rights, and ultimately invisibilized Indigenous Peoples. However, the free market model has also shaped contested terrains between public and private sectors in the Lauca, paradoxically weakening the role of the state and causing friction among the various stakeholders involved in the Biosphere Reserve. By studying a series of state-driven `participatory meetings' for indigenous and touristic development, I conclude that participatory governance in the Lauca territory has challenged democratic practices and created spaces for indigenous recognition and political representation. Different strategies of resistance are continually performed by the Aymara to negotiate their ethnic identities and cultural boundaries in Northern Chile.	Ph.D.	water, governance	6, 16
John-Baptiste, Ava Ayana	Krahn, Murray	Chronic Hepatitis C Viral Infection: Natural History and Treatment Outcomes in Substance Abusers	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2010-11	Hepatitis C is the most common blood-borne viral illness in the North America. Chronic hepatitis C infection may lead to cirrhosis of the liver, liver failure and liver cancer. In North America, injection drug use is the most important risk factor for infection and substance abusing populations are disproportionately affected by the disease. Antiviral therapy exists and approximately 50% of infected individuals can be cured. The aim of this thesis was to provide information to help clinicians and policy-makers minimize the impact of hepatitis C in substance abusers. The thesis is comprised of three studies. The first assessed the rate of progression to cirrhosis for those acquiring infection through injection drug use, using a meta-analysis of 44 studies from the published literature. We estimated that fibrosis progression occurs at a rate of 8.1 per 1000 person-years (95% Credible Region (CR), 3.9 to 14.7) corresponding to a 20-year cirrhosis prevalence of 14.8% (95% CR, 7.5 to 25.5). The second study measured the association between successful antiviral therapy and quality of life. We demonstrated that sustained responders to therapy had higher scores on the hepatitis-specific Medical Outcomes Survey Short-Form-36 (SF-36), Health Utilities Index Mark 2/3 (HUI2/3), and time-tradeoff (TTO) than treatment failures, an average of 3.7 years following antiviral therapy. The third study assessed rates of adherence to antiviral therapy and rates of sustained response in current or former iii substance abusers on methadone maintenance. We demonstrated that while use of illicit substances prior to therapy negatively affected adherence, rates of sustained response were comparable to non-substance abusing populations. Our work indicates the future burden of disease in current and former substance abusers, demonstrates that antiviral therapy can be successful in this population, and indicates that the benefits of successful therapy may extend beyond decreased disease burden to improved quality of life.	PhD	health	3
Joly, Marie-Pier	Wheaton, Blair||Landolt, Patricia	Contexts of Exit and the Mental Health and Economic Incorporation of Migrants in Canada	Sociology	2017-11	My dissertation explores the impact of contexts of exit on the mental health and economic incorporation of migrants living in Canada, with a specific emphasis on the impact of armed conflicts and human rights violations in countries of origin. The first paper in my dissertation explores the impact of armed conflict according to varying defining characteristics such as severity of the conflict and intra- vs. inter-state focus and finds that migrants from countries with severe intrastate conflict have worse mental health than migrants from countries with no to minor armed conflict and the native-born. The impact of armed conflicts differs by gender, with women experiencing more depressive symptoms and men experiencing more anxiety symptoms. The second paper shows that the impact of armed conflicts is similar to, but does not replace, the impact of human rights violations in countries of origin. The impact of human rights violations is not more pronounced in situations of armed conflicts, and on its own, human rights violations have essentially similar long-term impact on the mental health of migrants as armed conflicts. Each of the first two papers demonstrates that armed conflicts and human rights violations in countries of origin often provoke multiple stressful life events and conditions during the life span that can have cumulative mental health consequences for migrants. The last paper in my dissertation explores the employment and occupational status of migrants from armed conflict countries. It finds that in spite of their high levels of education in Canada, migrants from armed conflict countries experience more difficulties in finding employment, particularly in the early years after migration, and in general achieve lower levels of occupational status, given their education, relative to other migrants and the native-born. When migrants come from countries in conflict, there appears to be an additional discount applied to their job market options after migration. Specifically, education completed prior to migration translates less often into employment success in this group.	Ph.D.	health, employment, rights	3, 8, 16
Jones-Gailani, Nadia	Iacovetta, Franca	Iraqi Women in Diaspora: Resettlement, Religion, and Remembrance in the Iraqi Diaspora in Toronto and Detroit, 1980 to present	History	2013-06	This dissertation explores how Iraqi migrant women living in Toronto and Detroit negotiate identity within existing networks of ethnic Iraqi communities settled in North America. The focus is on how ethno-religious identity is imagined and performed in diaspora as new generations of migrant Iraqi women reinvent their relationship with the host countries of Canada and the U.S., and with the homeland. As part of the global diaspora of Iraqis, women of different ages and ethnicities reinvent identity from within the official multiculturalisms of Canada and the U.S. By engaging with themes of historical memory, generation, diasporic citizenship, and religiosity, I explore how Iraqi women remember, retell, and reinvent the past through their narratives. At the core of this research is a unique archive of more than a hundred oral histories conducted with Iraqi women in Amman, Detroit and Toronto. Drawing upon this archive, I explore how Iraqi women recreate official ‘myths’ of nationalism and the nation, but also, and importantly, shape subjective narratives that reveal their lived experiences of trauma, loss and oppression. I argue that these dual and dueling narratives must be understood within the historical context of oppression in the homeland, and also as the product of the repressive patriarchal framework that silences the feminine, essentially writing Iraqi women and their experiences out of Iraqi history. The narratives of women from various class, ethnic and religious backgrounds reveal their experiences of life during the authoritarian Ba‘th regime, as well as how and why they came to settle in North America. The dissertation highlights the importance of empowering these voices, and listening to them alongside the official and imposed national commemoration of Iraq’s past. The dissertation engages with religion as a central and organizing category in the lives of Iraqi women. Drawing from the works of western and Third World feminists, it explores the role of religiosity in the lives of multi-generational Iraqi women. In particular, I examine ideas of ‘honour’ and modesty, and the performance of religion amongst young women growing up in North America.	PhD	women	5
Jones, Matt	Freeman, Barry	The Shock and Awe of the Real: Political Performance and the War on Terror	Drama	2020-06	This dissertation offers a transnational study of theatre and performance that responded to the recent conflicts in Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria, and beyond. Looking at work by artists primarily from Arab and Middle Eastern diasporas working in the US, UK, Canada, and Europe, the study examines how modes of performance in live art, documentary theatre, and participatory performance respond to and comment on the power imbalances, racial formations, and political injustices of these conflicts. Many of these performances are characterized by a deliberate blurring of the distinctions between performance and reality. This has meant that playwrights crafted scripts from the real words of soldiers instead of writing plays; performance artists harmed their real bodies, replicating the violence of war; actors performed in public space; and media artists used new technology to connect audiences to real warzones. This embrace of the real contrasts with postmodern suspicion of hyper-reality—which characterized much political performance in the 1990s—and marks a shift in understandings of the relationship between performance and the real. These strategies allowed artists to contend with the way that war today is also a multimedia attack on the way that reality is constructed and perceived. The dissertation traces the historical antecedents of these aesthetics in postmodern criticism of prior generations of political performance and shows how these artists struggled to discover new aesthetic strategies to criticize war, racism, and violence.	Ph.D.	justice	16
Jones, Natalie Tamara	Gilbert, Benjamin	Understanding How Life-history Traits and Environmental Gradients Structure Diversity	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2016-11	Determining how diversity is distributed through space and time is a fundamental goal of ecology. My research tested how speciesâ life-history traits structure diversity at landscape and broader scales and over time. I first asked how traits related to seed dispersal shape plant diversity in a naturally fragmented landscape by testing the relationship between diversity and patch characteristics (size and isolation) for species with different dispersal modes. Dispersal mode altered outcomes predicted from theory â while fragment isolation had a negative effect on wind-dispersed species, it did not influence the diversity of animal-dispersed species. I then examined how zooplankton traits (body size and dormancy) correlate with species distributions at a large scale using lakes across an 1800 km north-south gradient in western Canada. Despite predictions that body size should decrease with latitude and low temperatures, I found only weak evidence for any effect of latitude on inter- and intra- specific body size. Zooplankton dormancy dynamics are virtually impossible to test through sampling, yet dormancy underpins seasonal fluctuations in abundance and long term persistence, and it is expected to vary with climate. I therefore used an experimental approach to test how temperature and photoperiod affect hatching rates of dormant eggs from lakes across the latitudinal gradient. My results suggest that mismatches between temperature and photoperiod, as predicted to result from climate change, could drive latitude-dependent shifts in zooplankton emergence. Finally, I examined the temporal stability of diversity across the same latitudinal gradient by examining species colonization and extinction over 50 years. I found that low-latitude communities are increasingly diverse and comprised of small-bodied species despite more rapid temperature change at higher latitudes. Overall, my research has implications for how global changes, such as fragmentation and climate change, alter diversity by changing the viability of specific life-history strategies.	Ph.D.	climate, ecology	13, 15
Juando-Prats, Clara	Angus, Jan	Health Care Access and Utilization by Young Mothers Experiencing Homelessness: A Bourdieusian Analysis with an Arts-Based Approach	Nursing Science	2017-11	Young mothers experiencing homelessness and their children have low economic and social resources and worse physical and mental health outcomes than their more resourced counterparts. Furthermore, their use of health care resources is constrained by social factors that remain understudied. Following a relational approach based on Bourdieuâ s theory of practice, this study aimed to explore and understand the relationships between the social position that these young mothers occupy and their health practices (access/use of healthcare resources and other behaviors). This study also sought the impact of an arts-based approach on community involvement. Through qualitative inquiry I used discursive montage and participatory graphic elicitation. The former consisted of an analysis of the media artifacts on young mothers experiencing homelessness, aiming to understand how they are socially positioned and how this relates to social structures. The graphic elicitation consisted of a semi-structured and an elicitation interview, the latter based on their artwork created during the study. The artwork created by young mothers, volunteers, and by myself was included in the analysis; it was also a tool for my reflexive process. All data were analyzed through a dynamic process of data abstraction using Bourdieuâ s concepts of habitus, capital, and field. Results showed an embodiment of the social values related to the conceptualization of youth that excludes young homeless mothers and sees them as deviant. Young mothers are portrait in the media as unskilled and immature, with a low chance of social success. The contradictions drawn from this social construction of youth and mothering affect not only their daily life but how they take care of their health and that of their children. Participants tended to avoid situations in which they may feel judged or brushed off, which resulted in them minimizing their encounters with healthcare providers. This study has identified a healthcare gap related to the adequacy of existing resources, as well as a need for creative approaches to connecting young mothers with providers.	Ph.D.	health, poverty	1, 3
Jumbe, Clement Alexander David	Quarter, Jack	The Role of Social Networks in the Decision to Test for HIV	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2011-11	The major global concern of preventing the spread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) requires that millions of people be tested in order to identify those individuals who need treatment and care. This study’s purpose was to examine the role of social networks in an individual’s decision to test for HIV. The study sample included 62 participants of African and Caribbean origin in Toronto, Canada. Thirty-three females and 29 males, aged 16 to 49 years who had previously tested positive or negative for HIV, participated in interviews that lasted approximately 60 minutes. Measurement instruments adapted from Silverman, Hecht, McMillin, and Chang (2008) were used to identify and delimit the social networks of the participants. The instrument identified four social network types: immediate family, extended family, friends, and acquaintances. The study examined the role of these network types on the individuals’ decisions to get HIV testing. A mixed method approach (Creswell, 2008) was applied, and both qualitative and quantitative data were collected simultaneously. Participants listed their social networks and retrospectively described the role of their network members in influencing their decision to test for HIV. The participants’ narratives of the influence of social networks in HIV testing were coded. A thematic analysis of the qualitative descriptions of the network members’ influence was performed. The quantitative and the qualitative analysis results were then tallied. The results of the study demonstrated that the influence of social networks was evident in the individuals’ decisions to test for HIV. The most influential group was friends, followed in descending order of influence by immediate family, acquaintances, and extended family. These social network ties provided informational, material, and emotional support to individuals deciding to seek HIV testing. For policy makers and health professionals, coming to a more complete understanding of these dynamics will enable them to make institutional decisions and allocate resources to improve and enhance the support available from within these social networks, thus encouraging, promoting, and leading to increased testing for HIV.	PhD	health	3
Jung, Seyun Maria	Gartner, Rosemary	The Relationship between Immigration and Crime in Canada, 1976-2011	Criminology	2017-06	This dissertation examines whether changes in immigration are associated with changes in crime rates at the macro-level over time in Canada. Specifically, I analyze this relationship in Canadian census metropolitan areas (CMAs) and provinces for the period 1976-2011. In general, the research on the relationship between immigration and crime has shown that they are either negatively associated or not related at all. However, most of this work has been conducted in the United States using cross-sectional designs and has focused on one type of crime, namely homicide. Differences between Canada and the United States in the extent and nature of both immigration and crime warrant a study of their relationship and its generalizability beyond the US. My dissertation adds to the literature by using a longitudinal design â which treats immigration as a process that unfolds over time â and extending the analysis beyond homicide to include violent, property, and crime rates. My findings show that, controlling for demographic and socioeconomic covariates, changes in immigration are either not significantly associated or negatively associated with changes in crime rates. These results lend support to the generalizability of the findings from studies of US cities to Canadian cities, to larger units of aggregation (i.e., provinces),and across different types of crime.	Ph.D.	socioeconomic	1
Jung, Young Mee Tiffany	Cheng, Yu-Ling	Neighbourhood Sanitation and Childrenâ s Diarrhea in Developing Countries	Chemical Engineering Applied Chemistry	2017-11	Diarrhea is a leading cause of global child mortality. Sanitation has long been recognized as a key intervention against diarrhea, but it has been mostly evaluated as a household-level intervention for household-level health gain, without addressing its implications at neighbourhood-level. In this thesis, neighbourhood sanitation was defined as safe removal of excreta from the neighbourhood environment to prevent human contact. The effect and cost of neighbourhood sanitation intervention against childrenâ s diarrhea were evaluated. The distinct effects of neighbourhood sanitation conditions and household sanitation on diarrhea morbidity were distinguished and compared by a systematic literature review. The results suggested that sanitary neighbourhood conditions and household sanitation access are each associated with reduced diarrheal burden, at comparable magnitudes. The effect of neighbourhood sanitation was further investigated by an exposure-response analysis of neighbourhood-level coverage of sanitation facilities and under-five childrenâ s diarrheal illness. Health survey datasets from 29 developing countries were analysed using a multilevel regression model. The study found a non-linear exposure-response trend between neighbourhood sanitation coverage and diarrhea. A sanitation coverage threshold was identified, below which increase in sanitation coverage was associated with marginal reduction in diarrhea. The cost of neighbourhood sanitation delivered by centralized wastewater management (CWWM) and decentralized wastewater management (DWWM) strategies were compared in a case study site in India. As part of the analysis, the cost variability of DWWM was assessed for a broad range of system configurations. The study showed that NSan delivered by DWWM can be less costly than that by CWWM but with higher land requirement. The lower cost, together with the enhanced flexibility and resilience offered by DWWM, suggested that DWWM may be an adequate alternative to CWWM in rapidly developing regions. The findings of this thesis demonstrate that neighbourhood sanitation is an important and cost-effective intervention against childrenâ s diarrhea in developing countries.	Ph.D.	health, sanitation, water	3, 6
Junker, Laura	Ensminger, Ingo	Photoprotective Isoprenoids as Indicators for Stress Responses in Forest Trees	Cell and Systems Biology	2017-03	For long-lived forest tree species, intraspecific variation among populations in their response to environmental conditions can reveal their ability to cope with and adapt to climate change. Plants constantly adjust the pigment composition of the photosynthetic apparatus to environmental conditions. Under abiotic stress conditions (e.g. drought), plants induce isoprenoid-mediated photoprotective mechanisms such as non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and increased biosynthesis of antioxidants to minimize photooxidative stress. This thesis investigated the intraspecific variation in the isoprenoid metabolism in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) comparing Douglas-fir provenances, which represent populations from locations with contrasting environmental conditions. Furthermore, the influence of foliar photosynthetic pigments on leaf optical properties was studied using senescing sugar maple (Acer saccharum) leaves. First, I established a simple and cost-effective protocol for the rapid analysis of isoprenoids using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Chapter 2). Three experiments were conducted to evaluate 1) the adjustments of the isoprenoid metabolism when photosynthesis is limited in response to environmental conditions (Chapter 3 and 4); 2) provenance-specific adjustments of photoprotective isoprenoids in response to drought (Chapter 3 and 4); and 3) the influence of senescence-associated changes in isoprenoid levels on leaf optical properties in sugar maple (Chapter 5). In chapter 3, photosynthesis and photosynthetic pigments in seedlings of two Douglas-fir provenances were compared under controlled drought conditions. In chapter 4, intraspecific variation in photosynthesis and photosynthetic pigments in response to changing environmental conditions were studied in mature trees of four provenances over the course of two years. Both experiments revealed that the more drought-tolerant interior provenances exhibit enhanced carotenoid-chlorophyll ratios, and larger pools of xanthophyll cycle pigments and β-carotene compared to coastal provenances from mesic habitats. This provenance-specific variation demonstrated the importance of the isoprenoid metabolism for the adaptation of provenances to drought. In chapter 5, the leaf optical properties of senescing sugar maple leaves were studied. The degradation of photosynthetic pigments as indicator for the progress of senescence was reflected by spectral reflectance measurements and digital image analysis. Isoprenoid metabolism may thus be a potential trait for selection of provenances for future forest management and indicator for remote-sensing of the plant physiological status.	Ph.D.	climate, forest	13, 15
Kabba, Munya	Dei, George Jerry Sefa	Critical Investigation of the Sierra Leone Conlfict: A Moral Practical Reconstruction of Crisis and Colonization in the Evolution of Society	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2012-03	This Sierra Leone Conflict arose from the society’s failure to institutionalize the requisite post-conventional organizing principle for collective will formation and for conflict resolution. In this post-traditional society - one artificially constructed from diverse political and cultural groups, without a shared ethos – only mutual (communicative) understanding can resolve differences and ensure solidarity. A lack of mutual understanding overburdens the adaptive capacity of the society, creating crises tendencies. Repression only intensified these tendencies, ensuring their eventual catastrophic explosion, 11 years civil conflict. State hindrances to social (communicative) interaction rendered the society incapable of realizing the requisite post conventional moral learning i.e. the social intelligence or problem-solving equipment required to resolve conflict, decolonize itself, neutralize normative power, shed dogmatic consciousness, change oppressive conventions, and influential customs. Thus, the study promotes civic virtues of post conventional morality (justice, truthfulness, moral rightness) as the key for liberating the society from its crisis-inducing colonial organizing principle. As the basis of sociology, the discipline the remains focused on society-wide problems, the theory of social evolution is adopted here to reconstruct the crisis in Sierra Leone’s constitutional democratic development. The study uses the rational reconstructive method to explicate problematic validity claims of norms, policy decisions, or the social order. The social order was rendered crisis-ridden because the reasons - the axis around which mutual understanding revolve - adduced for it cannot admit of consensus. The emerging social disintegration exemplifies use of deficient logic in social interaction, one below the requisite categorical moral cognitive consciousness. For this research, colonization is not necessarily externally induced, but forms of understanding in the political, legal, social, and educational interactions. The key point of the study is this: today Sierra Leone achieves solidarity, and decolonize from its conventional organizing principle, only if the state, economy, and civil society can find their limit in the socio-cultural domain.	PhD	justice, institution	16
Kaderi, Ahmed Salehin	BICKMORE, KATHY	Peacebuilding Citizenship Education in a Muslim Majority Context: Challenges and Opportunities in Bangladeshi Public Schools	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2018-11	Globally, many young citizens are disengaged from constructively transforming conflicts and affirming just peace (Kassimir Flanagan, 2010). In Bangladesh, lived experience of polarized political affiliates’ and others’ violent engagement in conflicts often contributes to many citizens’ avoidance of formal politics (Riaz Raji, 2011). Schools can help to reduce––or to reproduce––those patterns of violence and citizen disengagement (Davies, 2011). Dialogue, in educational settings, about lived social and political conflicts and potential solutions—in relation to their own identities and contexts—may help citizens to develop peace-building capacities (Lederach, 1995; McCauley, 2002). This doctoral thesis studies opportunities and challenges for peacebuilding citizenship education embedded in the existing curriculum of Bangladesh, juxtaposed with selected students’ and teachers’ concerns and understandings about selected social conflicts and what people can do about them in their own contexts. Research methods involved document analysis and focus groups with young adolescents and with teachers, in girls’ and boys’ public schools in two cities. Bangladeshi curriculum mandates analyzed in this research do offer opportunities for studying various social conflicts. However, participating teachers’ implemented curriculum tended to ignore multiple viewpoints about human rights and governance conflicts. Participating students and teachers had difficulty identifying social-structural dimensions of the conflicts that they or their families had not directly experienced. All participants were familiar with patterns of direct harm, and sometimes also identified some cultural dimensions, as they described parties and their viewpoints in conflicts that mattered to them. Religious moral factors were prominent in how they described causes and escalators of these conflicts. Beyond suggesting individuals’ religious moral correction, very few participants showed familiarity with democratic problem-solving options that could reduce violence and transform these social conflicts. Thus, in this Muslim-majority context, participants understood the dimensions and solutions of social conflicts in religious-moral terms: Islam provided the vocabulary with which participants talked about mutual responsibility, justice, and the possibilities of peace. The thesis argues that classroom opportunities for critical analysis of multiple viewpoints and of available options to solve social and political conflicts—including their religious dimensions—would increase participants’ opportunities for citizenship learning and peacebuilding engagement.	Ph.D.	justice, peace	16
Kahil, Rula	Portelli, John P	The Complexities of ‘Shame’: An Exploration of Human Connection	Social Justice Education	2017-11	This dissertation is about one of the most controversial emotions: shame. The foundational question is: What constitutes the experience of shame as both an emotion and a dynamic of power, with an emphasis on women’s gender roles? The topic is inspired by my lived experience. Expressions of my narratives and those of others are integral to this work. The discussion begins with an overview of the history of ideas on emotions and shame. Shame was considered more important than other emotions because of its evaluative cognitive dimension. The overview highlights the continuum of inherited scholarly and culturally based gender stereotypes. Through exploring current interdisciplinary scholarly research on shame, a common theme emerged: the irrevocable presence of the ‘other’ in the shame experience. Discussions around this theme led to two basic principles: 1) the individual and the social are deeply intertwined, 2) shame is a declaration of one’s interest, need to belong, and love. The discussions show the significance of our connection with others initiated through various expressions: telling one’s story, art, and writing. When one’s expressions are not aligned with social norms, we are often shamed and alienated. This is shame’s painful and controlling power. However, I argue that acknowledging shame’s pain can instigate critical thinking about our roles within existing social structures. shame’s productive face allows us to reflect on our ideals in relation to whom and what we love, what interests us, and where we belong. My conclusion highlights the intriguing complexity of shame’s two faces: the controlling and the productive. One negates and excludes; the other motivates critical self-reflection. I end with the implications of my work for education. I discuss the importance of: 1) lived experiences, 2) culturally relevant narratives, 3) emotional learning, 4) recognizing the shame embedded in refugees’ experiences, and 5) in grading systems.	Ph.D.	gender, women	5
Kaida, Risa	Boyd, Monica	Pathways to Successful Economic Integration: The Dynamics of Low Income and Low Wages among New Immigrants to Canada	Sociology	2012-06	Contemporary research on immigrant economic integration identifies growing economic disadvantages faced by immigrants and probes sources of the disadvantages by focusing on immigrants’ pre-migration and ascriptive characteristics. However, little empirical evaluation exists on how immigrants overcome their initial economic disadvantages over time. This dissertation departs from previous research by studying the roles of two post-migration factors – schooling (formal education and language training) and the employment of female spouses – in the exits from low wages and low family income (poverty) among recent immigrants. The analysis of the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada (LSIC) – a three-wave survey of immigrants who arrived in Canada in 2000-2001 – produces three main findings. First, investing in host country formal education is beneficial for the economic advancement of new immigrants – especially highly educated ones. This finding confirms the role of skill upgrading programs for adult immigrants as an effective immigrant settlement policy, given that the majority of recent immigrants have postsecondary education but that their initial economic hardships are growing. Second, the benefits of English/French language lessons are real. This finding counters a common criticism that language lessons for adult new immigrants, which are often funded by the governments, are not helpful. Indeed, standard logistic regression analysis of the LSIC data shows that immigrants who enrolled in language lessons have no advantage in exiting poverty or low wages. However, the bivariate probit model demonstrates that this is because unmeasured characteristics of the language lesson participants confound the true benefit of language lessons. Third, this dissertation research highlights the role immigrant women play in lifting their families out of poverty when they work. This finding has an implication particularly for women of Arab and Middle Eastern origins as their notably lower labour force participation rates explain much of their high poverty rates.	PhD	poverty, women, employment, labour, wage	1, 5, 2008
Kamassah, Sharon Simone	Joshee, Reva	The Impact of Post-Secondary Educational Institution Policies and Practices on Indigenous Staff Recruitment and Retention	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2018-11	There is very little published research that explores employment inequities in Canadian Post-Secondary Institutes as they relate directly to Indigenous people (Chan, 2005; Doyle-Bedwell, 2008; Dua Bhanji, 2012; Julien, Wright Zinni, 2010; Singh, 2012). The primary question this study addressed was what impact, if any, did a GTA Aboriginal Post-Secondary School Educational Institute’s (APSE’s) organizational policies, practices and processes have on the recruitment, support, and retention of Aboriginal staff. The participants from the APSE included part time, full time, and Aboriginal Staffing Pilot Program (ASP) employees. Informed by Institutional Ethnography, Ojibwe Medicine Wheel and Womanist theory, the study explored the daily work experiences of the Aboriginal participants as they connected to broader social structures, processes and relationships within the organization. The findings included that the participants were disconnected from the policies enforced by the APSE. Policies were largely constructed without the consideration of Indigenous knowledges and priorities. Another finding was the lack of Indigenized culture and curriculum development erroneously reinforced the belief that Indigenous college members ought to “get over it” and conform to the College’s corporate culture. Recommendations included increasing Indigenous staff representation; consistently Indigenizing the curriculum and culture of the APSE; and cultural safety awareness training for all staff. Given the Truth and Reconciliation calls to action directly hold educational institutions accountable for the needs and inclusion of Indigenous people, the experiences, and insights explored in this study are valuable information for post-secondary Human Resources departments and senior management examining their staff recruitment and retention efforts.	Ph.D.	educat, equitable, employment	4, 8
Kamo, Sandra L	Davis, Donald W	Clues to the Causes of Mass Extinctions in Earth History from U-Pb CA-ID-TIMS Geochronology	Geology	2012-11	Mass extinctions in Earth history have repeatedly altered the course of evolution of life on our planet. The extent and rapid rate at which they occurred required processes that were global in scale and catastrophic in nature. Asteroid impacts and volcanic eruptions are cited as triggers of environmental change and subsequent biological turnover. Causal mechanisms remain enigmatic, partly due to a lack of precise and accurate ages to establish the timing and duration of events, and to limitations of interpreting existing ages due to inter-method and inter-laboratory bias. Two of the largest extinction events in the Phanerozoic were triggered by different processes. The Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) extinctions are widely accepted as due to the consequences of impact, yet the link between the K-Pg boundary layer and Chicxulub impact has been questioned. Shocked zircon from K-Pg ejecta in Spain and Italy are 550 ± 6 Ma (2s) and show a correlation between intensity of shock metamorphism and discordance to the time of impact. The data are identical to those from Chicxulub and North American ejecta sites and together support a genetic association. Clarification of this link is essential to understanding the role of impact on end-Cretaceous climate and environment. The end-Permian extinctions are the most profound in the rock record and eruption of the Siberian Flood Volcanic rocks as the trigger is supported by U-Pb ID-TIMS ages. The ages indicate that the marine extinctions in China occurred early in the eruptive sequence prior to 251.99 ± 0.18 Ma (2s), synchronous with emission of climate forcing gases. Continued environmental stress from eruption in the Noril’sk and Meymecha-Kotuy areas, may have promoted terrestrial extinctions in the Karoo Basin of South Africa and delayed recovery. The extent of environmental stress is related to the composition of target lithologies, the nature, quantity, and rate of emission of the volatile load, pre-existing oceanic and atmospheric conditions, and global plate configuration.	PhD	climate, marine	13, 14
Kandinov, Liran	Katz, Ariel	Copyright Legislative Impunity? How Copyright Term Extensions Violate Freedom of Expression	Law	2015-11	With the global trend of harmonizing intellectual property rights, there is enormous pressure on Canada to adopt a maximalist approach to copyright protection. The purpose of this paper is to assess the constitutionality of the copyright extensions for sound recordings and performances found within the Economic Action Plan 2015 Act. Although Canadian courts have been reluctant in the past to consider the effects of copyright law on freedom of expression, the time is now ripe for the courts to assert their authority under the constitution. This paper demonstrates that copyright law is indeed in conflict with freedom of expression and that any time the legislature amends or imposes new burdens on expression, the government must justify those actions. In the case of the twenty-year term extension for sound recordings and performances, a constitutional analysis reveals that the law is disproportionate and cannot be saved under s.1 of the Charter.	LL.M.	rights	16
Kanengisser, Dubi	Kingston, Paul	Democracy, Identity and Security in Israelâ s Ethnic Democracy: The Ideational Underpinnings of Institutional Change	Political Science	2016-11	This work expands on the growing ideational institutionalist literature by proposing that institutional change and stability are influenced most substantially by changes to the underlying ideational network which link core societal ideas. These core ideas create the framework on which institutions are built and in which form they are fashioned. Changes to the ideational network lead to adaptive changes in institutions, but the difficulty in completely removing core ideas from these networks protects the institutions from substantial change. The theory is demonstrated using the case of the surprising stability of ethnic democracy in Israel in the wake of the substantial changes to the countryâ s economic and security realities. Small adaptive changes in the institution of ethnic democracy are traced back to changes in the balance between three core ideas: democracy, Jewish identity, and security. The overall stability of the institution, however, is linked to the enduring linkages of the three core ideas even as they experienced changes in their individual meanings.	Ph.D.	institution	16
Kannen, Victoria	Acker, Sandra	Critical Identity Classrooms as Turbulent Spaces: Exploring Student and Instructor Experiences with Identities, Privilege, and Power	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2011-11	This qualitative study focuses on students and instructors who study, teach, and learn critical concepts of identity, such as gender, race, and dis/ability. The participants’ reflections on these university classroom experiences are examined in order to explore the ways they understand their encounters with privilege and power. In classes that take up discussions of identity – critical identity classrooms – the intention is often to teach, study, and learn how (our) identity or identities manifest in social life, how these manifestations can be problematized, and how these explorations can lead to social change. Often, these courses centre on discussing identity in terms of oppression, rather than investigating the intersections of privilege and oppression. A major contention of this study is that a lack of discussion about privilege in the academy enables the pervasive invisibility of many unearned social advantages to remain under-theorized and ‘invisible.’ This study questions how it is that we come to understand concepts of identity to be one-dimensional, rather than understanding privilege as dynamic and situated. Using in-depth interviews with 22 undergraduate students and 8 instructors from 2 contrasting universities, this study explores 3 main questions: (1) How do students in higher education who are engaged in critical identity studies interpret privilege, both for others and themselves? (2) How do the participants understand their experiences inside and outside the classroom to be related to notions of privilege and oppression that often arise in critical identity classrooms? (3) How does using a multi-site approach to study critical identity classroom experiences extend the ways in which students’ understandings of privilege can be explored? Using these research questions, the intersections of space/location, power, and identities as they inform notions of privilege and oppression are demonstrated. The participants’ reflections expose how questions of belonging, safety, and ‘place’ contribute to the silences around the study of privilege. The study suggests that understanding privilege and oppression as located within the same network of relations, rather than as binary opposites, will aid in making privilege more accessible as a topic of study in critical identity classrooms.	PhD	gender	5
Kapoor, Sacha	Benjamin, Dwayne	Three Essays on Personnel Economics	Economics	2011-11	My dissertation focuses on the role of incentives in the workplace. In Chapter 1, I study peer effects in pay-for-individual-performance jobs. Specifically, I explore whether, how, and why coworker performance matters when rewards are based on individual performance. When teamed with high-performing peers, I find that workers are more productive overall. I also find that workers who resign are unaffected by coworker performance in the period after they hand in their resignation notice. The findings suggest peer effects in pay-for-individual-performance jobs reflect reputational concerns about relative performance rather than competitive preferences. In Chapter 2, I present field evidence that sheds new light on incentive provision in multitask jobs. Specifically, I design and conduct a field experiment at a large-scale restaurant, where the pre-existing wage contract encourages workers to carry out their tasks in a way that is not perfectly aligned with the firm's preferences. The experimental treatment pays bonuses to waiters for the number of customers they serve, in addition to their tips for customer service and hourly wages. I compare worker performance under the treatment to that under the pre-existing contract, where workers are rewarded for overemphasizing customer service, to evaluate the effect of a wage contract that encourages undesirable behavior. I find that the average worker earns more, is more productive, and generates higher short-run profits for the firm when paid bonuses for customer volume. Overall, the findings suggest that sharpening wage contracts to deal with incentive problems in multitask jobs has benefits for workers as well as the firm. In Chapter 3, I present joint work (with Arvind N. Magesan at the University fo Calgary) on the beauty premium's role in the workplace. Specifically, we investigate whether, how, and why the beauty premium can be explained by the behaviour of workers after they are hired. We find that attractive workers earn more because they transfer effort from tasks that reward looks to tasks that reward effort. We also provide evidence against favorable treatment by customers and the employer as sources for the beauty premium. We conclude that the premium is largely driven by the worker's on-the-job behavior.	PhD	worker	8
Kappeler, Aaron Eugene	Li, Tania	Sowing the State: Nationalism, Sovereignty and Agrarian Politics in Venezuela	Anthropology	2015-11	Sowing the State is an ethnographic account of the remaking of the Venezuelan nation-state at the start of the twenty-first century which underscores the centrality of agriculture to the re-envisioning of sovereignty. The narrative explores the recent efforts of the Venezuelan government to transform the rural areas of the nation into a model of agriculture capable of feeding its mostly urban population as well as the logics and rationales for this particular reform project. The dissertation explores the subjects, livelihoods, and discourses conceived as the proper basis of sovereignty as well as the intersection of agrarian politics with statecraft. In a nation heavily dependent on the export of oil and the import of food, the politics of land and its various uses is central to governance and the rural is a contested field for a variety of social groups. Based on extended fieldwork in El Centro Técnico Productivo Socialista Florentino, a state owned enterprise in the western plains of Venezuela, the narrative analyses the challenges faced by would-be nation builders after decades of neoliberal policy designed to integrate the nation into the global market as well as the activities of the enterprise directed at transcending this legacy. Not merely a restoration of the status quo or reassertion of a prior independence, I argue the Venezuelan nation is being reinvented in this drive for sovereignty and the tensions between peasants, technical experts and workers in the Florentino enterprise reflect the cleavages of an emerging state form.	Ph.D.	agriculture, urban, rural	2, 11
Karasik, Leo	Daniel, Trefler	Three Essays in International Trade	Economics	2014-11	This thesis presents three papers on international trade. The first chapter examines how trade liberalization affects firms when labor market institutions differ across countries. One would expect the country with higher labor costs to have a lower proportion of firms that enter the export market. That need not be the case when labor market institutions differ across countries. Different distortions affect the mark-up charged by firms in a heterogeneous manner. Since the distortions differ across countries, so do the mark-ups. I use this finding to show that trade liberalization can lower the survival cut-off and the average productivity of active firms in one of the countries, two of the results that are central to the canonical Melitz (2003) model.The second chapter studies the affiliate location decision of multinational corporations (MNCs). Using hand-collected data on French MNCs, I find that they are more likely to opt for a wholesale affiliate relative to a manufacturing affiliate in more distant countries. I show theoretically and confirm empirically that this result is due to the fact that MNCs locate their wholesale affiliates in geographic proximity to their manufacturing affiliates. The former thereby serve as conduits to the exports of the latter, rather than to the exports of the parent company.The third chapter studies firms' export market entry decision. Using data on Peruvian firms, I find that the Great Recession did not reduce the number of new exporters. This appears to contradict the belief that large fixed costs are the primary barrier to export market participation. I show that two temporary marginal cost shocks can explain continued entry: an inventory draw-down and a fall in shipping costs. This indicates that firms can test out export markets in response to temporary marginal cost shocks, and cast doubt upon the large fixed cost hypothesis.	Ph.D.	trade	10
Karia, Ella	Njoki, Wane	The Full Day Kindergarten Classroom in Ontario: Exploring Play-based Learning Approach and Its Implications for Child Development	Social Justice Education	2014-11	Children have the right to fulfill and expand on all their potentials and desires to learn. In 2010, the Ontario Ministry of Education introduced Full-Day Kindergarten (FDK) in Ontario and aimed at providing quality Kindergarten programs for children. The implementation of FDK is expected to be implemented in all public schools by 2015/16. The literature and research on early years education affirms that children benefit from quality early years educational programs as they are important in developing neurons in the brain before the age of six. This qualitative study focuses on understanding early years' educational philosophies and examining teachers' perspectives on FDK teaching and learning practices. The case studies are informed by the narratives of eight Kindergarten teachers through data collected from interviews, observation, classroom visits, and artifacts. The most significant findings of the study are that quality FDK teaching and learning practices are based on the following features: (a) learning through play-based, inquiry-based and experiential-based exploration; (b) making the educational experiences child-centred and authentic; (c) building on childrens' past experiences, nurturing self-expression and identity; (d) strengthening relationships and connections; and (e) creating stimulating environments, both indoor and outdoor, for children's learning and development. Teachers' perspectives and specific FDK classroom practices are described, analyzed and discussed. Theory informed practice and practice informed theory, as models were developed and designed during this research journey. The theoretical framework served as a holistic lens and was instrumental in examining FDK practices in each case study. The Integrated Child Development Model was created, later modified and named the Early Years Education Model (EYE Model). The EYE Model identified important aspects of quality FDK and named developmental domains. The models served as a tools and conceptual frameworks in evaluating and analyzing classroom practice. Research implications that resulted from this study included improving class size, providing more teacher training, and greater opportunities for quality and varied play experiences were identified as essential moving forward. The Kindergarten years lay a strong foundation for success in future schooling and looking closer at teaching and learning practices in the Kindergarten classroom brings awareness to best practices.	Ed.D.	educat	4
Karram Stephenson, Grace Lurene	Hayhoe, Ruth E	Exploring the Identities of Students at Western Branch-campuses in Malaysia and United Arab Emirates	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2016-11	Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) are rapidly growing economies with diverse ethnic and linguistic populations. In both, the need for skilled labour has increased the importance of higher education for national development goals. Lacking the capacity to provide public higher education for all their citizens both countries have recruited foreign institutions to educate those who do not have access to public higher education. This thesis examines the experiences of students at Australian and British international branch-campuses (IBCs) in the UAE and Malaysia in order to understand the influence that enrolment at an IBC has on studentsâ identities. Synthesizing the American and European literature on identity and higher education, this thesis conceptualizes identity as the fluctuating social categories that distinguish groups or individuals from one another. The data for this study was collected during five months of fieldwork, employing qualitative interviews with 49 students and 13 administrators/instructors. The majority of student-participants in this study were affiliated with economically powerful, yet politically marginalized minority groups. The findings suggest that Western IBCs promote a new set of identities that differ from those prioritized in the political and social contexts of the UAE and Malaysia. Students perceive that micro-divisions related to ethnicity decrease at an IBC, but new divisions emerge based on ability, language or region. These findings reflect a changing relationship between higher education and identity in the 21st Century. Cross-border higher education is not embedded in a national or local context, nor promotes identities related to those contexts. Instead, studentsâ identities become linked to their achievements, and thus branch-campuses support students as they forge market-relevant identities. In contexts such as Malaysia and the UAE, this role is significant as IBCs provide peripheral ethnic groups with an alternative pathway to enter the economic sector which is increasingly detached from its political context.	Ph.D.	educat	4
Kassam, Shelina	Razack, Sherene H.	Standing on Guard for Thee: The Acceptable Muslim and Boundaries of Racialized Inclusion in Canada	Social Justice Education	2018-06	This dissertation traces the emergence of the figure of the Acceptable Muslim in Canadian public, political and cultural discourses, and illuminates the conditions for inclusion of such figures in the national imaginary. The Acceptable Muslim is perceived as a ‘good,’ ‘moderate,’ ‘modern,’ and assimilable Muslim, one who espouses a privatized faith with few public expressions of religious/cultural belonging. Against the backdrop of the racialization of Muslim bodies, Acceptable Muslims (re)confirm the racial boundaries of the nation-state, becoming passionate defenders of multiculturalism, whiteness and a global politics of Western domination. I theorize that the figure of the Acceptable Muslim sustains the narrative of the Canadian nation-state as liberal, democratic, secular, modern and inclusive, even as it relentlessly excludes, punishes and eliminates the Muslim Other. In this sense, Acceptable Muslims stand as sentries at the (symbolic) borders of the nation, reanimating the racialized boundaries of acceptability and signaling that those beyond the boundaries can be legitimately policed by the nation-state. The figure of the Acceptable Muslim is central in Canadian debates about multiculturalism, immigration, citizenship and secularism, contestations which often reinforce differential (and racialized) notions of belonging. For the Acceptable Muslim, the price of (conditional) inclusion is fidelity to the ideological goals of the Canadian nation-state. Grounding my analysis in theories of Orientalism, racialization, citizenship and secularism, I examine Canadian media discourses about Muslims over a ten-year period (2005-2014) and outline the key frames through which the Muslim body is represented. I then interrogate the work and media footprint of some key Acceptable Muslims, and consider how such figures reanimate central tenets of the Canadian national imaginary. Through my analysis, I identify two sets of figures, the Secular Muslim and the Multiculturalist Muslim, both of which fall under the Acceptable Muslim archetype. While this dissertation examines Acceptable Muslims in the Canadian context, such figures are also evident internationally, illuminating how the figure of the Acceptable Muslim travels across geographical boundaries and is implicated in the global dynamics of power.	Ph.D.	inclusive	4
Kastner, Monika	Straus, Sharon	The Development and Usability Evaluation of a Clinical Decision Support Tool for Osteoporosis Disease Management	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2010-06	Osteoporosis is a major public health concern, affecting over 200 million people worldwide. There is valid evidence outlining how osteoporosis can be diagnosed and managed, but gaps exist between evidence and practice. Graham’s “Knowledge to Action” (KTA) process for knowledge translation and the Medical Research Council (MRC) framework for complex interventions were used to address these gaps. The first 4 KTA steps were collapsed into 3 phases of the PhD research plan. In PhD Phase 1, a systematic review was conducted to identify tools that facilitate decision making in osteoporosis disease management (DM). Results showed that few DM tools exist, but promising strategies were those that incorporated reminders and education and targeted physicians and patients. PhD Phase 2 used the findings from the systematic review and consultation with clinical and human factors engineering experts to develop a conceptual design of the tool. Multiple components targeted to both physicians and patients at the point of care, and which could be used as a standalone system or modifiable for integration with electronic health record systems were outlined. PhD Phases 3a and 3b were devoted to the assessment of the barriers to knowledge. In Phase 3a, a qualitative study of focus groups was conducted with physicians to identify attitudes and perceived barriers to implementing decision support tools in practice, and to identify the features that should be included in the design. Findings from 4 focus groups combined with aging research, and input from design and information experts were used to transform the conceptual design into a functional prototype. In Phase 3b, each component of the prototype was tested in 3 usability evaluation studies using an iterative, participant-centered approach to assess how well the prototype met end users’ needs. Findings from the usability study informed the final prototype, which is ready for implementation as part of the post PhD plan to fulfill the requirements of the remaining steps of the KTA and MRC frameworks.	PhD	health	3
Katri, Ido Hadas	Cossman, Brenda	In-between Categories of Law: a Gender Variant Analysis of Anti-discrimination Law and Litigation	Law	2015-11	This thesis offers a gender variant perspective on Anti-Discrimination legislation and litigation. Using queer theory, feminist legal theory and critical race theory, this thesis analyzes current debates within the trans movement regarding the use of rights based litigation and the fight for inclusion. I argue that gender variant people’s exclusion from resources and opportunities is inextricably linked, legally and affectively, to gender performance. I will show how performative aspects of the law can be brought forward by applying an “intrasectional” analysis of the protected classes relating to gender variant people within anti-discrimination law and litigation (ADL), and set the stage for the claim that ADL more broadly is intertwined with performativity. Reading the notion of performativity into legal analysis, this thesis suggests the possibility of strategic use of the existing legal rights as an instrument for change.	LL.M.	gender, queer, rights	5, 16
Kawabata, Makie	Gastaldo, Denise	Social Construction of Health Inequities: A Critical Ethnography on Day Labourers in Japan	Nursing Science	2009-06	Although evidence of health inequities abound, why people in lower socio-economic classes have poorer health has not been sufficiently explored. The purpose of this study is to examine day labourers’ pathways to health inequities in a segregated, urban district in Japan. Critical ethnography was employed to investigate day labourers’ social environments and cultural behaviours in order to reveal the ways that social inequalities embedded in mainstream society and the day labourers’ sub-culture produce and sustain day labourers’ disadvantages, leading them into poorer health than the average population. Data were collected through observations of day labourer’s daily activities, events within the district and their interactions with social workers at a hospital. In addition, interviews were conducted with 16 day labourers and 11 professionals and advocates. The study found several components in the pathways to health inequities of day labourers. First, certain people in Japan are ostracized from the social, economic and political mainstream due to an inability to enact traditional Japanese labour practices. Commonly such exclusions make men become day labourers to survive. In a day labourer district, they are exposed to further social inequalities embedded in the work system and their living circumstance. Living and working as a member of the day labour community, they develop collective strategies in order to survive and preserve their social identities as day labourers. However, such strategies do not provide people with opportunities to lead healthy lives. The study also identified several social determinants of health for day labourers, including: 1) employment, 2) working conditions, 3) temporary living, 4) housing quality, 5) social networks and support, 6) marginalized neighbourhood, 7) access to health care, and 8) gender. The findings contribute to a better understanding of social construction of health inequities, which provides insight on the impact of precarious work in the Japanese society at large. Implications of these findings for public health policy and practice are also discussed.	PhD	health, employment, socioeconomic, equitable	1, 3, 4, 8
Kawabe, Kelly E	Bascia, Nina	Navigating Equity Through Governance: A Case Study of Micropolitical Equity Work Among School Board Trustees	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2018-06	ABSTRACT This study explores how trustees utilize their positions to create equitable conditions within a school district. Using a critical conceptual framework informed by policy analysis, I draw conclusions regarding the relationship between trustees’ understanding of equity and how they use power and influence at micro, meso and macro levels to affect policy. First, interviews were conducted with five retired trustees within a school district and with follow-up interviews with personnel identified by the trustees as knowing their work. Second, an analysis of policy statements and school board minutes was undertaken to examine the extent to which trustees’ understanding of equity influenced school board direction and impacted equity outcomes. Third, after all the data were collected, themes were identified for analysis and coding. The resulting thesis examines the way school district leadership functions in regards to equity. Findings indicate that with the reduction of positional power within their role, trustees are utilizing personal influence in order to affect change. This study examines the impact of this power shift in relation to the following areas: trustee and equitable hiring practices; the role of trustees in policy development; and the ability of trustees to act as a representative for their constituents in a racially and culturally diverse school board. As a result of this shift to using influence rather than the authority of their position, equitable outcomes were related to individual trustee longevity in the role, their personal preconceptions and the amount of cultural diversity within the board of trustees. This study also identifies ways in which those who seek organizational change encounter resistance.	Ed.D.	equitable	4
Kawano, Yumiko	Wane, Njoki	Storytelling of Indigenous and Racialized Women in the Academy in Toronto: Implication for Building Counternarrative Learning Spaces	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2019-06	Indigenous and racialized women utilize storytelling as a counter-hegemonic practice; a form of resistance in the academy. This research is centered within a graduate program in Social Science and Humanities, where a high volume of intellectual exchange involves sharing personal, cultural and collective experience. For Indigenous and racialized women, however, personal storytelling renders us vulnerable, especially when the stories become subject matter for research conducted within the dominant culture. However, telling our stories is profound because it helps us develop a sense of self-determination and supports cultural recovery. This project braids anti-colonial, anti-racist, and feminist theoretical frameworks. It depends on concepts developed by Indigenous elders, activists and scholars: Indigeneity, Resistance and Responsibility/Reciprocity. These discursive lenses enable me to situate my arguments about the narrative consumption of Indigenous and racialized female students in the Eurocentric academic setting. Primary data was obtained from face to face interviews as well as a group sharing circle. Two of the participants identified as Indigenous women, seven identified as racialized women, two as queer and all as cis-female. Seven of the participants were graduate students at universities in Toronto, and two of them had already graduated at the time of my interviews in 2014. There are three main findings. First, the act of narration itself enabled us to reclaim our holistic self and resist ongoing historical oppression. Second, the consumption of stories belonging to Indigenous and racialized women by white academics are not isolated experiences. Third, there is a need for mentorship essential to student success. Finding a peer support network among cohort members plays an important role in mitigating daily challenges, however, participants strongly emphasized the importance of institutional support and mentorship from faculty to center the notion of reciprocity. Finally, recommendations focus on the resource development available to Indigenous and racialized women to enhance our experience in the graduate program.	Ph.D.	women, queer, inclusive	4, 5
Kearney, Elaine Katrina	Yunusova, Yana	The Speech Movement Disorder and its Rehabilitation in Parkinson’s Disease Using Augmented Visual Feedback	Rehabilitation Science	2018-06	This dissertation comprises three studies that address the goals of better understanding the effects of Parkinson’s disease (PD) on speech movements and the development of a novel rehabilitation approach using augmented visual feedback (AVF) for individuals with an articulatory disorder due to PD. The first study examined jaw and tongue movements during sentence production in PD with respect to speech intelligibility and across different speaking styles, which are often used as intervention approaches (e.g., loud, clear speech). The results revealed consistently smaller jaw movements in individuals with PD relative to a control group. The results further showed that smaller tongue movement size was associated with lower ratings of speech intelligibility. The verbal cues to increase loudness, improve clarity, and reduce speaking rate generally resulted in changes in movement size and speed for both speakers with PD and healthy controls but the extent of change was smaller for the patient as compared to the control group. Using Cochrane-based methods, the second study systematically reviewed the PD literature that pertained to the use of AVF in motor rehabilitation. The findings showed that AVF is an effective tool for motor rehabilitation in PD. Treatment success can be further enhanced by providing large amounts and a high intensity of treatment, gamifying feedback, and providing knowledge of performance feedback in real-time and on 100% of practice trials. Taken together, the results of the first two studies guided the development of a novel therapy aimed at increasing tongue movement size using AVF, which provided visual feedback regarding movement performance, in addition to verbal cues. The final study investigated the effects of this novel therapy on tongue movement size and speech intelligibility in five patients with PD. The results indicated that AVF (+ verbal cue) may be beneficial in training participants to use large speech movements, compared to a verbal cue alone. The treatment effect on intelligibility was, however, not beneficial in 4/5 patients. The optimal extent of articulatory expansion needed to elicit benefits in speech intelligibility requires further investigation. Overall, this body of work furthered our understanding of the speech movement disorder in PD, and laid the groundwork for expanding evidence-based treatment options for this population in the future.	Ph.D.	health	3
Keatinge, Brenna	Valverde, Mariana	Growing Land, Growing Law: Race, Urban Politics, and the Governance of Vacant Land in Boston from 1950	Criminology	2018-11	Drawing on archival research, document analysis, stakeholder interviews, and ethnographic work, this study takes an historical approach to analyze the governance of vacant land in the era of neoliberal urban governance in Boston. Previous academic and bureaucratic scholarship has established a well-worn narrative about vacant land as a critical urban problem and the importance of municipal interventions to return it to its “highest and best use.” This study investigates the physical production and ideological construction of vacant land located primarily in several historically low income racialized neighbourhoods in Boston, as well as two programmatic fixes designed by the municipality to address it: community gardening in the 1970s, and urban farming beginning around 2010. In this thesis, I contend that the identification of land as vacant is a social and administrative process that signals vacancy as an object of governance constructed alongside ideologies of the “waste” of racialized populations and their spaces. Vacancy extends the power of “blight” used to justify eminent domain takings of racialized neighbourhoods under urban renewal, while simultaneously fitting the conditions of urban development under neoliberalism and seeming, like other tools of urban planning, impartial to race. I argue that constructing vacant land in racialized neighbourhoods as an urban problem actuates particular kinds of neoliberal governance assemblages designed to yield its “highest and best use,” and to govern racialized populations via the rollout of seemingly community-friendly programmatic fixes. By analyzing the role of vacant land in racialized neighbourhoods as a tool used to ensure the productive capacity of land in the capitalist city, this study offers significant insights into the relationship between race and uneven urban development. This study also contributes to knowledge about urban governance by analyzing the workings of an important tool through which the heavy-handed power of the municipality, derided under neoliberalism, is both constructed and justified.	Ph.D.	urban, waste, governance	11, 12, 16
Keller, Martin	Dylan, Jones	Mitigating Model Error in CO Emission Estimation	Physics	2014-11	Atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO) is the product of incomplete combustion as wellas the oxidation of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere. Since it exerts a significant impacton the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere via reaction with the hydroxyl radical (OH),several studies have attempted to quantify CO emissions using a top-down or inversemodeling approach. Recent studies have shown, however, that there are significant uncertaintiesin emissions estimated using this approach, due to the assumption that thechemical transport model used in the inversion is perfect or unbiased.In this thesis, I will study two different approaches to mitigating the impact of modelbiases on estimated CO emissions using the GEOS-Chem inversion system and CO retrievalsfrom the Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) satellite instrument.First, the feasibility of using the weak constraint four-dimensional variational(4D-Var) approach to mitigate the impact of model errors on estimated CO emissions isexamined in detail using synthetic retrievals in a series of controled Observations SystemSimulations Experiments (OSSEs) using synthetic MOPITT CO retrievals as wellas inversion experiments using real MOPITT retrievals.Afterwards, improving the chemical sink by constraining the precursors of OH by assimilatingsatellite retrievals of ozone and NO2 is examined. The influence of estimatedCO emissions to the joint assimilation of retrievals of different trace gases is examined,as well as the additional impact of using different a priori biomass burning emission inventories. The results presented in this thesis provide a detailed study of these two differentmodel error mitigation approaches, and demonstrate the pitfalls as well as the potentialutility of both approaches in estimating and mitigating model errors. In particular, thisthesis contains the first study of weak constraint 4D-Var in the context of chemical sourceinversions.	Ph.D.	pollut	13
Kelly, Claire Elizabeth	Ryan, James	Women in Canadian Independent School Leadership: Perceptions, Career Patterns, and Possibilities	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2019-11	Guided by the research question, How do women faculty in independent schools enter and advance to school leadership positions, this exploratory qualitative study sought to understand perceptions of women in independent school leadership in Canada. Giddens’ (1976) structuration theory, focusing on the interplay between organization and individual, informs the conceptual framework and illustrates inherent tensions between structure and agency in this context. Data collection included fifteen participants’ responses to semi-structured interviews and a survey of independent schools. This highlighted the strategies, barriers, and organizational facilitators that shape the trajectory of women’s leadership climb as it moves through critical stages in a climate of post second-generation gender bias. Moreover, this research examines how such forces impact women’s societal, organizational, familial, and individual identities. Findings reveal that women’s leadership in coeducational independent schools remains underrepresented at the highest levels. Women enter leadership later and become concentrated in the middle stages of the climb. This, despite the finding that women’s educational credentials often surpass those of their male counterparts. Women tend to lack the valuable executive and financial experience that hiring boards prioritize. Moreover, the historic culture of many schools has established a paradigm of leadership that has not been an easy fit for women leaders. Compounding these barriers, women’s careers seemed to coincide with child rearing years and domestic duties, leading to the “double shift”, and a reluctance to move for promotion. Strategies for leadership success include early entry into leadership, performance, mentorship and sponsorship, and a belief that self-improvement leads to school improvement. This study addresses implications for practice, policy, and research, with a clarion call for prioritization of equity in executive leadership, the comprehensive development of programming and supports to encourage early interest and greater numbers of women in independent school leadership. Finally, the study shows a need to reshape the paradigm of leadership to become more inclusive, while also challenging societal perceptions of women as leaders. keywords: women’s leadership, independent schools, career patterns, leadership climb, head of school, Canada, CAIS, identity.	Ph.D.	inclusive, women	4, 5
Kelly, Joseph	Halpern, Rick	Organized for a Fair Deal: African American Railroad Workers in the Deep South, 1900-1940	History	2010-06	This study concerns the organized activity of African American railroad workers in Deep South states such as Mississippi, Arkansas and Louisiana. The study opens with a broad discussion of wage labour as an aspect of the political economy of the Mississippi Delta and the Piney Woods of Mississippi. By establishing wage labour as a vital aspect of the Deep South economy, the opening chapter sets the scene for the main discussion on the activities of African American railroad workers. This study shows that African American railroad workers protested various racial impositions on them, including their exclusion from white dominated craft unions within the American Federation of Labor (AFL), the ongoing push from white railroad trainmen to have them removed from lucrative posts in the train service, as well as railroad employers’ insistence on keeping them as lowly paid substitutes for white labour. They also took good advantage of federal wartime control over the railroads to challenge prejudiced notions of their skills and experience as workers. African American railroaders were persistent fighters for fair employment practices well before the legendary A. Philip Randolph came on the scene. They engaged their employers and white workers in varying ways. African American railroad shopmen did not hesitate to join subordinate locals of the white-dominated craft unions in the AFL. They participated with white shopmen in the important railroad shop strikes of 1911 and 1922. Their counterparts in the train service tended to build independent organisations and used subtle forms of protest such as letters, petitions and legal suits in preference to strike action. Although organized African American trainmen used seemingly unconfrontational approaches to making their grievances heard, the study cautions against the presumption that these organizations were either weak or unassertive. Careful organisation and preparation for a court appearance or filing a petition with an employer such as the Illinois Central, involved a collective will that cannot be pigeonholed within a dichotomy of militancy versus conformity. African American railroad workers resisted their domination and exploitation on railroads in the Deep South by building effective organizations often within the fold of the AFL. Acknowledgements The road toward this dissertation has been a journey that has seen my transformation from a dilettantish South African intellectual to a serious-minded historian of African American labour and social history. This transformation has neither been a huge nor dramatic leap. Thanks to my thesis supervisor Rick Halpern, with his own interest in collaborative research on race and labour in the U.S and South Africa, I have constantly been aware of the spiritual affinity between the struggles of African Americans for democratic freedoms in the U.S and African people’s struggles against racial domination in South Africa. I have gained enormously from the sure guidance of my committee - Rick Halpern, Dan Bender and Michael Wayne. Rick has been the perfect mentor and thesis supervisor. He supported me in finding focus for my ideas and ensured that I maintained meticulous attention to detail and allowed me to pursue my intellectual goals independently. Dan has been there to provide supportive feedback with sharp insights into the various ways I could widen the horizon of the possible uses of sometimes unyielding primary resource material. Michael has alerted me to the necessity of clear and effective writing, and during my time working with him as a teaching assistant, he was a model of eloquence in teaching. I am grateful for the advice and direction I received from other scholars working in the field of Southern labour and social history, including Michael Honey, Laurie Beth Green, Charles W. Crawford and Eric Arnesen. Eric’s pioneering work on race and labour on U.S railroads has provided this study a key point of critical engagement. I wish to acknowledge my intellectual debt to his skilfully-handled work on relations between African American and white workers in the early twentieth century South. Numerous librarians and archivists inevitably had a hand in the completion of this study. At the University of Toronto’s Robarts Library, I’m especially grateful to Jane L. Lynch, resource sharing specialist, for her quiet but ever efficient support. Retired director of the Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation & Archives at Cornell University, Richard Strassberg guided me to the best available material on railroad labour. Richard also spent time chatting and sharing his wide knowledge of the field of U. S labour history. He was on hand to steer me away from too hasty judgements that could have led me down quite unfruitful research paths. Kheel Center staff, reference archivist Patrizia Sione and administrative assistant Melissa Holland gave assistance with a generosity that went beyond the call of duty. Other archivists who provided attentiveness and outstanding service include: Ed Frank, curator at the Special Collections Department, University of Memphis Library; Walter B. Hill of the National Archives and Records Administration in Washington, DC; Guy Hall at the South-eastern region office of the National Archives and Records Administration in Morrow, Georgia; and G. Wayne Dowdy at the Shelby County Public Library in Memphis. Various archivists at the Shelby County Archives, Memphis, Tennessee; at the Newberry Library, Chicago, Illinois; and the Mississippi Department of Archives & History in Jackson, Mississippi, also deserve special mention for their responsiveness and enthusiasm to provide support. My debts, even before the outset of research for this project are numerous. Thanks to the University of Toronto for the fellowship funds and the research travel grants that have sustained me throughout my time as a graduate student. The love, care and patience of my partner Darryl Gershater has been indispensable in helping me keep perspective during my early years in Toronto when the environment seemed frosty and alienating. The completion of this dissertation is by no means sufficient or just compensation for her devotion and tireless support, or for the loss of dreams that she has had to set aside while I drilled away at my studies. I am deeply appreciative of the Gershater family, especially Adele, Josh and Lee-Anne. Their friendship and the tenderness of their home have helped me find in Canada a place of belonging and hope. Personal debts that I particularly wish to mention include Peter Alexander and Carolyn O’Reilly in Johannesburg, South Africa, who encouraged me to apply for the PhD programme in History at the University of Toronto. Stephen Greenberg, Stacey Haahjem and Tina Smith, your steady friendship over the distance of oceans has been a vital source of inspiration. I wish also to thank Bill Freund, emeritus professor in Economic History at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, for his advice, persisting confidence and long-standing support. I am grateful also to Peter Brock, the late founder of the University of Toronto’s Carmen Brock Fellowship. Though Peter has not seen this project to the end, he always checked on my progress with a warmth and friendship that I always cherish. I wish finally to mention two people who remind me that even strangers in a bitter and estranged world are capable of basic kindliness. Elton Weaver, a PhD graduate in the History Department at Memphis State University, shines out as an example of African American fraternal feeling and openness. Katherine Bowers, a graduate student in the Department of Slavic Languages and Literature, Northwestern University, Chicago, treated me to the friendliest atmosphere I could possibly have expected over the month of my stay in Chicago. To my mother, Doris Kelly, and my brood of siblings, nieces and nephews back in South Africa – you are with me on this excursion into a small part of the past of a people – African Americans – whom I believe do share with you and others back home, a common resource of spirit and optimism in the face of great adversity.	PhD	employment, labour, wage, urban	8, 11
Kelly, Sharon Ann	Barker, Joshua||McElhinny, Bonnie	Reconstructing Social Housing: The Socio-spatial Effects of Welfare State Transformation in Toronto's Regent Park	Anthropology	2015-06	This dissertation charts the socio-spatial impacts of welfare state reform on the landscape of public housing, and the transformation in modes of governance that mark the shift from a welfare state to a more neoliberal regime. Specifically, it explores the processes and implications of socially-mixed public housing redevelopment, and the ways in which urban planning is used as a social fix. Its focus is Toronto's Regent Park, Canada's first and largest government housing project, which is currently undergoing a $1.75 billion overhaul in which the entire 69-acre site will be razed and rebuilt. Regent Park is widely considered to be a mid-century planning project that failed. Its redevelopment, premised upon the planning philosophy of social mix - diversity of income groups and housing tenure - is intended to be a reversal of poor design and residential segregation. The redevelopment is also financially motivated, unrolling against a backdrop of encroaching neoliberal reform.The appeal to a "healthy" community is central to the re-imagined Regent Park. I explore Regent Park's redevelopment as an exercise in community building and as a political-economic project, with a focus on the rhetoric that underlies these motivations, and on the ways in which these interventions have material effects on the built environment, and on the people who live there. This dissertation, then, is an exploration of attempts to ensure physical and social well-being through an engineering of urban space, and the forms of governance made manifest in these attempts. As such, it is also an exploration of the intersection of two political rationalities. In the current moment, private entities are increasingly called upon to provide public services, in tandem with or in lieu of the state. In Regent Park, the ideals of neoliberal city-building sometimes clash with transforming, but still-existing, bureaucratic welfarist institutions. This thesis examines the ways in which discourses of redevelopment are in tension with the operating of the bureaucratic welfare state, and the ways in which social housing residents experience these competing rationalities and contradictions in political agency.	Ph.D.	urban, poverty, governance	1, 8, 16
Kelly, Theresa	Stermac, Lana	Judgments and Perceptions Of Blame: The Impact Of Benevolent Sexism And Rape Type On Attributions Of Responsibility In Sexual Assault	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2009-06	Observers’ attributions of culpability in sexual assault cases have been studied in the context of psycholegal variables to explain how they come to their conclusions. Most research has revealed that there are differences between stranger and acquaintance rape, where victims of the latter are more likely to be blamed (Allgeier & Allgeier, 1995; Bridges & McGrail, 1989; Littleton, 2001; Mynatt & Allgeier, 1990; Scronce & Corcoran, 1995; Schuller & Klippenstine, 2004; Tetreault & Barnett, 1987). However, the work has been largely limited to examining rape myth acceptance and gender differences of observers. The present study addressed these limitations. The goals of this study were: (1) to examine judgments of perpetrator responsibility, (2) to examine the relationship between benevolent sexism and victim blame in an acquaintance rape, (3) to examine as to how benevolent sexism influences assailant blame, and (4) to examine differences between males and females on a sexism measure in relation to attribution of blame. This research utilized a community sample. Several groups of measures were utilized, including sexual assault vignettes with a questionnaire that assessed perceptions of sexual assault. Also administered were measures that assessed for social desirability, benevolent sexism, the preference for unequal relationships, and demographics. Two studies were conducted. The first one was a pilot study, which gathered qualitative and descriptive data for a measure designed specifically for this research. Participants (n= 20) reported that the measure was simple to read, understand and complete. The second study (200 participants) focused on the goals outlined and obtained reliability and principal components analysis information. Findings from study 2 revealed no significant differences between men and women in attribution of responsibility. However, assailant-victim relationship, and the presence of alcohol were statistically significant for blame. Although men scored higher on benevolent sexism in general, women obtained high scores when assailant-victim relationship and the presence of alcohol in the scenarios were taken into account. Similar to previous research (Abrams, Viki, Masser, & Bohner, 2003; Viki & Abrams, 2002; Viki, Masser, & Abrams, 2004), benevolent sexism was found to act as a moderator. Implications from results from this study were also discussed.	PhD	gender	5
Kemp, Kyle	Edward, Sargent	Nanoscale Interfaces in Colloidal Quantum Dot Solar Cells: Physical Insights and Materials Engineering Strategies	Electrical and Computer Engineering	2014-06	With growing global energy demand there will be an increased need for sources of renewable energy such as solar cells. To make these photovoltaic technologies more competitive with conventional energy sources such as coal and natural gas requires further reduction in manufacturing costs that can be realized by solution processing and roll-to-roll printing. Colloidal quantum dots are a bandgap tunable, solution processible, semiconductor material which may offer a path forward to efficient, inexpensive photovoltaics. Despite impressive progress in performance with these materials, there remain limitations in photocarrier collection that must be overcome. This dissertation focuses on the characterization of charge recombination and transport in colloidal quantum dot photovoltaics, and the application of this knowledge to the development of new and better materials. Core-shell, PbS-CdS, quantum dots were investigated in an attempt to achieve better surface passivation and reduce electronic defects which can limit performance. Optimization of this material led to improved open circuit voltage, exceeding 0.6 V for the first time, and record published performance of 6% efficiency. Using temperature-dependent and transient photovoltage measurements we explored the significance of interface recombination on the operation of these devices. Careful engineering of the electrode using atomic layer deposition of ZnO helped lead to better TiO2 substrate materials and allowed us to realize a nearly two-fold reduction in recombination rate and an enhancement upwards of 50 mV in open circuit voltage. Carrier extraction efficiency was studied in these devices using intensity dependent current-voltage data of an operational solar cell. By developing an analytical model to describe recombination loss within the active layer of the device we were able to accurately determine transport lengths ranging up to 90 nm. Transient absorption and photoconductivity techniques were used to study charge dynamics by identifying states in these quantum dot materials which facilitate carrier transport. Thermal activation energies for transport of 60 meV or lower were measured for different PbS quantum dot bandgaps, representing a relatively small barrier for carrier transport. From these measurements a dark, quantum confined energy level was attributed to the electronic bandedge of these materials which serves to govern their optoelectronic behavior.	PhD	energy, renewable, solar	7
Kempf, Arlo	Dei, George Jerry Sefa	The Production of Racial Logic In Cuban Education: An Anti-colonial Approach	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2010-11	This work brings an anti-colonial reading to the production and maintenance of racial logic in Cuban schooling, through conversations with, and surveys of Cuban teachers, as well as through analysis of secondary and primary documents. The study undertaken seeks to contribute to the limited existent research on race relations in Cuba, with a research focus on the Cuban educational context. Teasing and staking out a middle ground between the blinding and often hollow pro-Cuba fanaticism and the deafening anti -Cuban rhetoric from the left and right respectively, this project seeks a more nuanced, complete and dialogical understanding of race and race relations in Cuba, with a specific focus on the educational context. With this in mind, the learning objectives of this study are to investigate the following: 1) What role does racism play in Cuba currently and historically? 2) What is the role of education in the life of race and racism on the island? 3) What new questions and insights emerge from the Cuban example that might be of use to integrated anti-racism, anti-colonialism and class-oriented scholarship and activism? On a more specific level, the guiding research objectives of the study are to investigate the following: 1) How do teachers support and/or challenge dominant ideas of race and racism, and to what degree to do they construct their own meanings on these topics? 2) How do teachers understand the relevance of race and racism for teaching and learning? 3) How and why do teachers address race and racism in the classroom? The data reveal a complex process of meaning making by teachers who are at once produced by and producers of dominant race discourse on the island. Teachers are the front line race workers of the racial project, doing much of the heavy lifting in the ongoing struggle against racism, but are at the same time custodians of an approach to race relations which has on the whole failed to eliminate racism. This work investigates and explicates this apparent contradiction inherent in teachers’ work and discourse on the island, revealing a flawed and complex form of Cuban anti-racism.	PhD	educat	4
Kendzerska, Tetyana	Tomlinson, George	A Risk Stratification Model for Adult Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Development and Evaluation	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2014-06	Despite emerging evidence that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may cause cardio-metabolic disturbances independently of known risk factors, the strength and significance of this association remains unclear. This thesis is comprised of three studies assessing the long term-consequences of OSA, and specifically the prognostic value of OSA-related variables for cardiovascular (CV) events, all-cause mortality and incident diabetes. Methods: The first study is a systematic review of longitudinal studies, from 1999 to 2011. Quality was assessed using published guidelines. Studies two and three linked a clinical sleep database to Ontario health administrative databases for the period of 1991 to 2011 to examine the relationship between OSA variables and a composite CV outcome and incident diabetes. For the latter, we assembled a cohort free of diabetes at baseline, as defined by health administrative data. Cox regression models were used to investigate the association between of OSA-related predictors and outcomes of interest, controlling for potential confounders. Study one identified significant relationships between OSA and all-cause mortality and composite CV outcome in men; associations with other outcomes remain uncertain. Among OSA-related variables, only apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was a consistent predictor. Limitations of the clinically-based studies were small numbers of events, weak definitions of outcomes, and inconsistency in polysomnographic scoring criteria over time. Study two found that 1,172 (11.5%) of 10,149 participants experienced our composite CV event over a median follow-up of 68 months. In a fully adjusted model, the following OSA-related variables were significant independent predictors: time spent with oxygen saturation (SaO2) < 90%, sleep time, awakenings, periodic leg movements, heart rate, and presence of daytime sleepiness. In study three, of 8,678 cohort participants without diabetes at baseline, 1,017 (11.7%) developed incident diabetes over a median follow-up of 67 months. In fully-adjusted models, patients with AHI > 30 had a 30% higher hazard of developing diabetes than those with AHI < 5. Among other OSA-related variables, REM-AHI, and SaO2<90%, heart rate and neck circumference were associated with incident diabetes. Conclusions: Based on these studies, we demonstrated that OSA-related predictors significantly and independently contribute to the risk for occurrence of composite CV outcome and incidence diabetes.	PhD	health, urban	3, 11
Kennedy, Liam	Kruttschnitt, Candace	'Reflections From Exile': Exploring Prisoner Writings at the Louisiana State Penitentiary	Sociology	2015-06	Research investigating life inside U.S. prisons is on the decline at the precise time when it is arguably most desperately needed. And absent from much of the work that has been done is a consideration of how incarcerated men and women actually cope with, conceive of, and experience their imprisonment. Undertaking the case study of the Louisiana State Penitentiary (Angola), I analyze over two decades worth of prisoners' writings contained in The Angolite prison newsmagazine in order to further our understanding of the daily lived experiences of incarcerated individuals during the era of mass imprisonment. First, I examine how the correctional instability that characterized the last several decades of the twentieth century played out on-the-ground at Angola, as well as how penological changes shaped the conditions of confinement and impacted prisoners' lives. Next, I explore in-depth one factor with the potential to influence a prisoner's life behind bars: masculinities. Specifically, I investigate how prisoners navigate the hypermasculine prison code in addition to how they conceptualize manhood. And in the third paper I dig deeper into Angola's plantation past. That is, I analyze how administrators narrate the history of the prison to tourists and outsiders as well as if and how the collective memories of slavery and the Jim Crow era inform prisoners' ideas about their incarceration today. Overall, this project actively strives to highlight prisoners' humanity and complexity, document the nuances of prisoners' carceral experiences, and demonstrate the value of incorporating prisoners' knowledges into academic debates.	Ph.D.	institution	16
Kennedy, Stefanie Dawn	Newton, Melanie J	'Remembered in the Body': Disability and Slavery in England and the Caribbean 1500-1834	History	2015-11	This dissertation explores the constitutive relationship between disability, anti-black racism, and slavery in the English Atlantic World, from the early stages of colonization to the abolition of the slavery in 1834. It argues that Atlantic slavery, specifically the sugar- producing colonies of the English Caribbean, were key to the development of modern understandings of disability and the disabled body. It was in the specific historical context of the establishment of Englandâ s American colonies, the introduction of sugar to the European economy, and the rapid expansion of the slave trade that the English began increasingly to argue that blackness was an inheritable and racial form of monstrosity. This argument eventually served to normalize and mute opposition to African dispossession in the English Atlantic World. Plantation slavery in the English Caribbean was a disabling system of human exploitation and degradation. The processes of capture, forced march, imprisonment, and forced migration that characterized the slave trade, together with the hostile labour and living conditions of Caribbean sugar plantations, often resulted in emotional, psychological, sensory, and physical impairment. The slave laws of the English Atlantic World deliberately constructed the enslaved as both human and animal, and yet not fully either. By not resolving this tension between the human and the animal, lawmakers and slaveowners could recognize the humanity of the enslaved but effectively disable it by treating the enslaved like animals. The very real spectre of revolutionary emancipation in the eighteenth-century Atlantic World is key to understanding the place of disability in both anti- and pro-slavery rhetoric. Abolitionist representations of the supplicant, disabled bondsperson contrasted with whitesâ fear of the threatening, able-bodied, armed, black male revolutionary and anti-slavery rebel. These two images embodied different paths to emancipation â the choice between revolutionary and armed rebellion on the one hand, exemplified by the Haitian Revolution, and emancipation as a process of imperial and legislated reform on the other. This thesis attempts to retrieve a history of disability in the colonial Caribbean from the archive of English Atlantic slavery and demonstrate that concepts of monstrosity, race, disability, and enslaveability were inextricably linked during the colonial period.	Ph.D.	labour	8
Kepkiewicz, Lauren	Wakefield, Sarah	Unsettling food sovereignty in Canada: Settler roles and responsibilities; tensions and (im)possibilities	Geography	2018-06	Critical Indigenous food sovereignty activists and scholars have called settler food sovereignty movements to complicate our understandings of food and food systems in so-called Canada (Coté, 2016; Morrison, 2011; Manson, 2015). These calls include requests for settlers to rethink interrelationships between land, food, colonialism, and Indigenous sovereignty. Learning from these calls for change, I examine whether and how settler food activists are responding. I do so through a series of five independent papers framed by an introduction and conclusion, which make up this dissertation as a whole. First I outline the methodological and theoretical frameworks and implications of this dissertation. Next, I outline three main themes that arose from the interviews and participant observation I conducted. First, interviewees emphasized that settler food activists need to self-educate about Canadian colonialism and Indigenous struggles for land. Second, interviewees talked about settler food activists’ visions for future food systems that perpetuate colonial food systems. Third, interviewees highlighted the importance of changing settler food activists’ relationships to land, including returning land to Indigenous nations. Based on interviewees’ experiences and insights, I argue that settler food sovereignty movements have not adequately responded to Indigenous critiques and requests and that, through this lack of response, settler food sovereignty movements reify colonial logics. At the same time, interviewees’ experiences also demonstrate that a small number of settlers have begun to engage with Indigenous critiques around Canadian food sovereignty narratives and praxis, and through this engagement are working to support Indigenous food sovereignty. Lastly, I argue that if food sovereignty is a movement rooted in addressing systemic inequities, it cannot be achieved without radically transforming Indigenous-settler relations. It is therefore essential that settler activists are aware of whether and how we are responding to Indigenous calls for change and what work still lies ahead in order to support Indigenous resurgence.	Ph.D.	food	2
Kerckhove, Derrick Tupper de	Abrams, Peter ||Shuter, Brian	The Spatial Ecology of Predator-prey Relationships in Lakes	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2014-06	The pelagic zone of lakes is defined as the water column over the area of the lake benthos that does not receive enough light from the sun to allow macrophytes to grow. The four chapters of this thesis explore the spatial ecology of predator-prey interactions between schooling fish and their fish predators in this featureless environment. We first developed novel hydroacoustics methods to study fish and fish school swimming behaviour in the pelagic zone (Chapter 1 and 2). Then we characterized our in-situ school formation and prey movement observations using an ideal gas model to better understand the mechanisms that lead to fish and school densities during the daytime (Chapter 2 and 3). With this model we estimated the functional relationship between the schooling prey densities and predator encounter rates, and verified with empirical data a counterintuitive relationship that encounter rates decreased as overall prey densities increased (Chapter 3). The encounter rates suggested that predation within the pelagic zone might be greatly influenced by external forces if they provide spatial structure which encourages greater degrees of prey aggregation in predictable locations. In this regard we examined the predator-prey dynamics under wind and found large redistributions of prey and predators under windy conditions leading to greater aggregations in downwind locations. Further, we found that our study fish were larger in lakes that were oriented into the wind, perhaps demonstrating a benefit to fish growth under windy conditions (Chapter 4).	PhD	water, fish, ecology	14
Kerr, Lindsay Anne	Muzzin, Linda	The Educational Production of Students at Risk	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2011-06	Informed by institutional ethnography, and taking the problematic from disjunctures in teacher/participants’ experience between actual practice and official policy, this study is an intertextual analysis of print/electronic documents pertaining to students ‘at risk.’ It unpacks the Student Success Strategy in Ontario secondary schools as organized around discourses on risk and safety. Discriminatory classing and racializing processes construct students ‘at risk’ in ways that reproduce socio-economic inequities through premature streaming into pathways geared to post-secondary destinations: university, college, apprenticeship and work. This study questions the accounting logic that reduces education to skills training in workplace literacy/numeracy, and contradicts the official ‘success’ story that promotes Ontario as a model of large-scale educational change. The follow-up intertextual analyses reveal ideological circles that promote ‘evidence-based research’ and ‘evidence-informed practice,’ while actually gearing education to improving ‘results’ on large-scale standardized tests and manufacturing consent for government policies. Questions arise about the lack of transparency and selective use of educational research. A web of behind-the-scenes activities are made visible at public policy think-tanks (e.g. Canadian Council on Learning; Canadian Language and Literacy Research Network), and two little-researched bodies in educational governance — the Council of Ministers of Education Canada (CMEC) and OECD. Although invisible to teachers, the infrastructure for the Student Success Strategy is the Ontario School Information System (OnSIS); this web-enabled data-management technology has built-in capacity to profile students ‘at risk’ and to instigate accountability and surveillance over teachers’ work, with implications for re-regulating teaching practice towards test scores and aggregate statistics. With the intention of transforming education towards genuine equity, and linking the re-organization of social relations in large-scale reform locally, nationally and globally, this study contributes to critical scholarship on the effects of reform policies on people’s lives and extends knowledge of how translocal text-mediated ruling relations operate in education.	PhD	educat	4
Kesarchuk, Olga	Handley, Antoinette	Policy Choices of the Post-Soviet States Regarding Foreign Direct Investment in the Key Sectors of their Economies: the Experience of Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine	Political Science	2015-11	Why did some post-Soviet states open up their key economic sectors to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) while others did not? This dissertation argues that the levels of FDI were a result of conscious policy choices rather than ability or inability of the post-Soviet states to create positive investment climate. It explains why Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine made different policy choices regarding FDI into their oil and gas, and metallurgy and mining sectors despite similar sectoral composition of their economies and common past as part of the Soviet Union. I argue that these policy choices were political. The state officials made their policy choices under the influence of two main factors. The first factor was whether or not they believed they could develop a sector exclusively through the use of national resources, with the help of domestic state and private actors. The state of the sector's development during the Soviet era heavily influenced this perception. After the collapse of the USSR, all sectors across all republics needed capital and technologies to maintain production, yet needed them to a different extent. The second factor influencing FDI policy choices was the strategy of power maintenance that political regimes chose and, more specifically, the different political roles they ascribed to different sectors. Sectors with their assets became highly material forms of power that were used by the regimes toward attainment of these three goals.	Ph.D.	production	12
Khaira, Rupinder	Dietsche, Peter	Characteristics, Engagement and Academic Performance of First-year Nursing Students in Selected Ontario Universities	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2016-06	With an aging population nationally, nursing programs have struggled to meet the demand for nurses in our healthcare system. Student attrition remains high at 28% within the first two years of the Baccalaureate nursing programs. In order to meet healthcare system demand, nursing programs need to ensure that students persist, graduate, and are academically successful on the national examination. As a first step in student success, one needs to identify effective educational practices in first-year nursing programs that are associated with student engagement within the Canadian context. Extensive research in the U.S. has examined educational practices and student engagement. However, few national or international studies examined nursing student characteristics and engagement and student success. This study examined the extent to which first-year nursing students are engaged in effective educational practices and any relationships between student demographic, external, academic, social, and institutional variables, and student engagement. A descriptive correlational design was used to conduct a secondary analysis of pre-existing 2008 National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) data from nursing students in 13 Ontario Universities. Descriptive statistics were computed to examine student characteristics and the distribution of NSSE benchmark scores. Step-wise multiple regression analysis was used to identify relationships between predictor variables and student engagement and academic performance (grade point average). The results identified several significant predictors of first-year nursing student engagement including age, ethnicity, hours spent preparing for class per week, grade point average, hours per week spent participating in cocurricular activities, participating in physical fitness activities, and institutional size. Being a first-generation student and age were significant predictors of academic performance for first-year nursing students. The findings provide insight into some of the drivers of engagement in first-year nursing education and may also inform policy and practice for improving nursing student engagement and, ultimately, graduation rates.	Ph.D.	health, institution	3, 16
Khambalia, Amina	Zlotkin, Stanley H.	Periconceptional Iron Supplementation and Iron and Folate Status among Pregnant and Non-pregnant Women in Rural Bangladesh	Nutritional Sciences	2009-06	In 2007, Bangladesh’s national strategy to reduce anemia included adolescents and newly married women as target groups for iron and folic acid (IFA) supplementation. This thesis is comprised of a pilot study and a double-blinded randomized controlled trial (RCT) aimed at providing evidence-based research to inform decision-making on periconceptional IFA programs in rural Bangladesh. Results from the pilot study indicate that women who marry during adolescence had significantly longer intervals to first pregnancy compared to adult brides; however, the time interval was not long enough to delay family formation beyond adolescence. Education, age at marriage and contraceptive use were significant factors for delaying time to first pregnancy. The RCT examined the effect of daily periconceptional iron (60 mg) and folic acid (400 μg) vs. folic acid (FA) on iron and folate indictors. Of 272 women, 37% were anemic (Hb <120 g/L), 13% had low plasma folate levels (≤10 nmol), 15% were iron deficient (plasma ferritin <12 μg/L or TfR>4.4 mg/L), 11% were iron deficient and anemic and 81% were estimated to have <500 mg of iron stores. Adolescents had significantly lower plasma ferritin and body iron stores vs. adults. Among 88 pregnant women (PW), an interaction between treatment and adherence was significantly associated with change in Hb (p=0.04) and anemia (p=0.05). During pregnancy, group differences for iron status were not significant. Among NPW (n=146), IFA reduced anemia by 80.0% (95% CI: 0.04, 1.00, p=0.05) and significantly improved change in plasma ferritin concentrations by level of adherence in a dose-response relationship (p=0.01). In both groups, mean plasma folate concentrations increased from 16.9 to31.8 nmol/L and the prevalence of low plasma folate concentrations (<10 nmol/L) was reduced from 14% to 8%. Results suggest that periconceptional iron supplementation along with adequate folic acid intake is efficacious in reducing the prevalence of anemia during pregnancy and improving body iron stores before pregnancy when adherence is high. The effectiveness of periconceptional IFA supplementation remains unclear. Further research needs to examine maternal and infant functional and health outcomes, ways to increase adherence and cost-effectiveness.	PhD	women, rural	5, 11
Khan, Muhammad Shahid	Iravani, Mohammad Reza	Supervisory Hybrid Control of a Wind Energy Conversion and Battery Storage System	Electrical and Computer Engineering	2008-06	This thesis presents a supervisory hybrid controller for the automatic operation and control of a wind energy conversion and battery storage system. The supervisory hybrid control scheme is based on a radically different approach of modeling and control design, proposed for the subject wind energy conversion and battery storage system. The wind energy conversion unit is composed of a 360kW horizontal axis wind turbine mechanically coupled to an induction generator through a gearbox. The assembly is electrically interfaced to the dc bus through a thyristor-controlled rectifier to enable variable speed operation of the unit. Static capacitor banks have been used to meet reactive power requirements of the unit. A battery storage device is connected to the dc bus through a dc-dc converter to support operation of the wind energy conversion unit during islanded conditions. Islanding is assumed to occur when the tiebreaker to the utility feeder is in open position. The wind energy conversion unit and battery storage system is interfaced to the utility grid at the point of common coupling through a 25km long, 13.8kV feeder using a voltage-sourced converter unit. A bank of static (constant impedance) and dynamic (induction motor) loads is connected to the point of common coupling through a step down transformer. A finite hybrid-automata based model of the wind energy conversion and storage system has been proposed that captures the different operating regimes of the system during grid-connected and in islanded operating modes. The hybrid model of the subject system defines allowable operating states and predefines the transition paths between these operating states. A modular control design approach has been adapted in which the wind energy conversion and storage system has been partitioned along the dc bus into three independent system modules. Traditional control schemes using linear proportional-plus-integral compensators have been used for each system module with suitable modifications where necessary in order to achieve the required steady state and transient performance objectives. A supervisory control layer has been used to combine and configure control schemes of the three system modules to suite the requirements of system operation during any one operating state depicted by the hybrid model of the system. Transition management strategies have been devised and implemented through the supervisory control layer to ensure smooth inter-state transitions and bumpless switching among controllers. It has been concluded based on frequency domain linear analysis and time domain electromagnetic transient simulations that the proposed supervisory hybrid controller is capable of operating the wind energy conversion and storage system in both grid-connected and in islanded modes under changing operating conditions including temporary faults on the utility grid.	PhD	energy, wind	7
Khan, Ranya	Gagne, Antoinette	Meeting the Needs of English Language Learners with Interruptions in their Formal Schooling: A Comparative Case Study of Two Teachers' Classrooms	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2012-06	An increasing number of newcomer English language learners (ELLs) in Canadian high schools are from refugee backgrounds, have a history of interrupted formal schooling (IFS), and do not have alphabetic and numerical literacy skills in their first language (MacKay & Tavares, 2005; Yau, 1995). While ELLs with IFS pose challenges for Canadian high schools and teachers, the struggles faced by these learners to integrate and succeed in their new educational environments are far more complex. This study aimed to gain insight into how two teachers are attempting to support the academic, linguistic and social integration of ELLs with IFS. Through classroom observations, interviews and document analysis, I examined the envisioned, enacted and experienced stages of two Manitoba high school programs that were created specifically for ELLs from refugee backgrounds who have disrupted or limited formal schooling and are at high risk of academic failure. The findings from this study revealed how teacher agency and divisional as well as administrative input significantly alter current and future learning opportunities for ELLs with IFS. The unique circumstances of each school’s Intensive Newcomer Support classrooms, i.e. student population, support services, teaching practices and administrative decisions, were found to impact the design and delivery of each school’s program and thus the experiences of the students. This study identifies how two teachers in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, attempted to provide a meaningful and relevant education for their ELL with IFS students. It is the researcher’s hope and intent that this study will inform educational policy, teacher education and educational development initiatives both in Canada and in the various international contexts that serve refugees.	PhD	educat	4
Khan, Salaha	Watson, Jeanne	The Process of Crafting an Authentic Identity in the Context of Immigration to Canada: The Muslim Experience	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2012-11	This study looked at the experience of religion and the formation of a contemporary ethnoreligious identity in the lives of first generation Pakistani Muslim immigrant men and women who have been residents of Canada for five to ten years. The present research explored the life experiences of Muslim immigrants from Pakistan who immigrated to Canada with their immediate families and resolved the ensuing cultural dislocation. In order to understand the subjective meanings of immigrants’ lived experiences in Canada, the present study used a Grounded Theory framework. The analysis of data revealed a four stage theory of Muslim identity formation. Those stages describe the step-by-step process that highlights immigrants’ experience of culture shock, resolution of culture shock through immigrants’ reaffirmation of their religion that lays the groundwork for an authentic identity through differentiation of self from their country of origin, and formation of an authentic Muslim identity in the host society. It is proposed that the resolution of culture shock and the creation of a post-immigration identity mirrors the developmental process of Differentiation of Self and Other as outlined by Watson (2011) in her process model of becoming a self-governing person. Using their faith as a key resource to cope, these immigrants achieve a renewed sense of self and a revitalized faith. Immigrants come to an enhanced appreciation of Islam as the best system of life for themselves. An improved relationship with faith enhances immigrants’ awareness about the actual philosophy of its system and helps immigrants internalize the desirable Muslim character traits which focus on altruism, modesty, tolerance, fairness, forgiveness, and inclusion. Internalizing the pro social values of Islam brings about a fundamental shift in these immigrants’ perspectives about self and the host society. They successfully differentiate themselves from their country of origin to thrive in their adopted country. Canada provides them a conducive context which helps them access their positive potential in becoming their ideal self, the true Muslims. They come to an increased appreciation of the new society and accept it as their new home, thus form a new identity that speaks for the authentic version of Islam.	PhD	women	5
Khanolkar, Prasad	Goonewardena, Kanishka||Rankin, Katharine	Slums as Urban Constellations: Tales from Toba Tek Nagar, Mumbai	Geography	2016-09	Three hegemonic phenomena dictate the fate of slums in contemporary Mumbai, India. First, the teleological statement: “Mumbai is to be Slum Free.” This ubiquitous proclamation denounces the possibility that the practices through which slum-residents build urban habitats can help rethink urban planning, and in doing so, relegates slums to the realm of “non-planning.” Second, the dominance of neoliberal slum policies, which reify localities built by residents over years into lands with a “developmental value” and alienate residents from their memories, desires, and the sociality embedded in the built environment. And third, the utilitarian impulse of urban development, which uses planning as instrumental means to achieve specific ends. This instrumentality can be traced back to colonialism, during which the ideologies of industrious reason and utilitarianism played a key role in the capitalist transformation of colonized lands. This relationship between means and ends, normalized today, legitimizes the will and the power to “improve” the world of “others” in the names of planning, development, and progress. This dissertation is a response to these three hegemonic phenomena. It uses the concepts of mimesis, excess, and aesthetics to present ethnographic stories about four objects—idle time, films, toilets, and waste, located in the quasi-fictitious Muslim-dominated slum of Toba Tek Nagar. These stories explore four interrelated themes: Chapter One highlights how everyday storytelling, while idling in public spaces, is significant to confronting urban violence and slum planning; Chapter Two describes how rundown video-theaters and locally produced crime-shows become spatial and virtual mediums for residents to construct imaginary worlds in a melancholic context; Chapter Three explores the subject-positions and practices through which residents navigate the world of neoliberal developmental programs in order to build community toilets in their localities; and Chapter Four documents how the ongoing modernization of Mumbai’s waste-management system encloses and divides the common spaces of waste collection and recycling, and its varied impacts on waste pickers. Each story provides a thick description of the daily life and politics that constitute these objects, and contextualizes them within Mumbai’s history. The conclusion draws on the ethnographic insights to conceptualize planning as a form of “commoning.”	Ph.D.	industr, urban, waste	9, 11, 12
Kharal, Zahra	Sheikh, Shamim A	Towards Understanding the Seismic Behaviour of GFRP Confined Concrete Columns	Civil Engineering	2019-06	Conventional steel reinforced concrete (RC) structures are prone to corrosion, resulting in billions of dollars in damages globally annually. The use of glass-fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars as internal reinforcement is a pre-emptive measure, which offers a feasible and cost-effective solution to building lasting sustainable infrastructure. Despite the many advantages of GFRP, design codes do not recommend its usage in columns primarily due to the lack of test data, especially under seismic loading. This study was undertaken to understand the seismic behaviour of concrete columns confined by GFRP transverse reinforcement. In the experimental program of this study, sixteen square columns with 305x305 mm cross-section and 1470 mm length were constructed and tested under simulated earthquake loading. Fourteen columns were reinforced with GFRP ties and steel longitudinal bars, while two columns contained GFRP ties and GFRP longitudinal bars. The results, in the form of shear vs. tip deflection and moment vs. curvature hysteresis, showed that GFRP ties can significantly enhance the seismic performance of RC columns. Test results also revealed that if appropriate confinement is provided, columns confined by GFRP ties have flexural strength, energy dissipation capacity, ductility and deformability level comparable to steel-RC columns and thus can be used effectively as primary lateral reinforcement. In the analytical phase of the study, an extensive database of FRP confined columns tested under concentric axial compression was compiled. The applicability of various existing confinement models towards the test data was investigated in detail. A new constitutive stress-strain relationship for FRP confined columns was proposed which captured the behaviour considerably better than the available models. A computation program was developed, utilizing the proposed confinement model, to conduct nonlinear analysis of GFRP confined columns subjected to simulated seismic loading. The program predicted the shear vs. tip deflection and moment vs. curvature envelope curves, and the ductility parameters with reasonable accuracy. Lastly, a critical evaluation of seismic design provisions for FRP confinement in CSA-S806 (2012) was carried out. The code provisions were found to be ambiguous and lacking in several aspects. Based on the available test results, modifications to the current code were suggested.	Ph.D.	infrastructure	9
Khazabi, Mustafa	Sain, Mohini	Investigation of Biopolyol Spray Foam Insulation Modified with Natural Fibers	Forestry	2015-06	Rigid spray foam insulation is widely used as wall insulation in construction industry. Replacing synthetic polyether and polyester polyols with bio-based polyol and using water as blowing agent, would provide eco-friendly spray foam which is good for the environment and make buildings a safer place to live. The objectives of this work were to produce sustainable spray polyurethane foam insulation from soy-based polyol, derived from agricultural product and enhance its properties by incorporation of wood and cellulose fibers, a consumer forest product. The composite foam systems and the neat foam prepared in this manner were evaluated in terms of their thermo-mechanical properties, morphological characterization, and also their resistance contribution to overall structural integrity of the buildings against natural shear forces. Wood fiber and cellulose fiber were incorporated as reinforcement in foaming in three stages, 13php, 26php, and 40php. The fiber size, dispersion and concentration within the matrix affected the reinforcing quality. The interactions and the effects of fiber in composite foams were observed at cellular level by Fourier transform infrared and scanning electron microscopy to evaluate their performances. The results indicated incorporation of fiber had an impact on the cell morphology of the composite foam system as compared to the non-fiber foam. The cell structure became more uniform while cell density was increased proportionate to the fiber concentration. Resin found to be compatible with fiber at interfaces but, the viscosity of matrix polymer increased with addition of fiber. The viscosity increase was 20% under 26php fiber concentration. The thermo-mechanical properties of the composite foam systems were improved to some extent at lower fiber concentration, under 26php, due to less impact of viscosity. Cellulose fiber performed better as reinforcement than that of wood fiber due to superior compatibility, higher strength and better fiber quality.	Ph.D.	water, industr, consum, environment	6, 9, 12, 13
Kheibari, Mohsen Soleimani	Winnik, Mitchell A.	Film Formation of Water-borne Polymer Dispersion: Designed Polymer Diffusion for High Performance Low VOC Emission Coatings	Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry	2012-06	In this thesis, I describe experiments that were designed to provide a better understanding of polymer diffusion during latex film formation. This step leads to the improvement of film mechanical properties. Polymer diffusion in these films was monitored by fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Current paint formulations contain Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) as plasticizers to facilitate polymer diffusion. The drawback of this technology is the release of VOCs to the atmosphere. VOCs are deleterious to the environment and contribute to smog and ground level ozone formation. The propensity of water, an indispensible part of any latex dispersion, to promote polymer diffusion was studied. Copolymers of poly (butyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) and poly(ethylhexyl acrylate-co-tertiary butyl methacrylate) with similar glass transition temperatures but different hydrophobicity were compared. Polymer diffusion was monitored for films aged at different relative humidities. Water absorbed by the hydrophobic copolymer film was less efficient in promoting polymer diffusion than in the hydrophilic polymer. Only the fraction of water which is molecularly dissolved in the film participate actively in plasticization. Although water has low solubility in most latex polymers, molecularly dissolved water is more efficient than many traditional plasticizers. The possibility of modifying film formation behavior of acrylic dispersions with oligomers was studied by synthesizing hybrid polymer particles consisting of a high molecular weigh (high-M) polymer and an oligomer with the same composition. Oligomers with lower molecular weight are more efficient as diffusion promoters and have less deleterious effect on high-M polymer viscosity. A different set of hybrid particles were prepared in which the oligomer contained methacrylic acid units. The composition of the oligomer was tuned to be miscible with the high-M polymer when the acid groups were protonated but to phase separate when the acid groups were deprotonated. At basic pH, these particles adopt a core-shell morphology, with a shell rich in neutralized oligomers. After film formation, the oligomer shell retarded polymer diffusion. This retardation is expected to expand the time window during which the paint surface can be altered without leaving brush marks (open time). Short open time is a pressing problem in current technology.	PhD	water, energy, environment	6, 7, 13
Khosravi, Shahriar	Zingg, David W	High-fidelity Aerostructural Optimization of Nonplanar Wings for Commercial Transport Aircraft	Aerospace Science and Engineering	2016-11	Although the aerospace sector is currently responsible for a relatively small portion of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, the growth of the airline industry raises serious concerns about the future of commercial aviation. As a result, the development of new aircraft design concepts with the potential to improve fuel efficiency remains an important priority. Numerical optimization based on high-fidelity physics has become an increasingly attractive tool over the past fifteen years in the search for environmentally friendly aircraft designs that reduce fuel consumption. This approach is able to discover novel design concepts and features that may never be considered without optimization. This can help reduce the economic costs and risks associated with developing new aircraft concepts by providing a more realistic assessment early in the design process. This thesis provides an assessment of the potential efficiency improvements obtained from nonplanar wings through the application of fully coupled high-fidelity aerostructural optimization. In this work, we conduct aerostructural optimization using the Euler equations to model the flow along with a viscous drag estimate based on the surface area. A major focus of the thesis is on finding the optimal shape and performance benefits of nonplanar wingtip devices. Two winglet configurations are considered: winglet-up and winglet-down. These are compared to optimized planar wings of the same projected span in order to quantify the possible drag reductions offered by winglets. In addition, the drooped wing is studied in the context of exploratory optimization. The main results show that the winglet-down configuration is the most efficient winglet shape, reducing the drag by approximately 2% at the same weight in comparison to a planar wing. There are two reasons for the superior performance of this design. First, this configuration moves the tip vortex further away from the wing. Second, the winglet-down concept has a higher projected span at the deflected state due to the structural deflections. Finally, the exploratory optimization studies lead to a drooped wing with the potential to increase range by 4.9% relative to a planar wing.	Ph.D.	industr, greenhouse gas, environment	9, 13
Kia, Hannah	Ross, Lori E.	Subjugation and Resistance in Older Gay Men's Health Care Experiences	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2019-06	The scholarship on aging among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) adults has, in recent years, experienced unprecedented growth. Despite this emerging body of literature, research on older gay men’s health care experiences remains limited. This qualitative study, which is framed theoretically by Foucauldian governmentality and intersectionality, and informed methodologically by a poststructuralist approach to grounded theory known as situational analysis, attempts to address this gap in the literature. Specifically, drawing on interviews with 27 Toronto-based gay men ages 50 and over, 16 of whom reported being HIV-positive at the time of recruitment, the study offers insight on the health care experiences of older gay men. More specifically, the study highlights processes of subjugation and resistance reflected in the accounts of the participants. Chapter 1 provides a critical review of the literature, highlights the role of Foucauldian governmentality and intersectionality in situating the study theoretically, and outlines the study’s research design. Chapter 2 contains an overview of the study’s key findings, which specifically delineate how sociohistorically significant discursive forces rooted in homophobia and HIV stigma, older gay men’s interpretations of medical practices, as well as institutional constructions of gay aging bodies, together reflect the role of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in shaping older gay men’s subjugation and resistance across health settings. Drawing on the study’s insights, and the centrality of Foucauldian governmentality in supporting the conceptualization of these findings, chapter 3 examines the utility of this theoretical framework in guiding and enriching qualitative studies informed by situational analysis. Chapter 4 utilizes the accounts of this study’s HIV-positive participants to identify the health care and social service needs of this population, and incorporates an intersectional lens to conceptualize variations in the service priorities of this group along dimensions of difference such as socioeconomic status, ability, and race. Finally, chapter 5 concludes with a discussion of the study’s contributions to substantive and theoretical bodies of scholarship, and an overview of the inquiry’s implications for policy and practice in the area of gay aging.	Ph.D.	socioeconomic, health, queer	1, 3, 2005
Kiani, Amirreza	Sargent, Edward H	Colloidal Engineering for Infrared-Bandgap Solution-Processed Quantum Dot Solar Cells	Electrical and Computer Engineering	2017-06	Ever-increasing global energy demand and a diminishing fossil fuel supply have prompted the development of technologies for sustainable energy production. Solar photovoltaic (PV) devices have huge potential for energy harvesting and production since the sun delivers more energy to the earth in one hour than the global population consumes in one year. The solar cell industry is now dominated by silicon PV devices. The cost of silicon modules has decreased substantially over the past two decades and the number of installed silicon PV devices has increased dramatically. There remains a need for emerging solar technologies that can harvest the untapped portion of the solar spectrum and can be integrated on flexible and curved surfaces. This thesis focuses on colloidal quantum dot (CQD) PV devices. CQDs are nanoparticles fabricated using a low-temperature and cost-effective solution technique. These materials suffer from a high density of surface traps derived from the large surface-to-volume ratio of CQD nanoparticles, combined with limited carrier mobility. These result in a short carrier diffusion length, a main limiting factor in CQD solar cell performance. This thesis seeks to address the poor diffusion length in lead sulfide (PbS) CQD films and pave the way for new applications for CQD PV devices in infrared solar harvesting and waste heat recovery. A two-fold reduction in surface trap density is demonstrated using molecular halide treatment. Iodine molecules introduced prior to the film formation replace the otherwise unpassivated surface sulfur atoms. This results in a 35% increase in the diffusion length and enables charge extraction over thicker active layer leading to the worldâ s most efficient CQD PV devices from June 2015 to July 2016 with the certified power conversion efficiency of 9.9%. This represents a 30% increase over the best-certified PCE (7.5%) prior to this thesis. The colloidal engineering highlighted herein enables infrared (IR) solar harvesting for the first time. Addition of short bromothiol ligands during the synthesis significantly reduces the agglomeration of 1 eV bandgap CQDs and maintains efficient charge extraction into the selective electrodes. The devices can augment the performance of the best silicon cells by 7 power points where 0.8 additive power points are demonstrated experimentally. A tailored solution exchanged process developed for 1 eV bandgap CQDs results in air-stable IR PV devices with improved manufacturability. The process utilizes a tailored combination of lead iodide (PbI2) and ammonium acetate for the solution exchange and hexylamine + MEK as the final solvent to yield solar thick films with the filtered (1100 nm and beyond) performance of 0.4%. This thesis pushes the limit of CQD device applications to waste heat recovery. I demonstrate successful harvesting of low energy photons emitted from a hot object by designing and developing the first solution-processed thermophotovoltaic devices. These devices are comprised of 0.7 eV bandgap CQDs that successfully harvest photons emitted from an 800°C heat source.	Ph.D.	energy, solar, industr, production	7, 9, 12
KICI, Derya	Scardamalia, Marlene	Evolution of Knowledge Building Teacher Professional Development Communities	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2018-06	This study explores the interplay of factors in diffusion of Knowledge Building pedagogy through a multi-level (teachers, administrators, and students) Leading Student Achievement initiative sponsored by the Ontario Ministry of Education in partnership with Ontario Principals’ Councils. Rogers’ (1995) model of diffusion of innovation was used to explore the first and broadest level of decision making by teachers and principals and included analysis of initial resources to learn about and implement Knowledge Building. Analysis included perceived attributes of Knowledge Building pedagogy and factors that influenced early adopters and sustained use. A case study of one school board provides an in-depth account of how these factors came into play; five case studies of classroom practices provide a more micro-perspective on how teachers and students implemented Knowledge Building principles. The findings confirmed that the Leading Student Achievement project is fostering successful adoption of Knowledge Building in Ontario. This study helps to inform decision making for future Knowledge Building and professional development initiatives as well as system-level support required to create a multi-level learning ecology to inform uptake and sustainability of pedagogical innovations.	Ph.D.	innovation	9
Kideckel, David	Sandor, Paul	Functional Magnetic Resonance - and Diffusion Tensor Imaging Investigations of Pure Adult Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome	Medical Science	2010-06	Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by multiple motor and vocal tics, affecting approximately 1% of the population. The precise neuropathology of GTS has not yet been delineated, but current models implicate subcortical and cortical areas - the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuit. The majority of studies in the literature have either dealt with GTS with comorbid conditions and/or children with GTS. As these factors are known to affect brain structure and function, it unknown what the neurobiological underpinnings of pure adult GTS are. The objective of this body of work was to use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to characterize differences in brain function and structure in pure adult GTS patients versus age- and sex-matched controls. I employed a series of three distinct analyses for this purpose, based upon current models of CSTC circuit-related dysfunction in GTS. In the first, GTS patients and control participants executed three finger-tapping paradigms that varied in both complexity and memory requirements. These finger-tapping tasks were modeled after previous studies that showed CSTC circuit-related activity in healthy individuals. Using a multivariate statistical technique to assess task-related patterns of activation across the whole brain, I found that, while there was much overlap in brain activation patterns between groups, sensorimotor cortical regions were differentially recruited by GTS patients compared to controls. In the second fMRI analysis, I measured low-frequency spontaneous fluctuations of the blood oxygen level dependent signal during rest, and found that GTS patients exhibited greater resting state functional connectivity with the left putamen compared to controls. In the final analysis, DTI was used to provide a whole-brain assessment of regional diffusion anisotropy in GTS patients and healthy volunteers and to investigate the fractional anisotropy in predetermined ROIs. This analysis found no differences between GTS patients and controls. Overall, my findings indicated that several CSTC-related regions shown to be atypical in GTS patients previously, are also atypical in pure adult GTS, and that sensorimotor cortical regions and the putamen may be regions of functional disturbance in pure adult GTS.	PhD	health	3
Kiefer, Heidi	Cohen, Nancy	Handle With Care Evaluation Project: Impact of a Mental Health Promotion Training Program on Child Care Practitioners' Knowledge and Practices	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2013-11	This study explored the effectiveness of Handle With Care, a mental health promotion training program for child care practitioners working with children between birth to age 6. Handle With Care program content is based on research evidence. Training units are intended to deepen practitioners’ understanding of how children’s social-emotional development, centre and family connections and positive workplace activities link to children’s well-being and practitioners’ roles in these areas. Fifty-seven front-line practitioners from three different regional groups (Rural, Suburban, Urban) completed Handle With Care workshops and were compared to 56 comparison participants, matched according to region, who were not exposed to training. The evaluation utilized a time series repeated measures design and consisted of mixed quantitative and qualitative measures to determine training outcomes related to practitioner’s mental health promotion knowledge and practices. Findings indicated that child care practitioners who participated in Handle With Care training demonstrated increased mental health promotion knowledge. In particular, they acquired better comprehension of issues concerning practitioner and child attachment relationships, children’s self-esteem, emotion expression and regulation and peer relationships. Training participants significantly differed from comparison participants in their knowledge of these topics. In terms of practices, training participants also evidenced significantly improved practices relative to comparison participants. These gains were especially observed in relation to practitioners building trusting relationships with children, fostering children’s sense of self and competence, positive peer interactions and practitioners promoting their own mental health. In contrast, Handle With Care training did not show the intended consistent outcomes with respect to practitioners helping children with emotional communication, dealing with diversity, changes and transitions and practitioners building relationships with children’s parents. Results tended to be discrepant across regional groups, and in some instances, gains in mental health promotion and knowledge were not sustained over time. Overall, the study suggests that Handle With Care is a useful way to augment child care practitioners’ capacity to consider the mental health of all children in their care and flexibly implement strategies to help children reach their optimal potential. The study also provides important information concerning regional differences and areas of training content that may benefit from revision.	PhD	health	3
Kieltyka-Gajewski, Agnes	Campbell, Elizabeth	Ethical Challenges and Dilemmas in Teaching Students with Special Needs in Inclusive Classrooms: Exploring the Perspectives of Ontario Teachers	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2012-11	This study examines the ethical challenges and dilemmas that teachers experience in their work with students who have special needs in inclusive classrooms. Moreover, it investigates the ways in which teachers cope with or resolve such difficulties, the supports currently available to assist them in managing ethical issues, and their recommendations for potential supports. Accounts of ethical challenges reported by 12 teacher participants working at the elementary and secondary level were interpreted from two stages of interviews. Data were analyzed qualitatively using a constant comparison method, with data analysis occurring during and after each stage. Emergent themes were coded and categorized to elicit major and sub-themes. The ethical challenges reported by the participants primarily dealt with issues of care, equity, and fairness, where participants felt that the best interests of students were not being met. Difficulties occurred in the context of accommodations and modifications, assessment and evaluation, discipline, distribution of time and resources, and the rights of the individual student versus the group. In the accounts provided, participants consistently raised concerns about ethical dilemmas they experienced as a result of colleagues. In all of the situations that dealt with colleagues, teachers were unwilling to confront the unethical behaviors of co-workers despite their potential to harm the student. All of the teachers faced ethical challenges in the context of inclusion. While most support the practice of inclusion, concerns were raised about existing inequities, specifically in regard to the degree of inclusivity and access to learning opportunities. Shortages in supports, resources, and training were the primary reasons attributed to the teachers’ struggles. The participants’ recommendations for supports consisted of collaborative professional development opportunities, specifically in special and inclusive education. This study contributes to the growing body of literature in the ethics of inclusive and special education. It has significant implications for policy makers, certifying bodies, teacher education programs, and teachers’ professional lives as it provides insights into the ethical challenges faced by teachers in inclusive classrooms. The results of the study have the potential to influence the development of policies and practices to support both teachers and students.	PhD	educat, inclusive	4
Kiernan, Jeffrey J.	Stanford, William L||Davies, John E	Systemic MSC Transplantation Restores Functional Bone in a Mouse Model of Age-related Osteoporosis	Biomedical Engineering	2015-06	Osteoporosis affects millions of people, and represents a substantial quality of life and economic burden. In human aging, the decline in the number and function of resident bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) has been widely reported. This has led to the speculation that MSCs are required for the maintenance of skeletal homeostasis, and their loss is associated with age-related osteoporosis. Supporting this etiology, the Sca-1 deficient mouse model of human age-related (type II) osteoporosis demonstrates both decreased MSC self-renewal and expansion, leading to defective maintenance of bone mineral density and bone quality. Therefore, to test the hypothesis that increasing the pool of MSCs could provide therapeutic benefits to patients with type II osteoporosis, we assessed the capacity of transplanted wild type MSCs to rescue osteoporosis in Sca-1-/- mice. Donor MSCs were highly clonogenic and retained high osteogenic activity. Short-term engraftment of DiR labeled MSCs transplanted by intravenous tail vein injection displayed successful engraftment into hind limbs of Sca-1-/- mice for at least 14 days. To assess long-term engraftment, a single bolus of labeled MSCs from male donor mice was transplanted into individual 10-week-old Sca-1-/- females. A half year later, mice were sacrificed and engraftment was assessed. Transplanted Sca-1-/- mice displayed low-level MSC engraftment in the bone marrow and lungs beyond 34 weeks of age. However, histological analyses of trabecular tissue revealed increased bone formation, higher osteoclast numbers, and heterogeneous mineralization indicative of healthier bone in these animals compared to untreated Sca-1-/- controls. Furthermore, MicroCT revealed improved trabecular bone connectivity and a restoration of trabecular anisotropy in mice transplanted with wild type MSCs versus untreated Sca-1-/- controls. Taken together, these results demonstrate that a single systemic transplanted dose of MSCs can reduce the inherent bone formation deficit observed in osteoporotic mice, protect them from progressive reduction in bone quality, and restore functional bone microarchitecture for at least 24 weeks following treatment.	Ph.D.	health	3
Kil, Richard	McMillen, David R	A Novel Antibody Detection Technique Using the Agglutination of Surface Displaying Yeasts	Chemistry	2018-11	Blood screening for disease in the developing world remains an enormous challenge despite significant advances in modern biotechnology. Simple, affordable, and easily deployed tools for antibody detection in blood and other fluids are still desperately needed. A simple yeast-based agglutination assay that requires no electricity, no sophisticated equipment, and minimal training is described here, using established methods for displaying stable fusion proteins on the surface of S cerevisiae. Strains displaying peptides with known binding regions for generic human immunoglobulin G antibodies, and for specific human antibodies against T. cruzi (the causative agent for Chagas’ disease) and dengue virus were created and grown. The cells displaying disease epitopes were mixed with the samples positive for the disease antibodies, and have been shown to capture the specific antibodies to their surfaces. After washing, the coated cells were mixed with cells displaying the Z domain derived from S. aureus, which binds to the Fc region of the captured antibodies, linking the cell types together. The links formed between the cell types cause the cells to agglutinate, resulting in positive and negative signals that are easily distinguishable to the naked eye. Factors affecting the agglutination, including ionic strength, cell mass, the geometry of the well, and proper growth conditions were studied to produce a working protocol for the assay. The key strengths of the assay: simplicity, stability, modularity, low cost, low technical requirement, and broad familiarity with similar tests, give it promising potential to be a new alternative to current industry methods.	Ph.D.	industr	9
Kim, David Youngeil	Bascia, Nina	In This Together: The Impact of Mentorship Programs On The First-Generation Student Experience	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2018-11	This study outlines the impact that a mentorship program directed at first-generation students in university has on the individuals who participate. First-generation students are identified as those whose parents do not have any postsecondary education. Colleges and universities are seeing more non-traditional students pursuing postsecondary studies and first-generation students fall into this group. However, despite the increasing numbers of first-generation students enrolling in university, there have not been many programs introduced to facilitate their transition into university. Concerns about their retention persist as these students are at a greater risk of dropping out as compared to their non-first-generation peers. Additionally, the factors associated with being a first-generation student may be limiting their ability to effectively engage in their academic experiences as well as the array of out-of-classroom offerings available at their campuses. Recognizing the challenges faced by first-generation students, the Ontario provincial government introduced funding for colleges and universities in 2005 to institute programs to address some of these issues. Using this funding, a number of college and universities in Ontario have introduced mentorship programs for first-generation students as they make their transition into their postsecondary studies. This study explored the experience of a group of students in relation to their first-generation identity and how their participation in a mentorship program influences their experience. This study was conducted using a mixed methods approach, using a secondary analysis of survey data and 16 interviews of first-generation students who participated in a mentorship program. Evaluating the experience of these students will help researchers and practitioners to better understand the barriers and strategies to support first-generation students who choose to study at university. The thesis applies a conceptual framework that focuses on three concepts: cultural capital, habitus, and self-efficacy. The findings support previous research that has shown the impact that cultural capital can have on habitus as well as self-efficacy. The results of this study also suggest two new findings: a) That an increase in one’s cultural capital can also increase their sense of self-efficacy via the effects of habitus; and b) That a strong sense of self-efficacy can positively affect their habitus.	Ph.D.	educat	4
Kim, Eun-Yong	Heller, Monica	Mediating globalization: An ethnography of the “English problem” through North Koreans’ English learning with South Korean evangelicals	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2017-06	This ethnography examines the place of English in South Korea through the experience of North Korean migrants in South Korean evangelical institutions. The central thesis is that English in South Korea is both i) a terrain where the tensions in/ of the globalizing (divided) nation-state play out, and ii) a means of mediating those tensions. A central characteristic about the place of English in the South Korean state is the contradiction between the rise of an English testing system for social selection and the limited use of English for everyday communication. This shows the tensions of the neoliberal state, which include notably the tensions between i) globalization and Korean nationalism, and between ii) social stratification and democracy. The English testing system, at the same time, neutralizes these tensions by achieving to a certain extent the competing interests on both sides of the tensions. Evangelicals’ educational institutions for North Korean students are mediating spaces for the North Korean young adults who are directly impacted by the state tensions. They do so by allowing the students to be i) both Korean (national) and English-speaking/ learning (global), and ii) both “North Koreans” (other) and fellow Koreans (us). The evangelicals’ English teaching practices work to mediate their own tension between “helping and evangelizing” (Varghese Johnston, 2007), because English learning is valuable for both neoliberal and evangelical self-development and thus meets the interests of both the evangelicals and the North Koreans. For the North Korean migrants in South Korea, they face the tension between being a South Korean (by citizenship) and not being a South Korean (by cultural habitus). That is, they are given, on one hand, political significance and social advantages through nationalistic/ evangelical institutions (e.g., English support programs particularly for North Koreans), but, on the other hand, they experience barriers in the neoliberal competition (e.g. English testing system). English, however, served as resource for constructing a “third-place” identity for some North Koreans who become fluent English speakers. They had been, in their migration process, less socialized into nationalistic ideology which makes English unspeakable for Koreans.	Ph.D.	educat	4
Kim, Hwan	Colantonio, Angela	Intentional traumatic brain injury in Ontario, Canada	Rehabilitation Science	2011-06	Violence and traumatic brain injury (TBI) are two major public health concerns. This thesis is comprised of three different research topics; the epidemiology of intentional TBI in Ontario, discharge against medical advice (DAMA) as an undesirable outcome of acute stage, and functional changes after receiving rehabilitation care. To study these areas, three different datasets from the Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI) were used. The first epidemiological study on intentional TBI identified 1,409 (8.0%) intentional TBIs and 16,211 (92.0%) unintentional TBIs. Of the intentional TBIs, 389 (27.6%) were self-inflicted TBI (Si-TBI) and 1,020 (72.4%) were other-inflicted TBI (Oi-TBI). The most common causes of Si-TBI were “jumping from high places” and “firearms”. Major causes of Oi-TBI were ‘fight and brawl” and “struck by objects”. Si-TBI was associated with younger age, female gender, and having a history of alcohol/drug abuse. Oi-TBI was also associated with younger age and having an alcohol/drug abuse history and also with male gender. The second study on discharge against medical advice found that 446 (2.84%) TBI patients left hospitals without medical advice. DAMA was significantly associated with intentional injuries in those with self-inflicted TBI and other-inflicted TBI. DAMA was also associated with younger age and a history of alcohol/drug abuse. Using univariate analyses, the third study found that people with intentional TBI had significantly lower FIM gains in the motor area and significantly lower relative function gains (as measured by Montebello Rehabilitation Factor Score) in the cognitive area. Multivariate analyses of the same data showed that intentional TBI was also associated with lower cognitive relative gains, while controlling for age, gender, alcohol/abuse history, and other demographic and clinical variables. Persons with intentional TBI were found to be less likely to be discharged home, controlling for other relevant confounders. In conclusion, a person who has been injured due to assault or suicidal attempt may need more individualized care as they may be at greater risk for adverse rehabilitation outcomes. These findings regarding people with intentional TBI provide a basis for enhancing efforts on prevention of violence-related TBI and DAMA, and also for improving rehabilitation programs and discharge plans for this vulnerable population.	PhD	health	3
Kim, Joanne Soo-Min	Laporte, Audrey	Does Predictive Genetic Information Change Individual Health Behaviours? An Evaluation of Personalized Medicine in Cancer Prevention	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2015-11	Personalized medicine is increasingly infused into healthcare. However, current literature offers limited evidence on its theoretical and actual impact on disease prevention. This thesis research asked whether receiving the results of predictive genetic testing that indicated the presence or absence of an inherited predisposition to colorectal cancer (CRC) was associated with change in individual health behaviours that can prevent CRC. The behaviours included colonoscopy use, the fecal occult blood test (FOBT) use, smoking cessation, and the intake of aspirin, folate, and multivitamins. To answer the question, three studies were conducted. In the first study, a literature review was performed to identify, summarize, and critique previous research on the behavioural responses to predictive CRC genetic information. The review identified serious methodological shortcomings in previous studies that compromised the validity of the reported findings and demonstrated that no indisputable evidence on the review topic currently exists. In the second study, a theoretical model grounded in health economics and clinical evidence was devised to generate testable hypotheses on the behavioural responses to predictive CRC genetic information. The model predicted an increased likelihood of colon screening in those who discovered that they carried their family’s genetic predisposition to CRC and an increased likelihood of smoking in those who discovered that they did not. In the third study, an empirical analysis on the behavioural responses to predictive CRC genetic information was undertaken, using the Australasian CRC Family Registry data. Consistent with the theoretical model, the empirical analysis found a higher likelihood of colonoscopy use in those who discovered that they carried their family’s genetic predisposition to CRC and a higher likelihood of smoking in those who discovered that they did not. There was evidence of change in FOBT use, but those findings were not always significant. No significant change was observed in the intake of aspirin, folate, and multivitamins. Therefore, predictive CRC genetic information did change individual health behaviours but not necessarily in ways to improve population health. The impact of personalized medicine on disease prevention is intricate, warranting a thorough assessment from both clinical and societal perspectives to understand its intended and unintended effects.	Ph.D.	health	3
Kim, Kyoung-Yim	Donnelly, Peter	Producing Korean Women Golfers on the LPGA Tour: Representing Gender, Race, Nation and Sport in a Transnational Context	Exercise Sciences	2012-06	This research focuses on the contexts of Korean women professional golfers’ transnational migration, and the ways that US and Korean media represent those athletes. A theoretical framework informed by sociology of sport, postcolonial and transnational feminist studies was employed to illustrate the contexts of the women’s golf migration, and to investigate how transnational Korean women professional golfers are represented in both US and Korean media from 1998 to 2009. Elite discourses—941 media texts from both nations together with government/institutional documents—were collected, Korean texts were translated into English, and document analysis, critical discourse analysis and intersectional analysis were employed. The results illustrate that globalization and neoliberal capitalism, patriarchy, and colonial and imperial history all help to shape the women golfers’ transnational migration paths. The complex contexts also shape the media representations of the women golfers in the two nation-states. In US media, the Korean women golfers are constructed as a racialized and gendered Other within the context of Orientalism, and selective knowledge production in the media maintains and ensures global White supremacy. In Korean media, the women golfers are portrayed as winners under hypermasculine Western forms of globalization and neoliberal reformation of the world order but, at the same time, as keepers and performers of Korean traditional Confucian values. Further, Korean media explain the women’s transnational success as a result of following traditional Korean values and norms; therefore, the women are represented as proud symbols of Korean nationalism and ideal models of productive female subjects in neoliberal globalization. In sum, the Korean women professional golfers are taken up by media in both nation-states as an effective discursive contact zone for making sense of the changing power dynamics of race, gender, and nation under a period of rapid changes of world order.	PhD	gender, women,	5
Kim, Sanghyun	Walker, Gilbert C	Soft Materials at Interfaces for Controlling and Studying Marine Biofouling, Cellular Growth, and Phonon Polaritons	Chemistry	2017-11	Several â softâ material systems are investigated at the nanoscale through the application of surface sensitive techniques. The first family of projects focus on providing environmentally-friendly solutions to challenges faced in aquaculture, including marine biofouling and sea lice infestations. To address fouling, an aqueous-based method was developed for fabricating nanostructured block copolymer films. Specifically, a water-insoluble triblock copolymer, Poly(styrene-block-2 vinyl pyridine-block-ethylene oxide), was phase transferred from a water-immiscible phase into an aqueous environment, where it was found to self-assemble into core-shell-corona type micelles. These micelles were then coated onto surfaces to form thin films and adhesion studies using atomic force microscopy (AFM), zoospore settlement assays, and field tests reveal its ability to serve as a potential marine antifouling coating. Conventional drugs used to control sea lice infestations are becoming less effective as parasites grow tolerant and have been found to harm non-target local species. Here, I present the efficacy of biologically extracted ingredients to serve as potential biopesticides. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques are developed and optimized to monitor the fate of azadirachtin (extracted from neem oil) when orally administered to Atlantic salmon and exposed to aqueous environments. Field trial results reveal that azadirachtin levels as low as 0.01 ppm accumulated in the tissue of salmon results in over 85% efficacy against sea lice, relative to controls. The next group of projects investigates properties of synthetic materials at the nanoscale. We show that by supporting hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) on materials with varying dielectric responses in the infrared results in control of surface momenta of hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs). Our results show that by supporting hBN on materials with higher dielectric responses leads to a higher surface momenta of HPhPs. Furthermore, propagating waves in hBN were found to be highly sensitive to the reflections at the upper and lower interfaces, which provides opportunities for energy to dissipate. The damping behavior of HPhPs was shown to be sensitive to adjacent layers and a method of applying HPhPs in hBN as a sensor is demonstrated.	Ph.D.	water, energy, environment, marine	7, 13, 14
Kim, Soyeon	Tannock, Rosemary	Color Vision and its mechanisms in College students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2015-06	Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most prevalent childhood psychiatric disorder that was first described medically in 1775. However, it is still unclear what the `deficit' is in this clinical condition. Current evidence suggests that its etiology is heterogeneous encompassing various factors that interact and influence each other. Most current theories posit that alterations in the prefrontal cortex and impairments in the associated executive functions and other higher-order processing underlie ADHD symptoms. However, accumulating evidence attests to anomalies in vision in ADHD that cannot be explained by existing models of ADHD. In particular, children with ADHD have been found to exhibit color perception problems (particularly blue), which may be best explained by the `retinal dopaminergic hypothesis.' The hypothesis proposes that low dopamine in the central nervous system induces a hypo-dopaminergic state in the retina, which in turn would have deleterious effects on short wave-length cones (`blue-cones'). Some support exists for this hypothesis but findings are inconsistent and have focused on only one feature of color: namely that of hue in the children with ADHD. Accordingly, for this dissertation, I sought to extend the investigation on color vision by testing two key characteristics of color (hue and saturation) in college students with ADHD using both clinical (Mollon-Reffin Minimalist Color Vision Test, Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test), and psychophysical methodologies. Specifically, I first tested hue discrimination ability in a college student population with ADHD. Upon replicating evidence of problem in blue hue discrimination in college students with ADHD, I expanded the scope of previous findings on hue discrimination ability by also examining color saturation discrimination ability. Using a psychophysical paradigm, I revealed a problem in color saturation discrimination of red and blue color in another sample of college students with ADHD - a finding which is partially consistent with the retinal dopaminergic hypothesis. Lastly, I explored role of exogenous covert attention in color saturation discrimination in that same group of college students with and without ADHD to ascertain whether attention problems might in part explain the color perception problems in ADHD. The latter study indicated that covert attention does not differentially influence color saturation/contrast sensitivity perception in college students with ADHD than healthy peers. The possibility of color perception problems in ADHD is important, given the extensive use of color in educational settings, as well as the frequent use of color stimuli in many of the standard neuropsychological tests used in the assessment for ADHD and related disorders. Most importantly, the present findings of altered color perception in ADHD highlight the need for further research on other perceptual capacities in ADHD.	Ph.D.	health	3
Kim, Sungjo	Schmid, Andre	The Countryside and the City: A Spatial Economy of the New Village Movement in 1970s South Korea	East Asian Studies	2015-11	This study looks into the transformation of farmers’ living spaces during the period of rapid industrialization in 1970s South Korea. Under the name of the New Village Movement, the Park Chung Hee government conducted diverse reconstruction and renovation projects to alter the residential environment of rural areas. While delving deeply into this specific event and period in Korean history, the main focus of this study is not fixed on the New Village Movement itself, nor on a particular person or agrarian policy. The purpose of this study is to capture the dynamics and relationships between capital and living spaces in the detailed historical context of the New Village Movement. This project of examination is further guided by the overarching argument that the reconfiguration process of farmers’ daily living spaces played a central role in renewing and reconfiguring unequal exchange relationships between the countryside and the city, thereby assisting the growth of manufacturing capital. Chapter 1 focuses on South Korean Land Reform in 1950 and its concomitant agro-economic conditions in the 1950s and 1960s, which explained farmers’ post-war poverty and industrial demand for rural reformation. The subsequent chapters of this study trace the rural New Village Movement of the 1970s and its focus on roof replacement (Chapter 2), house construction (Chapter 3), interior designing (Chapter 4), and village relocation (Chapter 5). Each chapter also pays close attention to the process by which the new rural spaces under transformation were filled with particular commodities such as slate, cement, televisions, and rice. Small-landed farmers, growing industrial capital, and the developmentalist state reflected their different desires and expectations respectively through the new rural spaces and commodities. Tracking all those dynamics, this study emphasizes the centrality of exchange relationship between agriculture and manufacturing or between the countryside and the city in understanding the historicity of the New Village Movement.	Ph.D.	poverty, agriculture, rural	1, 2, 11
Kimaro, Anthony	Timmer, Vic	Sequential Agroforestry systems for Improving Fuelwood Ssupply and Crop Yield in Semi-arid Tanzania	Forestry	2009-11	Promotion of agroforestry practices in sub-Sahara Africa may help sustain subsistent food and wood production by integrating trees and crops on farmlands to replenish soil fertility and improve crop yield. Using rotational woodlot and pigeonpea intercropping systems in semi-arid Tanzania as case studies, my research screened suitable tree species to increase fuelwood supply and examined mechanisms for reducing tree-crop competition. By adopting nutrient use efficiency (the ratio of biomass yield to nutrient uptake) as a criterion, I found that selecting tree species of low wood nutrient concentrations would minimize nutrient exports by 42 – 60 %, thus reducing soil nutrient depletion while concurrently sustaining local fuelwood supply harvested from rotational woodlots. Currently smallholder farmers cannot afford to replenish soil fertility because of high fertilizer costs. However, 5-year tree fallowing raised soil N and P levels for maize culture as high as those from recommended fertilizer applications. Post-fallow maize yield was also increased significantly over natural fallow practices. Apparently there is a trade-off between yields of maize and fuelwood under rotational woodlot culture providing farmers the choice to proportion tree and crop composition based on priority demands. An alternative practice of intercropping pigeonpea with maize may also rapidly replenish soil fertility as well as enhance maize yield when competitive interactions between trees and crops are controlled. Vector analysis revealed that such interactions suppressed biomass yields of maize and pigeonpea by 30 % and 60 %, respectively, due to limited soil nutrients and/or moisture. Optimizing yields of both crops would require prescribed fertilizer addition when intercropped, but dose rates can be lowered by half under the improved fallow system due to alleviating interspecific competition. My findings form the basis of a plea for greater use of rotational woodlot and pigeonpea intercropping systems in semi-arid areas. I conclude that smallholder farm management of rotational agroforestry systems can be significantly improved by refining tree selection criteria and mitigating nutrient competition between trees and crops to maintain food and fuelwood production.	PhD	food, production, forest	2, 12, 15
Kinawy, Sherif	El-Diraby, Tamer	Customizing Information Delivery for Citizens in Transportation Infrastructure Projects: Towards Active Community Participation in Decision-Making	Civil Engineering	2017-06	The communities living and working within many of today's high density urban cores are pushing for greater transparency in planning and governance, and a higher level of public involvement in the identification of impacts of construction activities and mitigating them. Lately, the integration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) has enabled the use of electronic community engagement, which provides greater accessibility and wider reach. However, these technologies have exhibited a deficiency partially due to a lack of an automated semantic platform for knowledge exchange. To engage the public, the process needs to extend beyond simple, one-way communication into a realm where relevant knowledge is more easily shared between the public and project teams. Thus, this research proposes a social, semantic, customized knowledge exchange framework to address this gap. The main purpose of this research is to extend the scope of construction management research that is typically limited to a number of stakeholders such as the designer, builder, owner and regulatory authority. The proposed framework is intended to complement the current process rather than completely replace it. To successfully create this partnership between project teams (planners and designers) and the public, this research uses ontologies as a formal form of knowledge representation. The social web and other social networking tools are also proposed as the best available technologies to maintain public engagement. Finally, as a way to enhance the user experience on the web implementation of this social-semantic framework, a wayfinding and recommender system is integrated. The eSocOnto ontology and decision support framework were evaluated with the aid of domain experts. The ontology and framework were also further validated through the development of a web software platform as a proof of concept to showcase a variety of features enabled by the framework and the knowledge base.	Ph.D.	urban, governance	11, 16
King-Brown, Erin Kathleen	Piran, Niva	Weight-related Messages in Primary Care: Challenges and Possibilities	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2015-11	The purpose of the present study was to acquire a detailed understanding of women’s experiences receiving weight-related information or advice from their general practitioners (GPs). Guided by a critical feminist perspective, this qualitative study explored cultural and social processes that interact with women’s understanding and perceptions of weight-based dialogues. In-depth interviews about weight-related care were conducted with 18 women between the ages of 18 and 45. The women varied in terms of social locations, ethnicity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and body sizes and weight. A constructivist grounded theory methodology was used to analyse the transcribed interviews. Three core categories emerged in the data analysis in relation to the women’s experiences, namely: (1) Weight Weighing on the Doctor-Patient Relationship, which highlighted the ways weight-based dialogues affected the doctor-patient relationship; (2) Patients’ Self and Body Experiences, which focused on women’s ongoing struggles with weight in relation to sociocultural pressures, as well as how these experiences shaped women’s responses to weight-based care; and (3) Practice, which revealed the weight-management practices of GPs, and constructive insights regarding ways in which GPs’ practices could be improved. The intricacies revealed herein can help inform GPs in navigating the complexities of providing sensitive, weight-related interventions, while simultaneously enhancing the doctor-patient relationship and the quality of care received.	Ph.D.	socioeconomic, women	1, 5
King, Colin	Scott, Katreena	Understanding Reports to Child Welfare from the Education System: Challenges and Opportunities for Supporting Vulnerable Children	Human Development and Applied Psychology	2011-11	Educators play a crucial role in the detection of child abuse, but there is limited research understanding the role of teachers in responding to maltreatment concerns. The purpose of this dissertation was to utilise three sequential studies, with multiple methodologies, to understand how Canadian educators are situated to detect, respond, and report suspected child abuse. In the first study, a national Canadian database was utilised to compare educator reported cases of child maltreatment to reports from all other professionals. In study two, 245 teachers completed a questionnaire examining their experiences of reporting child abuse, attitudes and beliefs, and perceived barriers and supports in reporting. Lastly, in the third study, semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with seven teachers who had recently reported child abuse. In integrating the results from these studies, three conclusions were drawn regarding the role of educators within the child welfare system. These included; 1) Teachers are well-positioned to detect and advocate for the needs of maltreated children; 2) Teachers have a need for greater confidence, and an increased ability to cope with uncertainty, when responding to child abuse; and 3) There is often a mismatch between the goals of teachers in the education system and the perceived response of the child welfare system. Three recommendations were then presented; 1) Educators are a key resource in supporting early detection and intervention initiatives to address child abuse and their role in these initiatives should be further explored; 2) Teachers should be provided with additional strategies to address perceived barriers in reporting child abuse; and 3) Initiatives to promote increased communication between the education and child welfare systems are required. Overall, results supported the unique child-centred perspective of educators in reporting child maltreatment. Study limitations and areas for future research were then discussed.	PhD	educat	4
King, Emily	Fernie, Geoff R	Home Caregiver Safety when Assisting with Bathing and Toileting	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2017-11	Home care workers who assist with personal care have much higher rates of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) of the back and shoulder than the general working population. This thesis identifies and describes activities that are likely to contribute substantially to the development of MSDs, then identifies and evaluates ways to reduce risk. Physically demanding activities and aspects of the home care context that contribute to MSD risk are identified through a literature review and through focus groups with home care providers, leading to a focus on toileting and bathing. An observational study was used to analyze providers’ postures and related lower back loads while assisting with these activities in a simulated home care scenario. During toileting, exposures to MSD risk factors were highest when managing clothing, providing posterior perineal care and during transfers. One third of providers’ exposure to severely flexed trunk postures, which are powerful predictors of lower back MSD risk, could be eliminated if bidet seats were used for perineal cleaning. During bathing, the highest exposures to MSD risk factors were observed during transfers and while providing lower limb care. Four tools to reduce exposures were evaluated in a follow-up study. Shoulder muscle activity and exposure to non-neutral postures were reduced when using a short-handled leg-lifter to transfer the legs, while sitting to lift the legs improved back postures but increased demands on the shoulders. A sliding, rotating bench reduced back muscle activity despite an increased use of awkward postures. All participants judged the leg-lifter and sliding, rotating bench to be feasible and desirable for use in the community. The identified tools reduce providers’ exposure to MSD risk factors when assisting with two of the most demanding homecare activities. There is a need to improve access to assistive devices to ensure providers’ occupational safety while preserving their ability to provide client care.	Ph.D.	worker	8
King, Mary Tiara	Ryan, James	How Hospital Registered Nurses Learn About Drug Therapy for Older Adults	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2014-03	Although older Canadians constitute a large portion of patients in hospital, many receive less-than-optimal drug care. Most registered nurses (RNs) and other health care professionals who provide older adults (OAs) with drug therapy lack pre-professional education about that practice. Concurrently, there is little research available about how RNs learn about drug therapy for OAs. Using a qualitative method, this thesis explores hospital RNs’ insights about their knowledge about drug therapy for OAs, their associated learning needs and strategies, and contextual influences on their learning. The findings illuminated RNs’ extensive knowledge, their learning needs and varied learning strategies, and constraints and facilitators of their learning. Drug therapy for OAs is a complex activity. RNs play a pivotal role in that care and have ample knowledge. RNs’ learning is holistic, ongoing, mostly informal, and reflective of many adult-learning theories. By learning, RNs build and transform their repertoires of knowledge to stay current with the quickly changing landscapes of health care, gerontological know-how, and drugs and drug practices. As a result, sometimes RNs protect not only OAs but also other hospital stakeholders from the negative effects of uninformed practice. Nurse educators should teach students about drug therapy for OAs and broaden their own views about RNs’ knowledge and learning strategies for that care. Nurse leaders should maximize chances for RNs to learn and prepare them to influence other stakeholders in ways that support learning. Hospital administrators and other stakeholders should recognize RNs’ pivotal role in drug care and support their learning through organizational changes. Communities should design strategies that ease RNs’ learning. Policymakers should replace corporatism with innovations that champion learning. Researchers and RNs should collaborate on novel projects that bolster RNs’ learning.	EDD	health	3
Kingyens, Angela Tsui-Yin Tran	Paradi, Joseph C.	Bankruptcy Prediction of Companies in the Retail-apparel Industry using Data Envelopment Analysis	Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry	2012-11	Since 2008, the world has been in recession. As daily news outlets report, this crisis has prompted many small businesses and large corporations to file for bankruptcy, which has grave global social implications. Despite government intervention and incentives to stimulate the economy that have put nations in hundreds of billions of dollars of debt, and have reduced the prime rates to almost zero, efforts to combat the increase in unemployment rate as well as the decrease in discretionary income have been troublesome. It is a vicious cycle: consumers are apprehensive of spending due to the instability of their jobs and ensuing personal financial problems; businesses are weary from the lack of revenue and are forced to tighten their operations which likely translates to layoffs; and so on. Cautious movement of cash flows are rooted in and influenced by the psychology of the players (stakeholders) of the game (society). Understandably, the complexity of this economic fallout is the subject of much attention. And while the markets have recovered much of the lost ground as of late, there is still great opportunity to learn about all the possible factors of this recession, in anticipation of and bracing for one more downturn before we emerge from this crisis. In fact, there is no time like today more appropriate for research in bankruptcy prediction because of its relevance, and in an age where documentation is highly encouraged and often mandated by law, the amount and accessibility of data is paramount – an academic’s paradise! The main objective of this thesis was to develop a model supported by Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to predict the likelihood of failure of US companies in the retail-apparel industry based on information available from annual reports – specifically from financial statements and their corresponding Notes, Management’s Discussion and Analysis, and Auditor’s Report. It was hypothesized that the inclusion of variables which reflect managerial decision-making and economic factors would enhance the predictive power of current mathematical models that consider financial data exclusively. With a unique and comprehensive dataset of 85 companies, new metrics based on different aspects of the annual reports were created then combined with a slacks-based measure of efficiency DEA model and modified layering classification technique to capture the multidimensional complexity of bankruptcy. This approach proved to be an effective prediction tool, separating companies with a high risk of bankruptcy from those that were healthy, with a reliable accuracy of 80% – an improvement over the widely-used Altman bankruptcy model having 70%, 58% and 50% accuracy when predicting cases today, from one year back and from two years back, respectively. It also provides a probability of bankruptcy based on a second order polynomial function in addition to targets for improvement, and was designed to be easily adapted for analysis of other industries. Finally, the contributions of this thesis benefit creditors with better risk assessment, owners with time to improve current operations as to avoid failure altogether, as well as investors with information on which healthy companies to invest in and which unhealthy companies to short.	PhD	industr	9
Kipusi, Sein Sheila	Walcott, Rinaldo	Examination of Black Entrepreneurs in Toronto, Canada: Critical Analysis of the Role of Financial Literacy	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2020-06	American entrepreneur Jim Rohn stated that “Formal education will make you a living; self-education will make you a fortune” . This research on lived experiences of Black businesses in Toronto has relied on self-education. Bogan and Darity (2008) argue that policymakers and scholars alike consider self-employment as an alternative to unemployment and a route out of poverty. This dissertation examines the historical and contemporary experiences faced by Black businesses in Canada, and in particular the Greater Toronto Area. In addition, this research examines the role of financial literacy education amongst the Black community. This dissertation argues that to understand the challenges within the Black business community, consideration of the complexities of Black identity, in antiquity and modernity, have shaped and influenced the Black narrative in not only stories of heroics and affirmation but betrayal, pain, and contestation, which has had a severe impact on economic prosperity within the Black community as a collective. Using theoretical frameworks that employ an analysis of anti-Black racism, anti-colonialism, and Indigenous knowledges as analytic tools, combined with literary exploration, this dissertation examines the impact of historic and systemic trauma on Black business owners with profound economic implications to their communities that continue to reproduce coloniality, discrimination, and racism. The findings of this research will add to the discourse on systemic, historical, and contemporary barriers that have hindered the growth of Black businesses in Canada. Unearthing the historical and contemporary barriers that have hindered the growth of more Black businesses in Toronto is needed to create an economic blueprint for future Black entrepreneurs to overcome economic, social, political, and psychological adversity. The findings enable scholars, policy-makers, and practitioners to better appreciate the possibilities and difficulties which characterize and frame attempts by Black entrepreneurs in Toronto that advance and/or hinder the sociopolitical and economic environment of Black bodies in Canadian communities.	Ph.D.	poverty	1
Kirk, Devin Grant	Krkosek, Martin	Predicting the Thermal Dependencies of Infectious Disease	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2019-11	Climate change is affecting infectious disease around the world. These effects can be complicated, as disease spread depends on characteristics of the host-parasite system in question, including host mortality rates, parasite contact rates, and how quickly the parasite kills its host. Importantly, these key parameters often vary with temperature. Combining mechanistic models of disease spread with thermal performance curves can be a powerful approach to predicting temperature’s effects on disease; however, most host-parasite systems are data poor and it is therefore difficult to parameterize their phenomenological thermal functions. The Metabolic Theory of Ecology (MTE) provides a potential solution to these data limitations. The MTE framework suggests that since metabolism scales with body mass and temperature, metabolic rate can be used to predict temperature’s effects on physiological rates, thereby generating models for the thermal dependencies of disease traits. Since MTE is predicated on first principles of chemistry and physics, it should be generalizable across biological systems and its functions may be parameterized a priori. Recent work has proposed combining MTE with host-parasite models, though we lack empirical tests of how well this approach can describe the thermal dependencies of disease across different host-parasite scales. Here, I use a Daphnia magna – microsporidian experimental host-parasite system to test this approach’s performance. In Chapter 1, I show that MTE is able to capture the thermal dependencies of within-host disease, including parameters that describe host aging and mortality, and parasite growth and equilibrium abundance. In Chapter 2, I provide evidence that MTE can accurately describe the rates that constitute disease transmission (contact and parasite infectivity) across temperature. Finally, in Chapter 3 I use the models described above to parameterize a population-level epidemiological model that predicts disease dynamics under warming or constant temperatures. I test the independent model predictions by driving experimental populations through constant or slowly warming conditions and show that MTE is able to accurately forecast warming-driven disease emergence. This thesis serves as a proof of principle that linking simple metabolic models with a mechanistic host–parasite framework can be used to predict temperature responses of within-host disease dynamics, disease transmission, and overall epidemics.	Ph.D.	ecology, climate	13, 14
Kirkpatrick, Sharon	Tarasuk, Valerie	Household Food Insecurity in Canada: An Examination of Nutrition Implications and Factors Associated with Vulnerability	Nutritional Sciences	2008-06	Household food insecurity, defined as "the inability to acquire or consume an adequate diet quality or sufficient quantity of food in socially acceptable ways, or the uncertainty that one will be able to do so”, affected almost one in ten Canadian households in 2004. Responses have been dominated by community-based food initiatives with little attention paid to potential policy directions to alleviate this problem. The lack of impetus for policy responses may stem from the paucity of evidence documenting the nutrition implications of household food insecurity. Further, the development of policy interventions is hindered by a lack of understanding of the factors that influence vulnerability to food insecurity. This thesis comprises three studies aimed at providing stimulus and directions for policy responses to household food insecurity in Canada. The first study, an analysis of data from the 2004 Canadian Community Health Survey, documents poorer dietary intakes and heightened risk of nutrient inadequacies among adults and adolescents in food-insecure households, providing evidence of the public health implications and public policy relevance of household food insecurity. The second and third studies are examinations of household-level factors associated with vulnerability to household food insecurity. Analysis of data from the 2001 Survey of Household Spending demonstrates the relevance of housing costs to household food access. Among lower-income households, as the proportion of income allocated to housing costs increased, the adequacy of household food spending declined significantly. Receipt of a housing subsidy was associated with an improvement in food spending but mean food spending adequacy fell below the cost of a basic nutritious diet even among subsidized households. The final study comprises a cross-sectional survey of 464 low-income Toronto families, two-thirds of whom were food insecure over the preceding 12 months. Analysis of predictors of severe food insecurity highlights the centrality of income and housing costs and raises serious questions about current definitions of housing affordability and the adequacy of current housing subsidy levels. This work provides a public health imperative for action and points to the urgent need for social policy reform to ameliorate problems of household food insecurity in Canada.	PhD	food	2
Kirkup, Kyle	Cossman, Brenda||Valverde, Mariana	Sex Crimes: Queer Engagements with the Criminal Law from the Street to the Prison	Law	2017-06	Over the past three decades, debates in Canada surrounding the introduction of human rights protections, benefits for same-sex couples, and relationship recognition have tended to invoke a new legal subject, one draped in the garb of respectability. When members of queer communities have sought access to legal protections, they have tended to predicate their claims on respectable familial arrangements. Largely absent from this turn to respectability, however, is engagement with the criminal law, particularly in cases where queer people cannot be easily read as the victims of crime. Sex Crimes: Queer Engagements with the Criminal Law from the Street to the Prison returns to the criminal law to examine its continued use as a tool that disciplines â and, at times, fails to discipline â those who cannot be read in terms of respectability. The project weaves together the practices of policing on the street, stories about HIV non-disclosure from the courtroom, and the experiences of queer people in prison. This project argues that when queer people become ensnared in the repressive aspects of criminal justice, the contemporary legal system stops addressing the hardships they face due to their sexual and gender identities. While norms of substantive equality are now well entrenched in the fields of human rights law, family law, and constitutional law, these standards are cast aside when it comes to the administration of punishment. The project concludes by developing a theory of the law and order queer movement, arguing that when queer people code themselves as respectable victims of crime seeking protection from the punitive apparatuses of the carceral state, they run the risk of instantiating law and order agendas. As a result, they may inadvertently breathe new life into systems that continue to be used to discipline the most vulnerable members of queer communities.	S.J.D.	gender, rights, queer	5, 16
Klassen, Amy Lynn	Hannah-Moffat, Kelly	Correctional Officer Training and the Secure Containment of Risk and Dangerousness in a Canadian Provincial Jurisdiction	Sociology	2018-11	Researchers argue that prison systems have become increasingly punitive since the 1970s. However, the literature on Canadian provincial prisons has yet to document how punitiveness characterized by the rise of risk and concerns about dangerousness has been incorporated into penal practice. Using data collected during a 9-week participant observation study of provincial correctional officer (CO) training and semi-structured interviews with COs, this dissertation argues that CO training depicts prisoners as risky and dangerous by characterizing prisoner misconduct as antagonistic. This conceptualization helps to legitimize the use of physical forms of control. The use of force is positioned as the most important mechanism that COs use to manage antagonistic behaviour. The development of a security orientation premised on the use of force is achieved within a masculinized training regime designed to produce competent officers. I argue that competency is a gendered process where male and female recruits are differentially sanctioned when they fail to show toughness and emotionally stoicism. The amount and type of force used must be reasonable. Reasonableness is tied to how well COs document use of force incidents and how they use force in camera friendly ways. These are positioned as accountability measures designed to reduce excessive force. However, I suggest that these accountability measures actually shield COs from being responsible for the force they use. Force is conceptualized as a legitimate response to prisoner behaviour and COs are taught how to administer high levels of pain without being caught for using force. So long as a CO can justify and document his or her actions, the institution and the officer are absolved of liability associated with the use of physical force. This creates the environmental conditions necessary to keep COs in control by ignoring the social and contextual causes of antagonistic behaviour.	Ph.D.	institution	16
Kleiman, Sela	Moodley, Roy	White Therapists’ Enactments And Mitigations Of Cultural Countertransference Responses In The Cross-Racial Dyad: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2018-11	As cities across North America become increasingly racially diverse, the need for mental health professionals to purvey culturally sensitive and effective treatment is critical. White therapists, in particular, working in cross-racial dyads may encounter unique challenges to meet this need. Indeed, among other things, psychological vulnerabilities and racial biases of self and other underlying cultural countertransference enactments may interfere with White therapists’ abilities to provide effective treatment to racialized individuals. This study focuses on exploring White therapists’ lived experiences enacting and/or mitigating the infusion of cultural countertransference responses within the cross-racial dyad. In addition, this study seeks to understand how participants make sense of and contextualize the emergence of these countertransference processes including the manner by which race intersects and interacts with gender – and other sociocultural identities – to influence therapists’ deportment in the cross-racial dyad. Participants were 10 self-identified White therapists living and working in Canada with significant experience helping racialized individuals. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was the methodological approach deemed most suitable to investigate this subject. The findings suggest that cultural countertransference enactments were common among White therapists while working in cross-racial dyads, many of which were identified by the presence of anxiety and/or avoidance strategies. Many participants also reported instances in which they were ostensibly able to counter the tendency to enact cultural countertransference responses. Instead, at times, they reported approaching the treatment process more deliberately and with enhanced awareness such that unintended infusions of potentially harmful dynamics were mitigated. Participants pointed to intersections of gender with race as well as various familial, social, and educational factors that they believed contextualized the emergence/mitigation of these enactments. Unique contributions of this work as well as study limitations, implications, and recommendations for future research are discussed.	Ph.D.	health, cities, gender	3, 5, 11
Klem, Ethan	Sargent, Edward H.	Infrared Sensitive Solution-processed Quantum Dot Photovoltaics in a Nanoporous Architecture	Electrical and Computer Engineering	2008-11	If solar energy is to be a significant component of our energy supply, technologies are required which produce high efficiency solar cells using inexpensive materials and versatile manufacturing processes. Solution-processed materials have been used to create low cost, easily fabricated devices, but have suffered from low power conversion efficiencies. A lack of infrared energy capture limits their efficiency. In this work we develop solution-processed photovoltaic devices using lead sulphide quantum dots and high surface area porous oxide electrodes. The resultant devices have a spectral response from 400 to 1800 nm. In fabricating these devices we utilize crosslinking molecules. We explore the impact crosslinkers have on the mobility and morphology of quantum dot films using field effect transistors and transmission electron microscopy. We also explore a hybrid organic/inorganic route for controlling the net doping in quantum dot films. We investigate the chemical and compositional changes that lead sulphide quantum dots films undergo during crosslinker treatment and annealing. Using this information we optimize our charge separation efficiency and our open circuit voltage. The resulting devices have an infrared power conversion efficiency of 2%, four orders of magnitude higher than that in previously reported lead sulphide quantum dot devices.	PhD	energy, solar	7
Kloet, Marie Vander	Dehli, Kari	Cataloguing Wilderness: Whiteness, Masculinity and Responsible Citizenship in Canadian Outdoor Recreation Texts	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2010-11	This research examines representations of wilderness, Canadian nationalism and the production of responsible and respectable subjects in commonplace outdoor recreation texts from Mountain Equipment Co-op, the Bruce Trail Conservancy and the Bruce Peninsula National Park. Drawing theoretical insights from Foucault’s genealogy and technologies of the self, post-structural feminism and anti-racist scholarship on whiteness, I pose three broad questions: How is nature understood? How is Canada imagined? How are certain subjects produced through outdoor recreation? In this research, I outline five ways in which wilderness is represented. First, I consider how wilderness is produced as a place that is above all else empty (of human inhabitants and human presence). I then examine four ways in which the empty wilderness is represented: first, as dangerous and inhospitable, second, as threatened, third, as sublime and fourth, as the Canadian nation. I link the meanings invested into wilderness with a set of practices or desired forms of conduct in order to articulate how a specific subject is produced. These subjects draw on the meanings attributed to wilderness. The dangerous wilderness can only be navigated by a Calculating Adventurer. The threatened wilderness desperately needs the assistance of the Conscientious Consumer. The sublime wilderness provides respite for the Transformed Traveler. The Canadian or national wilderness is best suited to and belongs to the Wilderness Citizen. The four subjects I examine in this thesis each draw from particular wilderness representations and specific practices in order to be produced as desirable in the context of outdoor recreation. By examining the relationship between wilderness discourse, subjects and practices in everyday texts, I illustrate how masculine and white respectability operate in outdoor recreation. Pointing to subtle shifts in the meanings and values attributed to masculinity, Canadianness and whiteness, I articulate how outdoor recreation texts produce subject positions which are richly embedded in race and gender privilege and assertions about national belonging. In addition to examining whiteness, nationalism and masculinity, this research examines how individualized practices, such as consumer activism, become understood as the conduct of responsible neoliberal citizens concerned with national and environmental interests.	PhD	consum, production	12
Knott, Theresa	Fuller-Thomson, Esme	Testing the Maternal Response Hypothesis in Cases of Suspected or Substantiated Child Sexual Abuse: Secondary Data Analysis of the Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Nelect, 1998	Social Work	2008-11	This dissertation’s analyses examined the association of caregiver, child, abuse and investigation characteristics with maternal response and emotional harm among families for whom child sexual abuse (CSA) was suspected or substantiated. Method This study was based on secondary analysis of data collected in the Canadian Incidence Study of Report Child Abuse and Neglect 1998. The current analysis was limited to 373 CSA investigations for which there was a female non-offending caregiver and complete data on maternal response. Bivariate and hierarchical logistic regression analysis was conducted for two outcomes; maternal response and emotional harm. Results According to social worker assessment, the majority of female non-offending caregivers (87.1%) of children investigated for suspected or substantiated child sexual abuse responded with belief of the abuse disclosure, emotional support and protection of the child victim. The overall maternal response model was significant and accounted for 40.8% of the variance (Nagelkerke R2). Factors significantly associated with maternal response in the multivariate model included maternal mental health, age of the child, child’s manifestation of sexualized behavior, child’s relationship to the perpetrator, duration of abuse and co-occurring maltreatment. The overall emotional harm model was significant and accounted for 18.3% of the variance (Nagelkerke R2). Age of the child at the time of investigation, inappropriate sexualized behavior and substantiation level were significant predictors in the final block of the emotional harm regression equation. Maternal response was no longer significantly associated with emotional harm when the analysis adjusted for child characteristics. Conclusion Consistent with previous research, the majority of non-offending mothers investigated as part of the CIS-98 responded to CSA disclosure with belief, emotional support and protection as determined by the social worker’s assessment. The current study supports the cumulative evidence that caregiver mental health, age of the child and the child’s relationship with the offender are significant predictors of negative maternal response and emotional harm. Although negative maternal response failed to predict emotional harm among children investigated for CSA, continued examination of the risk factors associated with maternal response is warranted to ensure the safety of a small, yet vulnerable segment of children.	PhD	health	3
Knox, Andrew J.	Evans, Greg J||Karney, Bryan W	Engineering Strategies and Methods for Avoiding Air-quality Externalities: Dispersion Modeling, Home Energy Conservation, and Scenario Planning	Chemical Engineering Applied Chemistry	2015-06	Energy conservation can improve air quality by reducing emissions from fuel combustion. The human health value retained through better air quality can then offset the cost of energy conservation. Through this thesis' innovative yet widely-accessible combination of air pollution dispersion modeling and atmospheric chemistry, it is estimated that the health value retained by avoiding emissions from Ontario's former coal-fired generating stations is $5.74/MWh (using an upper-bound value of $265,000 per year of life lost). This value is combined with energy modeling of homes in the first-ever assessment of the air-quality health benefits of low-energy buildings. It is shown that avoided health damages can equal 7% of additional construction costs of energy efficient buildings in Ontario. At 7%, health savings are a significant item in the cost analysis of efficient buildings. Looking to energy efficiency in the context of likely future low-resource natural gas scenarios, building efficient buildings today is shown to be more economically efficient than any building retrofit option. Considering future natural gas scarcity in the context of Ontario's Long-Term Energy Plan reveals that Ontario may be forced to return to coal-fired electricity. Projected coal use would result in externalities greater than $600 million/year; 80% more than air-quality externalities from Ontario's electricity in 1985. Radically aggressive investment in electricity conservation (75% reduction per capita by 2075) is one promising path forward that keeps air-quality externalities below 1985 levels. Non-health externalities are an additional concern, the quantification, and ultimately monetization, of which could be practical using emerging air pollution monitoring technologies. Energy, conservation, energy planning, and energy's externalities form a complex situation in which today's decisions are critical to a successful future. It is clear that reducing the demand for energy is essential and that there are economically efficient conservation opportunities, particularly in the building sector, being missed.	Ph.D.	energy, buildings, pollut, conserv	7, 9, 13
Knutson, Glenna	Bascia, Nina	Nurses' Ethical Problem Solving	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2012-06	A growing body of research has drawn attention to the hierarchical and bureaucratic nature of the hospital organizational environment in which nurses seek to resolve ethical problems related to patient care, whereas other studies have focused on the impact of nurses’ personal or professional qualities on those nurses’ ethical problem solving. This qualitative investigation sought to elucidate the extent to which nurses perceived their personal or professional qualities, as well as organizational characteristics, as influencing their ethical decision making. This investigator interviewed 10 registered nurses in 2 acute-care hospitals that were different in size, location, and type. A relational ethics lens assisted in the analysis of the data, emphasizing ways in which the nurses’ ethical problem solving was socially situated within a complex of relationships with others, including patients, families, physicians, and coworkers. Data analysis revealed key themes, including the nurses’ concern for patients, professional experience, layered relationships with others, interactions within the organization, and situational analysis of contexts and relationships. Subthemes included the nurses’ relationships with patients, physicians, patients’ families, and coworkers. This study revealed a range of ethical problems. Nurses saw their patients as their greatest concern; the nurses worked within a social context of multilayered and complex relationships within a hierarchical, bureaucratic organization with the desire to bring about the best outcomes for patients. The participants described ethical concerns related to the actions or decisions of physicians, patients’ family members, and nurses’ coworkers. The nurses’ deliberation to resolve these ethical problems considered risks and benefits for patients, nurses, and others. The nurses seemed to carry out a contextual assessment, analyzing the presence of mutual respect, the extent of relational engagement, and the potential for opening relational space in order to work together with others to resolve the ethical problem for the patient’s best outcome. The nurses’ ethical actions were socially situated within this complex interpersonal context. This thesis discusses implications of these findings for nursing research, education, and practice.	EDD	worker	8
Knyahnytska, Yuliya	Webster, Fiona	Changing the Conversation: a Critical Ethnography of Diabetes Care in People with Mental Illnesses	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2017-06	Chronic illnesses pose a large public health threat. Diabetes mellitus type II accounts for about 90% of cases, is largely considered preventable by health providers, but continues to be among one of the most debilitating chronic conditions in Canada, and around the world. The co-occurrence of severe mental illnesses and diabetes is well documented, with diabetes being two to three times more prevalent among individuals with severe mental illnesses, compared to the general population. In clinical practices, diabetes management for people with mental illnesses and diabetes continues to operate on the premise of chronic disease model with an understanding of diabetes as a physiological and behavioral deficiency. Therefore, clinical and policy efforts are directed toward the enhancement of patient self-management techniques through patient compliance with pharmaceutical and lifestyle behavior recommendations. Self-management continues to be an important mandate in clinical practice and public health policies, where its biomedical understanding continues to prevail. Nonetheless, relatively little attention has been given to the exploration of how well the biomedical model aligns with peopleâ s everyday experiences. This project explored everyday experiences of diabetes self-management and biomedical compliance among those diagnosed with severe mental illnesses through the lens of critical ethnography. This work demonstrated discordance between biomedical perspectives on diabetes management and the lived experiences of those with mental illness. I identified an alternative conceptualization of diabetes management that moved beyond idealized concepts of self-care in order to introduce the social realities of people with severe mental illnesses as they attempt to enact and negotiate around medical directives. This new understanding encourages a shift towards broader social and contextual understandings of the lived realities of individuals with severe mental illness, and their resourcefulness, competence, persistence, and capabilities. Attention to how social context informs patientsâ realities may assist in the development of new context-sensitive and patient-oriented grounds for public health strategies and clinical practices associated with diabetes care, and challenge traditional understandings of compliance and noncompliance with diabetic self-management.	Ph.D.	health	3
Ko, Anne A.	Weinrib, Lorraine	A Legal Analysis of the Access to Court Record Policies of the Provincial and Territorial Courts of the Common Law Jurisdiction of Canada and Public Accessibility	Law	2016-11	The Supreme Court of Canada has recognized the importance of court openness to public confidence in the transparency and integrity of the administration of justice. These principles are promoted when the public and media have access to court proceedings, which also includes access to court records. Canadaâ s highest court has also recognized the importance of the Charter right of expression and the mediaâ s essential role in disseminating information about the courts to the public, which means accessibility to the courts and records. However, there is inconsistency within the access to court record policies of the provincial and territorial courts of the common law jurisdiction of Canada. While some policies may recognize the importance of court openness and public accessibility, they may not contain provisions that meaningfully adopt these principles. Moreover, there is much debate and hesitation when it comes to digitization of court records and public accessibility.	LL.M.	justice	16
Ko, Gregory Tsang Tai	Réaume, Denise G	The Customer Isn't Always Right: Exploring the Protective Ambit of the Employment Protection in the Ontario Human Rights Code through Customer-on-Worker Harassment	Law	2016-11	This thesis argues that the "right to equal treatment with respect to employment" under section 5(1) of the Ontario Human Rights Code extends to protect workers from customer harassment. In so doing, this thesis aims to provide an account of section 5(1) and the way in which it imposes duties on parties who do not fit the traditional definition of an employer. This project argues that the statutory language of section 5(1) demonstrates a legislative intent to cover relationships outside of the paradigmatic employer-employee relationship and that it is broad enough to cover customer-worker interactions. This thesis will further argue that there is sufficient proximity between customers and employees to justify extending a duty onto customers to refrain from harassment. Finally, this project demonstrates that broader policy considerations justify extending section 5(1) coverage to address customer-worker harassment.	LL.M.	employment, rights	8, 16
Ko, Sunho	Schmid, Andre	Food for Empire: Wartime Food Politics on the Korean Homefront, 1937-1945	East Asian Studies	2018-11	This research examines how the minute details of food production and consumption in colonial Korea became a target of wartime food politics under the rubric of improving productivity and efficiency for war efforts. In examining the politics, this research takes a more expansive approach to power and politics by locating the agency of power beyond the state and understanding its nature as more than simply totalitarian or suppressive. To this end, this study investigates the knowledge production of a group of experts—ranging from agronomists (Chapter 1 and 2) and nutritional scientists (Chapter 3 and 4), to cookbook authors (Chapter 4) and gardening manual writers (Chapter 5)—who, each in their own way, voiced opinions on the political, cultural, and social issues of the time beyond the sheer material concerns of enhancing productivity in food production and consumption. This research pays especially close attention to three recurring and entangled topics: first, the changing position of the colony and its population in the expanding empire; second, the geographical relationship between city and countryside in the urbanizing peninsula; and finally, ideal gender roles in the bourgeois domestic space. By attending to these themes through the lens of race, region, gender, and class, this study traces how a range of varied social aspirations betray tensions, dilemmas, and contractions of the time rather than converging in the fascist ideology for continuous improvement in total harmony, free from social conflicts.	Ph.D.	food, production	2, 12
Kobari, Laleh	Yuri, Lawryshyn	Evaluation of Oil Sands Projects and their Expansion Rate using Real Options	Chemical Engineering Applied Chemistry	2014-11	The rapidly expanding oil sands of western Canada, the third largest reserves in the world, are creating serious challenges, such as ecological harm, labour shortages, and extensive natural gas consumption. This thesis develops three practical real options models to evaluate the feasibility of oil sands projects and to stimate the optimal rate of oil sands expansion, while accounting for the stated concerns. The first model estimates the value of an oil sands plant, while accounting for oil price uncertainty, in a single-agent setting. The model shows that, in the current bullish oil market and with the long life of oil sands projects, once constructed, oil sands plants are highly unlikely to close unless the price of oil drops substantially. Unsanctioned projects with little capital spentare susceptible to delay/cancellation. The second model estimates the value of a plant, while accounting for oil and natural gas price uncertainties, in a single-agent setting. The results show that oil price is the key driver of oil sands growth in Alberta. Becauseof the current low natural gas price, the importance of natural gas price uncertainty in the valuation is low. The third model evaluates the rate of oil sands expansion under different environmental tax/cost policies, while accounting for the oil price uncertainty,in a multi-agent setting . This model also accounts for labour shortages in Alberta. The results show that a stricter environmental tax policy delays investment but leads to a higher rate of expansion once investment begins. The first two models provide a framework for oil companies to value new oil sands plants and to gauge the optimum time to construct, given the current state of uncertainty in the industry. The third model allows oil companies and government policy makers to gauge the impact of policy strategies on oil sands expansion rates.	Ph.D.	ecology, environment	13, 15
Kogler, Dieter Franz	Gertler, Meric S. ||DiFrancesco, Richard J.	The Geography of Knowledge Formation: Spatial and Sectoral Aspects of Technological Change in the Canadian Economy as Indicated by Patent Citation Analysis, 1983-2007	Geography	2010-06	Knowledge, learning, and innovation are vital elements in facilitating economic development and growth. Technological change, which is a synonym for generating knowledge, the diffusion thereof, and subsequent application in the marketplace in the form of novel products and processes, i.e. innovations, has a strong effect on the collective wealth of regions and nations. Knowledge spillovers, which are unintended knowledge flows that take place among spatial (geography) and sectoral (industry) units of observation, provide a rationale for diverging growth rates among spatial units, well beyond what might be explained by variations in jurisdictional factor endowments, and thus are of particular interest in this context. Measuring and quantifying the creation and diffusion of knowledge has proven to be a challenging endeavor. One way to capture technical and economically valuable knowledge is by means of patent and patent citation analysis. Following this approach, and utilizing a novel patent database that has been specifically developed for this purpose, the present dissertation investigates the spatio-sectoral patterns of knowledge spillovers in the Canadian economy over the time period 1983 to 2007. The employed research methodology addresses existing limitations in this stream of research, and contributes to the continuing debate regarding the significance of sectoral specialization versus diversity, and local versus non-local knowledge spillovers as the main driver of knowledge formation processes leading to innovation at the sub-regional scale. The findings indicate that knowledge spillovers are localized, and furthermore, that this localization effect has increased over time for both spillovers within a particular industry, as well as between industry sectors. The analysis of micro-geographic industry specific spatio-sectoral knowledge formation processes, and the inquiry into local sectoral knowledge spillover patterns, outlines how regional evolutionary technology trajectories potentially shape the rate and direction of technological change, and consequently influence economic growth, at a particular place.	PhD	economic growth, innovation	8, 9
Kohli, Michele	Coyte, Peter C.	Priority Setting in Community Care Access Centres	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2009-06	In Ontario, access to publicly funded home care services is managed by Community Care Access Centres (CCACs). CCAC case managers are responsible for assessing all potential clients and prioritizing the allocation of services. The objectives of this thesis were to: 1) describe the types of decisions made by CCAC organizations and by individual case managers concerning the allocation of nursing, personal support and homemaking services to long-term adult clients with no mental health issues; and 2) to describe and assess the factors and values that influence these decisions. We conducted two case studies in which qualitative data were collected through 39 semi-structured interviews and a review of relevant documents from an urban and a rural area CCAC. A modified thematic analysis was used to identify themes related to the types of priority setting decisions and the associated factors and values. An internet-based survey was then designed based on these results and answered by 177 case managers from 8 of the 14 CCACs. The survey contained discrete choice experiments to examine the relative importance of client attributes and values to prioritization choices related to personal support and homemaking services, as well as questions that examined case managers’ attitudes towards priority setting. We found that both the rural and the urban CCACs utilized similar forms of priority setting and that case managers made the majority of these decisions during their daily interactions with clients. Numerous client, CCAC, and external factors related to the values of safety, independence and client-focused care were considered by case managers during needs assessment and service plan development. The relative importance of the selected client attributes in defining need for personal support and homemaking services was tested and found to be significantly affected by the location of the case manager (rural or urban area), years of experience in home care, and recent experience providing informal care. Case managers allocated services in the spirit of equal service for equal need and in consideration of operational efficiency. We also identified a number of case manager-related, client-related and external factors that interfered with the achievement of horizontal equity.	PhD	health, urban, rural	3, 11
Koleilat, Ghada I.	Sargent, Edward H.	Quantum-tuned Multijunction Solar Cells	Electrical and Computer Engineering	2012-11	Multijunction solar cells made from a combination of CQDs of differing sizes and thus bandgaps are a promising means by which to increase the energy harvested from the Sun’s broad spectrum. In this dissertation, we first report the systematic engineering of 1.6 eV PbS CQD solar cells, optimal as the front cell responsible for visible wavelength harvesting in tandem photovoltaics. We rationally optimize each of the device’s collecting electrodes—the heterointerface with electron accepting TiO2 and the deep-work-function hole-collecting MoO3 for ohmic contact—for maximum efficiency. Room-temperature processing enables flexible substrates, and permits tandem solar cells that integrate a small-bandgap back cell atop a low thermal-budget larger-bandgap front cell. We report an electrode strategy that enables a depleted heterojunction CQD PV device to be fabricated entirely at room temperature. We develop a two-layer donor-supply electrode (DSE) in which a highly doped, shallow work function layer supplies a high density of free electrons to an ultrathin TiO2 layer via charge-transfer doping. Using the DSE we build all-room-temperature-processed small-bandgap (1 eV) colloidal quantum dot solar cells suitable for use as the back junction in tandem solar cells. We further report in this work the first efficient CQD tandem solar cells. We use a graded recombination layer (GRL) to provide a progression of work functions from the hole-accepting electrode in the bottom cell to the electron-accepting electrode in the top cell. The recombination layers must allow the hole current from one cell to recombine, with high efficiency and low voltage loss, with the electron current from the next cell. We conclude our dissertation by presenting the generalized conditions for design of efficient graded recombination layer solar devices. We demonstrate a family of new GRL designs experimentally and highlight the benefits of the progression of dopings and work functions in the interlayers.	PhD	energy	7
Kolliopoulos, Georgios	Papangelakis, Vladimiros G	Process Water Recovery via Forward Osmosis	Chemical Engineering Applied Chemistry	2018-11	Forward osmosis (FO) is an emerging membrane technology promising low cost water recovery from high salinity effluents that involves two steps to recover water. Initially, a concentrated draw solution (CDS) recovers water from the effluent, and subsequently, the diluted draw solution (DDS) must be treated for water recovery and draw solution regeneration. Water recovery into the CDS requires almost no energy; however, energy is required to recover water from the DDS and regenerate the CDS. Aqueous carbonated trimethylamine (TMA-CO2-H2O) is an effective draw solution as it consists of highly soluble compounds, namely TMA and CO2, and results into CDSs of high osmotic pressure, capable to achieve a high water recovery yield. Further, TMA and CO2 undergo a phase transformation, from aqueous to vapor, upon mild heating of the DDS, thus facilitating water recovery from it. A fundamental theoretical and experimental investigation of the ternary system TMA-CO2-H2O as draw solution in Forward Osmosis (FO) was conducted. A new database for the Mixed Solvent Electrolyte (MSE) model of the OLI Systems (www.olisystems.com) software was developed to determine the interaction parameters, using new experimental data and regression analysis. The experimental data included VLE, speciation, pH, density, and conductivity. The database developed was shown to accurately predict the chemical properties of aqueous trimethylamine solutions (TMA-CO2-H2O) within 15% within the temperature range 20 to 60 °C. Further, the TMA-CO2 separation efficiency and decomposition kinetics were systematically studied and a decomposition mechanism for the draw solution was proposed. The rate determining step was found to be TMA desorption from the DDS and the draw solute separation process stoichiometric. The temperature and pressure effects on the draw solute separation efficiency were also quantified. A new methodology to obtain speciation data at high temperatures was developed and was validated experimentally. This methodology is applicable to chemical systems that share similar properties to the ternary TMA-CO2-H2O and can be used in kinetics studies. Finally, an energy efficient draw solution separation and regeneration process was designed and operated at both laboratory and pilot-scale. The experimental results were compared to simulations carried out in the OLI Flowsheet process modeling software within 15% error. The specific equivalent work was found to range from 6.8-16.7 kWh/m3 of fresh water produced. Therefore, the niche of the TMA-CO2-H2O based FO process in the water recovery industry was identified in the treatment of high salinity effluents, as this process is more energy efficient that the conventional water recovery processes.	Ph.D.	water, industr	6, 9
Kolmann, Matthew A.	Lovejoy, Nathan R	Morphological Evolution of the Feeding Mechanism in Stingrays	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2016-11	Evolutionary transitions between ecosystems are rare, and yet in lineages that have made these transitions we observe drastic changes in their diversity and richness as they adapt to novel habitats and novel resources. The main goal of my dissertation is to examine how transitions among diets and habitats have molded the evolution of predator traits. To test hypotheses regarding how prey materials have shaped the evolution of predators, I examined predator feeding biomechanics using experimental methods and deep-time approaches. Using 3D printing, computational milling, and computed tomography scanning, I compared the biomechanical performance of jaw shape for durophagous stingrays which prey on mollusks with shells of drastically different material and structural properties. I found that all of these jaw morphologies were equally well-suited to crushing the entire breadth of prey mollusk diversity, establishing equifinality of anatomical form stemming from convergent feeding mechanics. Insectivory has evolved only once within modern sharks and rays, found within the enigmatic freshwater stingrays of South America. Using high-speed videography and computed tomography scanning I found that these freshwater stingrays use chewing motions of the jaws when feeding on prey, facilitated by a highly kinetic cranial skeleton, and that these motions are exaggerated for tougher prey like insects. Loose jaw joints, transverse jaw kinesis, passive tooth reorientation, and a hydrodynamic tongue allow freshwater potamotrygonid rays to chew in a manner similar to many mammals. I investigated how the evolution of novel feeding modes such as insectivory and molluscivory in these freshwater rays has altered the tempo of their evolution by generating a molecular phylogeny for the family and analyzing feeding trait adaptation across 40 million years of evolution. The evolution of molluscivores and insectivores in this stingray clade are relatively modern innovations, coincident with the changing nature of the Amazon basin and repeated colonization of new riverine habitats. These dietary strategies, in addition to piscivory, are representative of truly novel adaptive peaks and have contributed to shifts in the rate of both lineage and morphological evolution in these remarkable freshwater stingrays.	Ph.D.	innovation	9
Koltai, Jonathan Tomas	Schieman, Scott	Socioeconomic Status, Stress Exposure, and Psychological Well-Being: Complexities in the Stress Process	Sociology	2018-06	Decades of research has established an inverse association between socioeconomic position and psychological distress. Within medical sociology, the stress process model represents a dominant framework for investigating mechanisms that generate emotional inequality. Central to the stress process perspective is the observation that exposure to social stress is fundamentally rooted in social statuses and the social roles individuals occupy in their daily lives. Historically, research guided by the stress process paradigm has demonstrated that disparities in psychological distress arise to a substantial degree from inequalities in stress exposure—individuals placed lower in the socioeconomic hierarchy, for instance, are exposed to higher levels of cumulative and operant life stress, and this translates into mental health disadvantages. This dissertation moves beyond existing research by identifying circumstances under which socioeconomic patterns in mental health do not conform to what is commonly predicted by traditional hypotheses, and also provides theoretical insights and empirical evidence about the dynamics that generate pockets of complexity in social stress research. Three major findings emerge. First, I present evidence that time-stable differences between individuals introduce a nontrivial amount of spuriousness in the association between income-related variables and mental health. This raises questions about the independent effect of current income dynamics over and above, for example, the array of disadvantages that individuals may face at more distal stages in the life course. Second, I demonstrate the ways that SES modifies the concurrent experience of job stressors and resources. My findings highlight conditions under which lower status workers are shielded from the effects of stressors, but also the ways that resources may actually leave higher status individuals more vulnerable to the effects of stress exposure. Third, I identify a subgroup of professionals for which a status-health paradox is observed—higher status workers experience poorer mental health relative to their lower status peers—and this can be explained by the stressors of higher status in this particular profession. Each study can be considered an independent project, but taken together they represent an overarching contribution to sociological understandings of the interplay between SES, stress exposure, and mental health.	Ph.D.	socioeconomic, health	1, 3
Konarski, Jakub Z.	Kennedy, Sidney H. ||McIntyre, Roger S.	Affective Processing in Major Depressive Disorder: Neuroanatomical Correlates of State and Trait Abnormailities	Medical Science	2010-03	Patients with MDD demonstrate impairments in various components of affective processing, which are believed to persist in the remitted phase of the illness and are believed to underlie the vulnerability for future relapse. Despite advances in neuropsychiatry, the neuroanatomical site of action of various treatment modalities remains unclear, leaving clinicians without an algorithm to guide optimal treatment selection for individual patients. This thesis sought to characterize differences in brain activation during affective processing between MDD treatment responders (RS) and non-responders (NR) by combining clinical and neuroimaging variables in a repeat-measure functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) investigation. We induced increases in positive and negative affect using visual stimuli under fMRI conditions in 21 MDD subjects and 18 healthy controls (HC). Based on previous neuroimaging investigations and preclinical animal data, we hypothesized that increased activation of the amygdala and the pregenual cingulate during negative affect induction (NAI), and decreased activity of the ventral striatum during positive affect induction (PAI), would differentiate ultimate NR from RS. Following the first scan, treatment with fluoxetine and olanzapine was initiated in the MDD group, with follow-up scans at one- and six-weeks thereafter. We hypothesized that decreases in depressive symptoms would be associated with decreased activation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala during NAI and increased activation of the hippocampus during PAI. Eleven MDD subjects met criteria for clinical remission at study endpoint. Based on trait differences between MDD and HC, we hypothesized that differences observed during NAI would be limited to brain regions involved in regulation of the affective state, including the dorsolateral PFC and the anterior midcingulate cortex. The results of the analyses confirmed the a-prior hypotheses and additionally demonstrated differential activation of the insular, medial temporal, and premotor cortex during repeat PAI and NAI between HC, RS, and NR. These findings provide: i) a neuroanatomical target of successful antidepressant therapy during PAI/NAI; ii) a differential effect of depressive symptoms and dispositional affect on brain activation during PAI/NAI; and iii) an a-prior method to differentiate RS from NR, and iv) demonstrate the need for additional treatment to prevent relapse in the remitted state.	PhD	health	3
Konukoglu, Ali Emre	Goldreich, David	Foreign Equity Portfolio Flows and Local Markets: Two Examples from the Istanbul Stock Exchange	Management	2010-11	This thesis analyzes the nature of foreign equity trades in relation to their effects on local markets. My goal is to contribute to the understanding of equity flows of foreign investors and their effect on the local markets. The thesis consists of two chapters, both of which employ a novel data set that is consisted of monthly equity flows by foreign investors at Istanbul Stock Exchange of Turkey. The first chapter, Foreign Ownership and World Market Integration, aims to explain the de facto financial market integration with global markets with foreign equity ownership using a novel data set of foreign portfolio flows at the individual stock level. The main result is the positive link between global nancial integration and past portfolio in flows by foreign investors on the cross-section of local stocks. The results have high economic significance: Across individual stocks a 1.4% increase in foreign portfolio inflows corresponds to up to 3.3% greater relative explanatory power of the global factor in explaining local stock returns in the following month. The results are indicative of a causal link: The lead-lag effect between foreign portfolio inflows and financial integration does not exist in the opposite direction. I show that stocks that experience an increase in foreign ownership are not more financially integrated in the past, i.e. the foreign portfolio flows are not a response to increased financial integration. The second chapter is titled as Uninformed Momentum Traders and it studies the relationship between momentum trading and information. I present evidence that supports the hypothesis that momentum trading is linked to a lack of information. I document significant momentum trading by foreign investors in stocks on which they potentially have more informational disadvantages. Small stocks, stocks with high volatility and low liquidity, stocks that are financially less integrated and have greater foreign exchange risk are subject to greater momentum trading. Moreover, stocks on which foreign trades indicate lower future profitability are subject to higher momentum trading. Additionally, I show that momentum trades by foreign investors exert contemporaneous price pressure and have no valuable longer-run information content. The contemporaneous price pressure of 2.30% per month is followed by a significant return reversal in the following two quarters. Finally, there is strong evidence that foreign investors do not possess local market speci c information. Momentum trading by foreign investors is triggered by the past profitability of the momentum factor in the local market. However, the negative pro tability of momentum makes momentum trading a sub-optimal trading strategy.	PhD	financial market	10
Korostil, Michele Colleen	McIntosh, Anthony Randal	The Brain-basis of Large-scale Learning Processes in Schizophrenia	Medical Science	2018-11	Learning impairments are common in schizophrenia and relate to functional outcome. This thesis explored the brain-basis of learning in schizophrenia in spatial and temporal domains as it unfolded across two fMRI sessions. During fMRI scanning, healthy controls and participants with schizophrenia completed a lexicon-learning task and a comparative reaction-time task. Using multivariate analytic approaches, the thesis used three vantage points on the fMRI-BOLD signal to characterize the brain-learning relationships. Using reaction-time tasks bookending the learning tasks on both scanning days, Study 1 examined task-independent linear changes in the BOLD signal that could potentially interfere with accurate interpretation in fMRI learning studies. It showed that these effects are stronger in schizophrenia in brain areas associated with cognitive control, default mode networks, perceptual and semantic processing. Results suggested that some of the ‘hyperactivation’ attributed to learning processes in the practice-related literature is better attributed to task-independent effects associated with impaired modulation of the BOLD signal during task switching. Study 2 used a brain-behaviour analysis to examine BOLD activity related to learning-success. With practice, controls shifted between early and late learning processes with a switch between early frontotemporal engagement to later subcortically-focused engagement. Persons with schizophrenia failed to show this same pattern; they were differentiated by level of engagement with perceptual processing regions and an overall suggestion of prolonged, early-learning brain processes. Whole-brain functional connectivity patterns related to learning accuracy showed between-groups similarities, differences and a group-by-time interaction in study 3. While again the controls showed two patterns capturing early and late learning, the pattern for the schizophrenia group spanned both days and did not vary with learning stage. Strong differences in schizophrenia included over-connected intra-cerebellar regions, under-connected frontal-cerebellar regions, over-connected sensorimotor-thalamus connection and under-connected prefrontal-thalamus regions. These patterns mirror many resting-state findings in the extant literature, but here we showed how this dysconnectivity pattern impacted directly on learning performance. Together, these three studies showed how learning in schizophrenia is associated with different large-scale interactions that emerge in different spatial and temporal brain-behaviour distributions. The thesis showed how an overall pattern of brain inflexibility underlies learning challenges in schizophrenia.	Ph.D.	health	3
Koulakezian, Agop	Leon-Garcia, Alberto	Dynamic Route Guidance Algorithms for Robust Roadway Networks	Electrical and Computer Engineering	2016-11	This Thesis focuses on developing robust dynamic route guidance algorithms to reduce traffic congestion in roadway networks. While recurring traffic congestion is normally the focus in planning and investment decisions, almost half of traffic congestion is caused by non-recurring traffic disturbances, primarily caused by incidents, vehicle breakdowns, extreme weather events, etc. In order to reduce traffic congestion, we focus on the problem of understanding the effect of traffic disturbances and reducing their impact on roadway networks. We introduce a systematic framework for defining the context of robustness based on the severity, frequency and predictability of traffic disturbances and for developing a robust design for roadway networks based on network design goals. We also present methods to speed up traffic assignment algorithms through compiler optimizations and parallelism, to efficiently measure the effect of traffic disturbances, and enable real-time ITS applications including dynamic route guidance systems. Next, we introduce a hybrid metric for measuring robustness in a roadway network by extending the shortest-path betweenness metric from network science, and augmenting it with links weights based on dynamic traffic flow metrics. Finally, we implement a robust dynamic traffic assignment algorithm for roadway networks based on this metric and test it on a large-scale calibrated network model for the Greater Toronto Area. Performance results show that the robust traffic assignment algorithm reduces vehicle travel times compared to existing traffic assignment algorithms, with and without the presence of disturbances in the form of traffic incidents. This makes a strong case for traffic planners and operators to use robust dynamic route guidance systems within actual implementations of real-time ITS strategies to help proactively alleviate traffic congestion due to disturbances.	Ph.D.	urban	11
Kouri-Towe, Natalie	Georgis, Dina	Solidarity at Risk: The Politics of Attachment in Transnational Queer Palestine Solidarity and Anti-Pinkwashing Activism	Social Justice Education	2015-11	Solidarity is at risk. The provocation that frames the title of this project aims to intervene in the theorization of solidarity and the practices of transnational solidarity activism in the 21st century. As a scholar embedded in the field, I take up the question of solidarity at risk to examine the practices of the transnational queer Palestine solidarity and anti-pinkwashing movement (the queer Palestine movement for short). In an era structured by the ideologies of neoliberalism, where free market globalization, privatization and individualism are reshaping the public sphere, the terms and practices of solidarity are shifting. Yet, theories of solidarity have remained embedded in older political frameworks, rooted in early social movement practices in the Marxist tradition or liberal democratic models of civic engagement. In a world changed by neoliberalism, we need new interpretive frameworks for analyzing and practicing solidarity today, not least because contemporary social movements require new ways of envisioning activist solidarity. Neoliberalism has also changed the geopolitical landscape of human rights. In what some queer theory scholars have called homonational times, we find the political stakes of queer solidarities embedded in the changing discourses of sexual rights. Looking at examples of solidarity at risk in the queer Palestine movement, this project maps the political stakes of homonationalism and neoliberalism in social movement practices. Examining cases of solidarity at risk in the queer Palestine movement, this project moves through various theories of solidarity: from transnational feminism, to political theory and philosophy, to queer and affect theories of social and political transformation. Across all these fields, I consider what binds us in solidarity, how our political attachments are important threads in theorizing solidarity, and how we might rethink our models of solidarity to sustain our political imaginings in neoliberal and homonational times.	Ph.D.	queer, rights	5, 16
Kouyoumdjian, Fiona G	Calzavara, Liviana	Intimate Partner Violence as a Risk Factor for Incident HIV Infection in Women in Rakai, Uganda	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2014-03	Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health problem, which has been associated with HIV infection. Previous studies that assessed IPV and HIV have been limited. Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to quantify the association between IPV and incident HIV infection in women in Rakai, Uganda. Secondary objectives were to explore whether condom use and number of partners in the past year mediate this association, and to identify risk factors for IPV. Methods: Data were collected over seven rounds of the Rakai Community Cohort Study between 2000 and 2009. Sexually active women aged 15 to 49 were included in analyses. Longitudinal data analysis was used to quantify the association between IPV and incident HIV infection, modelling participants as random effects. The adjusted population attributable risk fraction was calculated using an adjusted relative risk from a Poisson model. Putative mediators were assessed using Baron and Kenny’s criteria and the Sobel-Goodman test. Longitudinal and non-longitudinal analyses were used to assess predictors of IPV. Results: Women who experienced IPV ever had an odds ratio of incident HIV infection of 1.54 (95% CI 1.14, 2.09, p value 0.01), compared with women who had never experienced IPV. The adjusted population attributable risk fraction of incident HIV during the study period attributable to IPV ever was 14.3% (95% CI 2.8, 23.6). There was no evidence that condom use or partner violence in the past year mediated the relationship between IPV and HIV. Risk factors for IPV included sexual abuse, younger age at first sex, lower levels of education, forced first sex, younger age, being married, relationship of shorter duration, alcohol use by women and by their partners, and thinking that violence is acceptable. Discussion: This study demonstrates that IPV is associated with incident HIV infection in a population-based cohort in Uganda, although the population attributable risk fraction was modest. The prevention of IPV both in early sexual experiences and in adulthood should be a public health priority, and could contribute to HIV prevention. Further research is needed to understand the pathway from IPV to HIV infection.	PhD	health	3
Kovacevic, Vera	Simpson, Myrna J	1H NMR-Based Metabolomics of Daphnia magna Sub-lethal Exposure to Organic Contaminants in the Absence and Presence of Dissolved Organic Matter	Chemistry	2019-11	Ecotoxicity tests which monitor observable endpoints such as mortality, growth and reproduction do not assess the molecular mode of action of contaminants in target organisms. Also, aquatic toxicity tests often do not include dissolved organic matter (DOM), which is ubiquitously found in natural waters. Hydrophobic organic contaminants sorb to DOM which may alter the bioavailability and toxicity of these contaminants. To assess this hypothesis, proton (1H) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics was used to analyze the metabolome of Daphnia magna after acute sub-lethal exposure to organic contaminants in the absence or presence of DOM. Triclosan, carbamazepine and ibuprofen exposure resulted in different metabolic responses in D. magna. DOM at 5 mg dissolved organic carbon/L (DOC/L) did not change the D. magna metabolome from carbamazepine, imidacloprid or tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate exposure, perhaps because these weakly hydrophobic contaminants do not sorb to DOM. The metabolic response of D. magna from 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) exposure was suppressed by 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mg DOC/L, likely from decreased EE2 bioavailability with DOM. The metabolic response in D. magna from perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) exposure was not altered with 1 mg DOC/L. However, PFOS exposure with 2, 3, 4 and 5 mg DOC/L resulted in a unique metabolic response in D. magna, which may be due to enhanced PFOS bioavailability or combined action of PFOS and DOM on the metabolome. The metabolic response of D. magna from tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) exposure was unaltered with 5 mg DOC/L, perhaps from the high potency of TBOEP. D. magna exposure to triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) with 5 mg DOC/L resulted in a unique metabolic response compared to TPhP exposure, possibly from combined stress of TPhP and DOM on the metabolome or altered TPhP bioavailability. The mode of action of mixtures of the hydrophobic contaminants triclosan, TPhP and diazinon in D. magna was not altered by 1 and 5 mg DOC/L. Overall, DOM may enhance or suppress the metabolic perturbations in aquatic organisms that originate from sub-lethal exposure to organic contaminants. Therefore, DOM should be included when evaluating molecular-level responses from sub-lethal ecotoxicity tests and during risk assessment of environmental mixtures.	Ph.D.	water	6
Koven, Anne Judith	Smith, Tat	Policy Networks and Paradigm Change in Ontario Forest Policy, 1988-2014	Forestry	2015-11	This dissertation was developed from documentary research, analyses of public hearing transcripts, and a case study examining 25 years of forest policy change in Ontario from 1988 to 2014. The ideas and actions of the actors in the policy network, and the political, social, and economic structures in which they operated, are investigated using the Dialectical Model of Policy Networks. The relationships among the key policy actors are traced through significant events and legislation: the Timber Management Class Environmental Assessment (1988-1994), the Crown Forest Sustainability Act (1994), the Living Legacy-Ontario Forest Accord (1998), The Endangered Species Act (2007), the Far North Act (2010), and the Ontario Forest Tenure Modernization Act (2011.) The results of the analyses indicate that Ontario’s forest policy evolved over the study period. The policy focus was on timber supply for the forest industry in 1988. This gave way in 1994 to sustainable forest management, which also served environmental and social values. By 2007 the ecological values of forest policy began to predominate. The analyses reveal that as the ENGOs in the forest policy network gained strength, their ideas and their successful political advocacy drove ecological changes. In contrast, the network influence of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources was weakened by ongoing budget cuts and confusion about its mandate. The forest industry lost its historical power in the network due to the economic crisis and downsizing of the industry and by tactics that caused further estrangement from the government. Professional foresters lost their prominence in the network as decisions about forests became associated with political rather than technical and scientific values. Aboriginal Peoples were unable to break into the network for purposes of furthering their treaty and Aboriginal rights and to obtain economic benefits for their remote communities. Questions are raised about the persistence of the new ecological forest policy network and the acceptance of the network of further reform. The result, however, of these shifts in network dynamics is that Ontario forest policy has experienced a paradigm change.	Ph.D.	natural resources, environment, forest	12, 13, 15
Kowalchuk, Donna Lynn	Portelli, John P	Principals' Engagement with The Ontario Leadership Framework to Enact Social Justice Leadership: Reflection, Resistance, and Resilience	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2017-06	Now, more than ever, leadership — principal leadership — is needed to address the increasing diversity and marginalization in Ontario schools. In 2009, Realizing the Promise of Diversity: Ontario’s Equity and Inclusive Education Strategy policy was released. While The Ontario Leadership Framework was developed to support and sustain quality leadership in schools and districts across the province, it contains little to connect it to the 2009 document. Lying at the crossroads of education policy, educational leadership theory, and the practice of social justice leadership, this study aims to understand how principals engage in the OLF to enact social justice leadership. Using critical theory to conceptualize leadership for social justice, and a qualitative design, semi-structured interviews from 14 principals were analyzed using a constant comparative analysis method. This study found the OLF does not support social justice leadership. Through their own reflections on power and privilege, principals choose to engage in the OLF, not by trying to fit it into their social justice leadership, but rather by viewing it through the lens of social justice and social justice leadership. The power of reflection threads throughout the findings as does the need for principals to employ resistance and resilience to engage in the OLF to enact social justice leadership. It argues that if practicing and aspiring principals are earnest about closing the achievement gap of marginalized students, then they need to have experience with marginalization, with reflecting on their privilege and power, with resisting the status quo — all the while working subversively and with political savvy so that they can resist the dominant versions of leadership and actually make a change in schools that empower individuals against the structural injustices found in the greater society and within our schools. Given Ontario’s commitment to equity and inclusive education, if all students are truly to benefit from schooling, then this research indicates to policy makers that changes to the OLF are needed.	Ed.D.	inclusive	4
Kozycz, Lisa	Seferos, Dwight S	Conjugated Materials for Organic Electronics	Chemistry	2015-11	This thesis describes the design and synthesis of novel conjugated materials for applications in organic electronics. The first half of the thesis focuses on conjugated polymers to be used as p-type (hole-transporting) donor materials in organic solar cells. I was first interested in studying how the open-circuit voltage of an organic solar cell could be increased by lowering the HOMO level of the donor polymer via functional group substitution. I chose to study the benchmark poly(3-hexylthiophene) structure and substituted the 3-hexyl chain with a less-electron donating 3-thiohexyl group. In Chapter 2, I synthesized an equally proportioned diblock copolymer containing 3-hexylthiophene and 3-thiohexylthiophene blocks, and found that the open-circuit voltage of the block copolymer device was as high as that of the device containing only the lower HOMO polymer. This inspired me to investigate the minimum amount of the lower HOMO unit required to reach this maximum voltage and thus I synthesized a series of statistical copolymers, presented in Chapter 3. For this new system I was also interested in investigating the effect of polymer sequence on device performance and thus switched from a block to statistical architecture. In the second half of the thesis, I focus on novel n-type (electron-transporting) materials based on arylene diimides. In chapter 4, I synthesized a one donor-two acceptor random terpolymer containing naphthalene diimide (NDI) and perylene diimide (PDI) as the two electron-deficient units and 2,7-carbazole as the electron-rich unit. I varied the ratio of the two acceptor units and found that while the optical and electrochemical properties varied with acceptor composition, the composition dependence was not evident in device performance. Rather, any amount of the NDI monomer reduced the device efficiency to the value of the one donor-one acceptor NDI parent copolymer due to a pinning of the short-circuit current at the lowest value. In chapter 5, I studied the effect of the single atom substitution of oxygen with sulfur on the optoelectronic and self-assembly properties of a series of small molecule naphthalene diimides. The low LUMO levels and strong intermolecular interactions of these thionated molecules make them ideal candidates for use in n-channel organic thin film or micro/nanowire transistors.	Ph.D.	solar	7
Kramer, Illan Jo	Sargent, Edward H.	Architecting the Optics, Energetics and Geometry of Colloidal Quantum Dot Photovoltaics	Electrical and Computer Engineering	2013-06	Solution processed solar cells offer the promise of a low cost solution to global energy concerns. Colloidal quantum dots are one material that can be easily synthesized in and deposited from solution. These nanoparticles also offer the unique ability to select the desired optical and electrical characteristics, all within the same materials system, through small variations in their physical dimensions. These materials, unfortunately, are not without their limitations. To date, films made from colloidal quantum dots exhibit limited mobilities and short minority diffusion lengths. These limitations imply that simple device structures may not be sufficient to make an efficient solar cell. Here we show that through clever manipulation of the geometric and energetic structures, we can utilize the size-tunability of CQDs while masking their poor electrical characteristics. We further outline the physical mechanisms present within these architectures, namely the utilization of a distributed built-in electric field to extract current through drift rather than diffusion. These architectures have consequently exceeded the performance of legacy architectures such as the Schottky cell. Finally, we discuss some of the limiting modes within these architectures and within CQD films in general including the impact of surface traps and polydispersity in CQD populations. Through the development of these novel architectures, the power conversion efficiency of CQD solar cells has increased from ~3.5% to 7.4%; the highest efficiencies yet reported for colloidal quantum dot solar cells.	PhD	energy, solar	7
Kretz, Andrew	Sรก, Creso	Exploring the Effects of Higher Education Experiences on Male and Female STEM Majors' Attitude Towards Entrepreneurship	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2015-11	The purpose of this study was to assess how higher education experiences differently affect female and male STEM students' personal valuation about becoming an entrepreneur. The promotion of entrepreneurship has made its way onto the agendas of policymakers, students, and institutions of higher education. Nonetheless, most studies indicate that male students are significantly more likely than female students to express positive personal valuations about becoming an entrepreneur. The factors influencing this difference, however, are left unexamined. An understanding of how higher education experiences foster or deter interest in entrepreneurship is important for the success of campus-based entrepreneurship initiatives, and for ensuring equal opportunities for female student participation. Universities and colleges in the United States (US) have been at the forefront of efforts to foster student entrepreneurship. Using a series of ordinal logistic regressions on a multi-institutional sample of 871 four-year college and university students collected by the Wabash National Study in the US, I examine student attitudes towards becoming an entrepreneur, along with student responses regarding their higher education experiences on three different waves. Results show that on entering higher education male students are more likely than female students to view becoming an entrepreneur as important, and that this gap widens over time. Moreover, becoming an entrepreneur loses importance for both male and female students over time. This study also found certain personality traits and higher education experiences as significantly associated with studentsâ valuations of the importance of becoming an entrepreneur, namely the degree to which one enjoys engaging in effortful cognitive activities, exams and assignments that require higher-order thinking, and interactions with faculty. This study contributes to understandings of the relationship between higher education and entrepreneurship in several ways. First, the results of this study show that attitudes towards entrepreneurship are weakly associated with key personality traits, indicating that differences between male and female valuations of the importance of becoming an entrepreneur likely stem in part from social expectations and experiences. Second, the results from this study provide colleges and universities with evidence that certain practices may make a difference in the likelihood students will value as important becoming an entrepreneur. The conclusions of this study suggest that colleges and universities interested in promoting student entrepreneurship should be proactive in harnessing studentsâ entrepreneurial interests early in their higher education, when such interests are at their highest.	Ph.D.	women	5
Krieger, Nathalie Katherine Conn	Ducharme, Joseph	Errorless Classroom Management for Students with Severe Conduct Problems: A Staff-training Approach	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2013-11	Proactive classroom management involves teacher use of a range of positive interaction and intervention strategies for managing student behaviour in the classroom. This approach to classroom management has been shown to positively influence student academic achievement, behaviour, and social-emotional well-being, as well as teacher job satisfaction, stress levels, and turnover rate. Unfortunately, teachers often receive minimal training in such strategies, leading them to use more reactive forms of classroom management as a means of controlling problematic student behaviour. Given that reactive procedures can have many unintended negative side effects, there is a need for in-service provision of additional teacher training in proactive approaches, especially in classrooms where student problem behaviours are rampant. The present study was designed to address this need by examining the effectiveness of Errorless Classroom Management (ECM), a proactive classroom management program that builds student tolerance to classroom challenges by teaching them four keystone skills: compliance, social skills, on-task behaviour, and communication. We provided ECM training to two staff members (one teacher and one educational assistant) who were working in a special education classroom for students demonstrating extremely high levels of severe antisocial behaviour. The goal of this in-service training program was to alter staff members’ classroom management practices in order to engender covariant improvements in student behaviour. Using time-series observations, we examined staff and student behaviour before and after ECM training. We also investigated the social validity of treatment effects through the use of staff-report questionnaires. Data revealed that staff members effectively reduced their use of reactive strategies following training but were inconsistent in their application of proactive strategies. In turn, student problem behaviour markedly declined following training; however, improvements on other student outcome measures were not consistently observed. Moreover, variability in staff members’ satisfaction ratings and stress scores suggest a modest overall level of social validity. These findings provide early support for the ECM training program as a socially acceptable form of intervention. These results also suggest that it is possible to effect change in student behaviour by training staff members in positive forms of classroom management.	PhD	educat	4
Krolikowski, Alanna	Adler, Emanuel ||Wong, Joseph	China and the United States in Civil-commercial Air and Space: Specialist Cultures and International Relations in High-technology Sectors	Political Science	2013-11	Why are some high-technology sectors trans-nationally integrated while others are sites of interstate competition? This dissertation explores this question through a comparison of China-U.S. relations in two strategic, high-technology sectors: civil-commercial aircraft manufacture and civil-commercial spacecraft manufacture. Between 1989 and 2009, China-U.S. relations took strikingly different trajectories in these two sectors. In the aircraft sector, the two countries’ industries traded and integrated their activities and their civil agencies cooperated. By contrast, in the space sector, their industries did not trade or integrate, their civil agencies did not cooperate, and the two countries engaged in a form of technological competition. The divergent trajectories taken by China-United States relations in these two sectors are puzzling because both sectors present similar incentives and disincentives for both transnational integration and interstate competition. Theories of international relations do not fully explain this sectoral variation. This research indicates that this variation is traceable to underlying differences in how specialists in each sector, including technical and policy experts, implicitly reason about and represent technologies in general. In both countries, the air and space specialist communities each hold distinct understandings of the relationship between humans and technology. Performing representational practices that reflect these distinct assumptions, aeronautic and space specialists discursively constitute each sector and its technologies as distinct objects of policy, requiring different forms of state action. In air, these include policies adopted by both countries to enhance bilateral trade, industrial partnership, and technical cooperation. In space, these include measures to inhibit bilateral trade and cooperation while preparing for a coming bilateral confrontation.	PhD	industr	9
Krupa, Joel Russell	Harvey, Danny	The Intersection of Renewable Energy Finance and Governance: Solutions to the Multi-trillion Dollar Challenges	Geography	2019-11	The International Finance Corporation (IFC) estimated in 2016 that the 2015 Paris Agreement could drive demand for tens of trillions of dollars of new climate-related investment between 2016 and 2030. Assessments suggest that at least some percentage of these funds will need to be mobilized from private investment sources. Renewable energy, the primary supply-side decarbonization tool, stands poised to capture a significant portion of this number, yet numerous technical, economic, and governance questions loom large in any discussion of renewable energy sector deployment. This thesis focuses on the question of financing all stages of renewables, as well as the ability of finance-linked entities to implement energy governance structures designed to drive a substantial level of renewables integration. We start by presenting case studies on both the United States and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. This study of contrasts is followed by a synthesis of insights on key renewable energy governance challenges from one perspective; specifically, the perspective of individuals with connections to the private finance sector that will be responsible for some of the financial flows for renewables deployment. Derived from extensive time in the field (including unstructured interviews, semi-structured interviews, and ethnographic work), this thesis critically examines the perspectives of leading renewable energy financiers (as well as academics and other knowledgeable market observers from around the world) on how best to improve the financial flows to, and governance of, renewable energy finance. Given the difficulty of offering definitive prescriptions in the inherently idiosyncratic political, economic, social, and environmental context guiding each nation, the thesis starts by offering region-specific prescriptions, followed by general directions. In the final substantial chapter, it draws on a geographically diverse set of key stakeholder interviews to tease out common lessons that can be shared across borders. These lessons include the importance of a carbon tax, the criticality of appropriate policy structure and market design, the urgency of pursuing low-cost options (such as applied research), and the need for encouraging new capital sources into the space. Further research on the role of private sector and public sector capital in the renewable energy space is encouraged.	Ph.D.	energy, renewable, climate, environment	7, 13
Kteily-Hawa, Roula	Mirchandani, Kiran	HIV Vulnerability amongst South Asian Immigrant Women in Toronto	Leadership, Higher Education and Adult Education	2013-06	This thesis focuses on the structural and behavioural factors that placed South Asian immigrant women living with HIV/AIDS in the Greater Toronto Area at risk. Informed by Connell's social theory of gender (1987), this study examined the role of hegemonic masculinity in legitimizing male power and contributing to the HIV risk of these women. By conducting one-on-one interviews with 12 HIV-positive immigrant women, meaningful constructions of the women's narratives and accounts of their experiences relative to HIV were created. This study examined the intersection of power ideologies such as gender, race and class in specific contexts as they generated particular experiences that affected women's risk for HIV. Following a community-based research approach, a collaborative relationship was established with the Alliance for South Asian AIDS Prevention where qualitative methods of analysis and an inductive approach with an iterative process were followed. Factors such as isolation, economic dependence on their husbands, discrimination, racism, investment in psychologically and emotionally abusive relationships, combined with the absence of support from their family of origin exacerbated the women's risk of HIV infection. The strong ties exhibited by most of the women to their religious/ethnic communities helped sustain a gender-based social hierarchy. To facilitate dialogue and social change for South Asian women, gender and culture need to be situated in social and historical contexts. As such, programs should be understood within a larger critical understanding of the social power relations and history of Canadian immigration patterns. Using anti-racist frameworks, initiatives should address violence against women, while tackling interrelated issues (i.e., housing, poverty, etc.). This work draws attention to oppressions through the experiences of a community of women who are rarely given a voice within the context of research on HIV/AIDS. It will be also helpful for Ontario’s HIV prevention strategy and the field of women's sexual health.	PhD	poverty, health, women	1, 3, 2005
Kuhn, Esther	Lambek, Michael	Mining for the Future: Dynamics of Artisanal Gold Mining Practice and Governance in the Balan-Bakama (Mande, Mali)	Anthropology	2017-11	This dissertation examines the social organization of artisanal gold mining in the Balan-Bakama, a zone of the Mande area of southern Mali (West-Africa). Based on fieldwork conducted primarily in 2010-11 I show how villagers and specifically their male and female mining authorities govern mining sites in the territory of their village. Unlike many artisanal mines that are described in the literature as enclaves disconnected from surrounding communities, Balan-Bakama artisanal mines are part of a locally placed extractive economy. Most inhabitants of the Balan-Bakama are both subsistence farmers and artisanal gold miners (at home or as seasonal migrants). These livelihood activities had traditionally been bound to the rainy season and dry season respectively. With a steadily rising gold price, women miners were increasingly engaged in rainy season surface mining while men mined using the new hard-rock mining technique. With placer mining, these techniques form the set of three artisanal mining techniques applied in the Balan-Bakama. In Mande, gold is categorized as owned by bush spirits who control the uncivilized space beyond villagersâ fields. In order to be able to mine safely and successfully, communities and individual miners are obliged to convince bush spirits to share their gold with humans and to refrain from causing accidents. People are able to gain access to gold through sacrifices, by following the rules of mining sites and by avoiding conflict. If local miners are successful, they will be joined by seasonal migrant miners. In an area characterized by high rural-urban migration but some rural-rural migration, village communities try manipulate migration patterns by stimulating mining to retain young men. Hoping to expand the village in order to achieve a locally defined modernity and form a closer connection to regional centers villagers work to attract informal miners and industrial mining corporations.	Ph.D.	industr, rural	9, 11
Kuhn, Joel	Kesler, Olivera	Relationships Between Operating Conditions, Carbon Deposition, and Performance in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2014-06	This research examines the effect of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) operating conditions on carbon deposition in nickel/yttria-stabilized-zirconia (Ni/YSZ) anodes and the effect of carbon deposition on impedance spectra of polarized SOFCs. Although Ni/YSZ anodes are susceptible to degradation from carbon deposition, Ni/YSZ is still a competitive material set compared to coke-resistant alternatives due to its relative cost and elemental abundance. Thus, it is important to more clearly define coking thresholds with respect to temperature (T), molar steam:carbon ratio (SC), fuel utilization (Uf ), current density (i), and mole fraction of ethane in the fuel (fC2H6). The quantification of gasified carbon (QGC) method was developed for in-situ measurement of carbon deposition on operating SOFCs. Deposited carbon is gasified with H2O, and carbon mass is measured by quantification of evolved CO. It was shown that deposited carbon can be gasified after 100 hours residence time. The accuracy of the QGC method was validated using a thermogravimetric analyzer. Carbon deposition thresholds were measured on button cells with 10 hour carbon deposition periods using CH4 reformate gas mixtures. The constituent concentrations of CH4 reformate gas mixtures were developed mathematically for different SC and Uf. Homogeneous decomposition of C2H6 convolutes carbon mass measurements and limited the study of fC2H6. The coking threshold at open circuit in the SC domain (Uf = 0) was measured to be approximately 1.04 and 1.18 for 600 and 700°C, respectively. The coking threshold at open circuit in the Uf domain (SC = 0.03) was measured to be approximately 36% and 32% for 600 and 700°C, respectively. Coking thresholds agree well with thermodynamic equilibrium calculations when the properties of solid phase carbon are modified appropriately. This observation was further supported by experiments with varying current density. Using measured coking thresholds, the Gibbs free energy of carbon on Ni/YSZ cermets at 600°C was calculated to be 6.91±0.08 kJ-mol-1. Coking on a polarized SOFC was found to be minimally detectable by impedance spectroscopy. The results from this work can be readily applied to SOFC system design, numerical simulations of SOFC anodes, and design of anodes with material gradients.	PhD	energy	7
Kulaga, Vivian	Gideon, Koren	Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters (FAEE), A Biomarker of Alcohol Exposure: Hope for a Silent Epidemic of Fetal Alcohol Affected Children	Medical Science	2008-06	One percent of children in North America may be affected by fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). FASD remains difficult to diagnose because confirmation of maternal alcohol use is a diagnostic criterion, and women consuming alcohol during pregnancy are reluctant to divulge this information for fear of stigmatization and losing custody of the child. Consequently, using a biomarker to assess alcohol exposure would provide a tremendous advantage. Recently, the measurement of fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) in hair has provided a powerful tool for assessing alcohol exposure. My thesis fills a translational gap of research between the development of the FAEE hair test and its application in the context of FASD. The guinea pig has been a critical model for FASD research, in which FAEE hair analysis has previously distinguished ethanol-exposed dams/offspring from controls. My first study, reports a positive dose-concentration relationship between alcohol exposure and hair FAEE, in the human, and the guinea pig. Humans also displayed over an order of magnitude higher FAEE incorporation per equivalent alcohol exporsure, suggesting that the test will be a sensitive clinical marker of fetal alcohol exposure. My second study utilized multi-coloured rats to investigate the potential of a hair-colour bias, as has been reported for other clinical hair assays; no evidence of bias is reported here. My third study is the first to examine the clinical use of the FAEE hair test in parents at high risk of having children with FASD. Over one third of parents tested positive for excessive alcohol use. Parents were investigated by social workers working for child protection services, and my fourth study reports that hair FAEE results agree with social worker reports. Individuals highly suspected of abusing alcohol were at a significantly greater risk of testing positive, whereas individuals tested based on other reasons (such as to cover all bases) were negatively associated with testing positive. The last study of my thesis, confirmed an association between alcohol and drug use by parents at high risk for having children with FASD, posing an added risk to children. This work helps bridge a gap in translational research, suggesting that the FAEE hair test has potential for use in FASD diagnosis and research.	PhD	women	5
Kulick, Rachel Erin	Knappett, Carl	Urban Soil Micromorphology at Bronze Age Palaikastro, Crete: A Geoarchaeological Investigation of Site Formation Processes	History of Art	2017-11	Across the Mediterranean region, human-environment interactions constitute a major research focus, often concerned with issues of sustainability, both past and present. The Aegean region shares many environmental features and often direct cultural interactions with this larger, encompassing region. While broader Mediterranean research questions are also applicable at the local Aegean level, there are some surprising gaps in inquiry, particularly in studies of the Bronze Age Aegean civilizations. Although narratives of the emergence and collapse of civilizations—such as that of Minoan Crete—do invoke environmental factors, whether catastrophic events (e.g., Theran eruption, tsunami) or anthropogenic processes (e.g., soil erosion, overintensive agriculture), there are few multi-scalar investigations of how urban centres interacted with their environments. This dissertation aims to address the aforementioned shortcoming. This project (part of the Palace and Landscape at Palaikastro Project) evaluates epistemological issues concerning the roles of geoarchaeological research and environmental science in archaeological research and applies an urban archaeological soil micromorphology approach to help understand the issues surrounding the episodes of occupation and disturbance at the Minoan urban centre of Palaikastro, in East Crete. The study demonstrates that varied types of socionatural transformations are visible via different scales of data and analysis. Micromorphological differences are observed between sediments related to urban abandonment and transformation processes. This micro-scale evidence indicates the influence of coastal sediments on the site; however, occupation of the urban structures appears to be related to the sustainability of the surrounding slopes. These findings illustrate that information garnered on ‘micro’ processes occurring in and between buildings in the urban settlement completes the punctuated dataset in which one typically encounters archaeological contexts produced by events (such as destructions and abandonments). The micromorphological data connects discrete, small-scale processes that occurred leading up to, and after, specific events and relates these processes to cycles of growth and decay, construction and abandonment, in the context of larger-scale social and environmental transformations.	Ph.D.	agriculture, buildings, urban, environment	2, 9, 11, 13
Kulkarni, Girish Satish	Laupacis, Andreas ||Fleshner, Neil	The Quality of Surgical Care for Radical Cystectomy in Ontario from 1992 to 2004	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2008-11	This thesis is composed of three studies pertaining to the quality of care for radical cystectomy in Ontario between 1992 and 2004. In the first paper, the associations between provider volume and both operative and overall mortality were assessed. In the second paper, potential factors that could explain the association between volume and outcome were explored. In the final paper, the impact of waiting for cystectomy on survival outcomes was evaluated. Methods: A total of 3296 patients undergoing cystectomy for bladder cancer in Ontario between 1992 and 2004 were identified using the Canadian Institute for Health Information Discharge Abstract Database and the Ontario Cancer Registry. The effects of hospital and surgeon volume on operative mortality and overall survival were assessed using random effects logistic regression and marginal Cox Proportional Hazards modeling, respectively. To elucidate the factors underlying the volume-outcome association, the ability of a number of structure and process of care variables to attenuate the impact of volume was assessed. The effect of waiting for care, from transurethral resection to cystectomy, on overall survival was also assessed using marginal Cox models. Results: Neither hospital nor surgeon volume was significantly associated with operative mortality; however, both were associated with overall mortality. Of the measured structure/process measures, hospital factors caused the greatest attenuation of the volume hazard ratios, albeit to a limited degree. The wait time between the decision for surgery and cystectomy was also significantly associated with overall survival. The impact of delayed care was greatest for patients with lower stage disease. The data suggested a maximum wait time of 40 days for cystectomy. Conclusions: In this thesis, gaps in the quality of care for radical cystectomy in Ontario were identified. Patients treated by low volume hospitals and surgeons or those with long wait times all experienced worse outcomes. Since the underlying measures responsible for provider volume remain elusive, additional work is required to understand what these factors are. Initiatives to decrease wait times, however, are under way in Ontario. Whether these interventions decrease wait times and benefit patients remains to be seen.	PhD	health	3
Kulkarni, Vainatey	Ben-Mrad, Ridha	Development of an Energy Harvesting Device using Piezoceramic Materials	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2015-06	Piezoelectric energy harvesters are increasingly being pursued for their potential to replace finite-life batteries in wireless sensor modules and for their potential to create self-powered devices. This work presents the development of a novel piezoelectric harvester that attempts to improve upon the power output limitations of current piezoelectric harvesting technology. This novel harvester uses the concept of torsion on a tube to produce shear stresses and hence uses improved piezoelectric properties of the shear mode of piezoceramics to generate higher power outputs. This concept is first presented in this work and a proof-of-concept prototype is utilized to experimentally demonstrate the validity of this novel device. After this, the behaviour of the novel harvester is explored through an investigation into three cross-section geometries of the torsion tube and varying geometries of the eccentric mass using three different comparison metrics. Through this, it is observed that configurations with higher torsional compliance and high eccentric mass inertias have the potential for the highest power output and highest harvester effectiveness. However, the mechanical damping in the system is also found to significantly impact the harvester output resulting in prototypes of the various configurations not performing as expected. As a result of this discrepancy, the factors affecting the performance of the harvester are analyzed in greater detail through the development of a mathematical model that is then used to develop a set of guidelines to direct the design of a torsion harvester for a desired application. These guidelines are then used to develop an improved torsion harvester with a demonstrated ability to produce 1.2 mW of output power at its resonant frequency to power a wireless sensor module. Finally, the use of alternative materials such as single crystals of PMN-PT in the torsion harvester is also examined. Through finite element simulations and with material properties reported in the literature, the torsion harvester used with the sensor module is found to significantly benefit with the addition of the single crystal materials and ultimately generate 300% improvements in average output power while converting 11% of the input energy into usable electrical energy.	Ph.D.	INNovation	9
Kuluski, Kerry	Williams, A. Paul	Homecare of Long-term Care? The Balance of Care in Urban and Rural Northwestern Ontario	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2010-06	While some individuals can successfully age at home, others with similar levels of need may require facility based long-term care (LTC). The question addressed in this thesis is: “What factors determine whether or not older persons age at home?” I argue that in addition to the characteristics and care needs of individuals (the demand side); access to home and community care (H&CC) at the local level (the supply side) determines whether or not older people receive care at home relative to other settings. In emphasizing the role of the supply side, I draw on Neoinstitutional Theory and the Theory of Human Ecology to examine how institutions of the state (policies, norms, values, and organizational structures) facilitate or constrain opportunities to age at home across urban and rural areas. In conducting my analysis I draw on the Balance of Care (BoC) framework to analyze the characteristics of individuals waiting for LTC placement in Thunder Bay (urban community) and the surrounding Region (rural communities) of Northwestern Ontario. The BoC framework provides the means to estimate the extent to which their needs could potentially be met in the community if home and community care (H&CC) services were available. The results show that individuals waiting for LTC placement in Thunder Bay experienced higher levels of impairment than those in the Region. However in both areas, most individuals required assistance with instrumental activities of daily living (e.g. housekeeping, meal preparation, etc). In both areas there was limited access to informal caregivers. If a H&CC package were to be made available, 8% of those waiting for facility based LTC in Thunder Bay could potentially be supported safely and cost-effectively at home compared to 50% in the surrounding Region. The results confirm that the supply side matters. When H&CC cannot be accessed, LTC may become the default option, particularly in rural and remote areas. If given access to H&CC, a significant proportion of individuals can potentially age at home.	PhD	urban, rural	11
Kumar, Aarti	Jenkins, Jenny M	Trajectories of Emotional Problems in an Ethnically Diverse Sample of Immigrants	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2015-03	The purpose of this dissertation was to examine mental health trajectories in immigrants living in Canada. The first study examined the rates of emotional problems among parents, versus non-parents, using all three waves of data from a sample of immigrants in Canada (N = 7055). After controlling for a variety of socio-demographic covariates, results from multilevel logistic regression models indicated that immigrant parents have higher odds of reporting emotional problems in comparison to non-parent immigrants, and these differences are stable across the first four years following immigration. These effects were evident after ethnicity was included in the model and after controlling for relevant socio-demographic characteristics, such as age, gender, socioeconomic status, and immigrant category, suggesting an effect of caregiver strain. In terms of ethnic differences, Black, Arab, South Asian and East Asian respondents have emotional problems that increase at a faster rate in comparison to White immigrants over time. Results revealed that immigrants that endorsed being divorced without children are also particularly vulnerable. The second study examined depressive symptoms in a sample of mothers who were evaluated closely after the birth of a baby using four waves of data from the Kids Families and Places study. Results from latent growth curve models indicated that immigrant mothers showed significantly more depressive symptoms in comparison to Canadian born mothers. More specifically, Asian immigrants and Black immigrants were found to have higher levels of depressive symptoms in comparison to White Canadian mothers. It was found that socioeconomic indicators were among the best predictors of maternal depression in Asian immigrant and Black immigrant mothers. The overall goal of this dissertation is to highlight the importance of studying immigrants, as there are a number of stressors and challenges associated with immigration, which may lead to increased rates of mental health problems. These challenges may be even more burdensome for immigrants who must care for economically dependent children.	Ph.D.	socioeconomic, health	1, 3
Kumar, Pradeep	Kant, Shashi	Households' Preferences, Strategic Interactions, and Joint Forest Management outcomes	Forestry	2017-06	Joint forest management (JFM), which seeks to involve local communities in the management of state-owned forests, was started in India in 1990. One of the prime objectives of JFM was to restock degraded forest areas, which has not been uniformly achieved across the country. Variation in the success of JFM has been attributed to several socioeconomic and organizational factors. Existing literature, however, has ignored the role of intracommunity strategic interactions in JFM outcomes. Similarly, roles of social preferences and individual time preferences have also been overlooked. In this research, JFM outcomes have been analyzed through the lens of intracommunity strategic interactions, social preferences, and endogenous and good-specific time preferences. A model of strategic interactions among households of a village has been developed, and it has been shown that in JFM households play a public goods game. Equilibrium of the game has been analyzed, and effects of various model parameters on equilibrium participation have been investigated. An empirical study has been carried out in five villages in central India to observe the role of social preferences in JFM outcomes. It has been found that the presence of social preference is strongly correlated with success in JFM in the village. Since in JFM households incur costs in the beginning and get benefits later, individual time preferences are crucial for JFM outcomes. Time preference analysis is usually done using Samuelson’s discounted utility (DU) model, which expresses individual time preference by a unitary construct – discount rate, and does not consider endogenous and good-specific time preferences. In this research, a theoretical model is developed, and an empirical study is used to show that households’ time preferences are endogenous and good specific. A model for the evolution of other-regarding preferences in JFM has also been developed, and it has been shown that other-regarding preferences may evolve in JFM provided a stimulus is given, community’s dependence on the forest is high, and alternatives to forest resources are available.	Ph.D.	forest	15
Kumar, Ramya	McDonough, Peggy	The Privatization Imperative: Women Negotiating Healthcare in Kandy, Sri Lanka	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2018-03	Since the 1980s, poorer countries have shifted health reform efforts from strengthening public systems to increasing the private sector’s role in healthcare provision. Empirical research on healthcare access focuses on quantifying out-of-pocket payments or service utilization, making invisible both user experiences and how the dynamics of public and private provision are contingent on place and social relations. Historically a model for poorer countries, Sri Lanka’s public healthcare system is seeing steady privatization following decades of insufficient state investment alongside incentivized private expansion. However, little is known about what this restructuring means for healthcare access in Sri Lanka. I employed a Third World Marxist feminist qualitative methodology to explore how the presence of private healthcare shapes access for women in Kandy, Sri Lanka. I asked: Where do women go for healthcare? What are their impressions of the health services they use? How do they navigate public and private systems? And how are these questions shaped by social location? Using focus groups, interviews, meetings, and a short survey, I gathered data from 40 residents of Udawatta Division. My analysis linked macrostructures and processes of healthcare restructuring with women’s everyday experiences of utilizing healthcare. Economic exclusion and quality concerns limited the range of private healthcare ‘choices’ available to users. Almost all women mixed public and private services, with these hybrid arrangements differing by social location. Economically disadvantaged users were compelled to consume private healthcare owing to service deficits in the public system. Middle-class women mostly used private outpatient services, and exploited ‘dual practice’ to access more responsive public inpatient care. Socially disadvantaged women, particularly ethnic minorities, relied on the same pathway to avoid neglect and/or abuse within the public system. The state’s ‘withdrawal’ from healthcare provision, and its incentives for private expansion, has wide-ranging implications for users in Kandy. As women struggle to address service gaps in the public sector, hybrid arrangements stratify services along class and ethnic lines, creating opportunities for private accumulation. My findings interrogate the direction of Sri Lanka’s health reform and call into question global health advocacy for ‘mixed health systems’ as a path to achieving ‘Universal Health Coverage.’	Ph.D.	health, women, socioeconomic	1, 3, 2005
Kuo, Pei-Yu	Sain, Mohini||Yan, Ning	Development and Characterization of an Extractive-based Bio-epoxy Resin from Beetle-infested Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) Bark	Forestry	2016-06	Deriving chemicals from renewable feedstock has become a necessity to reduce dependency on petroleum, which release carbon dioxide when burned and aggravate the global warming and ocean acidification. This work offers a potential alternative - bark extractives based epoxy resin - to petro-based conventional epoxy. Our results showed successful epoxidation of bark extractives after reaction with epichlorohydrin. The newly synthesized epoxy (E-epoxy) can replace 50% of petroleum-based epoxy (P-epoxy) and the blend system displayed thermal stability and tensile strength comparable to neat P-epoxy, which demonstrates a great promise in using bark extractives as a substitute for bisphenol A (BPA). An examination of reaction parameters showed that the E-epoxy monomer can be synthesized with high yield and reactivity using spray-dried extractives as substrates, a dioxane/water combination as solvent, and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide as the ring-opening catalyst. An examination of numerical parameters showed the maximum yield with minimum epoxy equivalent weight was achieved after 4.5 hours reaction time with sodium hydroxide to hydroxyl value molar ratio of 3.4 at a reaction temperature of 80 °C. The thermal properties of E-epoxy were studied using TGA, FTIR, and Py-GC/MS, and a new thermal degradation mechanism was proposed. Additionally, nanocellulose fibres (NCFs) were incorporated to enhance E-epoxy’s mechanical performance. Based on an adjusted curing schedule, an E-epoxy/P-epoxy/NCFs composite with high strength, ductility, thermal stability, and sustainability was developed. With 10% E-epoxy, the toughness of neat epoxy resins improved 84 %; after incorporating NCFs, the tensile strength and modulus of composites increased approximately two- and four-fold, respectively. The maximum degradation peak of the composites was 24 °C higher than for neat epoxy resins. Overall, bark extractives exhibit great promise to replace petro-based BPA; incorporating NCFs into E-epoxy/P-epoxy blending system is an effective method to develop a strong and sustainable bio-nanocomposite.	Ph.D.	water, renewable, ocean, marine	7, 14
KURU, MEHMET	Rothman, Natalie	Locating an Ottoman Port-City in the Early Modern Mediterranean: Izmir 1580-1780	History	2017-06	Extant historiography considers Izmir as a case of early modern “boom town.” Its transformation from a mere pier for the provisions of Istanbul into a bustling trans-regional port-city, so the standard narrative goes, was due to mercantilist penetration by English and Dutch chartered companies at a time of Ottoman economic and political crisis and social dislocation. This formulation gives little credit to the city’s regional setting as an agent of change. This dissertation, in contrast, addresses the question of Izmir’s rise from the vantage point of Western Anatolia’s environmental outlook, hydrogeological features, and crop rotation patterns. It suggests that the city was forged not out of some in-built characteristics, but of how the inhabitants met the environmental challenges, and how this socio-environmental outlook contrasted with other regions in the long run and was articulated with economic and demographic factors. Using a composite methodology that combines environmental and economic historical approaches, and shifting the scale of observation to situate the environmental trends for sixteenth-century Izmir in a millennial perspective, this dissertation reconstructs the infrastructure of Ottoman socio-economic transformation. It rethinks the periodization and causal linkages between environment and fiscality by means of geography, and argues for understanding Izmir through a continuous monetary process that amplified commercial flows on a Eurasian scale. The first two chapters of this dissertation revisit the Little Ice Age argument concerning seventeenth-century socio-economic transformations. These chapters show the geographical limits of the argument, i.e. how the cumulative impact of regional climactic differentiation distinguished Western Anatolia, and Izmir’s hinterland in particular, allowing the development of local agricultural production and the region’s simultaneous demographic growth, distinguishing it from the rest of Anatolia. In the following two chapters, this work draws inspiration from the way that the question of the birth of the Atlantic has been cut down to size and reoriented, inter alia, through an Indian Ocean perspective. Here I similarly emphasize how trade flows running through Ottoman domains were inherently interlocked with Eurasian trade. I suggest that the bi-zonal Ottoman currency acted as a switch mechanism via the marginal utility of arbitrage, discontinuous in the long run but catalyzing a quintessential economic shift from the established portfolio of Eastern goods to the greater salience and integration of local products and markets. It was this shift, I argue, not a mercantilist penetration, which set the process in place. Focusing on the rise of Izmir also allows us to better understand the superstructure of Ottoman socio-economic transformation not only at the stage of Ottoman capital, but also of endemic commercial flows diffused throughout the empire. Finally, in the fifth and the last chapter, I demonstrate how Izmir became the conduit for wider economic flows not for environmental and economic reasons alone, but also fiscal ones. Specifically, Izmir’s covert taxation policy and taxpayers’ responses shaped its urban demographics in tandem with environmental and monetary processes. Ottoman environmental, economic, and political aspects of socio-economic change were thus connected to Eurasian flows of goods and people.	Ph.D.	infrastructure, urban, environment	9, 11, 13
Kuttner, Benjamin	Malcolm, Jay R. ||Smith, Sandy	Multi-cohort Stand Structural Classification: Ground and LiDAR-based Approaches for Boreal Mixedwood and Black Spruce Forest Types of Northeastern Ontario	Forestry	2010-11	Natural fire return intervals are relatively long in eastern Canadian boreal forests and often allow for the development of stands with multiple, successive cohorts of trees. Multi-cohort forest management (MCM) provides a strategy to maintain such multi-cohort stands that focuses on three broad phases of increasingly complex, post-fire stand development, termed “cohorts”, and recommends different silvicultural approaches be applied to emulate different cohort types. Previous research on structural cohort typing has relied upon primarily subjective classification methods; in this thesis, I develop more comprehensive and objective methods for three common boreal mixedwood and black spruce forest types in northeastern Ontario. Additionally, I examine relationships between cohort types and stand age, productivity, and disturbance history and the utility of airborne LiDAR to retrieve ground based classifications and to extend structural cohort typing from plot to stand-levels. In both mixedwood and black spruce forest types, stand age and age related deadwood features varied systematically with cohort classes in support of an age-based interpretation of increasing cohort complexity. However, correlations of stand age with cohort classes were surprisingly weak. Differences in site productivity had a significant effect on the accrual of increasingly complex multi-cohort stand structure in both forest types, especially in black spruce stands. The effects of past harvesting in predictive models of class membership were only significant when considered in isolation of age. As an age emulation strategy, the three cohort model appeared to be poorly suited to black spruce forests where the accrual of structural complexity appeared to be more a function of site productivity than age. Airborne LiDAR data appear to be particularly useful in recovering plot-based cohort types and extending them to the stand-level. The main gradients of structural variability detected using LiDAR were similar between boreal mixedwood and black spruce forest types; the best LiDAR-based models of cohort type relied upon combinations of tree size, size heterogeneity, and tree density related variables. The methods described here to measure, classify, and predict cohort-related structural complexity assist in translating the conceptual three cohort model to a more precise, measurement based management system. In addition, the approaches presented here to measure and classify stand structural complexity promise to significantly enhance the detail of structural information in operational forest inventories in support of a wide array of forest management and conservation applications.	PhD	urban, forest	11, 15
Kuzmanov, Uros	Diamandis, Eleftherios P.	Characterization of Kallikrein 6 N-glycosylation Patterns and Identification of Sialylated Glycoproteins in Ovarian Cancer	Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology	2013-06	Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death among all gynecological disorders. Aberrant glycosylation, or more specifically, increased sialylation of proteins has been observed in this malignancy. Several sialyltransferase genes have been shown to be up-regulated at both mRNA and and protein levels in a number of cancers, including that of the ovary. In the present study, we have analyzed the glycosylation patterns of kallikrein 6 in the context of ovarian cancer. We have discovered that the carbohydrate structures found at the single N-glycosylation site of kallikrein 6 derived from ovarian cancer cells found in the ascites fluid of ovarian cancer patients is enriched in sialic acid moieties and has an increased branching pattern when compared to controls. We have also developed a reliable anion-exchange HPLC-based methodology capable of quantifying different glycoform subpopulations of kallikrein 6 in serum and other biological fluids, which was capable of differentiating between samples from ovarian cancer patients and healthy controls. A variety of classic molecular biology and mass spectrometry based techniques were utilized in these experiments. Based on the results of the analysis of kallikrein 6 glycosylation and other literature reports showing upregulated sialylation of proteins in ovarian cancer, we have also identified sialylated glycoproteins from ovarian cancer proximal fluids and conditioned media of ovarian cancer cell lines. Sialylated proteins were enriched utilizing lectin affinity or hydrazide chemistry. In total, 333 sialylated glycoproteins and 579 glycosylation sites were identified. A list of 21 potential candidate ovarian cancer biomarkers was produced from proteins that were identified solely in ovarian cancer proximal fluids, which could form the basis for any future studies.	PhD	health	3
Kwak, Laura Jean	Razack, Sherene H.	Asian Conservatives in Canada's Parliament: A Study in Race and Governmentality	Social Justice Education	2016-11	This dissertation argues that the political integration of the figure of the Asian Conservative MP has become part of racial governmentality, a part, that is, of how racial minorities are governed. In Canada, official multiculturalism emerged and evolved as the dominant discourse to regulate political heterogeneity. My research finds that the neoliberalization of multicultural discourse as led by the Reform Party of Canada has configured the Asian Conservative member of parliament (MP) as the upwardly-mobile, bootstrap-immigrant, difference-that-integrates into the modern polity. Insofar as multiculturalism as incorporation is a project of assisting racial others into modernity, it requires the utter exclusion of those that have been cast as antithetical to the modern: Indigenous, Black, and working class or poor life. Using a Foucauldian approach to the study of governmentality, the study traces how multiculturalism discourse has given rise to the ideal multicultural subject as necessarily a narrowly imagined Asian Conservative subject. That is, the thesis explores how the Asian Conservative MPs take up the narrowly imagined space of legitimacy that has been carved out for racial others â in which they remain regarded as duplicitous - as conduits to a settler colonial, anti-Black politics. To suggest that the figure of the Asian Conservative parliamentarian is a paradox presupposes the incommensurability of racial identity and conservative politics. By analyzing their text and talk, particularly their contributions to parliamentary debate on national identity, multiculturalism, and immigration policies, this thesis challenges this supposed incommensurability and investigates how Asian Conservative MPs, particularly since 1997, have contributed to the reproduction of racism in the Canadian context. Paradoxically raced in the name of racelessness, my research finds that the figure of the Asian Conservative MP has become vital to the stateâ s narrative of progress and tolerance. At the same time, speaking in the name of race, these politicians promote a discourse of integration and lend legitimacy to the project of managing racial populations. The study finds how politicians of colour also have the capacity to uphold the racial order, leave inequities uncontested, and often augment them with renewed vigour.	Ph.D.	inclusive	4
Laberge, Maude Pascale	Wodchis, Walter P	How Does Ontario Primary Care Perform? Effectiveness, Costs and Efficiency	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2015-11	In 2001, Ontario began introducing new primary care models characterized by physician remuneration mechanisms, interdisciplinary teams, access requirements, and patient enrolment. The objectives of the primary care reform were to improve the quality of and access to primary care and to make primary care more attractive as a physician specialty. This thesis explores the performance of the new primary care models – enhanced fee-for-service (FFS), blended capitation, and interdisciplinary teams - compared to the traditional FFS model. The effectiveness, costs and efficiency are reviewed separately in three distinct studies. The study about effectiveness aims to measure the risk of having a hospitalization for an ambulatory care sensitive condition (ACSC). The risk of having an ACSC hospitalization was lower for patients whose physician practiced in an enhanced-FFS or in a capitation model compared to patients whose saw a FFS physician. It was higher for patients who saw physicians who worked in interdisciplinary teams. The second study examined primary care costs and total health care costs for a randomly selected 10% sample of the Ontario adult population. The costs were calculated at the individual level based on the prices of the services and the utilization. Compared to patients of FFS physicians, patients in capitation models had higher primary care costs but lower total health care costs. Enhanced-FFS patients had the lowest primary care costs and total health care costs. The third study employed a Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) to assess the efficiency of physicians. The analyses were supported by survey data on a physician’s hours worked on direct patient care, duration of the visits and other characteristics of a physician’s practice and linked to administrative data on patient visits. After controlling for input and explanatory variables, efficiency scores were on average higher for physicians in blended capitation models and in interdisciplinary teams compared to physicians in FFS. The three studies show significant differences across models for each of the outcomes examined (ACSC hospitalization; primary care costs and total health care costs; efficiency). More research is needed to understand these variations and the causal relationships in these variations, in order to better inform policy.	Ph.D.	health	3
Lachapelle, Érick	Pauly, Louis	"Energy Security and Climate Change Policy in the OECD: the Political Economy of Carbon-energy Taxation"	Political Science	2011-06	Why do countries tax the same fuels at widely different rates, even among similarly situated countries in the global political economy? Given the potentially destabilizing effects of climate change, and the political and economic risks associated with a reliance on geographically concentrated, finite fossil fuels, International Organizations and economists of all political stripes have consistently called for increasing tax rates on fossil-based energy. Despite much enthusiasm among policy experts, however, politicians concerned with distributional consequences, economic performance and competitiveness impacts continue to be wary of raising taxes on carbon-based fuels. In this context, this thesis investigates the political economy of tax rates affecting the price of fossil fuels in advanced capitalist democracies. Through an examination of the political limits of government capacity to implement stricter carbon-energy policy, as well as the identification of the correlates of higher carbon-based energy taxes, it throws new light on the conditions under which carbon-energy tax reform becomes politically possible. Based on recent data collected from the OECD, EEA and IEA, I develop an estimate of the relative size of implicit carbon taxes across OECD member countries on six carbon-based fuels and across the household and industrial sectors. I exploit large cross-national differences in these carbon-energy tax rates in order to identify the correlates of, and constraints on, carbon-energy tax reform. Applying multiple regression analysis to both cross-section and time-series cross-sectional (TSCS) data, this thesis leverages considerable empirical evidence to demonstrate how and why electoral systems matter for energy and environmental tax policy outcomes. In particular, I find considerable empirical evidence to support the claim that systems of proportional representation (PR), in addition to the partisan preferences of the electorate, work together to explain differential rates of carbon-energy taxation. By opening up the ideological space to a broader spectrum of “green” parties, I argue that PR systems create a favourable institutional context within which higher rates of carbon-energy taxation become politically possible. After specifying a key causal mechanism within different types of electoral systems – the seat-vote elasticity – I argue further that, voters in disproportional systems actually have more leverage over politicians, and that an increase in environmental voting can have an impact on rates of carbon energy taxation, even in the absence of PR. While the accession to power of green political parties in PR systems is more likely to lead to higher rates of carbon energy taxation, voting for green parties in highly disproportional systems creates incentives for other parties to adopt “green” policies, leading to a similar outcome. In this way, the effect of green votes and green seats will have the opposite effect on policy according to the type of electoral system in use.	PhD	energy, industr, taxation, climate, environment	7, 9, 10, 13
LaCoste, Nathalie	Newman, Judith H	Waters of the Exodus: Jewish Experiences with Water in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt	Religion, Study of	2016-11	This study examines how the fluvial environment shaped the writing of Jewish narratives in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt (300 BCE – 115 CE). It focuses on four texts that narrate the Exodus story and analyzes them in terms of how water in Egypt is described and how elements of the environment—such as the Nile or the Red Sea—are characterized in their retellings. I argue that the natural environment informed Jewish writings through the incorporation of new fluvial terminology, development of different conceptions of water, and the adoption of positive attitudes towards the environment. These features, found specifically in texts composed in Egypt, demonstrate the power of the environment to shape a foundational Jewish narrative. Previous studies on the Jews of Egypt have examined their lives in political, social, or economic terms, with little acknowledgement of the physical environment and its role in daily and religious life. By focusing on water, this work traces the emergence of distinct practices developed in response to the environment, such as the location of places of worship and emerging employment opportunities. Such characteristics distinguish the communities of Egypt from both other Jews and non-Jews. Additionally, the project speaks to larger trends in the field of Biblical Studies that focus on the materiality of everyday life.	Ph.D.	water	6
Lakanen, Raili	Bunce, Susannah||Ruddick, Susan	“A Battle for the Soul of the Climate Movement”: The Expansion of the Intersectional Climate Justice Frame Among Young Activists in Canada	Geography	2019-06	In this dissertation, I argue that the climate justice movement in Canada is conceptually aligned with tenets of feminist political ecology and demonstrates intersectional and decolonial approaches to activism and organizing. Such a framework did not emerge spontaneously but was developed through intellectual work and communication of climate justice activists, a contentious process tantamount to what one activist identified as a “battle for the soul of the climate movement”. Climate justice seeks to address the underlying conditions that generate and perpetuate climate change, understood to be caused by inequities, oppressions, and systems of domination inherent in the colonial-capitalist pursuit of endless growth. Intersectional climate justice further understands that groups and individuals experience and contribute to climate change differentially, based on contextual power relations, privilege, and identity, and thus seeks to incorporate recognition, (re)distributive, and participatory justice in climate change mitigation and adaption. My findings suggest that young Canadian activists began articulating climate justice between 2006 and 2015, in response to a Conservative-led federal government that attempted to (re)create Canada as a global ‘energy superpower’ while simultaneously weakening domestic environmental protection, vilifying activists, and contesting territorial rights of Indigenous peoples. I suggest that this intersectional climate justice movement inhabits the ‘glocal’ scale (e.g., Swyngedouw Kaika, 2003; Harcourt, 2015), constituted by interrelated, multi-scalar processes as well as actors that contest and co-create global narratives that generate and respond to locally-specific conditions. In this case, activist organizing appears to be structured differently than other environmental and social movements that promote allegiance to a group. Instead, principles of intersectional climate justice are disseminated through youth training networks which connect ‘free agents’ (activists without traditional organizational affiliations) from across the country into new linkages for mobilization. Many of the activists interviewed have engaged in processes of relational reflexivity, grappling with their own complicity and advantage in a society that continues to contribute to climate change. Their approaches to enacting intersectional analysis and decolonial solidarity are, arguably, empirical demonstrations of how to “stay with the trouble” (Haraway, 2016), and provide alternatives to hegemonic climate governance approaches that rely on technological interventions or market mechanisms.	Ph.D.	energy, climate, environment, ecology, governance	7, 13, 15, 16
Lake, Evelyn Margo Robyn	Stefanovic, Bojana||Stanisz, Greg J	Functional Neuroimaging of Recovery from Focal Ischemic Stroke	Medical Biophysics	2016-11	Ischemic stroke is the leading global cause of healthy life-years-lost, yet, physiotherapy remains the only means to improve long-term outcome in the vast majority of patients. The absence of more effective interventions in the subacute stage reflects uncertainty surrounding the mechanisms that govern recovery. The present work investigated endogenous neurovascular adaptation, as well as the delayed neurogliovascular unit modulation via GABAA antagonism and cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibition. Longitudinal functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), intracranial array electrophysiology, Montoya Staircase testing, and immunofluorescence were employed to examine subacute functional and structural changes in the peri-infarct zone in a rodent model of focal ischemia. In the absence of treatment, early subacute stage was characterized by a persistent skilled reaching deficit and stable lesion volume. Peri-infarct resting perfusion and vascular reactivity to hypercapnia were elevated a week post stroke, while the peri-lesional neuronal network was silenced and somatotopy abolished. By 21 days post-stroke, peri-lesional blood flow resolved to the contra-lesional level, but peri-lesional vascular reactivity remained elevated. Concomitantly, neuronal response amplitudes increased with distance from the necrotic core, suggesting functional remodelling of the lesion periphery, buttressed by increased spontaneous activity. The peri-infarct showed increased vascular density, neuronal loss, and astrocytic activation, while microglia and macrophage recruitment was widespread. GABAA antagonism resulted in progressive improvement in skilled reaching performance and a decrease in stroke volume, while COX-1 inhibition preserved peri-lesional hyperperfusion, increased neuronal survival and decreased microglia and macrophage recruitment. Combined, these studies provide evidence of highly dynamic functional changes in the peri-infarct zone weeks following ischemic injury, suggesting an extended temporal window for therapeutic interventions. Delayed pharmacological modulation of GABAA or COX-1 activity may exert multiple beneficial effects on neurogliovascular function and hence may be promising treatment targets in the subacute stage of stroke.	Ph.D.	health	3
Lakha, Shehnaz Fatima	Pennefather, Peter	A Method for Evaluation of the Management of Chronic Non-cancer Pain in Global Cities	Medical Science	2016-11	This dissertation explores the outputs of structures and processes influencing clinical services for chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) management globally. It focuses on facilities and services available in three global cities: Kuwait, Karachi, and Toronto. It develops and demonstrates qualitative and descriptive survey tools capable of assessing CNCP services and management, and associated barriers from the perspective of academic pain specialist involved in the delivery of CNCP services in those cities. Those tools are based on an original conceptual framework for guiding evaluation of CNCP services and management globally. In addition to a general introduction and discussion sections, the dissertation is made up of three sections. The first section integrates and reviews the literature on chronic diseases, CNCP management, and existing health care systems with respect to CNCP services generally and with a focus on the target global cities in particular. The second section consists of an analysis of methodological research options and development of a Structure Process Output evaluation frameworks based on a hybridization of Donabedian and Logistic evaluation frameworks (DL-Hybrid). Mixed methodology survey and interview instruments were designed to evaluate perspectives of pain clinic leader using that DL-Hybrid framework and organized to characterize three output domains: 1) infrastructure utilization, 2) clinical service delivery and 3) education and research activities. The third section reports on semi-structured interviews with academic pain specialists using those instruments. Four participants were recruited from each of the three global cities (8 men and 4 women). Data was analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Krippendorffâ s thematic clustering was used to reveal themes within qualitative data. The three cities showed important differences in how the health system operated but pain specialist shared common training and professional goals and barriers. This qualitative survey provided insights into those goals and barriers. Similarities were observed across the three cities reflecting perhaps the fact that by definition global cities resemble each other economically. The biggest shared obstacle was a lack of resources for coordinating services and evaluating outputs as well as the lack of recognition of the significance of CNCP. The study highlights similarities and variation in perception of barriers. It demonstrates how a global cities lens and a systematic evaluation framework can reveal structural and process issues related to pain clinic outputs aimed at reducing the burden of chronic diseases such as chronic pain both locally and globally.	Ph.D.	health, infrastructure	3, 9
Lalani, Yasmin	McCready, Lance T.	"Somos Parte de la Solución": Women Activists' Knowledge of Gendered Risk and Their Educational Responses to HIV/AIDS in the Peruvian Amazon	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2013-11	This dissertation is a critical ethnography conducted in the Amazon jungle city of Iquitos, Peru--a city where sex work and sex tourism are becoming increasingly prevalent, and where AIDS cases in women are on the rise. In recent years, HIV positive and sex worker women activists in Iquitos have made significant strides to respond to the AIDS crisis through social movement organizing and educational outreach. This dissertation exposes the nuanced gender relations perspectives of HIV positive and sex worker women activists and underscores the importance of including these subjugated knowledges in solution-oriented discourses in HIV/AIDS education. I deployed a combination of gender relations and postcolonial feminist theories to pursue two lines of inquiry. First, I investigated HIV positive women and sex worker women activists' own understandings of gender relations and gender-related risk factors for HIV. Second, I explored the varied educational spaces that activist women produced to disseminate this knowledge to other affected populations and the wider public. Results show that women activists' collective organizing around their stigmatized identities positioned them to critically comment about how gender influences HIV risk for both women and men and also enabled them to encourage their stakeholders to re-think and re-learn gender in ways that would reduce their risk to HIV. As the title of this dissertation reads, women activists asserted that they are "part of the solution" to combat HIV/AIDS in Peru. My dissertation shows that "activist knowledge" is critical to re-conceptualize the ways that local expressions of masculinities, femininities and gender relations are taken up in HIV/AIDS education initiatives.	PhD	gender, women	5
Lamb, Danielle K.	Gunderson, Morley	Topics in Canadian Aboriginal Earnings, Employment and Education: An Empirical Analysis	Industrial Relations and Human Resources	2012-06	This dissertation is divided into three main components that each relate to the socioeconomic wellbeing of Aboriginal peoples in the Canadian labour market. Specifically, using data from the master file of the Canadian census for the years 1996, 2001 and 2006, the first section examines the wage differential for various Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal groups, including a comparison of those living on-and-off-reserves. The study finds that, while a sizeable wage gap between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal persons still exists, this disparity has narrowed over the three census periods for those living off-reserve. The Aboriginal-non-Aboriginal wage differential is largest among the on-reserve population and this gap has remained relatively constant over the three census periods considered in the study. The second study in the dissertation uses data from the master file of the Canadian Labour Force Survey for 2008 and 2009 to estimate the probability that an individual is a labour force participant, and, conditional on labour force participation, the probability that a respondent is unemployed, comparing several Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal groups. The results reveal that Aboriginal men and women have lower rates of labour force participation and higher rates or unemployment in both periods as compared to their non-Aboriginal counterparts. Aboriginal peoples were also disproportionately burdened by a slowdown in economic activity as measured by a change in the probability of unemployment moving from 2008 to 2009, as compared to non-Aboriginal people, who experienced a smaller increase in the probability of unemployment moving from a period of positive to negative economic growth. Finally, the third study examines the probability of high school dropout comparing Aboriginal peoples living on-and-off-reserve using data from the master file of the Aboriginal Peoples Survey for 2001. The findings reveal dramatically higher rates of dropout among Aboriginal people living on-reserve as compared to those living off-reserve. Limitations of all three studies as well as some possible directions of future research related to similar issues concerning Canada’s Aboriginal population are discussed in the concluding chapter of the dissertation.	PhD	socioeconomic, employment, economic growth, labour	1, 8
Lambersky, John Joseph	Blair, Mascall	Understanding the Human Side of School Leadership: Improving Teacher Morale, Efiicacy, Motivation and Commitment	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2014-11	Finding a clear connection between principal actions and student achievement has proved remarkably difficult for educational researchers. Recently, a strong base of evidence has emerged suggesting that principals working indirectly through their teaching faculties can lead to improved student achievement. What constitutes the most effective sort of humanistic and supportive leadership - how exactly principals might lead more effectively through others - has become the research agenda. Recent empirical work illustrates that principals who lead through humanistic approaches can have a positive impact on student achievement in their schools. But what is not clearly known is exactly what `leading with teacher emotions in mind' might actually look like; how can leaders ensure that faculty are emotionally well-served, possessed of a sense of efficacy, and committed to classroom success? The purpose of this qualitative research study was to understand the effects principals have on teacher emotions. What do teachers themselves report leaders do that improves teacher morale, commitment, and efficacy? To the extent that these questions retrace some of the emerging work of the field, they are confirmatory; to the extent that they elicit new responses, they are exploratory.The research was based on interviews of 20 teachers working in secondary schools in Southern Ontario, Canada. Teachers reported that principal behaviours were central to their emotions, and often shaped their morale, efficacy, stress, commitment, and motivation. Key principal behaviours include: showing professional respect for teachers; encouraging and acknowledging teacher effort and results; providing appropriate protection; being seen; allowing teacher voice; and communicating principal vision. The thesis concluded that these behaviours suggest a natural path for school principals to work through the teachers in their school, and represent a meaningful indirect impact of leadership. Further research was recommended to establish the effect size of these principal behaviours, and determine if they apply across jurisdictions, school settings, and different age panels.	Ph.D.	educat	4
Lamothe, Karl Andrew	Jackson, Donald A||Somers, Keith M	Quantifying the Resistance and Resilience of Freshwater Ecosystems to Anthropogenic Disturbance	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2017-11	As many as 2 million lakes are estimated to be in Canada that provide beneficial ecosystem services to society such as clean drinking water and freshwater fisheries. However, anthropogenic disturbances on the landscape threaten the delivery of these services and pose questions regarding the maintenance of lake systems to future change. Understanding and quantifying the resistance and resilience of lake systems to disturbance is therefore a priority. The objectives of this thesis are to: 1) develop a quantitative framework for characterizing the resistance and resilience of ecosystems to disturbance; and, 2) quantify the relative resistance and resilience of freshwater lakes in Ontario to anthropogenic disturbance. I begin with a simulation study to demonstrate how distance-based measures in ordination space can provide a framework for characterizing the relative resistance and resilience of systems to disturbance. I then apply the distance-based approach to long-term monitoring data of crustacean zooplankton communities and associated water chemistry data from 19 lakes in Ontario subjected to varying levels of acidification. I show that most zooplankton communities lack resistance to change over time, whether affected by acidification or not, and that water chemistry is changing among all the lakes studied. Finally, I approach resilience from a functional diversity perspective and quantify the functional redundancy of Ontario lake fish communities across the province and relate these patterns to biogeographic and environmental variables. My results demonstrate patterns of redundancy among freshwater fish communities provincially, however, these patterns varied regionally. Overall, this body of work provides a multidimensional approach for characterizing the resistance and resilience of freshwater ecosystems to anthropogenic disturbance that can be applied across systems (e.g., terrestrial, marine, freshwater) and scales (e.g., species, community, ecosystem).	Ph.D.	water, urban, resilien, environment, marine	11, 13, 14
Landon, Rocky	Restoule, Jean-Paul	We Can Do It (Education) Better: An Examination of Four Secondary School Approaches for Aboriginal Students in Northwestern Ontario	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2012-11	The following study is an exercise in understanding how educators can improve their professional practice in terms of addressing the needs of Aboriginal high school students. The study was delimited to four different high schools in Northwestern Ontario in order to develop a broader understanding of best practices used by various school communities. Interviews were conducted with students and educational professionals such as teachers, administrators, guidance personnel and school board members. The study was completed over a period of one week, where one day was spent in each school completing interviews. This study is unique in two ways: it presents the voices of secondary school educators (which had scarcely been reported or heard in the academic community) outlining the direction in which Aboriginal education should go and secondly, as a researcher I attempted to use the medicine wheel as a model for completing and conducting research. There were a number of findings that appeared through the interviews. Teachers and administrators agreed that in order for Aboriginal students to succeed they needed to have involved parental support. It was important to teachers that parents take an active role in the educational life of their child. Additionally, it was acknowledged that First Nation communities were ideal settings for schooling of Aboriginal students as they were supported by family and community kinships. Yet in this study, it was also acknowledged that First Nation schools suffered financially in comparison to provincial schools. They were not able to provide programming comparable to provincial schools and iii were limited to a barebones program with compulsory courses being offered. In some cases, if students failed a course, they were not able to participate in the rest of the school program, until the course was re-taught in two years. Despite these shortcomings, students might do better in First Nation based schools if they were adequately funded with current resources and adequately compensated teachers. This study offers some suggestions on how to improve the practice of educating First Nation secondary students.	EDD	educat	4
Lane, Natasha Erin	Wodchis, Walter P	Determinants of Disability and Disablement in Ontario Long-term Care Residents	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2016-11	Purpose: Disability is difficulty with or dependence on others to conduct activities of daily living, such as bathing, eating and dressing; disablement is worsening disability measured over time. Among long-term care residents, disability and disablement lower quality of life and increase health care costs. Understanding the determinants of disability and disablement in this population is critical to guide clinical practice and accountability policies in long-term care homes. Methods: This thesis is theoretically grounded in the Disablement Process Model. It consists of a literature review and two retrospective studies done using Ontario health administrative data. Study 1 features a critical literature review and analytic framework of the determinants of disability and disablement in older adults. Study 2 examines the relative effect of long-term care home versus resident characteristics in explaining residentsâ disability. Study 3 focuses on the association between disability and geriatric syndromes present at admission and disablement experienced by long-term care residents over time. Hierarchical linear regression models were used in both Studies 2 and 3. Implications: The conceptually-grounded, evidence-based analytic framework from Study 1 can be used to advance future research on disability and disablement in older adults, whether or not they live in the community or long-term care. Study 2 demonstrates that the majority of variation in disability among Ontario long-term care home residents is explained by residentsâ geriatric syndromes, not characteristics of the homes in which they live. Study 3 shows that residents with lower disability at admission become disabled more rapidly over the course of their stay; our exploration of possible mechanisms for this finding is relevant to frontline providers and researchers alike.	Ph.D.	health	3
Lang, Tim	Kennedy, Christopher	Quantitatively Assessing the Role of Higher Education in Global Sustainability	Civil Engineering	2016-06	Three analytical methods are used to examine three primary questions to address an observed scarcity of literature that quantitatively and empirically assesses the role of higher education in global sustainability. Linear regression is used to assess correlations between institutional environmental impacts and campus initiatives; environmentally-extended input-output analysis is used to assess the global operational footprint of higher education; and the IPAT framework and integrated assessment modeling are used to assess the influence of higher education on global systems. Despite limitations - most notably that current data availability impedes the isolation of higher education from education more broadly - the results support the following conclusions. 1) There are no meaningful correlations between campus sustainability initiatives and direct environmental impacts, though many initiatives are admittedly not aimed at reducing direct impacts. 2) The fraction of overall human ecological footprint attributable to higher education is too minor for its management to play a transformative role in achieving global sustainability, but managing it to lead by example could be more so. 3) Higher education influences global sustainability most significantly by contributing to the education driven fertility mechanism, and possibly by promoting technological change, though the magnitude and exact mechanisms of the latter relationship are uncertain.	Ph.D.	educat, environment, institution	4, 13, 16
Langen, Nicholas Steven Reed	Roach, Kent	The Compatibility of Human Rights Remedies with the Rule of Law: An Analysis of Rights Remedies in Canada and the United Kingdom, and Their Compatibility with the Rule of Law	Law	2017-11	This thesis analyses the development of human rights remedies in Canada and the United Kingdom in the context of two controversial rights issues, euthanasia and prisoner voting. It argues that the development of rights remedies in both jurisdictions has been done in a manner which is incompatible with the rule of law, and as such, creates the risk that individuals will be denied effective protection of their rights, either temporarily or permanently. It proposes a new framework for rights remedies, which ensures the immediate and effective correcting of rights violations, whilst providing a mechanism for engagement with the legislature, ensuring that the any judicial development of policy is constrained by legislative oversight, and ultimately subject to legislative amendment.	LL.M.	rights	16
Lapeyre, Jaime Patricia	Nelson, Sioban	"The idea of better nursing": The American Battle for Control over Standards of Nursing Education in Europe, 1918–1925	Nursing Science	2013-11	In the midst of the progressive era, American nursing and medical education witnessed tremendous reform. The increase in the number of hospitals during the early twentieth century brought a growing demand for nurses and led to varying standards in admissions and education within hospital training schools. In addition, the rise of the field of public health led to a campaign by a number of American nurse leaders to reform nursing education. This campaign included: the formation of several national professional organizations; gaining the support of prominent medical officials, including those close to the Rockefeller Foundation, an influential philanthropic organization; and successfully arguing against the sending of public health nurses overseas during the First World War. Although these steps were taken prior to the end of the war, the period immediately following the war, and the 1918 pandemic spread of influenza, provided fertile ground for reopening discussions regarding nursing education both nationally and internationally. Following the war, the involvement of numerous American-backed organizations, including the Rockefeller Foundation (RF), the League of Red Cross Societies (LRCS), and the American Red Cross (ARC), in the training of nurses in Europe highlighted the numerous and conflicting ideals of American nurses in regards to nursing education during this period. In particular, those who had campaigned for the training of public health nurses in the USA — led primarily by the formidable nurse Annie Goodrich — voiced differing ideals for the training of nurses than those American nurses who led the work of the RF, the LRCS and the ARC in Europe following the war. It will be argued here that, contrary to earlier theses that have suggested the spread of a singular “American gospel” of public health nursing education, in fact there were several hotly contested ideas being conveyed in Europe by several different American individuals and organizations at this time. In particular, the RF’s support of two opposing ideals — that of their own nursing representative, Elisabeth Crowell in Europe, and that of Goodrich in the USA — heightened this conflict. The eventual success of one set of these ideas depended on the alignment of congruent ideals in the training of health care professionals with influential individuals and organizations. Furthermore, this dissertation suggests that the outcome of this debate influenced the future direction of nursing education in both Europe and North America.	PhD	health	3
Latulippe, Nicole	McGregor, Deborah	Belonging to Lake Nipissing: Knowledge, Governance, and Human-Fish Relations	Geography	2017-11	Fishing constitutes an essential relation through which Nipissing peoples belong to Lake Nipissing. Belonging in and through human-fish relations is an affective, embodied, and dynamic relation. It is a reciprocal relation that expresses an Anishinaabe cosmology and rich knowledge and governance traditions. The diverse ways that Nipissing peoples belong to the lake are not represented in provincial fisheries policy and dominant epistemic frameworks; on the contrary, current provisions for Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge, ecosystem-based management, and Aboriginal partnerships preserve what Douglas Harris calls the legal capture of fish. In this dissertation, I write beyond the question of how Indigenous Knowledge Systems can improve Canadian fisheries management to center the diverse ways that Nipissing peoples value fish, know the lake, and enact their laws. Theorizing with difference, with that which seems contradictory and fragmented, my research performs important bridging work. Drawing on Nipissing and Anishinaabe theories and embodiments of power, change and transformation, my work seeks to interpret the efforts by Nipissing First Nation members to maintain relations with a hotly contested resource in a deeply challenging historio-legal environment.	Ph.D.	environment, fish, governance	13, 14, 16
Laurence, Marion Lorraine Bowlby	Bertoldi, Nancy||Bernstein, Steven	Reinventing Impartiality: Norm and Practice Change in United Nations Peace Operations	Political Science	2019-06	This thesis investigates changes in how the norm of impartiality is interpreted on a day-to-day basis in United Nations peacekeeping operations. Historically, peacekeepers remained impartial by serving as passive observers, distancing themselves from ideological disputes, and minimizing involvement in the domestic affairs of host states. Yet practices on the ground have changed dramatically in the last two decades. Today, UN personnel routinely take sides, use force, and engage in practices that are ideologically prescriptive. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), for example, UN troops conduct ‘targeted offensive operations’ against non-state armed groups. Critics argue that these activities violate the norm of impartiality. This criticism elicits a puzzling response from many UN officials: they downplay the novelty of new practices, insisting that are still perfectly impartial. I study this disjuncture between a longstanding norm and practices on the ground by asking how new ways of being ‘impartial’ emerge, spread, and become institutionalized in UN peace operations. To answer this question, I combine insights from the literature on international norms – especially theories of norm contestation – with newer scholarship from the ‘practice turn’ in international relations. Drawing on evidence from Sierra Leone, the DRC, Côte d’Ivoire, and UN headquarters in New York, I argue that new practices emerge through two distinct processes: innovation and improvisation. The former involves conscious reflection, while the latter occurs when practitioners make a series of unconscious, incremental adjustments to existing practices. New practices then spread through vertical, horizontal, and what I call ‘managed’ learning as communities of peacekeepers embrace new standards for judging competence. Finally, I show that the institutionalization of new practices remains very uneven. This variation largely depends on the wider social environment and the degree to which new practices resonate with existing norms and overarching ‘webs’ of practices.	Ph.D.	peace	16
Lavecchia, Adam Michael	Kroft, Kory	Essays in Public Economics	Economics	2017-11	The first chapter sheds new light on the desirability of the minimum wage in the presence of optimal income taxation. Using a search-and-matching framework, I derive a novel condition that links the desirability of the minimum wage to three sufficient statistics: (1) the macro labor force participation response to the minimum wage by low skilled individuals; (2) the macro employment response to the minimum wage for low-skilled individuals; and (3) the welfare weight on low-skilled workers. This condition shows that the minimum wage is welfare improving if it pushes the labor market tightness – the ratio of the aggregate number of vacancies to low-skilled job seekers – closer to its efficient level. I estimate the first two sufficient statistics using an event study design, as well as state and federal minimum wage variation between 1979-2014. I estimate a macro participation elasticity of -0.24 and a macro employment elasticity of -0.32. With these estimates in hand, I simulate the welfare gains from introducing a minimum wage. The second chapter studies the effect of raising contribution limits on retirement saving by exploiting the ‘catch-up limit’ provision, a rule which allows those over the age of 50 to make higher IRA and 401(k) contributions than those under 50. Using a regression discontinuity design, I find that eligibility for ‘catch-up limits’ leads to a large increase in total tax-deferred contributions for those without access to a 401(k) plan. This is driven by a 25 percent increase in average IRA contributions and a 21 percent increase in the likelihood of making an IRA contribution, with no significant effects on overall 401(k) contributions. The findings suggest that, contrary to the neoclassical life-cycle model, the response to eligibility for ‘catch-up limits’ was not limited to constrained savers. The final chapter, joint with Michael Smart, studies the savings effect of Canadian Tax-Free Savings Account (TFSAs). Using a new instrumental variables strategy, we whether TFSA balances crowd-out saving in taxable financial assets and traditional tax-deferred plans. We find that TFSA balances crowd-out saving in taxable fixed income assets and have no statistically significant effect on balances in tax-deferred accounts.	Ph.D.	employment, wage	8
Lawrie, Paul	Bender, Daniel ||Halpern, Rick	"To Make the Negro Anew"; The African American Worker in the Progressive Imagination 1896-1928	History	2011-06	This dissertation examines how progressive era social scientists thought about African American workers and their place in the nation’s industrial past, present, and future.Progressives across the color line drew on a common discourse of industrial evolution that linked racial development with labor fitness. Evolutionary science merged with scientific management to create new taxonomies of racial labor fitness. I chart this process from turn of the century actuarial science which defined African Americans as a dying race, to wartime mental and physical testing that acknowledged the Negro as a vital -albeit inferior- part of the nation’s industrial workforce. During this period, African Americans struggled to prove their worth on the shop-floor, the battlefield, and the academy. This thesis contends that the modern Negro type- African Americans as objects of social scientific inquiry- which came of age in the post-World War Two era, was born in the draft boards, factories, trenches, hospitals, and university classrooms of the Progressive Era.	PhD	worker, industr	8, 9
Lee, Byron Y. S.	Gunderson, Morley	Three Essays on Total Returns to the Employment Relationship	Industrial Relations and Human Resources	2011-06	This dissertation examines the total returns to the employment relationship from a variety of perspectives. In the first chapter, I examine different forms of training and study its influence on individual turnover. My second chapter examines the impact of mandatory volunteer/work experience in high school on the employment and wage decisions of youths. In my final chapter, I examine flexible work hours as a moderator in the relationship between workplace strategy and organizational performance. The first chapter highlights the importance of the type of training provided to the employee in order to avoid voluntary turnover. I compare the impact of institutional training compared to course training on voluntary turnover. Estimates indicate that employees who receive course training are more likely to leave the firm for another job, while employees who receive institutional training are more likely to stay with the firm. The results indicate that different types of training have differential impacts on the employee’s turnover decision. The second chapter utilizes a provincial policy reform that requires either working at a paid job or volunteering as a mandatory high school graduation requirement and examines its impact on employment outcomes. I propose that this reform causes a change in the perceptions of work by individuals which may lead them to sacrifice income for an altruistic purpose. In addition, the low quality of jobs found working or volunteering in high school may result in a distaste for work and hence provide motivation for enrolling in post-secondary education. The empirical results support this argument as the reform resulted in an increased likelihood of high school graduates to pursue post-secondary education, while those who entered the labour force had a lower probability of employment and lower wages. The final chapter examines the generalizeable conditions under which flexible work schedules are beneficial to firm performance. I find that flextime is not a best practice that is applicable across all firm environments. Instead, flextime only increases profitability when implemented within a workforce strategy focused on employees. Conversely, flextime when implemented with a cost-reduction strategy has detrimental effects on firm profits.	PhD	employment, labour, wage	8
Lee, Holly	Mabury, Scott A.	Environmental Chemistry of Commercial Fluorinated Surfactants: Transport, Fate, and Source of Perfluoroalkyl Acid Contamination in the Environment	Chemistry	2013-06	Perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkane sulfonates (PFSAs)are anthropogenic fluorinated surfactants that have been detected in almost every environmental compartment studied, yet their production and applications are far outweighed by those of other higher molecular weight fluorinated surfactants used in commerce. These fluorinated surfactants are widely incorporated in commercial products, yet their post-application fate has not been extensively studied. This thesis examines various biological and environmental processes involved in the fate of these surfactants upon consumer disposal. Specific focus was directed towards the environmental chemistry of polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs), perfluoroalkyl phosphonates (PFPAs), and perfluoroalkyl phosphinates (PFPiAs), and their potential roles as sources of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in the environment. PAPs are established biological precursors of PFCAs, while PFPAs and PFPiAs are newly discovered PFAAs in the environment. Incubation with wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) microbes demonstrated the ability of PAPs to yield both fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), which are established precursors of PFCAs, and the corresponding PFCAs themselves. WWTP biosolids-applied soil-plant microcosms revealed that PAPs can significantly accumulate in plants along with their degradation metabolites. This has implications for potential wildlife and human exposure through the consumption of plants grown and/or livestock raised on farmlands that have been amended with contaminated biosolids. A number of compound-and environmental-specific factors were observed to significantly influence the partitioning of PFPAs and PFPiAs between aqueous media and soil, as well as, aquatic biota during sorption and bioaccumulation experiments respectively. In both processes, PFPAs were primarily observed in the aqueous phase, while PFPiAs predominated in soil and biological tissues, consistent with the few environmental observations of these chemicals made to date. Detection of the PAP diesters (diPAPs), PFPiAs, and fluorotelomer sulfonates (FTSAs),all of which are used commercially, in human sera is evidence of human exposure to commercial fluorinated products, but the pathways by which this exposure occurs remain widely debated. Overall, this work presents novel findings on the environmental fate of commercial fluorinated surfactants and each of the process studied shows a clear link between the use of commercial products and the fluorochemical burden currently observed in the environment.	PhD	consum, production, environment	12, 13
Lee, Jack Tsung-Ying	Hayhoe, Ruth	Education Hubs in the Making: Policy Rationales and International Relations	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2014-06	Since the late 1990s, several governments worldwide have launched initiatives to transform their countries into education hubs in order to attract large numbers of foreign students, scholars, education providers, research institutes, and multinational companies. While many observers consider these initiatives as entrepreneurial projects typical of cross-border education, a proper analysis demands a closer examination of the multiple realities of education hub development and their implementation challenges. This thesis investigates the development of Malaysia, Singapore, and Hong Kong as education hubs. The research examines national initiatives as well as those that are specific to an economic zone (EduCity Iskandar) and a discipline (Islamic finance education hub). What are the rationales driving the development of theses education hubs? What patterns of engagement are evident as these societies forge regional and international ties through higher education? Through policy document analysis and interviews with 36 policymakers and 42 context informants, this study has identified four key rationales: 1) economic benefits, 2) talent development, 3) educational capacity, and 4) soft power. Each rationale generates specific policy objectives and implementation strategies. While Malaysia is keen to generate revenue through student fees and improve its quality of education by injecting competition, Singapore is eager to commercialize research innovations and develop talent in all forms (local, foreign, and diaspora). In contrast, Hong Kong remains skeptical of the economic benefits of an education industry and instead emphasizes talent development while cultivating local institutions. All three societies also aim to exert influence regionally and internationally though ties based on cultural heritage or networks with leading experts (i.e., soft power). These efforts meld a realist approach to international relations with neoliberalism and social constructivism. Nevertheless, serious contextual factors such as the prevailing political climate, deepening ethnic divisions, and the lack of academic freedom present challenges to the development of education hubs.	PhD	institution	16
Lee, Susan S.	Titchkosky, Tanya	Disability, Underemployment and Social Change	Humanities, Social Sciences and Social Justice Education	2013-11	Informed by the disciplines of disability studies and interpretive sociology, and using the social model of disability and the collective identity model, this dissertation pursues an investigation of underemployment. Underemployment, conceptualized as the underutilized skills and knowledge of the employed and unemployed, occurs at higher levels amongst disabled persons than among non-disabled people (Canada, 2009). Semi-structured interviews with 14 underemployed disabled people conducted, to investigate the experiences of disabled persons who worked in the fields of education, computer, healthcare, fitness, environment, travel, social work, government and non-government agencies. In addition, Canadian social policies were analyzed to address the research questions: 1) How do disabled workers understand and address experiences of underemployment? 2) How do organizations and social policies account for underemployment amongst disabled persons? 3) How can practices which acknowledge and enhance collective identity be used to address underemployment and advance the disability movement? 4) How can underemployment amongst disabled persons be addressed at the organizational level? The texts of these narratives and Canadian social policies were analyzed using a critical interpretative textual analysis approach. The analysis demonstrates the depths of the negative consequences of high levels of underemployment resulting from structural, environmental and attitudinal barriers. Such consequences include lack of opportunities for recognition, compensation, promotion, accommodations, and career fulfillment, as well as poor mental, physical, emotional and social health. This research study is unique as it reveals the struggles that disabled persons experienced in work contexts, their narratives of resistance, and their recommendations for socio-political change to build more inclusive work environments	PhD	inclusive, employment, worker	4, 8
Lee, Theresa Min-Hyung	Tu, Karen||Gershon, Andrea S	Using Electronic Medical Records to Assess and Improve Primary Care Physicians’ Performance of Chronic Disease Management in Ontario	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2020-06	Through five original studies, this thesis studies if and how electronic medical records (EMRs) can be used meaningfully to target improvements in chronic disease management in primary care practices in Ontario. The thesis answers four areas concerning primary care EMRs. First, it identifies if EMRs can be used to accurately identify patients with chronic disease (COPD). Second, it studies if EMR systems can measure primary care physicians’ adherence to clinical practice guidelines for patients with respiratory or cardiovascular diseases (CVD) or risk. Third it looks at if EMRs can be used to assess provider or patient characteristics that are associated with the provision or receipt of guideline adherent care respiratory or vascular disease management. Finally, this thesis examines the barriers to and facilitators for the adoption and routine use of EMR tools designed to increase guideline-adherence in primary care. Identifying patients with certain conditions is essential to target quality improvement initiatives and audit current performance. The thesis demonstrates that EMRs could be used to accurately identify patients with COPD. Aspects of chronic disease care, namely primary care physicians’ adherence to clinical practice guidelines and quality indicators for CVD and COPD are possible to measure when they are quantifiable or coded in semi-structured or structured formats in the EMR. It is possible to link EMR data to external data sources to investigate if there are provider or patient characteristics associated with meeting the quality indicator criteria (including the effects of health service utilization data, socioeconomic data and clinical data). This thesis provides insight into important considerations for building a quality improvement intervention using EMR data as a platform or data source by identifying key barriers to, and facilitators for the adoption of EMR-based tools designed to increase guideline-adherence in primary care. We identified key limitations to using EMR data to measure primary care quality, which would be important to consider in future efforts to use EMRs for primary care quality improvement and performance management. It is essential that policymakers take into consideration sociotechnical aspects of the healthcare system and delivery when considering the use of EMRs for quality improvement.	Ph.D.	health	3
Lefevre, Kara Lynn	Rodd, F. Helen	The Influence of Human Disturbance on Avian Frugivory and Seed Dispersal in a Neotropical Rainforest	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2008-06	Habitat loss and disturbance due to human activity are major causes of global biodiversity decline. Beyond outright species loss, one potential outcome is modification of species interactions that are integral to ecosystem functioning. To investigate this possibility, I asked whether human activity influences avian frugivory and seed dispersal, bird-fruit interactions that facilitate plant reproduction. On Tobago (West Indies), I compared patterns of frugivory in three adjacent rainforest habitats along a gradient of increasing disturbance: primary forest in a reserve, unprotected intermediate forest outside the reserve, and nearby forest that was moderately disturbed by subsistence resource use. I assessed plant and bird community composition, seedling species, fruit removal, and bird fecal samples, to estimate human effects on seed dispersal and plant recruitment in this ecosystem. Disturbed forest had different species assemblages than primary forest, characterized by more light-demanding plants, more birds, and a shift in the relative abundance of avian feeding guilds: insectivores and frugivores declined, while nectarivores and omnivores increased. Canopy cover declined with disturbance; along with plant abundance, this explained much of the variation in bird species composition. The rate of avian fruit consumption in removal experiments varied considerably but tended to be highest in primary forest. Fecal samples showed that fruit composition of avian diets also varied with disturbance; birds captured in disturbed forest consumed more seeds from light-demanding plants. Seeds in the samples provided evidence of some seed transfer between habitats—from disturbed forest into the reserve and vice versa. Seedling composition was consistent with plant species fruiting in the same study plots, and illustrated some successful recruitment of light-demanding plants in primary forest and shade-tolerant plants in disturbed forest. Notably, the plant community of intermediate forest was more similar to disturbed than primary forest. This suggests that habitat adjacent to areas of human activity can be susceptible to ecological change, even though it does not experience the same direct disturbance. In summary, the unprotected portion of Tobago’s rainforest has a markedly different plant and bird community than the forest reserve, and my results indicate that avian frugivory and seed dispersal can be influenced by moderate human activity.	PhD	conserv, urban, forest, biodiversity	11, 15
Legge, Robyn	Piran, Niva	As the Body Unfolds: Examining Girls’ Changing Experiences with the Socially Constructed Labels ‘Tomboy’ and ‘Girly Girl’	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2011-11	This study explored the lived experiences of girls with the socially constructed labels ‘tomboy’ and ‘girly girl’. Using a prospective, life history, qualitative methodology, girls between the ages of nine to fourteen years old were interviewed up to four times over five years for an extensive embodiment project. The present study investigated girls’ narratives of the ‘tomboy’/ ‘girly girl’ dichotomy to deepen an understanding of how gender discourses affect how girls learn to live in their bodies. A total of 87 interviews were collected from 27 girls representing diverse social and cultural backgrounds as well as different urban and rural Canadian locations. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed for themes using the constant comparison method from Grounded Theory. Examining the data from a feminist poststructuralist theoretical approach, three main dimensions emerged that described these girls’ experiences of living with these labels from childhood through adolescence. The first dimension described the shared cultural stereotypes of the ‘tomboy’ and ‘girly girl’ labels. The second dimension delineated the social outcomes in terms of the privileges and consequences associated with each label in childhood and in adolescence. The third dimension highlighted girls own negotiated self experiences and identities in relation to this gender dichotomy. Through its prospective design, this research uniquely delineated the complex range of experiences girls have within gender discourses and explored how labels work to control and restrict girls’ freedom to stay connected to their self and body.	PhD	gender	5
LeGrow, Karen Suzanne	Hodnett, Ellen	A Feasibility Study of a Bourdieu-informed Parent Briefing Intervention to Improve Parents' Satisfaction with Decision Making for Hospitalized Children with Complex Health Care Needs	Nursing Science	2011-11	Children with complex health problems who are dependent upon medical technology require frequent hospitalizations, during which parents must make difficult decisions regarding their child’s care. Although principles of “family-centred care” have been widely adopted by paediatric hospitals, studies indicate that many parents are dissatisfied with their roles in decisions about their child’s care. Pierre Bourdieu’s Logic of Practice, specifically his concepts of field, capital, and habitus, as they relate to cultural and symbolic capital within the field of pediatric medicine, were used to guide the design of a parent briefing intervention aimed at improving parents’ satisfaction with decision making. Briefings were conducted during daily hospital rounds. Physicians and nurses were asked to sit while using a checklist as a communication guide. A two-part study was conducted to determine feasibility of a randomized controlled trial of a parent briefing. One component was a psychometric evaluation of an instrument to measure parents’ satisfaction with decision making. The other was a phase I single group, post-test study of the parent briefing. Eighty-two parents of children admitted to an in-patient unit in a large metropolitan pediatric health centre, with an expected length of stay ≥ 3 days, completed the Family Satisfaction with Decision Making (FS/DM) subscale and the Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS) prior to discharge. A subgroup of parents participated in the parent briefing study. The Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient of the FS/DM was 0.87, and it was inversely correlated with the DCS (r2= -0.635, p<0.0001). Eighteen physicians, 25 nurses, and 31 parents participated in the phase I trial of the briefing intervention. Sixty-eight out of an expected 93 briefings were carried out as per study protocol. Nineteen parents did not receive the required “dose” of the study intervention. Mean time to complete the intervention was 11.9 minutes (SD = 6.9). Parents and nurses rated the acceptability and usefulness of the intervention favourably, whereas physicians’ ratings were mixed. The FS/DM instrument is a suitable primary outcome measure for an RCT. However, more work needs to be done, to ensure the feasibility of the intervention, including more intensive clinician training.	PhD	health	3
Lemphers, Nathan	Bernstein, Steven	Beyond the Carbon Curse: a Study of the Governance Foundations of Climate Change Politics in Australia, Canada and Norway	Political Science	2020-06	Without risking hyperbole, climate change is the greatest political challenge humanity has ever faced. The world must achieve net-zero emissions by mid-century if the most catastrophic damage is to be avoided. The prospect of environmental transformation is most remote for major fossil fuel-exporting countries. Yet amongst the world’s largest exporters of carbon, three countries are more likely to make a transition: Australia, Canada and Norway. Across these three countries, significant climate policy variation exists. Norway developed an early, broad, diverse and durable suite of climate policies compared to Australia and Canada. In this dissertation, I explain the climate policy variation of these three countries and why responses from sympathetic governments were able to make headway and entrench policies in some cases but not others. A novel analytical framework is created to explain these outcomes using within-case process tracing and a comparative case study. Data is obtained largely through interviews with 124 informants and primary document analysis. My central finding is that the governance foundations of climate policy are critical in explaining climate policy. State strength matters. A strong and democratic state has the potential to assuage the political risk facing economic and regime elites from climate policy. It can restructure policy networks to empower civil society so that transformative climate policy is more likely to be announced and implemented. State strength can explain why switching governments in Australia and to some degree in Canada, as opposed to Norway, meant slow shifts and easy reversal. This dissertation contributes in several ways to the scholarship on comparative environmental politics and green state political theory. First, it foregrounds the role of the state in comparative environmental politics by emphasizing the unique and critical role that states play in providing the governance foundations needed to domestically decarbonize. Second, it theorizes linkages that can reconcile the green state literature with the economic growth imperative and the biogeochemical limits of the planet. Lastly, it provides theoretical insights into the transformative and democratic role of the strong state in addressing climate change by stressing inclusivity throughout the policymaking process.	Ph.D.	economic growth, climate, environment, governance	8, 13, 16
Lennon, Mary Catharine	Jones, Glen A	In Search of Quality: Evaluating the Impact of Learning Outcomes Policies in Higher Education Regulation	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2016-06	This study presents evidence on the impact of learning outcomes policies in quality enhancement and accountability in higher education regulation. The purpose of this research was to determine how learning outcomes polices are being used in regulatory schemes, and what (if any) impact the policies have had. In order to answer these two questions the research employed and then triangulated findings from a survey, case study analyses, and meta-evaluation research methods. Seventy-four regulatory agencies participated in a global survey, providing insight on the policy trends in articulating, incorporating and measuring learning outcomes. A primary aim of the survey was to identify policy evaluations that had taken place. While few policy evaluations were reported, the survey findings show a substantial difference in the impressions of impact and the research findings on impact. Nine policy evaluations uncovered through the global survey were analysed and coded as cases studies. The case studies determine positive, neutral or negative implications of the policies, and also provide qualitative insight into operational challenges leading to policy success or failures. The coded case studies were then pooled into a meta-evaluation to uncover the relative impact of policies. When analysed in a meta-evaluation, the results of existing research show learning outcomes policies are having limited impact. When triangulated, findings from the three research methods confirm the limited impact of learning outcomes policies and also reveal possible reasons for failures. One explanation is that the policies are poorly designed (being misaligned, misapplied, or misdirected), and that rectifying the policy issues will produce positive change. Another reason is that the way the regulatory agencies operate is a hindrance to policy success: that their roles, goals, and spheres of power are incongruent with the desired impact of learning outcomes. The most significant finding from this study is the critical role of policy evaluation in higher education regulation in order to provide summative information on impact. In both the microcosm of learning outcomes cycles of ‘articulate, incorporate, measure’, and the macrocosm of the ‘formulate, implement, evaluate’ policy cycle, the value of closing the loop through evaluation is critical for success.	Ph.D.	educat	4
Lenon, Suzanne Judith	Razack, Sherene	A White Wedding? The Racial Politics of Same-sex Marriage in Canada	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2008-11	In A White Wedding? The Racial Politics of Same-Sex Marriage, I examine the inter-locking relations of power that constitute the lesbian/gay subject recognized by the Canadian nation-state as deserving of access to civil marriage. Through analysis of legal documents, Parliamentary and Senate debates, and interviews with lawyers, I argue that this lesbian/gay subject achieves intelligibility in the law by trading in on and shoring up the terms of racialized neo-liberal citizenship. I also argue that the victory of same-sex marriage is implicated in reproducing and securing a racialized Canadian national identity as well as a racialized civilizational logic, where “gay rights” are the newest manifestation of the modernity of the “West” in a post-9/11 historical context. By centring a critical race/queer conceptual framework, this research project follows the discursive practices of respectability, freedom and civility that circulate both widely and deeply in this legal struggle. I contend that in order to successfully shed its historical markers of degeneracy, the lesbian/gay subject must be constituted not as a sexed citizen but rather as a neoliberal citizen, one who is intimately tied to notions of privacy, property, autonomy and freedom of choice, and hence one who is racialized as white. The critical race/queer analytic also attends to the temporal and spatial registers framing this legal struggle that re-install various troubling racial hierarchies in a “gay rights” project often lauded as progressive. This analysis of the discursive terrain of same-sex marriage reveals the race shadow that lies at the heart of this equality-rights struggle. The conclusion of this thesis provides reflections for developing an ethics of activism that dislodges and resists the (re)production of racialized relations of power in lesbian and gay equality rights activism. In so doing, I seek to provoke, question and re-draw the landscape of our thinking, not only about same-sex marriage but also about the terms with which we conceive, articulate and practice racial and sexual justice.	PhD	equality, queer, rights	5, 16
Lesage-Landry, Antoine	Taylor, Joshua A	Online Optimization for Demand Response	Electrical and Computer Engineering	2019-11	Electric power systems are shifting away from conventional fuel-burning generation and moving towards renewable energy generation. Flexibility from energy storage and demand response is needed to accommodate the variability of renewable power sources. A key challenge to demand response is the uncertainty of loads. In this thesis, we design online optimization-based algorithms for demand response. Using the performance-guaranteed frameworks we develop, we can utilize flexible loads for demand response in real-time while accounting for uncertainty. We first design online convex optimization algorithms for power setpoint tracking with flexible loads. We deal with different types of feedback from the loads: full and limited feedback and two intermediary feedback levels. This is done to account for different plausible communication scenarios. We apply our approaches to thermostatically controlled loads and charging electric vehicles. We then formulate a two-level method for the energy management of multi-energy buildings. A scheduling level and a tracking level are utilized to leverage the building's several sources of flexibility for providing ancillary services while satisfying its different energy requirements. Next, we establish a predictive online convex optimization framework in which estimates about future rounds are used to improve the performance of online convex optimization algorithms. We apply this framework for frequency regulation and curtailment, and observe performance improvement over standard algorithms. Thereafter, we extend the multi-armed bandit framework to an instance where the number of arms to play evolves according to a wide-sense stochastic process. We use this extension to curtail flexible loads' power consumption in response to random power imbalance due to renewables. Our approaches rely only on algebraic operations and projections onto a compact and convex sets. They thus are computationally efficient and can be scaled up to very large numbers of loads for real-time decision making.	Ph.D.	energy, renewable	7
Lesch, Matthew	White, Linda A	Playing with Fiscal Fire: The Politics of Consumption Tax Reform	Political Science	2018-03	Drawing on the case of consumption tax reform, this thesis investigates the varying capacity of governments to enact and institutionalize “general-interest reforms” (Patashnik 2003). The study advances a two-stage theory of policy reform. The first part explains why some governments, in spite of the political risks, decide to pursue general-interest reforms. In this first stage, two variants of policy learning—rational learning and emulation—are proposed to explain policy uptake. The second stage of the theory builds on policy feedback scholarship (Pierson 1993; Mettler and SoRelle 2014), claiming that the durability of a reform hinges on policy design. It proposes that governments can prompt various policy feedback effects through policy design and communications. Such efforts can shape the political incentives and perceptions of interest groups, opposition parties and voters at key junctures in the policy process. The study illustrates the analytic value of this approach through two distinct but complementary empirical strategies. First, through comparative case analysis using mainly qualitative techniques of elite interviews and document analysis, it compares the varying experiences of two Canadian provincial governments—Ontario and British Columbia (BC)—with value-added tax (VAT) reform. While each government chose to pursue VAT reform in the late 2000s, only in the case of Ontario was it successfully implemented while the BC government was forced to reverse its policy decision. Second, through a series of survey experiments, the study tests whether issue framing and policy design can shape mass receptivity to various tax reforms (e.g., carbon, sales and income taxes). The findings from the case studies as well as the survey experiments provide novel insights into the importance of policy design. The study holds important implications for our broader understanding of the mechanisms underpinning policy change and stability.	Ph.D.	consum, institution	12, 16
Leslie, Kathleen	Nelson, Sioban	Balancing Tensions in Regulatory Reform: Changes to Regulation of Health Professions in Australia, the United Kingdom, and Ontario, Canada	Nursing Science	2017-06	Regulation of health professions is a dynamic field that continues to cause strife among policy, government, and regulatory actors. At the heart of these debates is the question of how to balance the potentially conflicting policy tensions in the regulatory agenda: professional versus public interests, transparency versus privacy, and accountability versus autonomy. In recent years, the balance of these tensions has shifted in many jurisdictions through legislative reform, impacting the relationship between governments and health profession regulators. This changing balance and the factors and forces behind it were examined using a qualitative multiple case study research design of Australia, the United Kingdom, and Ontario, Canada. In Australia, the struggle between striving for national uniformity while still achieving adequate accountability was dominant after the enactment of a nationally coordinated regulatory scheme and subsequent state-based deviations. In the United Kingdom, the balance between autonomy for regulators and legislated consistency was contentious following the creation of a powerful meta-regulator and the elimination of elected professional majorities on regulatory bodies. Reform in Ontario was more incremental, with continued adherence to elements of traditional self-regulation, including professional majorities on governing councils of regulators and considerable delegated power for these professional regulators. Despite this, the nature of health profession self-regulation in Ontario has been altered through enhanced government oversight powers, heightened accountability and transparency requirements, and constrained discretion for regulatory bodies. The level of autonomy and freedom from state intrusion that self-regulated health professions previously enjoyed are unlikely to be seen in Ontario again. It is clear there is no panacea for perceived problems in regulation of the health professions. Reform agendas were coloured by the modern political, legal, and social context of each jurisdiction. These findings help elucidate the different policy tensions that have informed the reform. Certain values are gaining greater traction in each regulatory framework, including the importance of transparency and collaboration, the need to balance regulatory force to ensure economic viability, the utility of articulating regulatory principles, and the necessity of sustaining governmental and societal confidence in the ability to do what regulation of health professions is supposed to: protect the public.	Ph.D.	health	3
Leslie, Susannah Rose	Brunnée, Jutta R	No Emissions Trading Scheme is an Island: Building a Global Linking Agreement from the "Bottom Up"	Law	2014-11	The global climate change regime is at a crossroads. There remains little prospect states will agree to urgently needed binding commitments through a "top down" climate agreement, but the ability of national and sub-national policies to produce sufficient emission reductions in its place faces significant challenges. This paper proposes a possible alternative model for building a centralised climate regime from the "bottom up" through linking national and sub-national emissions trading schemes in stages under a global linking agreement. This model is argued as preferable to waiting for a global carbon price to develop from decentralised linkages, or for a "top down" linking agreement to emerge. The paper then considers how the legal design of such an agreement could best facilitate linking of different schemes, concluding that parties should agree to "low end" mutual recognition of allowances under an umbrella treaty structure, with less essential elements left to non-binding arrangements.	LL.M.	climate	13
Lett, Tristram AP	Kennedy, James L||Voineskos, Aristotle N	Genetic Contribution to Heterogeneity in Brain Morphology with Applications to Schizophrenia	Medical Science	2014-11	Schizophrenia is a highly heterogeneous disorder. Differences among patients with schizophrenia have been reported in clinical features, cognitive functioning, and brain structure. This thesis investigates the impact of the well supported genetic risk variants on brain structure and also considers the role of imaging-genetic changes on heterogeneous phenotypes relevant to schizophrenia. In the first study, the genome-wide supported NRXN1 gene, associated with schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders, was examined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) volumetric measures and measures of sensorimotor function. Study two investigated the effect of the genome-wide identified schizophrenia risk variant in the MIR137 gene for association with age-at-onset and brain structures implicated in disease severity, as well as white matter fractional anisotropy (FA) and cortical thickness. Risk allele carriers had earlier age-at-onset and aberrant brain structure suggesting that MIR137 may predict a more severe schizophrenia subphenotype. Study three examined the role of the GAD1 gene on brain structure and executive function. Among patients and controls the GAD1 variant predicted changes in white matter FA and multiple working memory tasks. Using voxel-wise mediation analysis, we were able to infer the functional relevance of GAD1 on structural connectivity by showing these FA changes statistically cause impaired working memory performance. In the final study, we investigated relationships among polygenic additive risk, brain-wide measures, and cognition in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. Schizophrenia patients with low polygenic risk were similar in brain structure and cognitive performance to healthy controls. In contrast, high polygenic risk in patients led to large reductions in cortical thickness and white matter skeleton FA, in addition to impaired semantic memory and motor functioning. Taken together, these studies suggest that neuroimaging and genetics can be used to meaningful disentangle heterogeneity of schizophrenia phenotypes, and may move towards neurobiological based treatment options.	Ph.D.	health	3
Leung, Andrew Chi Wai	Gough, William A	The Impacts of Climate and Climate Change on Aviation in the Canadian North	Physical and Environmental Sciences	2019-06	Aviation is inherently linked to meteorology as severe weather is often responsible for flight delays, cancellations and sometimes accidents. Climate change is expected to change the Arctic environment and the warming rate in this region is greater than most locations on Earth. With a changing climate, the risks of flying will also be changing. In Canada, many Arctic communities in Hudson Bay, Nunavik in northern Quebec and western Labrador rely heavily on aviation to transport passengers, mail and groceries because they lack road networks or railway to access larger settlements and shipping is limited to brief periods in summer. Using historical hourly and daily climate data, this thesis examines four topics related to flying: 1) wind pattern changes (1971 to 2010) at seven locations around Hudson Bay, northern Quebec and western Labrador; 2) fog and visibility trends at 16 Hudson Bay communities (1953-2014); 3) historic long-term soil temperature trends at 5 to 150 cm depths and future projections under three greenhouse gas concentration trajectories at Kuujjuaq, Quebec; 4) appearance and climate conditions for frostquakes. The results of these topics are: 1) an increase in hourly average and daily maximum wind speed around Hudson Bay region and declining trends in western Labrador, plus prevailing wind direction changed at two communities; 2) fog and ice fog frequencies declined but reduced and low visibility trends varied spatially within the Hudson Bay region; 3) soil warming at approximately 1oC per decade from 1967 to 1995 and future soil temperature will be above 0oC under all projected trajectories at Kuujjuaq; 4) identified that water-saturated soil, minimal snow cover and rapid temperature drop to below freezing causes frostquakes and that observations were somewhat dependent on the density of the observational network. Passengers travelling to and from Hudson Bay will benefit from the results of this research to better understand the risks associated with flying to these communities. Pilots, airport operators and airlines will improve their awareness of this issue and increase their understandings of the risks caused by climate change in this area. Improved safety will be achieved by anticipating, adapting to and mitigating these changes.	Ph.D.	water, wind, climate, greenhouse gas, environment, weather	6, 7, 13
Leung, Doris	Esplen, Mary Jane	The Experiences of Cancer Nurses’ Existential Care in Response to the Threat of Patients' Mortality within the Culture of Cure	Nursing Science	2010-11	Patients are living longer with many types of cancer; however, often they face sudden possibilities of dying, not only due to their advancing illness but due to complications of their treatment. Consequently, they can express substantial existential distress. Nurses’ close proximity to patients puts them in an ideal place to assess and engage with patients’ existential distress; yet this kind of research has been scarce. The purpose of this doctoral thesis was to explore nurses’ experiences of being with patients facing the threat of mortality. Yalom describes this threat as the fear of death, isolation, anxiety and responsibility about freedom, and meaninglessness. The study took place in a cancer setting where care is highly technological and goals of cure dominate, specifically, two bone marrow transplant units of one institution in Canada. Benner’s methodology of interpretive phenomenology guided data collection and analysis of focused observations and interviews with 19 registered nurses. The experience of fighting cancer while preparing for the possibility of letting go was the main theme. Letting go did not reflect nurses’ intents to abandon life but to release patients (if only briefly) from perceived norms of the curative culture. More specifically, the main theme was characterized by: 1) working within the culture of cure and the possibilities of patients dying, 2) concern about “bursting the bubble of hope,” 3) whether to and how to respond to patients’ distress and dying, and 4) coping with patient involvement. In the context of responsive relationships (patients and their families, and healthcare colleagues), nurses reported engaging in communication about the threat of patients’ mortality, and responding with letting be and supporting families to let go, the management of technology and prevention of technological intrusions, and striving for patients to have “easier” deaths. Results indicate a potential to enhance nurses’ supportive care constituted by their perceived responsibility to engage and respond to patients’ existential distress. Moreover, this study suggests that more attention is warranted not only to policy, education, and research that focuses on patients’ existential well-being, but to the well-being of nurses working within tensions of curing and comforting.	PhD	health	3
Leung, Felicia Ga-Yin	Knight, Julia A	Dietary Factors Associated with Abdominal Adiposity in Postmenopausal Women	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2019-06	Elucidating modifiable dietary factors for adiposity, particularly abdominal adiposity, has important public health implications for the prevention of obesity and subsequent health risks. The emerging epidemiological evidence suggests that the nature of carbohydrate intake may be an etiological factor in adiposity. The objectives of the thesis were to examine the associations between various carbohydrate-related dietary factors (carbohydrate intake, dietary fibre intake, dietary patterns, dietary glycemic index, GI, and dietary glycemic load, GL) and measures of abdominal and total adiposity. These relationships were investigated in a cross-sectional study of Canadian postmenopausal women aged 50–69 years. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measures of abdominal adiposity and total adiposity were utilized, in addition to standard anthropometric measures. We found that total dietary fibre intake, but not total carbohydrate intake, was inversely associated with trunk fat mass (β = −0.127 kg; 95% confidence interval, CI: −0.210, −0.044). However, associations with trunk fat mass varied by food source, where there were positive associations between potato sources of carbohydrate (β = 0.096 kg; 95% CI: 0.019, 0.173) and fibre intake (β = 1.110 kg; 95% CI: 0.157, 2.064) and trunk fat mass. Additionally, a Western dietary pattern (high intake of meats, potatoes, and sweetened products) was positively associated with all measures of abdominal and total adiposity, while a Prudent dietary pattern (high intake of vegetables, fruit, legumes, grains, and cereals) was inversely associated with all measures of adiposity. Specifically, postmenopausal women with the greatest adherence to a Western dietary pattern had 4.52 kg (95% CI: 2.58, 6.45) greater trunk fat mass versus those with the lowest adherence, while postmenopausal women with the greatest adherence to a Prudent dietary pattern had −2.68 kg (95% CI: −4.45, −0.09) trunk fat mass compared to those with the lowest adherence. However, there was no evidence of linear associations between dietary GI or dietary GL and measures of abdominal and overall adiposity. Our findings of the contrasting associations with abdominal adiposity by carbohydrate and dietary fibre food sources and dietary patterns characterized by distinct carbohydrate food groups, suggest a potential role of carbohydrate quality in the accumulation of adipose tissue.	Ph.D.	food	2
Leung, Kinson	Gough, Williams A	Projecting the Influence of Climate Change on Extreme Ground-level Ozone Events in Selected Ontario Cities	Physical and Environmental Sciences	2015-11	Ground-level ozone (O3) is perhaps one of the most familiar pollutants in Ontario, Canada because it is associated with most smog alerts in the province. O3 varies on a number of spatial and temporal scales, primarily due to meteorological variability and the impact of long-range transport of its precursors on the photochemical processes. The goal of this thesis is to project the change in the probability of occurrence of future Extreme Ground-level Ozone Events (EGLOEs) due to changes in atmospheric conditions as a result of climate change for cities located in the southern, eastern and northern parts of Ontario, Canada by using a combination of General Circulation / Global Climate Models (GCMs) and statistical downscaling. These Ontario cities are Toronto, Windsor, London, Kingston, Ottawa, Thunder Bay, Sudbury and North Bay. The successful downscaling method used in this research to generate city-specific climate change scenarios was the Statistical DownScaling Model (SDSM) version 4.2.2, which is a hybrid of regression-based and stochastic weather-generator downscaling methods. The results indicate that the mean values of the daily maximum ground-level ozone concentrations could increase by up to 12 – 17% in Southern Ontario, 8 – 16% in Eastern Ontario and 1.5 – 9% in Northern Ontario by the end of the century due largely to changes in long-range transport. Three important themes emerge from the results: 1) the research successfully model O3 concentration in a region where long-range transport plays a substantial role. 2) The clear confirmation regarding the role of long-range transport in determining O3 concentration in most areas of Ontario. 3) The projected increase of ozone in Ontario, due largely to an increase of long-range transport, caused by shifting atmospheric dynamics rather than a direct temperature effect on ozone production. Moreover, the results indicate that the future Southern, Eastern and Northern Ontario’s EGLOEs with the O3 concentration ≥ 80 ppb (the current Ontario 1-hour Ambient Air Quality criterion for extreme ozone concentration) will have an increase of over 60%, 50% and 62% respectively by the year of 2100 under the different future scenarios in the third version of the Coupled Global Climate Model (CGCM3) and the Hadley Centre’s Climate Model (HadCM3).	Ph.D.	wind, cities, production, climate, weather, pollut	7, 11, 12, 13
Leustean, Florenta Teodoridis	Ajay, Agrawal	Three Essays on the Impact of Knowledge Accumulation on the Process of Knowledge Creation with a Focus on Collaboration	Management	2014-11	The cumulative nature of knowledge constantly alters the innovative landscape and thus the process of knowledge creation. In this dissertation, I explore the impact of cumulativeness on individual-level collaboration as it shapes the production of new ideas. I focus on two main influencing factors: conditions of access to knowledge and knowledge accumulation as it leads to increased specialization. This is important since the ability to build on knowledge influences the evolution of innovation trajectories.In the first study, I explore the composition of collaboration and the impact of a researcher level of expertise on the type of knowledge created. Leveraging a natural experiment, the launch of Microsoft Kinect, which triggered an unanticipated reduction in the cost of motion-sensing technology, I examine how individuals respond to opportunities for knowledge creation opened by a change in conditions of access to knowledge. Despite growing emphasis on the importance of specialists for knowledge creation, I identify generalists - researchers with broader exposure to knowledge - as playing a particularly important role in the process of innovation with implications for the type of knowledge created. Specifically, generalists have a higher propensity than specialists to respond to opportunities for knowledge creation that span knowledge areas and play a central role in coordinating collaboration between specialists required to execute on the opportunities. In the second study, I focus on the impact of increased specialization due to knowledge accumulation on the rate of collaboration. The knowledge burden hypothesis - that reaching the knowledge frontier is progressively costly due to knowledge accumulation and results in increasing specialization and collaboration - is one of several theories advanced to explain the widely documented observation that researcher team size is increasing over time. I exploit a natural experiment, the collapse of the USSR as an exogenous shock to the knowledge frontier in theoretical mathematics, to provide results of a first causal test in support of the knowledge burden hypothesis. This identification exercise is important since this hypothesis leads to policy implications that do not apply to other explanations of increases in team size. Lastly, in the third study, I discuss the influence of collaboration and individual-level breadth and depth of expertise in potentially influencing the rate and direction of a big science project. A narrative on commercial quantum computing innovation, a controversial contemporaneous endeavour, suggests the influential role of an entrepreneurial venture coordinating large-scale collaboration to exploit an opportunity at the intersection of knowledge areas.	Ph.D.	innovation	9
Levin, Jamie	Kopstein, Jeffrey	Rethinking Disarmament: The Role of Weapons in the Resolution of Internal Armed Conflicts	Political Science	2015-11	Since the end of Cold War there has been an increase in the number internal conflicts and with it a corresponding rise in the number of third party interventions. Third parties, motivated by humanitarian concerns and spillover effects, have sought to create stable conditions for the termination of internal conflicts and the reconstruction of shattered societies. The disarmament of combatants has emerged as a leading practice. Disarmament is based on the arrestingly simple logic that the elimination of weapons removes the means by which combatants fight, thereby forcing them to commit to peace. Despite this emergent practice, however, belligerents consistently retain, and, in some cases, acquire weapons, even after signing peace agreements. Proponents of disarmament tend to view the retention of weapons as evidence of spoiling, yet disarmament leaves actors with little recourse in the likely event that a peace process collapses and conflict resumes. I argue that actors often retain weapons because the risk of violent reversal remains high even after the signing of a peace agreement. In the likely event of the breakdown of peace, weapons can be used to help ensure survival of those who retain them. This research explores the role of weapons and disarmament in internal conflicts with reference to both historical (the American War of Independence) and contemporary examples (Israel-Palestine and El Salvador). Though not all are examples of successful peacemaking, weapons played a productive role not only securing combatants, but also by allowing them to make more credible commitments and take greater risks associated with peace. This research reveals a paradox: while weapons provide belligerents with much-needed insurance, allowing them to take risks associated with peacemaking, retaining weapons appears to magnify the likelihood that an agreement will fail. Nevertheless, belligerents have at their disposal various ways to overcome this problem. I conclude by discussing the ways in which third parties may better support such initiatives.	Ph.D.	peace	16
Levin, Melissa Romy	Eyoh, Dickson	Unimagined Communities: Post-Apartheid Nation-Building, Memory and Institutional Change in South Africa (1990-2010)	Political Science	2017-06	Studies of nationalism insist that the construction of usable pasts is central to the creation of national solidarities and the identity of a nation. However, this scholarship is limited by the scant attention that is paid to how those pasts are constructed, and the mechanisms through which decision-making occurs. The results of this neglect are often abstracted assumptions asserting a voluntarism and coherence that most often do not exist. Repeatedly, studies focus on the products of memorialization which imposes consistency and statist intentionality, after the fact, on what is a contingent, messy and complicated process. In addition, studies often assume a singularity of power, located in an unfragmented state, with authoritarian capacity to produce meaning. This dissertation remedies these flaws by paying attention to the processes and procedures through which national memorialization unfolds. It focuses specifically on the partial critical juncture that enabled South Africaâ s transition, which has produced multiple continuities with and changes from Apartheid institutions. Imagining the memory-nation here is thus theorized as both path-dependent and contingent. There are numerous factors at play in understanding memory-making including the character of transition, fractions within the governing party, frictions in the state, and the relationship between national, international and local contexts. In tracing the processes of memory-making as they are attached to nation-building, this dissertation pays careful attention to processual analysis that rejects the reification of â the nationâ and its memory. It argues that on-going dynamics of power in bureaucratic states tend to lend formal benefit to the already empowered with the so-called previously disadvantaged reliant on more informal mechanisms of asserting voice; in other words, in the context of the post-Apartheid dispensation, democratization and decolonization are not necessarily simultaneous processes. The dissertation does not present a puzzle for resolution, but instead suggests a method of reading the construction of the memory-nation. This method takes context and contingency not as variables in theory, but as theory itself. Thus, the unexceptional exceptionalism that is the nation-state in this global conjuncture can be analyzed and understood.	Ph.D.	institution	16
Levine, Matthew	Fadel, Mohammad	Canadian Law on Foreign Corruption and The Development Turn	Law	2017-11	The significance attributed to corruption, and especially foreign corruption, has been subject to a long series of shifts in political and legal thought. In addition to moralism and self-interest, a third motivation for legal control over foreign corruption has emerged in recent decades: the notion that bribery by businesses from wealthy states plays a material role in perpetuating poverty within developing states. The growth of this idea is the 'Development Turn'. This thesis critically examines, through a broadly interdisciplinary lens, both the Development Turn and associated law in Canada.	LL.M.	poverty	1
Levkoe, Charles	Wakefield, Sarah	Mobilizing Collaborative Networks for a Transformative Food Politics: A Case Study of Provincial Food Networks in Canada	Geography	2014-06	In this dissertation I focus on the diversity of alternative food initiatives (AFIs) that have emerged amidst concerns about the corporate-led industrial food system. While there have been significant successes, critics suggest that many AFIs are an inadequate response to the complex problems within the food system, and further, are complicit in propagating neoliberal ideals and facilitating the retrenchment of the state. While these critics identify important challenges, they tend to consider place-based AFIs as operating independently on particular projects, with specific claims, or in isolated sectors of the food system. There has been little documentation or analysis situating AFIs within a broader community of practice. To fill this gap, my research builds on the existing literature to investigate the increasing collaborations among AFIs in Canada. Using a community-based action approach, I explore the development of provincial food networks in British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario and Nova Scotia. I pay particular attention to efforts that foster and maintain these networks by exploring their history, structure and processes of collaboration. My findings reveal that the provincial food networks can be characterized as assemblages constituted by the self-organization of diverse actors through non-hierarchical, bottom-up processes with multiple and overlapping points of contact. Further, I find that AFIs have used networks strategically to contest the rules and institutions of the dominant food system and to develop participatory and democratic practices that challenge the logics of neoliberalism. Based on the results from this research, I argue that besides developing viable place-based alternatives to the dominant food system, AFIs are also involved in prefigurative ways of being - establishing democratic governance structures, building new institutions, and engaging in different kinds of social relations - in the belly of the existing (food) system.	PhD	food, industr	2, 9
Lewallen, Eric	Lovejoy, Nathan	Evolution and Ecology of Flyingfishes (Teleostei:Exocoetidae)	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2012-06	The flyingfishes (Teleostei: Exocoetidae) are a family of 53 epipelagic marine species distributed throughout tropical and subtropical surface waters. They form a key mid-trophic link between zooplankton and predators, and have evolved special adaptations to survive in the open ocean. However, little is known about their basic evolutionary history and ecology. Here, I apply a multidisciplinary approach to better understand the evolution and ecology of flyingfishes. I propose the first species-level phylogenetic hypothesis for the group, based on nuclear and mtDNA sequences, and show that the most speciose genus (Cheilopogon) is paraphyletic. Gliding evolved progressively from two- to four-wing strategies, and habitat preference is correlated with species range size. I also analyzed patterns of genetic diversity within the most abundant genus, Exocoetus, and found no evidence of cryptic species. Instead, I found that this genus likely consists of three genetically distinct species (in contrast to the five currently recognized) and two indistinct species that diverged very recently. Population genetic analysis of Exocoetus volitans (266 samples from 97 localities) indicates a single, circum-tropical population that is well connected; yet the Isthmus of Panama and an Equatorial barrier limit gene flow. Finally, I investigated species abundance, richness, diversity, and distributions within the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean (11,125 specimens). My results provide critical updates on species distributions and habitat preferences. Predictive modeling indicates that sea surface temperature is important for defining flyingfish habitat. This thesis addresses central issues concerning both evolution and ecology in the epipelagic zone, and highlights the need for better understanding remote marine regions and organisms.	PhD	water, marine	14
Lewis, Joshua	Siow, Aloysius ||Stabile, Mark ||Benjamin, Dwayne ||McMillan, Robert	The Impact of Technological Change within the Home	Economics	2014-06	During the first two thirds of the 20th century, electricity, running water, and a host of new consumer durables diffused into most American homes. These new household technologies revolutionized domestic life by freeing up time from basic housework. In this dissertation, I study the consequences of household technological change on families, focusing on fertility, child health, marriage, and female labour force participation. Chapter 1 provides a short history of household modernization. I then present an econometric framework for evaluating the effects of household technological change, and discuss the main estimation challenges. To address these issues, I introduce an estimation strategy based on a newly-assembled dataset that captures the rollout of the U.S. power grid during the mid-20th century. In chapter 2, I study the impact of household technological change on fertility and child health, exploiting substantial cross-county and cross-state variation in the timing of when households acquired new consumer durables. Modern household technologies led families to make a child quantity-quality tradeoff favouring quality: household modernization is associated with decreases in infant mortality and decreases in fertility. The declines in infant mortality were particularly large in states where households had relied heavily on coal for heating and cooking, where the potential to improve indoor air quality was greatest. Health improvements were also larger in states that had previously invested heavily in maternal education, suggesting that household modernization led parents to provide better infant care. Overall, household technological change can account for between 25% and 30% of the total decline in infant mortality between 1930 and 1960. In chapter 3, I examine the relationship between household modernization, investment in children, and female employment. I present a conceptual framework in which household technological change has little immediate impact on female employment, but generates increased investment in daughters' human capital, ultimately causing a rise in employment for subsequent cohorts of women. I find empirical support for these predictions. Further, the results suggest that the diffusion of modern technology into the home during the first half of the 20th century can account for a significant fraction of the rise in female employment after 1950.	PhD	health, women, water, employment	3, 5, 6, 8
Lewison, Elsie	Rankin, Katharine||Boland, Alana	Organic Frontiers: The Politics of Agricultural Market-making in Jumla, Nepal	Geography	2019-11	In 2008, Jumla District, located in northwest Nepal, declared itself “organic.” The declaration was made in the context of a rise in identity-based territorial claims and reinvigorated state territorialisation following the end of a decade-long civil conflict. The declaration was also broadly aligned with a diverse range of socially inclusive and ecologically sustainable market-making initiatives targeting Nepal’s agrarian frontiers. Such initiatives have aimed to capitalize on the “quality turn” in globalized agro-food markets and expert re-assessments of the socio-ecological value of bio-diverse and chemical-free agro-ecologies. These market development initiatives are framed as having the potential to conserve vulnerable frontier ecologies by rendering them economically valuable, while also extending market access into marginalized regions where farmers have been unable to compete with large-scale, industrial producers on the basis of price alone. This dissertation builds on critical development, agrarian and governmentality studies and contributes to a growing body of critical scholarship studying alternative agro-food initiatives outside of the Global North. Drawing on an analysis of state and donor archives, semi-structured interviews and ethnographic participant observation, I examine how changes in globalized food markets and expert understandings of frontier ecologies are transforming governmental projects of market-making. Using Jumla’s organic district declaration and donor-led value chain development projects as examples, I demonstrate how eco-governmental discourses and development strategies are assembled within specific territorial logics and political agendas, resulting in multiple—and at times contradictory—priorities and approaches. The research further examines how ostensibly technical projects intended to develop socially inclusive and ecologically sustainable markets deliberately blur public-private boundaries. I argue that the new sites of state-society-market encounter created by these projects can bring markets into view as targets of political practice, particularly as development agents and subjects negotiate the contradictions between and within different market-making initiatives. While the politicization of markets can contribute to processes of accumulation and dispossession, it can also present new opportunities for rights-based claims-making.	Ph.D.	food, industr, conserv, rights	2, 9, 14, 16
Ley, Lukas	Li, Tania M||Barker, Joshua	Building on Borrowed Time: The Temporal Horizons of Infrastructural Breakdown in the Delta of Semarang	Anthropology	2017-11	Based on 12 months of ethnographic fieldwork and one month of archival research, this doctoral thesis describes the predicament of residents of a coastal sub-district in the city Semarang, Indonesia. They must constantly adapt to the sinking foundations of their houses as well as dysfunctional drainage infrastructure. As neighbourhoods threaten to sink below sea level, daily incidents of tidal flooding demand timely adaptation and constant repair of houses and river banks. “Building on Borrowed Time” portrays the multiple ways of enduring this situation, exploring the divergent and often contradictory temporalities that congregate around water. It argues that residents endure a situation of chronic breakdown. It is through the logic of chronic breakdown that ecological transformations as well as political shifts are analyzed in this thesis. While it describes the temporal horizons of breakdown from the perspective of riverside residents, it also offers a historical account of the emergence of coastal settlements in late colonial times. Here, state interventions force indigenous coastal dwellers into a marginal position regarding the city’s spatial and political configuration. Today, in view of the region’s advanced disconnect from the ‘modern’ spaces of the city, the post-colonial state’s concern with sanitation, crime, and ecological degradation explains the emergence of a specific governance of local time. This governance reproduces a present in which ecological disaster in the lives of coastal dwellers is recursive and requires constant managing. Drawing on Cazdyn’s notion of the ‘chronic’ and Povinelli’s concept of ‘quasi-events,’ I show that state agencies, through neighbourhood-level organs of power and bottom-up development schemes, cultivate a ‘meantime’ that does not produce lasting relief, but further “colonizes” the future. An ethnography of the present reveals the temporal practices of this meantime, such as repair and maintenance of infrastructure. These practices effectively replace development (“pembangunan”) projected in plans with continuous but desultory stacking-up (“peninggian”) and fixing of infrastructure. While a spirit of ‘real’ development converges upon the area, driven by crisis scenarios of Dutch and Indonesian water experts, these plans are characteristic of a neoliberal remaking of lifeworlds that ultimately reinforces the chronic.	Ph.D.	sanitation, infrastructure, governance	6, 9, 16
Li, Jak	Lian, Keryn K	Investigation of Hydroxide Ion Conducting Polymer Electrolytes for Solid Supercapacitor Applications	Materials Science and Engineering	2020-06	Growing clean energy demands have been incentivizing the development of next-generation energy storage technologies such as solid supercapacitors that are safe, compact, low cost, and capable of high-throughput reel-to-reel processing. While many advanced solid supercapacitors are demonstrated using hydroxide (OH-) ion conducting polymer electrolytes, the fundamental understanding of the performance of the electrolyte and its role in solid-state devices requires substantial elucidation. In this thesis, alkaline polymer electrolytes (APEs) for solid supercapacitors were developed based on tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH) and polyacrylamide (PAM) that exhibit (i) high ionic conductivity, (ii) long-term environmental stability, and (iii) good accessibility with electrode materials. An in-depth understanding of OH- ion conduction in polymer matrix and the interactions between the ionic conductor, polymer matrix, and various organic and inorganic additives has been established. The synergistic pairing of PAM and TEAOH enhanced the OH- ion conduction and prolonged its storage-life. Investigations of the dielectric properties of the TEAOH-PAM APE revealed the influence of H2O:TEAOH crystal hydrates on the ionic conductivity of the polymer electrolyte. Evaluations at elevated temperatures showed that the OH- ion conduction in the polymer electrolyte involves an interplay of segmental motion and OH- ion hopping. Correlative spectroscopic and electrochemical studies are used to determine the effects of crosslinking and the addition of inorganic filler additives on TEAOH-PAM. It was discovered that the presence and size of SiO¬2 alters the crystallization dynamics. Solid supercapacitors using TEAOH-PAM were fabricated in 3D sandwiched and 2D interdigitated configurations. The APE shows excellent compatibility with multiwalled carbon nanotubes as well as ultra-high surface area activated carbon electrodes, resulting in capacitances of ca. 10 F g-1 and ca. 240 F g-1, respectively. TEAOH-PAM was also matched with vertically-oriented graphene nanosheet (VOGN) electrodes as a 2D interdigitated device to replace traditional electrolytic capacitors for high frequency filtering applications. The combination of the highly electronically conductive VOGN electrodes and the highly ionically conductive, thermally tolerant TEAOH-PAM APE enabled a solid supercapacitor with ultra-high rate capacitive performance up to 120 Hz and outstanding thermal resiliency up to 120 °C.	Ph.D.	energy, resilien, environment	7, 13
Li, Xiaoxu	Jones, Glen A.	The Role of the Board of Trustees in Public Universities in China	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2015-11	Inherited from the American tradition of lay boards and first introduced into the public higher education system in the 1920s, the board of trustees in Chinese public universities has, over time, played a changing role, from being an autonomous top governing body, to being manipulated by government officials, to being completely removed from institutional governance structures. After China adopted reform policies in the late 1970s, boards of trustees were reintroduced in some public universities. However, higher education regulations and ideological influences have given the board an ambiguous and elusive role, little known to those both outside and inside the university sector. This thesis investigates the role, function and structure of boards of trustees in Chinese public universities. By examining the policies and operations of these boards, the study aimed to identify whether and how these boards facilitate interaction between universities and their external stakeholders in the overall national context of adaptive institutional change. Following a qualitative approach, the study gathered data from document analysis, a national survey of 40 board secretariats, and semi-structured interviews with secretariat staff of 37 institutions. The study found that boards of trustees can be found in 84 public institutions. Predominantly composed of members from industry and government, the boards mainly serve as a medium for fundraising and a conduit for university–industry collaboration in teaching and research. The relationship between an institution and its board members is ostensibly interest-oriented and can even involve economic and personal gain. The board is essentially an advisory body, albeit its role in giving advice is very limited. The many challenges associated with board operation and functioning suggest that adaptive governance, which is characteristic of the Chinese party-state, has had both positive and negative impacts on the board. This thesis advances our understanding of the Chinese board through interlocking political, social, and educational dimensions.	Ph.D.	governance	16
Li, Young Feng	Ozin, Geoffrey A	Hydrogen Bronzes of WO3 and MoO3 as Active (Photo)-catalyst Supports for CO2 Reduction	Chemistry	2020-06	The exponentially growing global energy demands currently satisfied by the consumption of the ever-depleting sources of fossil energy has emitted hundreds of billions of tonnes of CO2 into Earth’s atmosphere since the industrial revolution. This has generated concerns over the sustainability of the fossil energy dependence and the effects the CO2 emissions will have on the future climate. A solution to both problems exist in the form of harnessing renewable energy such as sunlight to close the carbon cycle, reclaiming the CO2 emitted for feedstock as a carbon source in fine chemical and fuels. This thesis focuses on the renewable conversion of CO2 into value added products utilizing tungsten (VI) oxide (WO3) and molybdenum (VI) oxide (MoO3) based photocatalysts. The interest in WO3 and MoO3 stems from their capability to form highly defected hydrogen bronze states (HyMO3-x, M = W, Mo) under hydrogen atmospheres which have strong optical absorbance across the entire solar spectrum, high stability, and high capacity for catalytically active defect sites (OHs and oxygen vacancies). Early attempts at utilizing WO3 and MoO3 to catalyze hydrogenation and deoxygenation reactions have observed sluggish formation of defects as H2 activation and oxygen vacancy formation may have limited reactivity. Here, we demonstrated that the decoration of Pd nanocrystals as H2 spillover catalysts can significantly accelerate the formation of HyMO3-x, resulting in highly photoactive oxide supports for CO2 reduction by H2. The high cost of Pd however, motivated our search for more cost-effective catalysts for H2 spillover, leading to developing a novel method of depositing Ni onto WO3. Ni was observed to improve CO2 conversion compared to WO3, but relative to Pd, H2 activation was slower, likely due to slower H2 dissociation and hydrogen mobility. Finally, to further improve the kinetics of Pd@HyWO3-x, we functionalized the surface by hydrolyzing CuOtBu and Ba(OEt)2 over the activated HyWO3-x’s surface hydroxides. The addition of Cu and Ba atoms onto the surface was observed to greatly enhance the activity of the system, attributed to the improved surface chemistry revealed by in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy.	Ph.D.	energy, renewable, solar, industr, climate	7, 9, 13
Li, Zhe	Shi, Shouyong	Essays on Environmental Policy, Heterogeneous Firms, Employment Dynamics and Inflation	Economics	2009-11	This thesis covers three issues: the aggregate and welfare effects of environmental policies when plants are heterogeneous; what causes the different patterns of employment dynamics in small versus large firms over business cycles; and the welfare costs of expected and unexpected inflation. In the first chapter, we show that accounting for plant heterogeneity is important for the evaluation of environmental policies. We develop a general equilibrium model in which monopolistic competitive plants differ in productivity, produce differentiated goods and choose optimally a discrete emission-reduction technology. Emission-reduction policies affect both the fraction of plants adopting the advanced emission-reduction technology and the market shares of those with high levels of productivity. Calibrated to the Canadian data, the model shows that the aggregate costs of an emission tax to implement the Kyoto Protocol are 40 percent larger than the costs that would result with homogenous plants. In the second chapter, we incorporate labor search frictions into a model with lumpy investment to explain a set of firm-size-related facts about the United States labor market dynamics over business cycles. Contrary to the predictions of standard models, we observe that job destruction is procyclical in small firms but countercyclical in large ones. Calibrated to U.S. data, the model generates this asymmetric pattern of employment dynamics in small versus large firms. This is because a favorable aggregate productivity shock tightens the labor market. A tighter labor market hurts investing small firms. As a result, workers move from small to large firms during booms. In the third chapter, we analyze the welfare costs of inflation when money is essential to facilitate trades among anonymous agents and information about nominal shocks is incomplete as in Lucas (1972). In the model, the transactions in which money is essential coincide with those in which agents are affected by monetary shocks. Consequently, the average value of money and its variation in value in different markets affect agents simultaneously when the supply of money changes. Calibrated to U.S. data, we find that the welfare costs of expected inflation are almost three orders higher than the welfare costs of unexpected inflation.	PhD	employment, environment	8, 13
Li, Zihao	Cameron, Linda ||Lee, Bartel ||Warner, Mary Jane ||Brown, Ann Kipling ||Booth, David	Adolescent Male Dancers' Embodied Realities	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2010-06	This dissertation looks at adolescent male dance students who challenge the dominant perceptions of masculinity by participating in dance, an art form which has been subjected to feminine and homosexual stereotypes. With a multi-methodological approach—qualitative, arts-informed, autobiography, interviews, videotape, and performance—this research investigates and explores the largely unknown realities regarding adolescent male dance students; why they decide to take dance; what makes them continue or stop dancing; how their perceptions of dance are transformed over time; how they feel when they are dancing; the realities they embody in studio and on stage; their message to the public about who they were, who they are, and what they want to be in and through dance. The researcher challenges the socially constructed epistemology that dance is merely an entertainment while exploring the relationship between mind and body; gender, race, and identity; literature and literacy; physical education and dance; the professional and the novice; the hows and the whys; female and male dance educators; dance pedagogy (theory) and curriculum delivering (practice); and the association of homosexuality and heterosexuality in the context of dance and its effect on adolescent male students’ willingness to dance. This study shows that families, friends, teachers, school administrators, dance class environment, media (So You Think You Can Dance), and technology (internet) have all created various levels of impact on adolescent males’ decision to participate in dance at a high school. Data and implication from this research can serve as a catalyst for future studies on adolescent male dance students. Findings can also be applied to dance programs at all levels, curriculum development, and teacher education. This electronic dissertation encompasses graphs, photos, audio and video clips, webpage links, and even a full-length documentary movie to enhance the research finding and maximize the power of a multimodal design (Jewitt & Kress, 2003).	PhD	gender, equality	5
Lichtenstein, Tatjana	Penslar, Derek	Making Jews at Home: Jewish Nationalism in the Bohemian Lands, 1918-1938	History	2009-06	Dissertation Abstract “Making Jews at Home: Jewish Nationalism in the Bohemian Lands, 1918-1938.” Tatjana Lichtenstein Doctor of Philosophy, 2009 Department of History, University of Toronto This dissertation examines the efforts of Jewish nationalists to end Jews’ social marginalization from non-Jewish society in the Bohemian Lands between the world wars. Through the 1920s and 1930s, the Jewish nationalist movement sought to transform Czechoslovakia’s multivalent Jewish societies into a unified ethno-national community. By creating a Jewish nation, a process challenged by the significant socio-cultural differences dividing the country’s Jews, Jewish nationalists believed that they could restore Jews’ respectability and recast the relationship between Jews and non-Jews as one of mutual respect and harmonious coexistence. The dissertation explores Jewish nationalists’ struggle to make Jews at home in Czechoslovakia by investigating a series of Zionist projects and institutions: the creation of an alliance between Jews and the state; the census and the making of Jewish statistics; the transformation of the formal Jewish communities from religious institutions to national ones; Jewish schools; and the Jewish nationalist sports movement. Exploring a Jewry on the crossroads between east and west, the dissertation delves into broader questions of the impact of nationalism on the modern Jewish experience. Within the paradoxical context of a multinational nation-state like Czechoslovakia, Zionists adopted a strategy which sought integration through national distinctiveness, a response embodying elements of both west and east European Jewish culture. The study thus complicates the history of Zionism by showing that alongside the Palestine-oriented German and Polish factions, there were significant ideological alternatives within which ideas of Jewish Diaspora nationalism co-existed with mainstream Zionism. Moreover, the study points to the continuities in the relationship between Jews and the state. As in the time of empire, Jews cultivated partnerships with the political elite, a strategy developed to balance the interest of the state and its Jewish minority. In the interwar years, Jewish activists thus looked to the state for assistance in transforming Jewish society. This dissertation seeks to broaden our understanding of Jewish responses to nationalism, the relationship between Jews and the modern state, and more broadly, about the complex ways in which marginalized groups seek to attain respectability and assert their demands for equality within modern societies.	PhD	equality, institution	5, 16
Lilly, Meredith Lenore	Coyte, Peter C.	The Labour Supply of Unpaid Caregivers in Canada	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2008-06	The Labour Supply of Unpaid Caregivers in Canada, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Meredith Lenore Lilly, Department of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, 2008. As medical care increasingly shifts from the hospital to the home, responsibility for care has also shifted from the state and paid care, to the family and unpaid care. Unpaid caregivers are family members and friends who provide homecare services to recipients in their place of residence without financial compensation, as a result of their close personal relationships. This research tests the multiple hypotheses that unpaid caregiving has an impact on (1) the probability of labour force participation (LFP); (2) hours of labour force work; and (3) earnings by caregivers in Canada. We analyzed the 1996 and 2002 General Social Surveys, applying multivariate probit, logistic, and OLS regression analyses to four equations: 1) the probability of labour force participation; 2) the hourly wage; 3) weekly hours of labour market work; and 4) the probability of being an unpaid caregiver. Results indicate that unpaid caregiving was negatively associated with labour force participation; however, the impact on hours of labour market work and wages was uncertain. Women and men caregivers were impacted differently: only caregiving men in 1996 had significantly lower wages than non-caregivers, and only women in 1996 worked significantly fewer hours in the labour market. When caregiving was defined broadly, only men in 1996 were significantly less likely to be employed than non-caregivers. Yet when we controlled for caregiving intensity in 2002, both male and female primary caregivers were much less likely to be in the labour force than non-caregivers, while secondary caregivers were no less likely to be employed than non-caregivers. We conclude that when caregiving responsibilities are relatively small, individuals seem able to balance both caregiving with employment. Yet when caregiving commitments become heavy, it becomes increasingly difficult to balance employment with caregiving. We make a number of policy recommendations ranging from improving caregiver access to financial supports, formal care and respite services, particularly for primary caregivers. We also encourage the development of workplace legislation and caregiver friendly workplaces for the majority of caregivers who remain in the labour market.	PhD	health, employment, wage, labour	3, 8
Lin, Janie	Muzzin, Linda	Understanding How Minoritized Female Legal Professionals Negotiate Extra-corporate Commitments and Legal Practice	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2020-06	ABSTRACT This thesis examines the experiences of minoritized female legal professionals working in law and aims to explore how minoritization is reproduced in the legal profession. How lawyers, law clerks and legal assistants navigate legal practice as well as practices in social justice throughout their careers is revealed through professional and personal narrative. The study documents their struggle to “fit” in the profession filling in the everyday/everynight reality of working in law, and reveals there is negotiation at every stage of their careers. Methodologically, I have chosen an anti-racist theoretical analysis as well as Clarke and Smith's theories. Using institutional ethnography, I start with the broad question of what is the lived experience of minoritized women working in corporate law? I employed a mixed method design using interviews to examine the experiences of 12 minoritized female legal professionals, including myself, at various stages in their legal careers. I also analyze certain “texts” used and relied upon by the legal community to understand how they are informed by the ruling relations and how they in turn, inform governance and social relations. The study reveals there is systemic discrimination and disadvantage in the profession and the story of disadvantage for minoritized female legal professionals working in law is one of cumulative inequity and trauma.	Ph.D.	women, equitable	4, 5
Lin, Nimrod	Penslar, Derek	People Who Count: Zionism, Demography and Democracy in Mandate Palestine	History	2018-11	This dissertation examines the ways in which demographic knowledge shaped Zionist attitudes towards majority rule and minority rights in Mandate Palestine (1917-1948). In 1917, Jews comprised 10% of Palestine’s population; by 1947, their share of the population rose to 30%, almost entirely due to immigration from Europe. The Zionist Organization was aware of this trend and articulated its political demands in accordance with not only the current number of Jews living in Palestine, but also statistical projections of the number of Jews who would enter the country in the future. I argue that from a demographic-political point of view, the Mandate years should be divided into two periods. Between 1917 and 1937, the Zionist leadership successfully prevented the establishment of majoritarian self-governing institutions, and espoused the principle of mutual non-domination, which dictated that Jews would not rule over Arabs and vice versa. In practice, the Zionists advocated the creation of two separate autonomous national communities under British federal rule, or complete parity between Jews and Arabs in Palestine’s self-governing institutions. Although the British and the Arabs rejected both proposals, the Zionist leadership was able to prevent the creation of a joint political structure in which the Arabs would enjoy a clear majority. The second period began when the Zionist Organization tentatively accepted the 1937 British proposal to establish a Jewish state in part of Palestine, a decision that radically changed Zionist political discourse. Given the demographic makeup of Palestine, according to the partition proposal almost half of the future Jewish state’s inhabitants would have been Arab. This meant that the Zionist leadership had to jettison the principle of mutual non-domination and think seriously about the rights of the Arab minority in the Jewish state to be. The issue of mass transfer of Arabs out of the Jewish state now became an inextricable part of Zionist political discourse, since it was seen by most Zionist leaders as a measure that would consolidate the Jewish character of the state. This discourse, which revolves around the management of the Arab minority’s size and rights, has persisted in Israeli politics to this day.	Ph.D.	institution, rights	16
Lin, Zhongjie	Liu, Hugh H.T.	Multiple UAV Cooperation For Wildfire Monitoring	Aerospace Science and Engineering	2017-11	Wildfires have been a major factor in the development and management of the world's forest. An accurate assessment of wildfire status is imperative for fire management. This thesis is dedicated to the topic of utilizing multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to cooperatively monitor a large-scale wildfire. This is achieved through wildfire spreading situation estimation based on on-line measurements and wise cooperation strategy to ensure efficiency. First, based on the understanding of the physical characteristics of the wildfire propagation behavior, a wildfire model and a Kalman filter-based method are proposed to estimate the wildfire rate of spread and the fire front contour profile. With the enormous on-line measurements from on-board sensors of UAVs, the proposed method allows a wildfire monitoring mission to benefit from on-line information updating, increased flexibility, and accurate estimation. An independent wildfire simulator is utilized to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Second, based on the filter analysis, wildfire spreading situation and vehicle dynamics, the influence of different cooperation strategies of UAVs to the overall mission performance is studied. The multi-UAV cooperation problem is formulated in a distributed network. A consensus-based method is proposed to help address the problem. The optimal cooperation strategy of UAVs is obtained through mathematical analysis. The derived optimal cooperation strategy is then verified in an independent fire simulation environment to verify its effectiveness.	Ph.D.	environment, forest	13, 15
Lindeman, Katherine Marie	Goering, Joseph||Meyerson, Mark	"Go Manfully": Masculine Self-Fashioning in Late Medieval Dominican Sources	Medieval Studies	2015-06	In a world where men often demonstrated their masculine identity through violent action and sexual expression, how did the Dominican friar, forbidden to physically fight and committed to chastity, reconcile his sense of being a man with his vocational prerogatives? Often raised outside the convent and inculcated in lay understandings of maleness, the friar then entered a world of preachers, whose vocation required both commitment to conventual life, which emphasized separation from the world, and extensive involvement with lay society through pastoral work. This dissertation looks at how these two seemingly disparate behavioral codes--lay definitions of masculine behavior and religious ideals--found expression in the corporate identity of the Dominican Order from 1220-1350. In the process of defining the Order's vocational goals, behavioral ideals, and overall function in late medieval society, the early Dominican writers simultaneously created behavioral ideals for men that reflected those defining laymen as men. By comparing the values, behavioral norms, and ideology presented in the Order's important nascent texts with the secular ideals of masculinity described in anthropological studies, gender theory, late medieval literature, rhetorical sources, medical theory, legal records, letters, art, and religious traditions, this study explores the porous boundary between societal expectations for laymen and vocational models for Dominican friars during the Order's formative period. Viewed through the gendered habitus of late medieval society, the Dominican Constitutions, hagiographic texts, liturgical settings, preaching manuals, and encyclical letters collectively showed friars how to simultaneously function as a Dominicans and as men, while providing a valuable window into the relationship between religion and masculinity in the late medieval period.	Ph.D.	gender	5
Linden, Amy	Oreopoulos, Philip	The Motherhood Penalty and Maternity Leave Duration: Evidence from a Field Experiment	Industrial Relations and Human Resources	2015-11	There is evidence that women continue to struggle in the labour market across a number of employment outcomes. This is despite the adoption of policies and practices that are designed to support women in achieving equality in the workplace. There is also evidence that women with children face particular challenges in the labour market. This is commonly referred to as the motherhood penalty. The literature offers evidence of the motherhood penalty in the recruitment process but the role of maternity leave has not been examined directly. The purpose of this study is to explore the motherhood penalty in employment-to-employment and nonemployment-to-employment transitions. A field experiment is conducted to examine the effect of maternity leave duration on firm behaviour in the hiring decision. The results indicate that the probability of receiving a callback from potential employers decreases initially with a maternity leave absence but it does not continue to decrease with longer maternity leave absences. There is recent experimental research on duration dependence that does not find similar results for unemployment spells. The evidence from this study then suggests that policies to increase the employment of and the labour force participation of women should be targeted specifically to women, in particular women with young children.	Ph.D.	women, equality, employment	5, 8
Linklater, Renee Broadbridge Legge	Edmund, O'Sullivan	Decolonising Trauma Work: Indigenous Practitioners Share Stories and Strategies	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2011-11	This dissertation explores the areas of healing and wellness within Indigenous communities on Turtle Island. By drawing on a decolonising approach to Indigenous health research, this study engaged 10 Indigenous healthcare practitioners in a dialogue regarding Indigenous worldviews; notions of wellness and wholistic health; critiques of psychiatry and psychiatric diagnoses; and the cultural strategies that Indigenous healthcare practitioners utilise while helping their clients through trauma, depression, and experiences of “parallel and multiple realities.” Importantly, this study addresses a gap in literature and puts forth a necessary contribution in regards to Indigenous peoples and psychiatry. Indigenous healthcare practitioners reveal their thoughts and strategies in relation to psychiatric diagnoses, cultural treatment, and psychotropic medication. The stories and strategies gathered during the interview dialogues created a broader discussion that is situated among the existing literature. This research found that Indigenous knowledge and experience was deeply embedded in the practises of Indigenous healthcare practitioners. The strategies presented by these practitioners offer purposeful and practical methods that originate from Indigenous worldviews, yet can be utilised by any practitioner that is seeking therapeutic strategies to help traumatised individuals and communities. Moreover, this research will be a particularly relevant resource for health policy initiatives, agency programming, and education and training institutes. Bringing forth Indigenous strategies for helping and healing is a vitally important contribution to the field of trauma work.	PhD	health	3
Liu, Jian	Hayhoe, Ruth	Expansion and Equality in Access to Chinese Higher Education: A Cultural Perspective	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2011-06	This study is a sequential multi-methods research effort which examines the issue of equality in Chinese higher education after the recent expansion, and explores how educational equality has been shaped by policies which reflected the shifting value orientations of the government since 1949. Quantitative methods were used to discover the current patterns of educational equality. The dataset is derived from a survey carried out under a project supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Logistic regressions were conducted to discover the relations between students’ social background characteristics and their likelihood of studying in different part of the differentiated higher education system. The findings show that while overall access has increased greatly, advantaged groups have maintained their advantage in gaining entry to higher status universities and attractive disciplines. The study went deeper to explore the changing patterns of educational equality through historical analysis of policy using the lens of culture, since social phenomena are context-based and culture is a deep yet decisive force which has previously been given inadequate attention in relation to this issue. Applying a multidisciplinary approach, an indigenous analytical framework was developed which identified six dimensions of culture relating to educational equality, and Chinese cultural values were then organized along these dimensions. This framework was used to explain the results of the quantitative analysis at a deeper level. It was also used to construct ideal types of elitism and populism as a means of analyzing the historical process of policy change. The study found that policies regarding educational equality swung between these two poles in post 1949 China, due to an internal tension in the Chinese cultural value system which was in turn stimulated or provoked by diverse external influences. Four major modes were identified: politically restrained elitism, politically restrained populism, inclusive elitism, and a tendency toward harmony. This approach represents an original attempt to develop an indigenous framework to interpret educational equality through a cultural lens. The dissertation also seeks to contribute to knowledge and theory development in the comparative research on educational equality more widely, and to provide insights that may inform policy making.	PhD	inclusive, equality	4, 5
Liu, Jingxian Jane	Jones, Dylan	Tropospheric Ozone over the Middle East and Its Interannual Variability: An Integrated Analysis with Satellite Observations and a Global Chemical Transport Model	Physics	2010-11	Tropospheric ozone is a major atmospheric pollutant and a greenhouse gas. Nevertheless, many processes influencing its spatio-temporal distribution are still poorly understood, mainly due to the lack of adequate observations. One such region is the Middle East, where ozone measurements are scant. In this study, the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model is used to interpret newly available tropospheric ozone data from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) satellite instrument. TES reveals elevated ozone in the mid-troposphere (500-300 hPa) over the Middle East in summer 2005. This study demonstrates that the Arabian anticyclone in the mid-troposphere over the Middle East plays a critical role in facilitating the buildup of ozone. Additionally, the South Asian High in the upper troposphere helps transport ozone from the Asian monsoon region. Transport from Asia and local production are predominantly responsible for the ozone buildup, each contributing 30-35% to the ozone abundance in the region. Ozone transported from the boundary layer accounts for about 25% of local production. TES retrievals of water vapour and deuterated water are used for the first time to provide an independent assessment of the ozone transport pathways. Using a GEOS-Chem simulation from 1987 to 2006, it is found that this ozone buildup fluctuates interannually by about ±7% (or ±6 ppbv). The major contributors, ozone transported from Asia and ozone produced locally, vary by ±30% (±7 ppbv) and ±15% (±3 ppbv), respectively. The variations of Asian and local sources are related to the strengths of the South Asian High and the Arabian anticyclone, respectively. It is found that in years when the Asian influence is weaker in the region, transport from other areas, such as North America, is enhanced. This tradeoff between transport from Asia and other regions is found to be linked to the position and strength of the subtropical westerly jet over central Asia. These results suggest that climate-related changes in the general circulation of the atmosphere will have implications for the transport of pollution into the Middle East. Such changes in pollution in the region could have feedbacks on the climate through changes in the radiative forcing associated with tropospheric ozone.	PhD	water, production, climate, greenhouse gas, pollut	6, 12, 13
Liu, Mengxia	Sargent, Edward H	Colloidal Quantum Dots for Solar Energy Conversion	Electrical and Computer Engineering	2018-11	Increasing global energy demand requires the development of clean energy sources that will help reduce the consumption of fossil fuels. Solar energy, the most abundant renewable source, is converted to electricity using photovoltaic devices. The photovoltaics market has witnessed rapid growth in the past decade, and today many photovoltaic strategies aim at low-cost, solution-processed manufacture. Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs), an emerging semiconductor material, have attracted attention in view of their spectral tunability. The bandgap of CQDs is readily tuned to harvest infrared solar energy. This could enable both full-spectrum devices and also tandem solar cells that can be integrated with wider-bandgap semiconductors. Unfortunately, a high density of surface-associated trap states, low carrier mobilities, and an inhomogeneous energy landscape have previously limited CQD photovoltaic performance. I introduce three strategies to address these problems. Through new materials processing approaches, I succeeded in increasing charge extraction, reducing bandtail states, and lowering the barrier to carrier hopping in CQD solids. The benefits from enhanced charge extraction were demonstrated in a double-sided junction architecture enabled by the engineering of an electron-accepting layer. This architecture resulted in an increase in the width of the carrier depletion region and a resultant decrease in recombination. I elucidated the effect of bandtail states on carrier transport and designed a solution-phase ligand-exchange method to create CQD inks that can be deposited as an active layer in a single step. The resulting CQD films exhibited a flattened energy landscape that increased the carrier diffusion length and contributed to solar cells having certified solar power conversion efficiencies of 11.3%. I then explored the translation of this strategy to small-bandgap infrared CQDs. Through management of surface ligands, I improved CQD passivation while reducing CQD fusion. I conclude with a new strategy for the design of a hybrid material system that combined CQDs with epitaxially-grown inorganic metal halide perovskites. The matrix-passivated CQD films showcased a two-fold increase in carrier mobility and superior thermal stability compared to pristine CQDs. This work provides promising pathways to achieve more fully the potential of CQD solids, and to showcase these advances in improved performance for CQD solar cells.	Ph.D.	energy, renewable, solar, consum	7, 12
Liu, Ning	Ray, Joel G	Induced Abortion in Ontario	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2019-11	Induced abortion is one of the most commonly performed procedures among women of reproductive age. Most induced abortions occur in women experiencing unintended pregnancies, largely for non-medical reasons. To maximize a woman’s health and wellbeing, it is important to not only identify factors that heighten her need for induced abortion, but any negative consequences that may follow, including those directly related to the induced abortion procedure and the provider performing it. To address these points, three population-based studies were completed using data within Ontario’s publicly funded health care system, where induced abortion is legal and funded by the province’s health insurance plan. Project 1 investigated the intergenerational pattern of induced abortion between a mother and her teenage daughter. Project 2 examined the relation between induced abortion and the risk of venous thromboembolism soon after the procedure. Project 3 evaluated the surgical procedure volume of physicians who perform induced abortion and the associated risk of adverse outcomes following surgical induced abortion. Project 1 found that a teenage daughter is nearly twice as likely to have an induced abortion if her mother has had one. The greater the number of induced abortions a mother has had, the more likely her daughter is to have one as a teenager. Project 2 showed that up to 42 days after an induced abortion, a woman’s risk of having a diagnosed venous thromboembolism event is nearly double the risk of a woman without a recent pregnancy, although the risk is significantly lower than that after a livebirth. Project 3 observed that women whose surgical induced abortion is performed by a physician with a low procedure volume have an increased risk of experiencing an adverse event within 42 days after the procedure; however, adverse event rates vary widely between physicians, and are only partly explained by physician procedural volumes. This body of research may guide clinical, research and health policy efforts aimed to both reduce unintended pregnancy among young women, and improve the quality of care provided to women who receive abortion care.	Ph.D.	health, women	3, 5
Liu, Sam	Nolan, Robert P	Hypertension Treatment Using an Internet-based Lifestyle Intervention	Medical Science	2015-11	Lifestyle change is important to blood pressure (BP) management. A health care challenge is to extend the reach of these lifestyle programs without over taxing health care resources. The rapid growth of Internet use presents an opportunity to tackle this challenge. However, meta-analytic data examining the efficacy of Internet-based lifestyle interventions to reduce BP in patients with hypertension is lacking. The optimal design strategies of effective Internet-based interventions also remain unclear; specifically, the effectiveness of clinical methods used (User- vs. Expert-driven protocols). Furthermore, self-monitoring of physical activity (PA) can help participants improve adherence to PA and reduce BP. Thus, it is important to find a user-friendly, low-cost and valid tool to measure PA that can be used in an Internet-based intervention. To address these questions, the first study examined the efficacy of Internet-based interventions in reducing BP in a meta-analysis and identified key components of an Internet-based intervention that are associated with BP control. The second study validated the XL-18 pedometer, which was a critical instrument in measuring daily steps used in the third study. The third study examined the influence of User- vs. expert-driven approaches used in an Internet-intervention aimed at promoting BP control and adherence to lifestyle changes. The first study showed that self-guided Internet-based lifestyle programs can be effective in reducing BP; specifically, interventions may be more efficacious when they were 6 months or longer, delivered proactively, and provided at least five behavioural techniques. The second study found that the XL-18 pedometer is a suitable tool to measure steps under controlled and free-living conditions. The third study demonstrated that it may be advisable to integrate an expert-driven e-counselling procedure into future Internet-based interventions in order to accommodate participants with greater levels of motivation for behaviour change. Overall, these findings have significant implications in designing the next generation of Internet-based lifestyle interventions.	Ph.D.	health	3
Livingstone, Stuart William	Cadotte, Marc W||Isaac, Marney E	Consequences of Plant Invasion in a Peri-urban Ecosystem: A Case Study of the Invasive Vine Vincetoxicum rossicum	Physical and Environmental Sciences	2018-06	The impacts of non-indigenous invasive plant species on peri-urban ecosystems are known to be highly variable and are the subject of much debate within the discipline of invasion ecology. Yet, there is a desperate need to quantify those impacts, investigate the potential for control and engage with the stakeholders that are affected by invasion. Using the invasive species Vincetoxicum rossicum in and around Canada’s Rouge National Urban Park, I 1) quantify its impact on biodiversity and ecosystem functionality, 2) examine the effectiveness of a bio-control agent (Hypena opulenta) in reducing the reproductive ability of V. rossicum in different light environments, 3) examine the ecological significance of rare and functionally unique species, and whether or not those species are disproportionately affected by V. rossicum invasion, and 4) examine stakeholder valuation of ecosystem services that are threatened by the spread of V. rossicum. I show that V. rossicum invasion is associated with significant declines in plant biodiversity and the impairment of several ecosystem functions including aboveground biomass production, floral resources and the diversity and abundance of local pollinators. I then show that, contrary to previous laboratory work, defoliation of V. rossicum by H. opulenta in shade conditions results in significantly greater seed production via a compensatory growth response. Then, through a combination of modelling simulations and empirical data collection I show that there are no general trends regarding the ecological significance of rare and/or functionally unique species, but that some rare plant species are ecologically important in the face of invasion. Then, by employing stakeholder analysis, I show that park-user knowledge of V. rossicum, operationalized as “ecological engagement”, results in significantly greater valuation of ecosystem services, but also that there is substantial neutrality and disagreement about the ecological impact of V. rossicum among stakeholders. As V. rossicum invasion is undoubtedly having negative impacts on ecosystem functions and services, this work points to the need for continued research on the potential for control options. Furthermore, given that the spread of V. rossicum is prolific in urban environments, conservation practitioners would do well to develop more effective communication strategies that can engage local stakeholders.	Ph.D.	urban, environment, ecology, conserv	11, 13, 14
Loder, Angela	Relph, Ted ||Wakefield, Sarah	Greening the City: Exploring Health, Well-being, Green Roofs, and the Perception of Nature in the Workplace	Geography	2012-03	This five-paper thesis explores office workers perceptions of green roofs and how this influences their health/well-being in Toronto and Chicago. Paper 1 examines the underlying paradigms and world-views of major research programs that look at the human relationship to nature and health/well-being, showing that despite some convergence between their methods and integration of different paradigms, continued differences and lack of clarity on the normative assumptions underlying each approach leads to confusion in the specification of ‘nature’ in health/well-being and place research. Paper 2 is a comparative analysis of the implementation of green roof policies in Toronto and Chicago. Paper 2 demonstrates the importance of ‘selling’ green roofs by linking them to larger environmental programs and of the municipal power structure that influences how and if environmental programs are implemented. Paper 3 examines the awareness, attitudes, and feelings towards green roofs by office workers with access to them (visual or physical) from their workplace in Toronto and Chicago. Using a phenomenological analysis of semi-structured interviews (n=55), Paper 3 shows that the hinterland, expectations of different kinds of ‘nature’ and aesthetics in the city, and access all influence perceptions of green roofs and sense of place. Paper 4 explores office workers awareness of and attitudes towards green roofs and the possible influence on their well-being in Toronto and Chicago from a large survey (n = 903). Participants showed a high literacy on the environmental benefits of green roofs. Chi-square analysis showed mixed results for health, but a significant association between visual access to a green roof and improved concentration. Paper 5 tests whether the relationship found in Paper 4, improved concentration with visual access, was still significant when other confounding variables were added to the model. Using a logistic regression on the same survey population (subset n =505), results found that concentration was no longer significant but that there was a trend towards improved concentration.	PhD	environment, well being	3, 13
Lofters, Aisha Kamilah O.	Glazier, Richard H.	Cervical Cancer Screening Among Ontario's Urban Immigrants	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2012-11	Aisha Kamilah O. Lofters Cervical Cancer Screening Among Ontario’s Urban Immigrants Doctor of Philosophy, 2012 Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation University of Toronto Background: The majority of cervical cancers can be prevented because of the highly effective screening tool, the Papanicolaou (Pap) test. Relevant guidelines recommend routine screening for nearly all adult women. However, inequities in screening exist in Ontario. This dissertation, consisting of three studies, uses administrative data to advance knowledge on barriers to cervical cancer screening for Ontario’s urban immigrant population. Methods: First, we developed and validated a billing code-based algorithm for cervical cancer screening. We then implemented this algorithm to examine screening rates in Ontario among women with various sociodemographic characteristics for 2003-2005. Second, we compared the prevalence of appropriate cervical cancer screening in Ontario in 2006-2008 among immigrant women from all major geographic regions of the world and Canadian-born women. Third, we used a stratified multivariate analysis to determine if the independent effects of various factors that could serve as screening barriers were modified by region of origin for immigrant women for 2006-2008. Results: Our first study showed that our algorithm was 99.5% sensitive and 85.7% specific, and that screening inequities in Ontario’s urban areas are largest among women 50 years and older, living in the lowest-income neighbourhoods and new to the province. In our second study, we determined that immigrant women had significantly lower screening rates than their peers, with the most pronounced differences seen for South Asian women aged 50 years and above. In the final study, we demonstrated that living in the lowest-income neighbourhoods, being younger than 35 years or older than 49 years, not being enrolled in a primary care enrolment model, having a male provider, and having a provider from the same region of the world each significantly influenced screening for immigrant women regardless of region of origin. Conclusion: These results add to the literature on health equity in cancer screening. Our findings demonstrate that Ontario’s urban immigrant women experience significant inequities in cervical cancer screening, and may offer guidance toward targeted patient and physician interventions to decrease screening gaps.	PhD	health, equitable, women	3, 5
Logan, Camille D.	Dei, George S	A Critique of School Board Selection Practices and the Under-representation of Racialized Educators in the Principalship	Social Justice Education	2018-11	Abstract School leaders are “ultimately responsible for how well students are doing and the extent to which achievement is improving” (Ontario. Ministry of Education, 2012b, p. 2). With changing demographics leading to an increased population of racialized stakeholders, schools must be responsive to the diverse needs of students and ensure equity of outcomes. This qualitative study identified factors contributing to continued under-representation of racialized educators in formal school leadership roles. Interview data collected from senior level personnel of three Greater Toronto Area (GTA) school boards was used to consider the question: How might current school board selection, identification, and subsequent hiring practices contribute to the under-representation of racialized school principals? This research utilizes anti-racism and critical race theories and Whiteness studies as conceptual frames for analysis. The twelve participants who were identified by their respective school board and/or colleagues, articulated their understanding of their district’s recruitment, identification and selection process for school leadership. Participants also shared their perceptions regarding the outcomes and/or patterns of under-represented racialized educators promoted into the principalship for their board. An analysis of the responses and an in-depth review of the literature uncovered prevailing dominant conceptualizations of leadership, derived from mainstream educational leadership scholarship. Problematically, the unique knowledges, perspectives, and lived experiences of racialized educators are siloed in the educational leadership scholarship and excluded from the mainstream literature used to identify and select school leaders. These findings have significant implications for who and how school leaders are selected, given that leaders who demonstrate Equity-based leadership models have particular competencies and skills that include identifying and removing barriers for marginalized students. Understanding the relationship between hiring and the under-representation of racialized educators in the cadre of school leaders is imperative, given Ministry mandates to close achievement gaps. This research contributes to greater understanding of the ways social identities can be determinants of advancement within systems of education that reflect an absence of marginalized identities within the ranks of school leadership.	Ph.D.	educat	4
Logie, Carmen	Newman, Peter A.	Exploring the Experiences of Sexual Stigma, Gender Non-Conformity Stigma and HIV-related Stigma and their Associations with Depression and Life Satisfaction Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in South India	Social Work	2010-11	Marginalization and stigmatization heighten the vulnerability of sexual minorities to inequitable health outcomes. Although men who have sex with men (MSM) are at elevated risk for HIV infection in India in comparison with the general population, there is a lack of MSM-focused research—particularly regarding stigma and mental health outcomes. This dissertation aimed to explore the influence of sexual stigma, gender non-conformity stigma and HIV-related stigma on depression and life satisfaction among MSM in South India. This study used a cross-sectional survey design and was conducted with MSM (n=200) in two locations in Tamil Nadu, South India: Chennai (urban) and Kumbakonam (semi-urban). Due to multicollinearity between sexual stigma and gender non-conformity stigma, the stronger predictor of each outcome (gender non-conformity stigma) was included in regression models. Results were analyzed to identify the associations between independent (gender non-conformity stigma, HIV-related stigma), moderator (social support, resilient coping) and dependent (depression, life satisfaction) variables. Due to significant differences between locations across a substantial number of variables, block regression analyses were conducted separately for each location. Higher levels of depression were predicted by gender non-conformity stigma in both locations, and also by HIV-related stigma in Kumbakonam. Lower levels of depression in both locations were predicted by higher levels of social support and resilient coping. Higher life satisfaction was predicted by social support and resilient coping in both Chennai and Kumbakonam. Lower life satisfaction was predicted by gender non-conformity stigma and HIV-related stigma in Kumbakonam, but not in Chennai. Social support and resilient coping did not moderate the impact of stigma(s) on depression or life satisfaction in either location. The results indicate that the majority of participants experienced stigmatization based on same-sex sexual behaviour and/or gender non-conformity. Another striking finding of the study was the alarmingly high rates of depression, whereby over half of participants in each region reported moderate to severe depression scores. Practice and policy implications include the development, implementation and evaluation of: multi-level stigma reduction interventions that account for socio-environmental and contextual factors; mental health interventions that promote resiliency and build social support; and policy initiatives to advance human rights protection.	PhD	health, equitable, gender, equality	3, 4, 2005
Lombardo, Nicholas Sebastian	Lewis, Robert	Enframing Infrastructural Place: Manhattan's Waterfront, 1686-1921	Geography	2019-11	In 1870, Manhattan’s waterfront was a mixed-use site of abattoirs, storage-yards and factories. These buildings lined the rotting wooden boards of dilapidated too-small piers built on privately-owned land. This close-in, messy waterfront was unambiguously part of the rest of the city in terms of law, operation, and governance. Over the next 50 years, the waterfront would be trans-formed. By 1921, the waterfront was dominated by publicly-owned and built concrete and steel piers on parcels that were legally distinct from the rest of the propertied urban landscape. The world’s largest steamships tied up at exclusive berths governed by an institution that sought to ensure their frictionless circulation in and out of the city. By 1921, Manhattan’s waterfront was the exclusive site of large-scale transportation circulation – an infrastructural place. In this re-search I ask how the mixed-use urban waterfront became infrastructural place: the exclusive site of transatlantic circulation. I examine how state and private sector actors negotiated, contested, and cooperated to enframe the waterfront as infrastructure – a space ruled according to the logic of circulation– that enabled global-scale flows through Manhattan. This involved on a process of enframing which relied on the separate legal categories of property leveraged to produce new conceptual, institutional, and material boundaries separating the waterfront from the rest of the city. These processes were articulated through power geometries to produce the waterfront as infrastructural place. This research demonstrates how an analysis of infrastructure as place allows us to examine it as an ongoing process of social production.	Ph.D.	water, infrastructure, buildings, urban, institution	6, 9, 11, 16
Long, Andrew Milam	Short, Steven M	Persistence of algal viruses and cyanophages in freshwater environments	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2017-06	Algal viruses and cyanophages exert top-down population controls upon primary producers in aquatic environments. Despite their clear importance, many ecological phenomena related to viruses are poorly understood. For instance, several studies suggest that phytoplankton viruses often exist at stable abundances, even when their hosts are absent. However, estimates of algal virus and cyanophage decay suggest that they decay too swiftly for these stable abundance patterns to occur. This paradox is the primary impetus for my research. In order to begin to address this knowledge gap, the seasonality of algal virus decay was assessed using decay incubation experiments across all four seasons using infectivity assays with cultivated viruses to estimate decay rates, which found high decay rates in the summer and spring and low decay rates in the winter. This seasonal study found that the low algal virus decay rates during winter allowed for survival after 126 days under ice cover in a seasonally frozen freshwater pond. This work was expanded upon by developing and validating molecular assays to estimate decay of environmental viruses with either unknown or uncultivated hosts, which represent the majority of viruses in nature. Upon validation of molecular assays for estimating decay rates, environmental algal virus and cyanophage decay rates were found to vary seasonally in the same way that cultivated algal virus decay rates did. Further, environmental algal viruses were found to have lower decay rates than cyanophages. In the molecular study, viruses were also found to persist in the winter under/within the ice cover for 126 days. However, the spring and summer decay rates estimated in both studies were often too high to permit virus population maintenance for long periods without ongoing production, which would require the presence of host cells at relatively high abundances. As such, the ability of freshwater sediment to serve as an environmental refugium for phytoplankton viruses was assessed using molecular methods. Freshwater sediments from Lake Erie were found to harbor diverse assemblages of both algal viruses and cyanophages. Some algal virus and cyanophage genotypes were found at high abundances in putatively 50 year old sediments, suggesting that sediments may aid in the persistence of viruses. In conclusion, over-wintering of algal viruses in the water column appears to be one mechanism that maintains a viral â seed-bank,â and the sediments of aquatic environments may be an environmental refugium for algal viruses and cyanophages alike.	Ph.D.	water, environment	6, 13
Longmuir, Patricia Elayne	McCrindle, Brian W.	Understanding Physical Activity from the Perspectives of Children with Complex Heart Defects, their Parents and their Cardiologists	Medical Science	2010-11	Children with complex heart defects lead sedentary lives that limit involvement in peer activities, impact their growth and development, and jeopardize their long-term health. The goal of this research was to better understand the factors that influence daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), which is associated with physical and psychological health. The physical activity levels of 64 children (25 female, 5 to 11 years of age) with a single pumping chamber in the heart were measured by accelerometry. Fitness and gross motor skill measures and medical history information were analyzed to identify factors associated with MVPA participation. Increased activity was related to the use of antithrombotic medication, spring season of the year, better motor skill and male sex. Group and individual discussions further explored psychosocial influences on the children’s level of MVPA. The children indicated physical activity was primarily motivated by having fun and being with their friends, while other children being more skilled discouraged participation. Parents of children with complex heart defects had dramatically different perceptions. They believe their child’s activity is primarily influenced by the heart condition and report often feeling uncertain about which activities are appropriate for their child. Finally, sources of parental uncertainty were examined by comparing the physical activity advice provided by the cardiologist to parent reports of the child’s activity restrictions, a content analysis of published activity guidelines and interviews with paediatric cardiologists. Parent uncertainty about activity was supported by the lack of agreement between parent and cardiologist reports of medically necessary activity restrictions. Parent reports of vague or variable activity advice were reflected in the published literature and cardiologist perspectives on activity counselling. These results suggest enabling children with complex heart defects to achieve an active lifestyle may rest on ensuring that the child and parents have appropriate physical activity beliefs and expectations.	PhD	health	3
Longo, Mark Stephen	Stacey, Richard	Cannabis Regulation and Public Health: Using the Experience of Alcohol Regulation to Maximize Public Health Outcomes in Ontario	Law	2017-11	The Government of Canada has signalled that it will legalize recreational cannabis on or before July 1, 2018. While there are numerous anticipated benefits of this change, including a reduction in the costs of enforcement and an increase in tax revenues, the consumption of cannabis is not risk-free. The many negative effects related to cannabis consumption include increased cancer risk, impairment of cognitive and psychomotor functioning, and a greater likelihood of manifesting mental health issues. A regulatory approach aimed at reducing these harms associated with use – and not use per se – is called a “public health” approach. In order to contribute to the design of a regulatory framework for cannabis in Ontario, this paper reviews and synthesizes the literature on the efficacy of specific regulatory tools in maximizing public health outcomes with respect to alcohol, including taxation and price controls, controlling the physical availability, and advertising and marketing restrictions.	LL.M.	health, taxation	3, 10
Loopstra, Rachel Cornelia	Tarasuk, Valerie	Household Food Insecurity in Canada: Towards an Understanding of Effective Interventions	Nutritional Sciences	2014-06	Over 12% of households were food insecure in Canada in 2011. Despite recognition of this problem, there remains no targeted public policy to address it. To inform interventions, examined in this thesis were how changes in financial resources related to changes in severity of food insecurity, the needs of food insecure households, and the effectiveness of current interventions. Studies 1, 2, 4, and 5 utilized data from a sample of 485 low income families living in high poverty neighbourhoods in Toronto, and Study 3 used data from the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) 2009-2011. In Study 1, the sensitivity of severity of food insecurity to changes in employment and income was observed. In Study 2, it was found that severity of food insecurity was associated with increasing probability of experiencing hardships in other domains such as delayed bill payments and giving up household services. The relationship between food insecurity and obesity among women was examined in Study 3, and it was shown that diagnoses of mood disorder partially explained the association. Patterns of association also varied by family status and severity of experiences. In Studies 4 and 5, use and non-use of current interventions focused on alleviating hunger (i.e. food banks) and improving healthy food access in communities (i.e. community gardens, Good Food Box) were examined among food insecure families. There was a low prevalence of use of all types of programs. Programs were not used because programs were not accessible or were not viewed as appropriate supports to meet needs. Taken together, findings suggest that interventions focused on potential manifestations and consequences of food insecurity are misplaced, and reinforce the urgent need for interventions to alleviate the financial insufficiency and insecurity that underpins food insecurity.	PhD	poverty, food, health	1, 2, 2003
Lord, Elizabeth	Boland, Alana	Building an Ecological Civilization across the Rural/Urban Divide and the Politics of Environmental Knowledge Production in Contemporary China	Geography	2018-06	Over the past four decades, China’s environment has been transformed markedly, both in terms of pollution and degradation, but also through protection initiatives. This dissertation draws on political ecology, including theories of environmental knowledge production, and uneven development, to examine how China’s ‘green’ turn unfolds onto, and through, rural/urban inequalities, and how it reconfigures this profound divide that organizes society. This dissertation examines how these two ‘crises’ — one environmental and the other socio-economic — are in conversation with each other, and in many ways, build off each other. My analysis is based on first-hand research in the Qinling Mountains (Shaanxi), interviews (including with academics, officials and villagers), participatory observation, as well as on secondary literature on rural-environmental questions. Based on this data, I identify two paradoxical processes transforming rural environments: the ruralization of pollution and the mobilization of rural efforts to ‘green’ the nation. I propose the concept of socio- environmental reproduction as a useful lens to understand this paradox. This concept illustrates how the rural/urban divide is constitutive of the environmental project; it also helps to understand the mechanism by which national greening initiatives further re-assert rural/urban differences. This dynamic appears most clearly when examining the politics and logics of environmental research including limits on fieldwork, pressures to commercialize research and political decisions about what is, or not, acceptable environmental knowledge. This study therefore analyzes institutional, political and discursive frames that regulate rural-environmental research to explore the parameters that shape what is known, or made invisible, about rural-environmental realities. I suggest that the political and economic context shaping environmental research in contemporary China is productive of the invisibility of urgent rural-environmental questions — a process which contributes to reproducing rural/urban inequalities, and illustrates one of the new ways through which uneven development unfolds in contemporary China.	Ph.D.	urban, rural, environment, pollut, ecology	11, 13, 14
Lord, R. Cassandra	Trotz, D. Alissa||Alexander, M. Jacqui	Performing Queer Diasporas: Pelau MasQUEERade in the Toronto Pride Parade	Social Justice Education	2015-03	Performing Queer Diasporas documents and critically examines the public performance of "Pelau MasQUEERade," an organized self-identified Caribbean queer diasporic group that includes non-Caribbean queers. Pelau MasQUEERade draws on the cultural and historical aesthetic of the Trinidad and Tobago Carnival and the Toronto Caribbean Carnival Parade, and brings its performance to the largely "white" queer space of the Toronto Pride Parade. I situate Pelau MasQUEERade in relation to the Toronto Pride Parade to investigate processes of racialization in queer spaces. My study challenges normative queer narratives about the Toronto Pride Parade that construct sexuality, citizenship and belonging as fundamentally de-racialized processes. I argue that the Toronto Pride Parade serves as an ostensible marker for white queer inclusion and belonging to the Canadian nation-state, placing queers of colour outside of the boundaries of belonging. I bring queer into conversation with diaspora to disrupt seemingly fixed boundaries of race and sexuality and to disturb the whiteness of the Toronto Pride Parade. My study utilizes an interdisciplinary framework. I draw on Caribbean, black/feminist queer diaspora scholarship to demonstrate how Pelau MasQUEERade emerges from a black diasporic tradition but simultaneously establishes itself as a queer of colour group. I further draw on theories of space and performance to illuminate how Pelau MasQUEERade offers alternative ways to re-imagine freedom, desire, and pleasure as a mode of survival. My study draws upon twenty semi-structured interviews with Pelau MasQUEERade participants and Toronto Pride organizers; two summers of ethnographic fieldwork; and an analysis of Internet, magazine and newspaper documents. There are three central aspects to my study: First, I examine how whiteness becomes normalized in Pride through the conflation of white with queer. This conflation enables queer claims for citizenship and belonging but excludes queers diasporics of colour. Second, I explore how Pelau MasQUEERade disturbs the whiteness of Pride by creating a mobile "queer diaspora" space. Third, I illustrate how queer diasporics of colour use performative practices to address exclusion and to create transformative spaces of belonging. Overall, my study illuminates how complex practices of belonging are imagined, spatially negotiated, embodied and articulated through Pelau MasQUEERade's performance.	Ph.D.	queer	5
Louie, Wing-Yue Geoffrey	Nejat, Goldie	A Learning Based Robot Interaction System for Multi-User Activities	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2017-11	The population of the world is rapidly aging and there is presently an increasing demand for residential care facilities to provide care for older adults. Understimulation can be a major concern in such facilities due to high resident-to-staff ratios and a decreasing number of healthcare staff to facilitate cognitive, social, and physical activities for older adults. Currently, socially assistive robots are being developed to assist in providing such stimulation. However, the existing robots are limited to only facilitating a set of activities that have been pre-programmed on the robot and cannot be customized to the needs of a facility. Furthermore, the majority consider only one-on-one activities, rather than providing stimulation to groups of users at the same time. This thesis focused on developing a learning based interaction system for socially assistive robots to: 1) autonomously facilitate multi-user activities while providing individualized assistance; 2) learn new customized activities from caregivers; and 3) personalize robot assistive behaviours to obtain user compliance. Numerous human-robot interaction experiments were conducted with the system integrated into the socially assistive robot Tangy for the multi-user activity of Bingo. The participants for the experiments consisting of caregivers and older adults. The results showed that: 1) participants had positive attitudes towards interacting with the robot and found it easy to use, 2) older adults were engaged during the activity and complied with the robotâ s behaviours, and 3) caregivers were able to successfully teach a new activity to the robot with moderately low perceived workload.	Ph.D.	health	3
Lowndes, Ruth	Angus, Janet Elizabeth	Diabetes Care and Serious Mental Illness: An Institutional Ethnography	Nursing Science	2012-11	People with serious mental illness are genetically predisposed to diabetes. Their risk is heightened with the use of atypical antipsychotic medications. Contextual conditions also influence diabetes care and outcomes. There is a lack of research on diabetes care for the mentally ill in residential care facilities. Therefore, there is little understanding of the social relations that contribute to this group’s health disparities. Institutional ethnography was chosen to explore this phenomenon in a group of 26 women in a rural for-profit group home in southern Ontario. Work activities of residents and providers were examined to map out the social organization of health inequities. Interviewees included residents with diabetes, care providers, field workers, and health professionals. Observations and analysis of coordinating texts were further methods used to reveal disjunctures between discourses embedded within diabetes care guidelines and the actualities of living within imposed constraints of group home care. The overarching State interest in cost containment creates rationing that limits the care afforded residents, resulting in poor dietary intake and lack of quality of life opportunities. Further, group home policies regulate systems of safety, reporting, and financial accountability, but do not promote health. The medical and psychiatric divide also contributes to health disparities. Diabetes care provision supports ‘self-care,’ which is challenging for this group, and health providers lack understanding of contextual constraints. Combined, these social circumstances perpetuate disease development and make illness management difficult. These findings warrant the need for State financial support and policy changes that give primacy to illness prevention, health promotion, and medical management so the mentally ill can realize health and wellbeing. A linkage between mental and physical health care is also crucial. Further, health providers are urged to be critical of social ideologies that sustain health inequalities, and to deliver services that are sensitive to unique particularities.	PhD	health, women, rural	3, 5, 11
Lu, Bing	He, Yuhong	Estimating Grassland Biophysical and Biochemical Properties Using Remote Sensing and Modelling	Geography	2017-11	Grasslands comprise about 42% of the world's plant cover and provide critical ecosystem services to the planet. In recent decades, worldwide grasslands have degraded greatly in terms of area and condition, mainly due to human activities and environmental changes. It is therefore critical to investigate grassland heath and adopt corresponding conservation strategies. Remote sensing is an efficient tool for investigating grasslands, owing to its broad spatial coverage and capability of acquiring data repeatedly. Previous studies have utilized remote sensing to investigate various grassland features, such as disturbances (e.g., wildfire, grazing), species composition, and vegetation properties (e.g., leaf area index, chlorophyll). However, limited by the attributes of remote sensing data (e.g., spatial or spectral resolution) or image analysis methods, there are still research gaps in studying grasslands using remote sensing that warrant further exploration. In this research, multi-source remote sensing data with different spatial, temporal, and spectral features were applied to investigate different grassland properties. Specifically, multi-temporal medium-spatial resolution multispectral imagery acquired by satellite was utilized to investigate a wildfire disturbance on a mixed grassland. Multi-temporal ultra-high spatial resolution multispectral imagery acquired by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle was processed to identify species composition and estimate vegetation properties in a tall grassland using an empirical method. Lastly, multi-temporal high-spatial resolution hyperspectral imagery acquired by manned helicopter was utilized to estimate vegetation properties of a tall grassland using radiation transfer modelling. Results show that grassland features can be accurately retrieved from the chosen imagery, but one should keep in mind that different imagery types have differences in spectral, spatial, and temporal characteristics, and thus are suitable for different research purposes. These research findings provide insights on selecting appropriate remote sensing data and processing techniques for investigating different grassland features, and further contribute to the understanding of grassland ecosystems and grassland conservation.	Ph.D.	urban, environment, conserv	11, 13, 14
Lucas, Jon William	White, Graham	Explaining Institutional Change: Local Special Purpose Bodies in Ontario, 1810-2010	Political Science	2014-11	This dissertation examines the institutional histories of local special purpose bodies in Ontario from their origins in the nineteenth century to the present. The analysis is organized around two research questions. First, how have the institutional structures of special purpose bodies changed over the long term? Second, what can an analysis of the long-term dynamics of these institutions contribute to our present theories of institutional and policy change? The dissertation is divided into two parts. In the first part, I focus on special purpose bodies in the midsized city of Kitchener, Ontario. This part tracks a wide range of ABCs - from water commissions to conservation authorities to police commissions, among many others - through the course of Kitchener's history. In the second part, I examine changes to school boards, boards of health, and hydro commissions in municipalities across the province of Ontario. I make three general arguments in this dissertation. First, I argue that changes to local special purpose bodies have a distinctly patterned character, with just one or two kinds of change occurring again and again for long periods of time. Second, I argue that we can explain these patterns, and the shifts from one pattern to another, using a synthetic theoretical approach that I call "Policy Fields". This approach focuses our attention on the institutional and cultural structure of the environment or "field" in which policy decisions occur, as well as the wider interaction among those fields over time. Finally, I argue that we can understand the timing of institutional changes within the broader patterns using a typology of policy fields. This three-part typology enables us to understand the factors that tend to trigger changes within different kinds of fields.	Ph.D.	water, conserv, institution	14, 16
Luk, Jason	MacLean, Heather L	Advancing Life Cycle Comparisons of Future Alternative Light-duty Vehicles	Civil Engineering	2015-11	The overall objective of this thesis is to systematically compare the life cycle energy use, air emissions and costs of future alternative light-duty vehicles in a more robust manner than is done in the literature. Models are developed using GREET (Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation), Autonomie vehicle simulation software, Vehicle Attribute Model, Air Pollution Emission Experiments and Policy (APEEP) analysis model, and Crystal Ball (Monte Carlo analysis). Four questions are investigated: • Should the transportation sector use ethanol or bio-electricity? Life cycle assessment results indicate that neither has a clear advantage in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or energy use. This finding is in contrast to those in the literature that favor the use of bio-electricity because this thesis develops pathways with comparable vehicle characteristics. • Do plug-in electric vehicles provide incremental life cycle air pollutant impact benefits over internal combustion engine vehicles using the same primary energy source? The results based on natural gas-derived fuels show that battery electric vehicles (BEV) may not provide benefits, in terms of climate change and health impacts, over hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). This can be attributed to the many sources of uncertainty and stringent tailpipe emissions regulations. • How can vehicles be designed to meet future CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) standards? Case study results for a reference vehicle show that the 66% increase in fuel economy targets between model years 2012 to 2025 can be met with a 10% vehicle price increase (lightweight HEV powertrain), 31% increase in 0-96 km/h acceleration time (smaller engine), 17% interior volume decrease (smaller body), or 94% driving range decrease (BEV powertrain), while other attributes are maintained. • How might CAFE standards affect the ability for non-petroleum vehicles to mitigate GHG emissions by displacing petroleum vehicles? Life cycle costing results indicate that there is a financial incentive for automakers to produce CNG vehicles that could emit higher well-to-wheel GHG emissions on a per kilometer basis than gasoline vehicles. This is permitted by CAFE standards because non-petroleum fuel incentives allow vehicles using CNG to be less efficient, and thus potentially more affordable, than those using gasoline.	Ph.D.	energy, climate, greenhouse gas, pollut	7, 13
Lundsgaard-Nielsen, Vanessa Blair	Sage, Tammy L	The Effect of Heat Stress on Reproduction in Arabidopsis thaliana, Camelina sativa, and Oryza sativa: A Carbonyl-targeted Proteomics Approach	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2017-11	The intensity and frequency of global heat stress events are predicted to increase in the coming decades as a result of global warming. The negative effect of high temperature (HT) on reproductive development in plants is a major cause of reduced yields in natural and arable ecosystems. During HT (≥ 32 °C) the accumulation of reactive carbonyl species (RCS), resulting from lipid peroxidation, damage plant cells by irreversibly carbonylating proteins and rendering them non-functional. Heat-induced RCS may induce failure of male and female reproductive development thereby reducing yields. If so, mitigating the effects of HT stress and HT-induced RCS should be a primary target of crop improvement. This dissertation examined the impact that chronic HT stress has on protein carbonylation, reproductive development, and genetic components in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the emerging biofuel crop Camelina sativa, and the staple food crop, rice. The effect of HT (33 °C) on pollen development and the role of two genes encoding pollen-localized RCS-detoxifying enzymes are examined in Arabidopsis. One of these enzymes, HTT1, is shown to confer pollen thermotolerance in temperature-tolerant Arabidopsis ecotype by detoxifying RCS in pollen, thereby maintaining pollen function and seed set. HT also impacts pollen development and seed production in agronomic Brassicaceious species, such as C. sativa, where reductions in pollen tube growth, ovule number, and embryo sac development were associated with increased protein carbonylation at 35 °C. Reduced pollen tube growth, in conjunction with reduced ovule number and impaired embryo sac development, resulted in reduced seed number in Camelina at HT. The genetic resources available for C. sativa have recently expanded, and a QTL analysis identified candidate genes for improving ovule number at HT. HT (36°C) also induced protein carbonylation and was associated with a failure in pollen development in rice at the uninucleate stage. Across all species examined in this thesis, heat stress resulted in the production of RCS in reproductive tissues and reduced yields, suggesting that the production of RCS may be a universal response to heat stress. Identification of protein targets for heat-induced oxidative stress will highlight organelles and processes sensitive to heat and thus aid in the production of thermotolerant crop species.	Ph.D.	production, global warming	12, 13
Lung, Jonathan	Easterbrook, Steve M	Design and Use of Tree-Based Argument Graphs for Reducing Energy Consumption	Computer Science	2018-06	Decisions that individuals make, in aggregate, have a large impact on global energy consumption -- a major contributor to climate change -- and the science shows it is in humanity's best interest to cut back on our energy use. The literature shows that informing and educating individuals about the impacts of their decisions can result in long-term reductions in energy use while introducing other forms of motivation such as financial incentives can fail. I show a method of presenting/visualizing information that I call a tree-based argument graph (T-BAG) is an effective enabler of rational decision-making by reducing the impact of cognitive biases. With the use of a controlled experiment, I demonstrate that T-BAGs can counteract biases that hinder rational thought. Furthermore, I present Inflo and InfloGraphic, two T-BAG tools, as proofs-of-concept which enabled me to explore barriers to adoption of T-BAGs. In this thesis, I not only show how T-BAGs can reduce biases in the decision-making process, I develop a foundation for a collaborative platform that enables users to create a shared executable knowledge base.	Ph.D.	energy, consum, climate	7, 12, 13
Lunny, Allyson M.	Gartner, Rosemary	Victimhood and Socio-legal Narratives of Hate Crime Against Queer Communities in Canada, 1985-2003	Criminology	2011-06	This dissertation analyzes personal and institutional narratives that shape the Canadian phenomenon of anti-LGBT violence as hate crime and locate queers within and without the discursive figure of the responsible, legitimate and undeserving victim of hate crime. These socio-legal narratives were taken from interviews with LGBT community activists involved in anti-violence projects, mainstream and gay print news media reportage of two notable homicides, Parliamentary debates of the enhanced sentencing provision that sought to include ‘sexual orientation’ to the list of biased motivating factors, Senate witness testimony on the amendment to Canada’s hate propaganda statutes which sought to include ‘sexual orientation’ to the list of protected groups, interviews with police officers who had direct experience with anti-hate crime initiatives, and judicial reasons for sentence. Utilizing an interdisciplinary analysis and drawing on hate crime scholarship and victimology, this dissertation asks: how is legitimate and, consequently, illegitimate LGBT hate crime victimization being represented and constituted through Canadian socio-legal narratives? In revealing how socio-legal actors and institutions have positioned LGBT individuals discursively within or without legitimate victimhood, that is, within and without the status of innocent victim deserving of social empathy and socio-legal institutional response, my dissertation illustrates how the spectre of illegitimate victimization is repeatedly invoked in socio-legal narratives of anti-LGBT hate crime. My analysis of these narratives about queer victimization and hate crime suggests that the figure of the responsible, legitimate and undeserving victim of hate crime remains an elusive and unstable identity for the queer victim of hate crime. Insofar as hate crime scholars have argued that the mobilization of hate crime activism has produced a victim whose hate crime status ensures its legitimacy, I contribute to this scholarship by arguing that this status is particularly challenging for the queer victim of hate-motivated violence. I demonstrate that the resiliency of the figure of classic victimology’s self-endangering and risky ‘homosexual’ and the sustained ideological resistence to LGBT individuals as full citizens, despite their notable legal gains, positions LGBT individuals, particularly gay men, ambiguously, situating them conceptually both without and within legitimate victimhood.	PhD	queer, institution	5, 16
Luo, Xiangzhong	Chen, Jing M	Estimation of global land surface evapotranspiration with the consideration of vegetation structural and physiological status from remote sensing	Geography	2018-03	Global land surface evapotranspiration (ET) is a critical constituent of the global energy and water budgets. The average of perennial terrestrial ET accounts for around 60% of precipitation and consumes about 50% of the absorbed solar radiation on the land surface. At least 50% of terrestrial ET is comprised of transpiration – the water efflux through leaf stomata – the variations of which are subject to vegetation status. The structural status of vegetation determines the radiation distribution inside a canopy and the available energy for transpiration and photosynthesis, while physiological status describes the activity of pigments and enzymes associated with the biochemical processes that control photosynthesis and stomata. Currently, the status of vegetation is often underrepresented in terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) – the principle tools used to simulate terrestrial ET, due to the difficulty of direct measurements of vegetation traits over large scales. Chapter 2 uses ground measured leaf area index (LAI) and clumping index (CI) over nine flux towers to form several upscaling schemes for a TBM and suggests that a two-leaf scheme (TL) is the best upscaling scheme for modelling ET, based on a comprehensive comparison. TL captures the instantaneous features of the radiation distribution and avoids uncertainties in calculating canopy-scale biochemical parameters. Chapter 3 incorporates the ground measured leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) from a forest site into a TBM and establishes a framework to use LCC in TL. Chapter 3 reveals that LCC can work as a robust proxy for the leaf photosynthetic capacity in TBMs, with the estimates of gross primary productivity (GPP) and ET in being considerably improved in spring and autumn. After the site-level study, Chapter 4 uses satellite-derived LAI, CI and LCC to simulate ET and GPP at 124 sites across nine plant functional types distributed globally. Satellite-derived LCC can reduce the biases of ET and GPP estimates at around 60% of the 554 site-years, with the greatest reduction for plant functional types with strong seasonal cycles. This study demonstrates the critical role of vegetation in simulating global ET and GPP, and develops the optimal way to incorporate vegetation structural and physiological parameters in ET modelling.	Ph.D.	water, energy, solar, consum	6, 7, 12
Lutsch, Erik	Strong, Kimberly	The Influence of Biomass Burning on the Arctic Atmosphere	Physics	2019-11	Evaluating the influence of biomass burning on the Arctic requires continuous and long-term measurements of the transported emissions. In this thesis, ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) solar-absorption spectroscopic measurements at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL) in Eureka, Nunavut, Canada from 2006-2018 are used to retrieve the atmospheric abundance of the biomass burning species CO, HCN, C2H6, C2H2, CH3OH, H2CO, HCOOH and NH3 . The retrievals of NH3 from Eureka FTIR measurements are the first long-term ground-based measurements of NH3 in the high Arctic. Measurements of NH3, CO, HCN and C2H6 were simultaneously enhanced in July-August 2014 and attributed to the 2014 Northwest Territories wildfires. Enhancements were observed in FTIR measurements at Toronto, and due to the differences in traveltimes between the sites, an approximate 2-day lifetime of NH3 in a smoke plume was determined, allowing for NH3 to undergo long-range transport and therefore suggesting that boreal wildfires may be a considerable episodic NH3 source to the Arctic. The greatest enhancements of NH3, CO, HCN, and C2H6 were observed from FTIR measurements at Eureka (2006-2017) and Thule, Greenland (2006-2017) from 17-22 August 2017 and attributed to the 2017 British Columbia and Northwest Territories wild- fires. A GEOS-Chem simulation illustrated that these wildfires contributed to surface-layer NH3 enhancements in the Canadian Archipelago of 0.01-0.11 ppbv from 15-23 August 2017, 0.14-5.50 times the background due to local seabird-colony sources, further indicating that boreal wildfire NH3 is an important episodic source of NH3 in the summertime high Arctic in addition to the persistent seabird-colony source. Detection of wildfire pollution events was performed for Eureka FTIR measurements and nine other Northern high- and mid-latitude Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) FTIR sites from 2003-2018. Enhancements of CO were detected and correlated with simultaneous enhancements of the biomass burning tracers HCN and C2H6, providing a means of wildfire pollution detection. Source attribution of the detected events was performed using a GEOS-Chem tagged CO simulation. Boreal North America and boreal Asia were the largest contributors to anomalous enhancements at all sites, with a recent increase in the boreal North American contribution from 2013-2018.	Ph.D.	pollut, environment	13
Lyander, Mary Judith	Anderson, Stephen E	Orientation to Teaching as a Lifelong Career in Sub Saharan Africa – A Tanzanian Case Study	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2018-11	Many developing countries in Sub Saharan Africa are facing mounting pressure to seek effective and efficient approaches to recruiting, preparing, supporting, and retaining committed teachers in the education sector. This research project explores recruitment, and retention factors that may influence a commitment to teaching of secondary school teachers in rural Tanzania. This study draws on a framework developed by Sher (1993) of three factors that affect the commitment and retention of teachers working in rural schools: teachers’ characteristics, conditions and compensation. Data included semi-structured interviews with 16 secondary school teachers from four secondary schools and a focus group interview with retired teachers from the Geita district in Tanzania. The interviews and focus group explored teachers’ commitment to teaching, and their perceptions of recruitment and retention factors that influence commitment to the teaching career. The findings show that participants believe highly committed teachers identify with educational goals and values, demonstrate positive job performance behavior and a desire to maintain membership within the education sector. The findings also confirm the influence teachers’ characteristics, working and living conditions, and compensation on teacher commitment, recruitment and retention. In addition, the societal status and image of teachers emerges as an important factor. This study discusses implications for education practices and policies that develop and support teachers’ commitment in the rural context.	Ed.D.	educat	4
Lyons, Elizabeth	Ajay, Agrawal	The Organization of Online Outsourcing: Observational and Field Experimental Studies	Management	2014-11	This thesis explores how digitized international labor markets affect hiring and the organization of production using experimental and observational data from the world's largest online contract labor market, oDesk. Team-based production in knowledge work is becoming increasingly important for firm success, and with the globalization of economic activities, teams of workers are increasingly diverse in their nationality and skill sets. In the first chapter of this thesis I test whether these differences have meaningful implications for performance by designing and conducting a natural field experiment to examine how national diversity affects the returns to team work. I find that team work improves outcomes when workers are from the same country, and worsens outcomes when workers are from different countries relative to groups independent workers. I also find that these results are most pronounced for groups of workers with specialized skills sets. These findings suggest that while technology is facilitating cross-border interactions with potentially large benefits such as knowledge transfer, market growth, and access to higher paying jobs, participants in international markets may benefit from investing in managing the costs associated with national diversity. Aside from the costs national diversity introduces into team work, international labor markets may also introduce informational costs for employers trying to hire from countries they know little about. Using observational data from the same market, oDesk, the second chapter of my dissertation considers how employers from developed countries and contract workers from developing countries overcome the information asymmetries associated with remote work. This chapter finds that workers from less developed countries are disadvantaged relative to those from developed countries in terms of their likelihood of being hired by employers from developed countries, but that verifiable information benefits them relatively more. This suggests that reliable and easily understood information can overcome some of the difficulties associated with hiring foreign workers. The final chapter of my thesis considers some of the broader implications of the digitization of contract labor for workers and firms by taking advantage of observational and survey data from oDesk.	Ph.D.	worker	8
Lys, Candice Lorene	Gesink, Dionne	Development of Coping Strategies and Sexual Subjectivity among Female Youth in the Northwest Territories, described through Body Mapping	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2018-11	Background: The sexual and mental health of young women in the Northwest Territories (NWT) is a serious public health concern. In response, I developed an arts-based intervention called FOXY (Fostering Open eXpression among Youth). FOXY is grounded in social ecological theory and guided by a trauma-informed lens. Objectives: To learn about sexual and mental health from young women in the NWT attending FOXY, using the arts-based method of body mapping. Specifically, to 1) describe and evaluate body mapping an as approach for educational intervention and research data collection with young NWT women; 2) discover the self-identified strategies that young women in the NWT use to cope with mental health issues; and 3) explore how young NWT women develop their sexual subjectivity within the context of contraception use and access. Results: 41 female FOXY youth (aged 13 to 17 years) from six NWT communities completed in-depth interviews, and seven FOXY facilitators provided written reflections. Body mapping was an intervention tool that supported and encouraged participant self-reflection, introspection, personal connectedness, and processing difficult emotions. The process catalyzed data collection that enabled trust and youth voice in research, reduced verbal communication barriers, and facilitated collection of rich data regarding personal experiences. Participants used five mental health coping strategies: grounding via nature, strength through Indigenous cultures, connection with God and Christian beliefs, expression using the arts, and relationships with social supports. Barriers to the development of sexual subjectivity included a culture of stigma and shame surrounding sexuality; pervasive alcohol use in communities; predatory behaviours by older men; poor quality sexual health education offered in schools; and, issues with accessing health services. Comprehensive sexual health education; widespread access to free condoms; and, positive health support networks with female relatives, peers, and some teachers were identified as facilitators for the development of sexual subjectivity. Conclusion: A trauma-informed, holistic, culturally relevant framework of multiple intervention strategies at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, and societal levels within a comprehensive social ecological model can address the complex interplay of sexual and mental health needs of young NWT women.	Ph.D.	health, women	3, 5
Lysova, Alexandra	Gartner, Rosemary	Dynamics of Violence between Intimate Partners in the Narratives of Incarcerated Women in Canada: A Violent Events Perspective	Criminology	2015-06	While we have learnt much in the last forty years about the prevalence of and risk factors for violence perpetrated by individual men and women in their intimate relationships, little research has focused on the interaction between intimate partners within a violent situation. I argue that given the complex nature of intimate relationships and intertwining roles, behaviours, and emotions of both partners, examining the couple's interaction -- rather than the disconnected behaviours of individual men or women -- can provide a deeper understanding of and new insights into the process of violence between intimate partners. Using a sample of 295 violent incidents reported by 135 incarcerated women, I explore the interactional aspects of violence in the incidents from a violent events perspective. Identifying and drawing on different dimensions of violent dynamics, e.g., initiation of violence, reaction to initial violence, the use of violence in the entire incident, and injuries to partners, I used Latent Class Analysis to identify specific classes of violent incidents that represent more general patterns of violent dynamics. This incident-based analysis identified four distinct classes of violent incidents and characteristics associated with each of them at the individual, relationship and situational levels. My study finds evidence consistent with previously identified violent types and also detects a novel type of violent dynamics in the relationships of high-risk incarcerated women. Moreover, the context-based and interaction-based approach in my study reveals the heterogeneity of women's behaviour in a violent situation. These findings question a `one size fits all' approach to address such a complex and multidimensional phenomenon as intimate partner violence and suggest carefully tailored interventions for different violent types/incidents.	Ph.D.	women	5
Macaraig, John Marvin Rodriguera	Andre, Sorensen	Urban Greenspace, Civil Society and Science: The Creation and Management of the Rouge Park, Ontario, Canada.	Geography	2013-06	Earth is becoming more urban. As the human population continues the current trend of migrating towards urbanized regions, the pressures to develop urban greenspaces will inevitably increase. Greenspaces play a critical role in urban livability for both human and non-human beings. This research examines the creation and management of the Rouge Park (Ontario, Canada), which is a large greenspace approximately 46 km2 located in the eastern portion of the Greater Toronto Area. The output of this research consists of three parts. The first provides an identification of the relevant actors, and a detailed chronology of the social and political events that led to the establishment of the Rouge Park. The second section explores the competing narratives of science, conservation, and development that were fundamental in shaping the protected area that we see today. The final section examines the governance and administration of the Rouge Park, and investigates the activities and involvement of civil society actors working in its day-to-day management. Using qualitative methods, I demonstrate that science and scientific expertise can be powerful tools of legitimization for civil society actors. In particular, I examine the benefits and pitfalls of placing ecologically-based rationalizations at the forefront of conservation policy deliberations. Furthermore, I show that despite shortcomings in the governance structure of the park, the current arrangement has provided civil society actors with increased opportunities to shape their community. My results show that a locally grounded nature conservation movement can serve as a powerful motivating force for citizens to enact long-term environmental planning initiatives.	PhD	urban, environment	11, 13
Macdonald, Rona	Kontos, Pia	'Ms-Understandings'?: A Discourse Analysis of the Talk of Older Single Women	Rehabilitation Science	2018-11	Older ‘never married’ women are often identified as a ‘problem group’. Frequently characterized in stereotypically negative terms as loneliness, risk, and vulnerability, singleness is often considered ‘bad’ for health, especially for women who remain single. From a critical perspective, the implications of this for occupational therapy (OT) are multi-dimensional. Where marriage and motherhood are taken-for-granted life trajectories, older single women are marginalized, which affects assessments, interactions, and outcomes of care. By theorizing singleness from a social constructionist perspective, by attending closely to language and issues of identity, and by tracing out the connections between women’s accounts and broader social and cultural beliefs and values, this thesis contributes to a ‘critical OT’. Drawing on a theoretical blend of constructionist thinking established in social psychology, the talk of lifelong single women is considered from the critical/discursive psychological perspective. Employing interpretive repertoires, subject positions, and ideological dilemmas as analytical tools, the question explored by this thesis is ‘What interpretive repertoires do the speakers draw upon, and what strategies do they use to negotiate their identities?’ The available speaking resources were found to be strongly polarized into two repertoires: ‘singleness as deficit’ and ‘singleness as freedom’. The identity negotiation strategies employed by the participants included anticipating criticisms and objections to mild positive claims about the freedoms of singleness, rhetorically distancing themselves from damaging associations generated from the deficit repertoire, and troubling the applicability of the category ‘single’, which involves implementing discursive ‘tricks’ to close down conversations. In order to improve the quality of care for older single women, the profession of OT needs to recognize how socio/cultural discourses about singleness significantly shape research, theory, and practice. This thesis thus has important implications for critical OT, OT policies and norms of professionalism, and to the micro-politics of everyday OT practice.	Ph.D.	women	5
Macedo, Ester Pereira Neves	Boyd, Dwight	Philosophy of the Many: High School Philosophy and a Politics of Difference	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2011-11	As we start a new millennium, the conviction that exclusionary practices need to be fought at all levels of society is becoming gradually more accepted. Nevertheless, as I show in this thesis, many if not most researchers on High School Philosophy (HSP) operate from what Iris Marion Young (1990) calls a logic of identity, which continues to be exclusionary even when it attempts to reach “all.” My objective in this thesis, therefore, is to map out the HSP literature in terms of Young’s “Politics of Difference,” and, by doing that, to suggest ways in which it could be more inclusive. This adaptation of Young’s Politics of Difference to HSP is presented in this thesis in six chapters. In chapter 1, I summarize the main aspects of Young’s argument. In chapter 2, I give an overview of the current literature on HSP, showing that it is scarce and scattered. This thesis’s first contribution, therefore, is as a representative, though not exhaustive, catalogue of the HSP literature. In chapter 3, I present a deeper analysis of the HSP literature, dividing it into two main strands, “the selective” and the “universal” approaches to HSP. I also argue in this chapter that both these approaches are problematic, because they exclude many, privileges some over others and alienate all. In chapter 4, I present a brief analysis of the epistemology informing both the selective and the universal approaches to HSP. In this chapter, I focus on the so-called “Myth of Neutrality,” which is another manifestation of the logic of identity. Using as illustration the works of two authors, Robert Simon and Harvey Siegel, I show in this chapter how the myth of neutrality manifests the positivism and reductionism typical of the logic of identity. Finally, in chapter 5 I present my positive proposal for HSP, which I called “Philosophy of Many” (PoM), as a more inclusive alternative to both the selective and the universal approaches to HSP. The final chapter reviews the main conclusions of this study and suggests direction for further research.	PhD	inclusive	4
Macias, Teresa	Razack, Sherene	“On the Pawprints of Terror": The Human Rights Regime and the Production of Truth and Subjectivity in Post-authoritarian Chile	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2010-06	In 1990, Chile made a successful transition from the authoritarian dictatorship that had ruled the country since 1973 to a democratically elected government. The authoritarian regime was characterized by massive and systemic practices of human rights abuses, and it left an official toll of 5,000 deaths, about 2000 of which constitute “detained and disappeared people”, and an additional 27,000 people who have been officially recognized as victims of torture. These figures do not take into account the unknown numbers of Chilean exiles, or those who were internally displaced or who lost their jobs due to their suspected political affiliations. The human cost of the military regime has continued to be one of the most enduring issues confronting the post-authoritarian Chilean nation. This thesis builds on the work of critical researchers who locate the Chilean authoritarian regime in the transnational politics of the Cold War and their effect in implementing neo-liberalism in Chile. This literature demonstrates that terror was a constitutive, rather than an incidental, element of neo-liberal governmentality: governmentality that inscribed itself on Chilean bodies through terror practices and that remains unscathed through the transition to democracy. With that premise in mind I explore, through a historical analysis of major conjunctures in the history of human rights debates in Chile, how the post-authoritarian nation accounts for the human rights legacies of authoritarianism while obscuring the continuity of authoritarian governmentality. I propose that human rights constitute a biopolitical governmental regime that in a manner comparable to the authoritarian terror captures human life within the realm of state power. As a regime, human rights submit experiences of terror to specific power-knowledge technologies that render terror intelligible, manageable and governable. Rather than promoting essential values of truth and justice, the human rights regime produces specific discourses of truth and justice as well as specific discourses of subjectivity and nation. In concrete terms, this thesis explores how the post-authoritarian nation and it subjects use the human rights regime to discursively construct a national truth in order to promote and protect specific governmental arrangements.	PhD	justice, rights	16
Maciver, Elizabeth J.	McKneally, Martin	Deciding about Heart Transplantation or Mechanical Support: An Empirical Study and Ethical Analysis	Medical Science	2012-11	Purpose: Patients living with advanced heart failure experience dyspnea, fatigue, poor quality of life, depression and cognitive impairment which may threaten their ability to provide informed consent to undergo heart transplant (HTx) or mechanical support (LVAD). Using qualitative and quantitative methods, we asked how patients with advanced heart failure make decisions regarding HTx and LVAD. The variables chosen to reflect the elements of consent included quality of life and symptom severity (voluntariness), depression and cognitive impairment (capacity) and treatment preferences (decision-making). Methods: 76 patients enrolled in the quantitative arm completed the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire; Visual Analog scales for dyspnea, fatigue and overall health; Beck Depression Inventory; Montreal Cognitive Assessment; Standard Gamble and Time Tradeoff. Qualitative methods were used to discover concepts, relationships and decision-making processes described by 17 of the 76 patients considering HTx and LVAD. Results: Patients reported poor quality of life and high symptom severity scores which compelled them to consider surgery as a way to relieve unpleasant symptoms and improve quality of life. Although 30% of patients had evidence of depression and/or cognitive impairment, no patient was deemed incapable of decision-making. Patients were willing to take considerable risk (35%) and trade considerable time (4months) to improve their health. While heart failure-related concepts were important to the decision, entrustment emerged as the meaningful process for decision-making. Conclusions: Patients who participated in this study were capable of decision-making and understood the risks associated with the surgery. Voluntariness was diminished by disease but not absent, and decisions were free of coercion. These results suggest the entrustment model of decision-making is the dominant process for patients considering high-risk surgical procedures and meets criteria for informed consent. Understanding the process of decision-making will help clinicians support and enable treatment decisions made by patients living with advanced heart failure.	PhD	health	3
MacKendrick, Norah	Johnston, Josée	The Individualization of Risk as Responsibility and Citizenship: A Case Study of Chemical Body Burdens	Sociology	2011-11	This dissertation examines how changing conceptions of risk responsibility relate to changing ideas of citizenship and the public sphere. Using the empirical case study of chemical body burdens, and drawing on focus groups and in-depth interviews, in addition to a twenty-year framing analysis of Canadian news media coverage of environmental contamination, this dissertation examines how risks are individualized through an ideology of “precautionary consumption.” Precautionary consumption encourages self-protection through consumer-based vigilance (e.g., by buying organic produce or “natural” cleaning products) and shifts the focus away from the state’s responsibility to regulate human and environmental exposure to contaminants. Three key findings emerge from this research. First, over twenty years of Canadian media coverage, precautionary consumption is increasingly prominent in shaping the problem frame around chemical contamination. As a media frame, the ideology of precautionary consumption reconceptualises chemical body burdens as an environmental problem affecting everyone equally to an individual problem that afflicts unaware consumers. Second, interview data suggests that the practice of mediating individual exposure to chemicals is overwhelmingly characterized as a caregiving responsibility requiring a mother’s vigilance. Interview respondents interpreted this responsibility through a dual ideological lens comprised of intensive mothering and precautionary consumption. Interviews with mothers from low-income households furthermore suggest that practices of chemical mediation vary by social class, and that access to protective commodities is highly uneven. Third, interview data also suggest that respondents viewed vigilant shopping practices as part of accepting greater personal responsibility for chemical pollution as a health threat and larger environmental problem. Respondents dismissed the transformative potential of the state in addressing body burdens; in contrast, they expressed confidence in their power as consumers and in the responsiveness of the market to protect them from chemical threats. The concluding chapter of the dissertation discusses how precautionary consumption draws our attention away from the universality of risk, and the responsibilities of the state for managing body burdens as a collective risk.	PhD	environment, pollut	13
MacKenzie, Brooke	Yoon, Albert	Effecting a Culture Shift: An Empirical Review of Ontario's Summary Judgment Reforms	Law	2016-11	This paper presents an empirical analysis of all reported summary judgment decisions in Ontario between 2004 and 2015, in order to explore whether amendments to the court rules actually achieved their intended effects of improving the efficiency and effectiveness of dispute resolution and making the civil justice system more accessible and affordable. By reviewing trends in the number and outcomes of summary judgment motions throughout the study period, we can conclude that the amendments to Ontario’s summary judgment rules have made strides towards their intended goal. We observe an increase in the number of summary judgment motions determined, an increase in the number of summary judgment motions granted, and, broadly, an increase in the proportion of successful summary judgment motions since the reforms. The data analyzed in this study demonstrate that the “culture shift” promoted by the Supreme Court of Canada following the implementation of the new rule is underway.	LL.M.	justice	16
MacKenzie, Gaelan	Morrow, Peter	Essays on International Trade and Market Power	Economics	2020-06	This thesis contains three papers exploring topics related to international trade and market power. In Chapter 1, I develop a quantitative model of international trade in which firms have endogenous market power in both product and labor markets that depends on their sizes in those markets. I use the model to evaluate the importance of accounting for oligopsony power on firm-level outcomes, welfare, the distribution of aggregate income, and the gains from trade. I calibrate the model to Indian plant-level data and import data for manufacturing sectors. I find that oligopsony causes small decreases in welfare but large decreases in aggregate real wages compared to perfect competition in labor markets. Trade increases large firms’ labor market power. Additionally, the welfare gains from trade are larger with oligopsony but the real wage gains from trade are smaller. Chapter 2, which is based on joint work with Stephen Ayerst, Faisal Ibrahim, and Swapnika Rachapalli, examines how technology embodied in traded goods generates spillovers across countries and sectors that increase aggregate growth. Using patent citation data from the United States, we construct a knowledge input output (IO) table and compare it to the production IO table. We use these IO structures and data on bilateral sector-level trade flows to measure embodied technology in imports. We show that increases in this measure are positively associated with increases in sectoral innovation expenditures. We build a quantitative model of firm-level innovation and trade with knowledge spillovers and calibrate it to trade and production data. We find that spillovers are an important contributor to growth, particularly in developing countries. Chapter 3 investigates how the strength of intellectual property rights affects firms’ make-or-buy decisions for specialized input purchases. I study a model of vertical integration and outsourcing in which a firm and an input supplier have asymmetric information about the supplier’s ability to use the firm’s knowledge capital outside of the relationship. I show that under outsourcing some relationships break down in equilibrium, which causes ex-post inefficiencies. When intellectual property rights are weak, increasing their strength may not reduce these inefficiencies unless the increase is large enough.	Ph.D.	wage, trade, innovation	8, 10
MacKinnon, Kenneth Hugh	Farmer, Diane	"Thank goodness you are a man!": Troubling Gender and Principal Leadership in Elementary Schools	Social Justice Education	2018-06	This study identifies and critically examines gendered discourses of leadership amongst elementary school principals. Interviews with 15 female and male elementary school principals in the Greater Toronto Area were carried out as a means of discovering and revealing these gendered discourses. A discourse analysis of their responses is conducted. A feminist post- structuralist approach to analysis gives rise to a series of gendered discourses of principal leadership, revealing the manner in which these discourses act upon elementary principals. These discourses are divided into three areas: discourses of female principal leadership, discourses of male principal leadership and finally, discourses of reluctance and denial. The work of Michel Foucault is used to understand how dominant discourses work upon the subject through disciplinary power and governmentality. The revelation of these discourses provides opportunities to challenge them. This study illustrates the way these discourses work to both limit and, in some cases, legitimize the elementary principal depending on each principal’s gender. A process by which principals deny the influence of gender on their leadership, then accept and recognize its influence, is analyzed. Pierre Bourdieu’s notion of symbolic violence is used to explore the workings of masculine domination upon both men and women, revealing the suffering experienced by principals as a result of this domination. The wider implications of these gendered discourses on the role of elementary principal are discussed. Moments of resistance to the dominant discourses and agency are also discussed when they are revealed through dialogue with the principals. The work of Judith Butler is used to explore the presence of agency amongst these principals and the implications it has for principals as they navigate these gendered discourses. This study positions principalship as a place where resistance and agency can be explored and realized. Implications for theory and further research are considered.	Ed.D.	gender, women	5
Macpherson, Jane Elizabeth	Ryan, James	Leading for Equity: Principals' Strategies	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2016-06	LEADING FOR EQUITY: PRINCIPALS’ STRATEGIES Doctor of Education, 2016 Jane Macpherson Department of Educational Leadership and Policy University of Toronto ABSTRACT The purpose of this research was to learn about the strategies principals use in leading for equity in their schools. This study is intended to illuminate the status of principals’ equity efforts following the four year implementation of Ontario’s Equity and Inclusivity Strategy and to better understand the supports necessary for doing school site equity work. A qualitative research approach was used which included personal interviews with twelve principals who self identify as leaders for equity in an Ontario school district. The participants shared a rich breadth of understanding of equity issues that included the notion of equity as fairness, and recognized the barriers that exist for marginalized groups as a result of the interplay of power and privilege. The obstacles to equity work identified by participants included system constraints that result from workload issues, standardized testing, funding policies, and frequent transfers of principals. Other barriers identified by participants were the perceived lack of value placed on equity work, resistance encountered from staff, parents and senior administration, ignorance of equity issues, the preponderance of a deficit mindset amongst educators, inequitable hiring practices, collective agreement constraints, the political context surrounding administrators, and the personal toll equity efforts often takes on principals. The participants described strategies they employ in moving understanding and conditions for equity forward in their schools. They articulated a strong ability to gather data and formulate goals, strategies and monitoring measures in school improvement plans. The principals described the importance of building relationships with staff, parents and students to create an environment where open and honest discourse might take place. They expressed a belief in the importance of shifting their knowledge of equity to action through their ability to challenge existing inequities, advocate for marginalized groups, and empower others to act. The principals spoke to the need to develop and utilize political savvy to navigate the difficult waters that often exist in schools and throughout the district. The thesis concluded that there are current and desired supports that can enable the work of equity leaders in schools. These supports include professional development for principals, human resource support, increased accountability for equity initiatives (at the Ministry and District levels), and validation by system leaders of the efforts of leaders for equity.	Ed.D.	equitable	4
MacRae-Buchanan, Constance Ann	Wolfe, David A.	The Social Citizenship Tradition in Anglo-American Thought	Political Science	2013-11	The right to belong and participate in some form of political community is the most fundamental social right there is. This dissertation argues that social rights have not been understood broadly enough, that there has not been enough attention paid to their historical roots, and that they must not be viewed as being simply passive welfare rights. Rather, they must be seen in their historical context, and they must be seen for what they are: a much larger and more substantive phenomenon than what liberal theory has projected: both theoretically and empirically. I am calling this body of discourse “the social citizenship tradition.” This dissertation hopes to show that there was more than one definition of social citizenship historically and that social rights are certainly not “new.” In surveying a vast literature in Britain, the United States, and Canada, it points to places where alternative social rights claims have entered politics and society. By looking at writings from these three countries over three centuries, the evidence points to some similarities as well as differences in how scholars approached questions of economic and social rights. In particular, similar arguments over labour and property figured prominently in all three countries. The contextual ground of right was different in each country but the voice of social action was similar. The objective here is to reunite this common tradition of social citizenship with its past. It is because of classical liberalism that social right has lost focus and power, and a whole tradition of political thinking has been lost.This tradition has been narrowed to the point that it might be unrecognizable to the more radical forces, those who also fought for it, in the American, Canadian and British pasts.	PhD	rights	16
Madan, Athena P	George, S Dei	State-sanctioned Violence and Mental Health: Implications for Learning and Treatment	Social Justice Education	2014-11	This qualitative study examines how Canadian mental health systems may better accommodate people from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) who are living now in Canada and who may be suffering psychosocial consequences of political violence. Using an anti-racist-feminist lens, analysis of seven interviews highlights the significance of socio-political histories and conceptualisations of trauma in mental health education. Discussions focus on mental health dimensions of war and aspects of resilience in complex life-experiences which are only recently gaining representation (and transformation) in medical discourse. By correlating social and political forces with particular mental health outcomes, I focus on treatment-areas that may be discriminatory for a subset of refugees.As immigrant and refugee experiences may lack reference within traditional treatment paradigms, it becomes essential to understand specificities within which healing and social change for refugees may be relevant. A first objective looks at processes of resilience where recovery may be more meaningful, countering notions of illness as pathology within systems of deficit. Similarly, greater considerations of state-sanctioned violence, its nature and intentions, are needed to plan comprehensive mental health supports. A second objective is then to identify social indicators which may more fully articulate, express, or enable change at group and family levels. Finally, as interventions are most effective when informed by group realities, a third objective brings forward cultural, political, and social forces currently underrepresented in what we know about `treating war trauma'. In sum, this study highlights that greater attention to structural violence in mental health education may lead to better treatment outcomes. Treatments may be more effective by offering alternate pathways to care, considering broader conceptualisations of trauma, and encouraging notions of participatory, group-level initiatives. Findings critically suggest that present mental health systems may unintentionally (re)produce victims, more than enable survivors to rebuild lives after fleeing the complexity and brutality of war-affected circumstances.	Ph.D.	health	3
Madon, Natasha Sam	Doob, Anthony N	Intersections of Youths' Perceptions: Youths' Perceptions of Their Treatment by the Criminal Justice System and Other Social Institutions	Criminology	2015-11	In three studies, I explore the manner in which young people's encounters with the justice system affects their views of the system as whole. Framed within the procedural justice perspective, I examine how adolescents perceive their treatment by criminal justice actors and explore the relationship of these views to their views of other parts of the justice system and to their views of other social institutions (e.g., the education system and employment sector). In this way, this research seeks to examine whether treatment by the justice system matters to young people in the same way that it has been reported to be important for adults. The findings, although somewhat mixed, suggest that treatment does matter to young people, but that the ways in which they understand the police, courts and corrections may differ from the more cohesive or consistent views of adults. Young people appear to be in the process of developing their views of the criminal justice system during adolescence and have not forged generalized views of the criminal justice system as a whole. Rather, they distinguish their experiences and views of the police from those of the courts and corrections. Similarly, young people do not appear to possess a negativity bias to all authority figures and social institutions, with the findings here suggesting that the ways in which young people view their treatment by criminal justice actors and the legitimacy of the criminal justice system are quite different from how they are viewing teachers and the educational system as well as future employment and success in later life. Taken together, the findings point to a more nuanced perspective on the nature of youths' views of the criminal justice system and other civic institutions.	Ph.D.	justice, nstitution	16
Magesan, Arvind	Aguirregabiria, Victor	Essays on Empirical Dynamic Games and Imperfect Information	Economics	2011-06	This thesis collects three papers that study applied problems in economics dealing with dynamic strategic behavior and imperfect information. In the first chapter I study the relationship between participation in United Nations Human Rights Treaties (HRT), foreign aid receipts and domestic human rights institutions. I provide empirical evidence that countries with relatively high HRT participation rates receive more foreign aid. Further, countries with high quality institutions are more likely to participate in HRTs, but that high levels of HRT participation leads to a decline in the quality of domestic human rights institutions. Based on these findings, I propose and estimate a dynamic game of HRT ratification. The estimates show that economic factors play an important role in HRT ratification and that the ratification costs countries incur vary significantly across treaties and country regime types. I use the estimated model to evaluate the effects of counterfactual policies on HRT ratification decisions, human rights behavior, and the distribution of foreign aid. The second chapter considers environmental regulation under imperfect information and political constraints. We compare the value of two types of information to a regulator: the cost of pollution and the profitability of firms in the economy. We find that in environments where small increases in the losses to regulated firms greatly affect the regulator's ability to implement the policy, it is most valuable to learn the types of firms, while it is most valuable to learn the cost of pollution when small increases in losses are relatively ineffectual. The third chapter deals with the identification and estimation of dynamic games when players maximize expected payoffs given beliefs about other players' actions, but their beliefs may not be in equilibrium. First, we derive conditions for point-identification of structural parameters and players' beliefs, and propose a simple two-step estimation method and sequential generalization of the method that improves its asymptotic and finite sample properties. We also present a procedure for testing the null hypothesis of equilibrium beliefs. Finally, we illustrate our model and methods with an application of a dynamic game of store location by retail chains.	PhD	environment, pollut, institution	13, 16
Magnan, André	Friedmann, Harriet	The Canadian Wheat Board and the Creative Re-constitution of the Canada-UK Wheat Trade: Wheat and Bread in Food Regime History	Sociology	2010-06	This dissertation traces the historical transformation of the Canada-UK commodity chain for wheat-bread as a lens on processes of local and global change in agrofood relations. During the 1990s, the Canadian Wheat Board (Canada’s monopoly wheat seller) and Warburtons, a British bakery, pioneered an innovative identity-preserved sourcing relationship that ties contracted prairie farmers to consumers of premium bread in the UK. Emblematic of the increasing importance of quality claims, traceability, and private standards in the reorganization of agrifood supply chains, I argue that the changes of the 1990s cannot be understood outside of historical legacies giving shape to unique institutions for regulating agrofood relations on the Canadian prairies and in the UK food sector. I trace the rise, fall, and re-invention of the Canada-UK commodity chain across successive food regimes, examining the changing significance of wheat- bread, inter-state relations between Canada, the UK, and the US, and public and private forms of agrofood regulation over time. In particular, I focus on the way in which changing food regime relations transformed the CWB, understood as the nexus of institutions tying prairie farmers into global circuits of accumulation. When in the 1990s, the CWB and Warburtons responded to structural crises in their respective industries by re-inventing the Canada-UK wheat trade, the result was significant organizational and industry change. On the prairies, the CWB has shown how – contrary to expectations -- centralized marketing and quality control may help prairie farmers adapt to the demands of end-users in the emerging ‘economy of qualities’. In the UK, Warburtons has led the ‘premiumisation’ of the bread sector, traditionally defined by consumer taste for cheap bread, over the last 15 years. The significance of the shift towards quality chains in the wheat-bread sector is analyzed in light of conflicts over the proposed introduction of genetically engineered (GE) wheat to the Canadian prairies.	PhD	food, trade, industr	2, 9, 10
Magrath, Bronwen	Mundy, Karen	Advocacy as Political Strategy: The Emergence of an “Education for All” Campaign at ActionAid International and the Asia South Pacific Association for Basic and Adult Education	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2013-11	This dissertation explores why and how political advocacy emerged as a dominant organizational strategy for NGOs in the international development education field. In order to answer this central question, I adopt a comparative case-study approach, examining the evolution of policy advocacy positions at two leading NGOs in the field: ActionAid International and the Asia South Pacific Association for Basic and Adult Education (ASPBAE). Although these organizations differ in significant ways, both place political advocacy at the centre of their mandates, and both have secured prominent positions in global educational governance. Through comparative analysis, I shed light on why these organizations have assumed leadership roles in a global advocacy movement. I focus on how the shift to policy advocacy reflects the internal environment of each organization as well as broader trends in the international development field. Ideas of structure and agency are thus central to my analysis. I test the applicability of two structural theories of social change: world polity theory and political opportunity theory; as well as two constructivist approaches: strategic issue framing and international norm dynamics. I offer some thoughts on establishing a more dynamic relationship between structure and agency, drawing on Fligstein and McAdam’s concept of strategic action fields. In order to test the utility of these theoretical frameworks, the study begins with a historical account of how ActionAid and ASPBAE have shifted from service- and practice- oriented organizations into political advocates. These histories are woven into a broader story of normative change in the international development field. I then examine the development of a number of key advocacy strategies at each organization, tracing how decisions are made and implemented as well as how they are influenced by the broader environment. I find that while it is essential to understand how global trends and norms enable and constrain organizational strategy, the internal decision-making processes of each organization largely shape how strategies are crafted and implemented. These findings offer insight into the pursuit of advocacy as a political strategy and the role of NGOs in global social change.	PhD	educat, governance	4, 16
Mah, Catherine Ling	Deber, Raisa Berlin	Governing Immunization in Canada	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2009-11	Modern immunization’s role in health systems is threefold: it is simultaneously a pharmaceutical product, a personal health care intervention, and a public health measure, each constituting a distinct, yet overlapping set of governance arrangements. This thesis examines immunization policy change and governance at the federal-provincial interface over the last decade (1997-2008) in Canada, situated against broader trends in public policy and public health. The research is based upon a case study design and a discursive approach to policy analysis, using documentary sources, supplemented with archival information, direct observations, and decision-maker informants. Over time, structures and instruments used to deal with immunization at the federal-provincial interface have undergone adaptation. New decision-making structures include the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Pan-Canadian Public Health Network; new instruments include the National Immunization Strategy, accompanied by targeted federal funding. Consistent with other sectors, however, the decade also witnessed an ongoing emphasis on fiscal prudence, risk-based regulation, and informal networks to accomplish policy goals. This thesis concludes that effective federal governance and lasting policy change for immunization requires resolution of two major tensions in the policy ideas underlying national processes. First, the interpretation of federal authority over matters of national concern remains ambiguous. While the National Immunization Strategy reflected dominant ideas around equitable access to vaccines and a broad conception of the federal sharing community, persistent gaps, particularly linking national-level decisions, financing, and delivery, have reinforced the existing notion of the appropriate degree of federal influence for immunization, rather than expanding it. Second, an increasing focus on personal security dimensions of immunization amid structural changes intended to address public security concerns is in tension with a situation that predisposes the state to avoid an unjust application of compulsory measures rather than to protect from harm those individuals who consent freely to immunization. Immunization in Canada requires a new paradigm that expands the notion of the state’s role in prevention as it applies to immunization, that addresses specific needs for protection in the life of the individual, and that reasserts the importance of strong, substantive, and sustained federal contributions to matters of national concern.	PhD	health	3
Maintenay, Andre Luc	Schmidt, Lawrence ||Scharper, Stephen	Green Ethics and Green 'Faith': An Exploration of Environmental Ethics and Spirituality in a Technological Age	Religion, Study of	2008-11	The main concern of this dissertation is exploring and elucidating the nature and the relationship of religion/spirituality and ethics in the context of environmentalism, within the larger arena of liberal, technological society. It is driven foremost by a need for clear understanding of not only what these terms mean and what they represent, but also what it all means for where we stand today as ethical and spiritual beings. For in pursuing this topic, one must necessarily ask larger questions, namely: What does it mean to be ethical in technological society? What does it mean to be ‘spiritual’ in a ‘secular’ society? Are either of these things even possible? These questions form the backdrop of my particular focus on environmentalism. Through analysis of my own ethnographic research with members of the Sierra Club of Canada, and through use of the theoretical frameworks provided by four primary thinkers (Juan Luis Segundo, Alasdair MacIntyre, Charles Taylor and Jacques Ellul), I conclude that environmentalism, though far from problem-free, represents a ‘healthy’ form of ethical and spiritual expression in modern technological society. Part of this conclusion is the position that we are still very much ethical beings in technological society, and very much spiritual beings in secular society (though the latter is far more dependent on individual definitions of this term), and that in fact these two things relate directly.	PhD	health, environment	3, 13
Maiolino, Teresa-Elise	Taylor, Judith	Identity Politicking: New Candidacies and Representations in Contemporary Canadian Politics	Sociology	2017-11	This dissertation centres on the candidacies and leaderships of three politicians—Justin Trudeau, Olivia Chow, and Kathleen Wynne. It examines the ways in which gender, race, sexuality, and other salient aspects of politicians’ identities are strategically negotiated and mobilized by politicians, political actors, the media, and the grassroots. The cases herein question the extent to which identity matters in Canadian electoral politics at the municipal, provincial, and federal levels, bridging sociological understandings of power and authority with feminist analyses of identity. The project engages broadly with qualitative methods—discourse analysis, media analysis, participant observation, and interviewing. The research contributes to understandings of: (1) the durability of masculinity in Canadian electoral politics; (2) dispositional requirements for leaders; (3) the compensatory labour that minority politicians perform; (4) alignments and allegiances between politicians and grassroots movements.The first case of the dissertation examines media coverage of a charity-boxing match between Liberal Member of Parliament Justin Trudeau and Conservative Canadian Senator Patrick Brazeau. It offers the concept recuperative gender strategies to describe how political leaders work to restore their public gender identities. The second case is focused on the candidacy of visible minority Toronto mayoral candidate, Olivia Chow. The case offers three concepts that illuminate forms of identity work that minority politicians navigate on the campaign trail: dispositional requirements, ideological alignment, and political compensatory labour. The final case analyzes social movement actors’ assessments of Premier Kathleen Wynne—the first woman and openly lesbian premier of Ontario—and presents a typology of words and deeds to map the terms under which social movement actors judge progressive politicians.	Ph.D.	gender	5
Maiorano, John	Quarter, Jack	Forms of Rationality and Uncertainty: Energy Efficiency in Ontario Hospitals	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2019-06	This dissertation explores the dynamics surrounding energy efficiency practices in Ontario hospitals using a manuscript-based approach, and consisting of a chapter dedicated to a theoretical overview, and two separate but related studies with first-hand data. The theoretical overview reviews the diverse perspectives, approaches and theories used to understand energy behaviour at multiple levels of analysis: the individual, organizational and institutional level. The first study is based on a grounded theory approach to generate theory on how energy efficiency practices occur. The research explores how individuals and organizations make sense of their environment, the rationalities and implicit assumptions that shape their understandings, and the approaches they use to deal with uncertainty surrounding energy efficiency decision-making. Structural conditions are identified, frames for considering energy efficiency are uncovered, and two approaches for dealing with uncertainty are interpreted. For hospitals ‘Demanding Certainty’, management demands uncertainties be completely controlled. Energy efficiency is communicate by presenting, pitching and confirming to management, resulting in risk avoiding organizations where individuals absorb associated risks and energy efficiency stalls. For hospitals ‘Managing Complexity’ energy efficiency is complementary to patient care. Leadership is understanding of inherent risks and buy-in fosters communication through negotiation and collaboration, resulting in improved energy efficiency performance. The second study utilizes a quantitative approach to operationalize constructs developed in the first study to test theory and to drive further understandings. The results support the earlier findings and suggest that forms of rationality and dealing with uncertainty are intertwined, with both predicting energy efficiency performance. Applying these findings more broadly to climate policy can ensure new policies contextualize the risk-taking needed by both government and external stakeholders to drive not only innovation, but also the risk-taking needed to achieve their objectives. Finally, a conclusion summarizes the overall findings, presents limitations, and directions for future research.	Ph.D.	energy, innovation, climate	7, 9, 13
Maitra, Srabani	Mirchandani, Kiran	Redefining “Enterprising Selves”:Exploring the “Negotiation” of South Asian Immigrant Women Working as Home-based Enclave Entrepreneurs	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2012-03	This study examines the experiences of highly educated South Asian immigrant women working as home-based entrepreneurs within ethnic enclaves in Toronto, Canada. The importance of their work and experiences need to be understood in the context of two processes. On the one hand, there is the neoliberal hegemonic discourse of “enterprising self” that encourages individuals to become “productive”, self-responsible, citizen-subjects, without depending on state help or welfare to succeed in the labour market. On the other hand, there is the racialized and gendered labour market that systematically devalues the previous education and skills of non-white immigrants and pushes them towards jobs that are low-paid, temporary and precarious in nature. In the light of the above situations, I argue that in the process of setting up their home-based businesses, South Asian immigrant women in my study negotiate the barriers they experience in two ways. First, despite being inducted into different (re)training and (re)learning that aim to improve their deficiencies, they continue to believe in their abilities and resourcefulness, thereby challenging the “remedial” processes that try to locate lack in their abilities. Second, by negotiating gender ideologies within their families and drawing on community ties within enclaves they keep at check the individuating and achievement oriented ideology of neoliberalism. They, therefore, demonstrate how the values of an “enterprising self” can be based on collaboration and relationship rather than competition, profit or material success. The concept of “negotiation”, as employed in this thesis, denotes a form of agency different from the commonly perceived notions of agency as formal, large-scale, macro organization or resistance. Rather, the concept is based on how women resort to multiple, various and situational practices of conformity and contestation that often can blend into each other.	PhD	labour, women, gender	5, 8
Majerski, Maria	Erickson, Bonnie	Networks of Mobility and Constraint: The Economic Integration of New Immigrants to Canada	Sociology	2017-11	Using data from the 2008 General Social Survey (GSS) of Canada, this dissertation extends the traditional immigration literature, while drawing on prominent issues in the network literature, by examining inequality in access to social capital, and the degree to which structural factors within Canadian immigrant social networks yield socio-economic returns and constraints. The dissertation consists of three thematically linked publishable papers. The first publishable paper (Chapter 2) compares sources of social capital including membership in voluntary organizations, comparing foreign-born and native-born. This paper highlights the reasons for the relative inadequacies of immigrant networks. Particularly for recent immigrants, factors include less time in Canada, lower rates of participation in voluntary organizations, a lack of Canadian educational qualifications, poor English/French linguistic skills, and ethnic/racial minority status. These factors contribute to embeddedness within smaller, more homogenous networks. The second publishable paper (Chapter 3) looks at the role of social networks on male immigrantsâ earnings because earnings determination differs for men and women. The paper finds that recent immigrant men have significantly lower earnings than their native-born counterparts in large part because immigrants have more close ties and fewer of the varied weak ties that are more useful in attaining employment upon arrival to Canada. The third publishable paper (Chapter 4) compares the economic returns from network resources between immigrant men and women across immigrant entry cohort. The paper finds that immigrant women have lower earnings than men and that the effect of each network characteristic on earnings significantly differs between immigrant men and women. The aim of this dissertation is to offer greater insight into the relationship between immigrantsâ social network characteristics and their earnings in Canada. There are several broad implications for this project. First, the research develops new theoretical insights concerning economic mobility within Canada, beyond race, language proficiency, and Canadian labour and work experience. Second, by recognizing the network characteristics associated with newcomer welfare, this study contributes to immigrant policy and research within Canada and elsewhere.	Ph.D.	equality, labour, inequality	5, 8, 10
Majstorovic, Vojin	Viola, Lynne	Ivan Goes Abroad: The Red Army in the Balkans and Central Europe, 1944-1945	History	2017-11	Ivan Goes Abroad: The Red Army in the Balkans and Central Europe, 1944-1945 explores the Red Army’s occupation of Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Hungary, and Austria in World War II, focusing on the issue of sexual violence against women. In order to explain the Soviet troops’ behavior, Ivan Goes Abroad examines the Kremlin’s policies in each country that they occupied, the Red Army’s propaganda line, the leadership’s disciplinary policies toward criminals in the ranks, and the frontline soldiers’ and officers’ attitudes to the local population. A potent mix of factors from above and below resulted in mass rapes. Many Soviet male troops viewed women primarily as sex objects, believing that their membership in a victorious Red Army entitled them to women’s bodies, even by force. Furthermore, as the Red Army’s soldiers and officers moved across the Balkans and Central Europe, they developed a series of stereotypes about countries that they encountered. These views were mostly independent of the official line, although they were extremely common among the rank and file and higher ranking officers. When soldiers attributed to a nation positive characteristics, as was the case in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, they behaved with relative restraint. In contrast, when they assigned negative characteristics to a nation, as was the case in Romania, Hungary, and Austria, they wreaked havoc against the civilians. The high command sent mixed signals to the rank and file about the acceptability of violence against civilians. Although robberies, rapes, and murders of civilians were always illegal in the Red Army, the commanding officers’ permissive attitude towards the violence, the dehumanizing hate propaganda against Romanians, Hungarians, and Austrians, as well as the inability of the high command to impose discipline on the frontline troops, signalled to the rank and file that their crimes would go largely unpunished.	Ph.D.	women	5
Malachowski, Cindy	Kirsh, Bonnie	An Organizational Study of Mental Health in the Workplace	Rehabilitation Science	2015-06	Workplace mental health is becoming of increasing importance, in part due to the rising social and economic costs of mental health issues in the workplace. Little is known about how the experience of workers with mental health issues is actively produced through their participation in workplace procedures and associated supports. The purpose of this research is to better understand how employees actively engage in institutional practices and associated social relations that ultimately coordinate and produce their workplace experience. Using institutional ethnography, I take up the standpoint of the employee living with mental health issues to explore the coordinating relations associated with workplace mental health. This approach sheds light on how employees' experiences are socially produced and coordinated across and between institutional processes and practices. Data collection included over 140 hours of ethnographic observations, the analysis of associated texts and documents, and interviews that were conducted with 17 informants. This research details some of the challenges experienced by one novice health science researcher while conducting ethnographic research, and provides techniques for addressing personal and professional boundaries, negotiating ethical dilemmas, and reconciling the emotional experience of transitioning back and forth between being an `outsider' and `insider'. In addition to these insights, the findings explicate the social relations and institutional processes that coordinate sick time utilization for workers experiencing mental health issues. We revealed that employee's work of managing workplace absence management programs while negotiating episodes of mental ill health was perceived as overwhelming, unfair, and even punitive. Employees would require formal and informal respite from work, and would often utilized vacation time when unwell in order to avoid institutional processes all together. The biomedical focus of the absence management program created uncertainty about what constitutes a bona fide illness, and caused managers to come to know their work activities as distinctively separate from the work of healthcare practitioners. This research contributes to the literature by highlighting how tensions are created through textually coordinated work activities within and between the corporate and healthcare sector. These insights are important in establishing where and how to enact change from the standpoint of the worker.	Ph.D.	health, worker	3, 8
Malik, Akhtar Hassan	Livingstone, David W.	A Comparative Study of Elite-English-medium Schools, Public Schools, and Islamic Madaris in Contemporary Pakistan: The Use of Pierre Bourdieu’s Theory to Understand "Inequalities in Educational and Occupational Opportunities"	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2012-11	A Comparative Study of Elite-English-Medium Schools, Public Schools, and Islamic Madaris in Contemporary Pakistan: The Use of Pierre Bourdieu’s Theory to Understand "Inequalities in Educational and Occupational Opportunities" Doctor of Education, 2012 Akhtar Hassan Malik Department of Sociology and Equity Studies in Education University of Toronto ABSTRACT This thesis has attempted to understand the role of mainstream schools: elite English-medium schools, public schools and Islamic madaris in reproducing various social classes in Pakistan. Bourdieu’s theory of social reproduction serves as a major conceptual framework in this study, and it has been complemented by Anyon’s thesis about social class and school knowledge. My study suggests that an unequal availability of capital resources, agents’ class-habitus, and the type of their “cultural currency” act as selection mechanisms that clearly favour some social groups over others. This consolidates existing social-class hierarchy. The ruling classes ensure the transfer of their power and privilege to their children by providing them quality education in elite schools. The disadvantaged classes have no other option than to educate their children either in public schools or Islamic madaris. The new non-elite private schools have blatantly made education a commodity. This has contributed towards educational apartheid in the country. My study underscores that the working-class parents possess cultural capital which they transmit through building efficient learning environments in family settings. Yet, their class-habitus plays a causal role in keeping aspirations low. The three types of schools constitute distinct fields of education and provide a fairly different schooling experience to their students. For instance, these schools have different standards of material/human resources that are likely to instil a hierarchical view of the world among students. Likewise, differing curricular, pedagogical, and student evaluation practices emphasize different cognitive and behavioural skills. These differences can become central features for the reproduction of the division of labour at work and in society between those who plan and manage and those in the work force whose jobs primarily entail carrying out policies made by others. Public school knowledge has some exchange value in the marketplace, but it legitimates the ideology of production for consumption. I recommend that an integrated and equitable system of “national education” is vital for nation building. For future research, I suggest both considering different components of cultural capital other than exposure to high culture and exploring a wide range of dispositions to better understand how they influence one’s actions.	EDD	educat, equitable, inequality	4, 10
Mallory, Julie	Park, Andreas ||Aivazian, Varouj	Is the Financial Market a Mechanism for Environmental Overcompliance?	Economics	2012-06	Climate change legislation is financially and politically costly. Financial markets have the capacity to encourage companies to do more than what is required by law (i.e. overcomply), and this could lead to socially optimal outcomes without the costs. First, I examine how the responses of Canadian companies to a voluntary survey regarding carbon emission levels affect those companies' valuations. I employ a signaling framework where companies choose between two signals - disclosure and nondisclosure - and where investors are uncertain about the likelihood of legislation in addition to company type. I test the prediction of the model that disclosure increases company value only when investors believe legislation is likely. I find that withholding emissions information resulted in average daily abnormal returns of 3 basis points, and that disclosure resulted in average daily abnormal returns of -11 basis points in the days surrounding the submission of survey responses. The level of emissions disclosed is found to be irrelevant. Second, I examine the credibility of green legislative threat. The economic climate impacts the government's ability to credibly threaten new environmental law, and so I model a company's pollution decision as a function of the economic climate. In times of recession, companies may choose to pollute heavily since they believe that the likelihood of legislation is low. As a first step in evaluating the model empirically, I use differences-in-differences regressions to estimate the effect of legislative threat during recession on company value. Although the value of carbon-intensive companies decreased initially in reaction to legislative threat, the relative value of these companies increased as the depth of the recession becomes more apparent. I find that on average the legislative threat of an emission trading scheme reduced Tobin's Q by 18% in the initial stages of the recession, but as the recession deepened the legislative threat effect was eliminated. My results suggest that financial markets combined with a credible threat of legislation could provide encouragement to companies to overcomply with current regulations, possibly to the extent that is socially optimal. More research on factors affecting company carbon emissions levels and intensity is required.	PhD	financial market, climate, environment, pollut	10, 13
Maltseva, Elena	Solomon, Peter	Welfare Reforms in Post-Soviet States: A Comparison of Social Benefits Reform in Russia and Kazakhstan	Political Science	2012-11	Concerned with the question of why governments display varying degrees of success in implementing social reforms, (judged by their ability to arrive at coherent policy outcomes), my dissertation aims to identify the most important factors responsible for the stagnation of social benefits reform in Russia, as opposed to its successful implementation in Kazakhstan. Given their comparable Soviet political and economic characteristics in the immediate aftermath of Communism’s disintegration, why did the implementation of social benefits reform succeed in Kazakhstan, but largely fail in Russia? I argue that although several political and institutional factors did, to a certain degree, influence the course of social benefits reform in these two countries, their success or failure was ultimately determined by the capacity of key state actors to frame the problem and form an effective policy coalition that could further the reform agenda despite various political and institutional obstacles and socioeconomic challenges. In the case of Kazakhstan, the successful implementation of the social benefits reform was a result of a bold and skilful endeavour by Kazakhstani authorities, who used the existing conditions to justify the reform initiative and achieve the reform’s original objectives. By contrast, in Russia, the failure to effectively restructure the old Soviet social benefits system was rooted largely in the political instability of the Yeltsin era, and a lack of commitment to the reforms on the part of key political actors. And when the reform was finally launched, its ill-considered policies and the government’s failure to form the broad coalition and effectively frame the problem led to public protests and subsequent reform stagnation. Based on in-depth fieldwork conducted in Russia and Kazakhstan in 2006 and 2008, my study enriches the literature on the transformation of post-communist welfare regimes, and contributes important insights to the central question in the literature on public policy, that is, when, why and how policies change. It also enhances our understanding of political and public policy processes in transitional and competitive authoritarian contexts.	PhD	institution	16
Manesh, Maryam Edalat	Sain, Mohini	Utilization of Pulp and Paper Mill Sludge as Filler in Nylon Biocomposite Production	Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry	2012-06	The biological treatment of pulp and paper mills effluents results in the production of waste secondary sludge which is hard and costly to dewater and dispose. Secondary sludge, which is structurally comparable to the municipal sewage sludge, is composed of microbial cells, organic woody materials, and ash. In this work, the use of this waste biosolid as renewable and cost-cutting filler in the composite industry is proposed. Moreover, the effect of enzymatic treatment of the waste biosolid on the final properties of the manufactured biocomposite is studied. The high protein content of the secondary sludge (35 ± 5%) and the surface thermodynamics measured by Inverse Gas chromatography (IGC) led us to choose Nylon 11 as the main polymeric matrix. The biocomposites samples produced by compounding and injection molding of different mixtures of dried secondary sludge and Nylon were tested. The results of mechanical strength tests showed that a 10% sludge content does not lead to any significant deterioration of either tensile or flexural strengths. Therefore, it is concluded that the secondary sludge may be used as filler to reduce the cost while maintaining the mechanical properties of Nylon. Enzymatic modification of the waste biosolid to advance its application from cheapening filler to reinforcing filler has also been proposed in this work. Lipase and laccase utilized for the modification of the sludge in order to reduce the hydrophobicity and increase the molecular weight, respectively. Lipase application did not lead to any significant changes in either tensile or flexural strengths. This is attributed to the rather low content of lipids in the sludge. On the other hand, enzymatic modification of the sludge by laccase which increases the molecular weight of the existing lignins, resulted in significant improvement of the flexural strength of the manufactured biocomposite.	PhD	water, renewable, waste	6, 7, 12
Manion, Caroline	Mundy, Karen	Girls' Education as a Means or End of Development? A Case Study of Gender and Education Policy Knowledge and Action in the Gambia	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2011-06	Girls’ education has been promoted by the international development community for over two decades; however, it has proven harder to promote gender equality through education than it has been to promote gender parity in education. Of significance is the global circulation and co-existence of two competing rationales for the importance of girls’ education: economic efficiency and social justice. The cost of ignoring how and why Southern governments and their development partners choose to promote girls’ education is high: an over-emphasis on economic efficiency can mean that the root causes of gendered inequalities in society remain unchallenged, and more social justice-oriented reforms become marginalized. This thesis uses a critical feminist lens to qualitatively investigate the role and significance of human capital, human rights, and human capabilities policy models in the context of the production and enactment of gender equality in education policy knowledge in The Gambia, a small, aid-dependent Muslim nation in West Africa. The purpose of the study was to assess the scope education policies provide for positive change in the lives of Gambian women and girls. Towards illuminating relations of power in and the politics of gender equality in education policy processes, the study compares and contrasts written texts with the perspectives of state and non-state policy actors. The study is based on data drawn from interviews, participant observation, and documentary analysis. The findings suggest that different gender equality in education ideas and practices have been selectively mobilized and incorporated into education policy processes in The Gambia. At the level of policy talk, girls’ education is framed as important for both national economic growth, and “women’s empowerment”. However, the policy solutions designed and implemented, with the support of donors, have tended to work with rather than against the status quo. Power and politics was evident in divergent interpretations and struggles to fix the meaning of key concepts such as gender, gender equality, gender equity, and empowerment. Religious beliefs, anti-feminist politics, and the national feminist movement were identified as important forces shaping gender equality in education knowledge and action in the country.	PhD	educat, gender, women, equality, economic growth, justice	4, 5, 8, 16
Mansfield, Elizabeth	Eakin, Joan	The Politics of Collaborative Prevention: A Sociological Account of Commemoratives and a Young Worker Safety Campaign	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2011-11	In public health, prevention is a fundamentally political process as both the selection of problems to be addressed and solutions recommended reflect decisions that are informed by economic, social and cultural forces. Yet prevention is often presented as a monolithic enterprise, an objective and scientific discourse that does not take sides. Behind this facade of political neutrality, diversely positioned individuals and groups often fail to find and/or sustain a common ground for shared prevention initiatives. Increasingly, many prevention awareness campaigns focus upon true accounts or injury narratives that serve both as a catalyst to build multipartite consensus through developing shared collaborative prevention discourses and practices and to mobilize public support for health and safety issues. While the use of the true account form is a recommended strategy in the public health literature directed toward practitioners, the engagement of true accounts in prevention campaigns has not been adequately problematised and examined from a critical social theoretical perspective. A qualitative, sociologically oriented case study of the use of the true account form, the commemorative, in young worker safety campaigns is proposed to deepen our understanding of this particular type of prevention intervention in particular and prevention as an enterprise more generally. The study investigates the socio-historical context in which the Young Worker Memorial LifeQuilt, a Canadian young worker educational initiative, emerged and unraveled as a multipartite prevention campaign centered upon the true account form of consensus commemoratives. A key finding is that true accounts of young workers killed on the job are socially mediated to diffuse blame and build consensus between diversely positioned occupational health and safety practitioners and the family survivors of workplace tragedies. What is included and excluded from these true accounts of workplace injuries, as socially constructed narratives in multipartite prevention awareness campaigns, may be, in part, a product of the terms and conditions negotiated between lead players. The true accounts included in collaborative, cross-institutional prevention campaigns, while referencing real events, may be told in ways that accommodate and harmonize the political perspectives of diversely positioned stakeholders. Conversely, the true account form is a potentially problematic strategy for collaborative prevention discourses and practices, as consensus commemoratives can be retold as critical remembrances of workplace death, with the result that the unifying narrative of a shared, collective memory project is undermined. This dissertation finds that the activity of collaboration shapes prevention as a socio-political activity/practice.	PhD	health, worker	3, 8
Manyimo, Lincoln Chivaraidze	Titchkosky, Tanya	The Strggle of the Struggling: Access to Higher Education for Physically Disabled People in Zimbabwe	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2012-11	Abstract This dissertation examines questions of accessibility in relation to physically disabled high school graduates in Zimbabwe who are seeking to further their education. The work aims at giving voice to those who have been rendered voiceless in society in matters affecting their lives while also attending to how cultural experts and educational officials make sense of the lack of access to education faced by these disabled students. The study builds on previous research on poverty alleviation in Zimbabwe by the author (Manyimo, 2005) that showed that disabled people are among the poorest in the country and that lack of education together with low societal expectations exacerbates their poverty. Employing a qualitative research methodology, one-on-one semi-structured interviews were conducted with thirty-two participants. The interviewees included 12 disabled high school graduates; selected 4 mothers of the graduates; two cultural experts; four senior administrators of universities and colleges; two members of associations of and for disabled people and eight government officials from ministries of education. Findings show that indigenous culture plays a significant role in determining how far disabled people can progress in education in Zimbabwe. The role of indigenous culture was characterized by the interviewees in relation to how they are marginalized by their own families, their own communities and the society. Due to the introduction of other cultures and religions in the country, the population suffers from competing cultural conceptions of disability that manifest themselves through societal attitudes toward disabled people. This dissertation, therefore, demonstrates the need to attend to indigenous knowledges as a framework for engaging and theorizing how students with physical disabilities can better achieve their educational aspirations. The work proposes an alternative model of disability based on indigenous cultural beliefs of the indigenous people in Zimbabwe. A set of recommendations was developed that reflect this need. Thus the dissertation makes significant contributions not only to Zimbabwe, but also to the field of disability studies research especially among societies with strong indigenous belief systems by documenting and attending to the usually unheard voices of students with physical disabilities.	PhD	poverty, equality, educat	1, 4, 2005
Marinoni, Astrid	Gans, Joshua	Three Essays on the Interplay between Entrepreneurship, iInnovation and Socioeconomic Phenomena	Management	2020-06	My dissertation is composed of three chapters that explore the relationships between entrepreneurship, innovation, and the broader economic and social dynamics that are shaping the modern world. In the area of entrepreneurship and innovation, one aspect that is often examined is that of the relationship between individuals and firms. In my work, I examine the role that social and economic factors play in shaping the environment within which entrepreneurs and innovators work and grow. The first chapter of the dissertation focuses on the impact of immigration on entrepreneurship and explores the consequences of start-up location on the number of immigrant-founded start-ups and their performance. I find that immigration has a positive effect on immigrant entrepreneurship only in non-enclave areas. Additional analyses uncovering the mechanism suggest that discrimination faced by immigrants in non-enclave areas might be the main driver for the increased entrepreneurship. In a second chapter on entrepreneurship, jointly authored with John Voorheis, we explore how entrepreneurship influences income inequality and social mobility in the United States. Shedding light on who gains from entrepreneurship is crucial to understanding whether investments in incubating potentially innovative start-up firms will produce socially beneficial outcomes. We find that entrepreneurship increases income inequality. Further, we find that this increase in income inequality arises because almost all the individual gains associated with increased entrepreneurship accrue to the top section of the income distribution. In the third chapter, joint with Michela Giorcelli and Nico Lacetera, we study the interplay between scientific progress and culture through text analysis on a corpus of about eight million books, with the use of machine learning techniques. We focus on a specific scientific breakthrough: the theory of evolution by Charles Darwin. Besides examining the diffusion of certain concepts that characterized this theory, we document their semantic changes over time. Our findings thus show a complex relationship between two key factors of long-term economic growth: science and culture. We argue that considering the evolution of these two factors jointly can offer new insights to the study of the determinants of economic development, and machine learning is a promising tool to explore these relationships.	Ph.D.	income distribution, equality, economic growth, innovation	1, 5, 8, 9
Markoulakis, Roula	Bonnie, Kirsh	The Social Relations of Accessibility: Explicating the Work of Accommodation for Students with Mental Health Problems in University	Rehabilitation Science	2014-11	Providing accessible education for students with mental health problems is an important aspect of social inclusion, as it increases educational attainment, subsequent employment opportunity and community participation. In universities, accommodations are provided where necessary with the intent of ensuring equal opportunity for all students. Despite the availability of accommodations, students with mental health problems continue to experience difficulty achieving academic success, suggesting a disjuncture between accommodations and their expected favourable outcomes within the social organization of the university. This Institutional Ethnography explores the social organization of university accessibility for students with mental health problems. Sixteen students with mental health problems and eight staff members of a large university in an urban setting participated in interviews focusing on the processes of seeking and implementing accommodations. I explored institutional texts for their ability to coordinate the actions of people in this setting, as the social organization of this university is informed by numerous texts that guide participants' work. Data analysis focused on asking questions of the data and mapping work processes, in order to develop an understanding of the social organization of accessibility and accommodation for these students. In the findings, I map and explicate what I have termed an "institutional accessibility mechanism", the set of work and texts that guide the university's social relations around accommodation and accessibility. These social relations involved staff and student work processes that maintained the mechanism and preserved institutional relations. Through the Institutional Accessibility Mechanism, the university appeared to place a focus on accommodation over accessibility and created work for individual students seeking access. This Mechanism also operated under assumptions of mental wellness and presented challenges for students with mental health problems. These findings have important implications for the development of higher education policies, which can enable students with mental health problems to have better chances of success in their academic endeavours. Promoting the inclusion of students with mental health problems in university can improve their educational and employment opportunities and further the prosperity of society as a whole.	Ph.D.	health, institution	3, 16
Markovic, Stefan	Wortmann, Ulrich G	QUATERNARY SULFUR CYCLE DYNAMICS	Earth Sciences	2014	The past 3 million years of Earth history are characterized by dramatic changes, which greatly affected the biogeochemical cycling of elements like carbon, sulfur and phosphorous. Here I investigate the effect of these changes on sulfur fluxes and microbially mediated sulfur cycling in marine sediments. Climate driven sea level fluctuations and dynamic topography have greatly affected the areal extent of the continental shelf during the Quaternary. In turn this affects organic matter burial rates and the relative importance of different organic matter remineralization pathways. Since microbial sulfur cycling is the dominant organic matter re-mineralization pathway in marine sediments, this must have affected marine sulfur cycling. Furthermore, previous studies suggested that Quaternary sea level fluctuations caused a considerable increase in the erosion of shelf sediments, which is closely tied to the re-oxidation of pyrite. Here, I use the marine barite record of sulfur and oxygen isotope ratios (d34S and d18O) of seawater sulfate for the past 4Ma to evaluate the implications of Quaternary sea level changes on the sulfur cycling. Quantitative interpretation of d34S and d18O data suggests that erosion during sea level lowstands was only partly compensated by increased sedimentation during times of rising sea levels and sea level highstands. Furthermore, my findings indicate that shelf systems reached a new equilibrium state about 700 kyr ago, which considerably slowed or terminated erosion of shelf sediments. Modeling results also show that microbial sulfur cycling changes proportionally with shelf area, resulting in a 15% reduction of microbial sulfur cycling over the last 2 Ma. This results in a 1-1.5 / drop in the marine sulfate d18O isotope value. While further work is needed to understand how shelf area changes affect the cycling of carbon, phosphorous and other elements, results presented here highlight the dynamic role of continental shelves in the global biogeochemical cycles.	Ph.D.	marine, climate	13, 14
Marshall, Lysandra	Wortley, Scot N	Racial Disparities in Police Stops in Kingston, Ontario: Democratic Racism and Canadian Racial Profiling in Theoretical Perspective	Criminology	2017-03	This study takes a quantitative and qualitative approach to examine police stops in an Ontario city. The author finds that Black residents were over stopped by police, and the over stopping may not be fully explained by the police-reported reasons and dispositions of the stops. In other words, the author suggests that police stops have less to do with crime control models of criminal justice, and more to do with surveiling marginalized populations. The author uses critical discourse analysis to examine news coverage of the racial profiling controversy in Ontario, including news reports on the study. The author argues that public discourse (both liberal 'anti-profiling' advocates and conservative supporters of police) contributes to the continued targeting of certain groups, by constructing an ideal victim of racial profiling (middle class, respectable), thus excluding all other subjects from legitimately seeking freedom from being hassled by police and having freedom of movement enjoyed by the nonprofiled population. The study also uncovers the influential role of police unions in Ontario in manipulating political discourse on race and policing.	Ph.D.	justice	16
Martensen, Alexandre Camargo	Fortin, Marie-Josee	Spatio-Temporal Connectivity in Dynamic Tropical Fragmented Landscapes	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2017-06	Expanding human occupation on the planet reduces and fragments native habitats, threatening biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and services. Tropical regions have recently been experiencing unprecedented amounts of forest conversion and fragmentation. As tropical forests harbor a large fraction of the worldâ s biodiversity, their loss and fragmentation has spearheaded the sixth mass extinction. Nevertheless, the tropical regions experience unique low intensity land-use and bioclimatic characteristics that result in highly dynamic forested landscapes. These dynamical landscapes, when subjected to the current scenario of intense global change, poses particular challenges for biodiversity conservation in human-modified landscapes. This thesis provides insights towards (i) the development of new metrics to quantify landscape dynamics; (ii) the assessment of the effects of land-use intensification on spatio-temporal dynamics and connectivity; and (iii) the quantification of potential drivers of these changes in the spatial dynamics. In the first part of my thesis, I developed a graph-theoretical method that incorporates the spatial dynamics of the landscape in the evaluation of landscape connectivity. I tested this method using a large set of Atlantic Forest landscapes of Brazil. In the second part of the thesis, I evaluated the effects of different drivers of landscape spatial dynamics, particularly focusing on land-use intensification alongside its economic and social drivers. My results pointed to the fact that land-use intensification reduces spatio-temporal dynamics of landscapes, as a large fraction of the land is locked up into one or a few intensified land cover types and the proportion of land abandoned to native habitat regeneration is low. Taken together, my findings have two broad impacts: (i) the new spatio-temporal indices reveal insights about landscape connectivity missed by purely spatial connectivity indices; and (ii) land-use intensification is happening across the globe, independent of the agricultural commodity that is being produced, reducing spatial dynamicity, which will lead to a decline in connectivity. Therefore, more land should be spared for biodiversity conservation in more highly intensified landscapes. Both findings have direct implications for spatial planning for conservation.	Ph.D.	conserv, forest, biodiversity	15
Martin, Adam	Thomas, Sean C.	Interspecific and Size-dependent Variation in Carbon Concentration and Wood Chemical Traits of Tropical Trees	Forestry	2012-11	Tropical forests play a major role in global carbon (C) dynamics and maintain some of the highest biological complexity on Earth; however, little is known about how variation in wood chemical traits contributes to tropical forest structure and function. This research examines inter- and intraspecific patterns in wood chemical traits in order to understand 1) the role wood chemical traits play in tropical forest C dynamics, and 2) the adaptive significance of wood chemical traits in tropical trees. I found wood C concentration varies widely among co-occurring tropical tree species, with average C concentration (47.4 ± 0.33% w/w (S.E.)) being significantly lower than values assumed in prominent forest C accounting protocols. Failing to account for this variation leads to overestimates of ~3.3 – 5.3% in tropical forest C accounting, an error that compounds significantly at larger spatial scales. I also show that oven drying samples prior to elemental analysis underestimates wood C concentration by 2.5 ± 0.17%, due to the loss of the “volatile C fraction”. Counter to expectations, I found wood C concentration is not ii phylogenetically conserved nor correlated to species demography or life history traits. Wood chemical traits showed consistent size-dependent patterns: wood C (in 16 of 24 species) and lignin (in 15 of 16 species) was higher in saplings vs. conspecific canopy trees. These patterns, complimented by phylogenetic analyses, suggest saplings require wood chemical traits that confer greater pathogen defense. When analyzed across a continuous size spectrum, I found wood C concentration (and leaf structural traits) increases linearly, while wood starch concentration (and leaf traits associated with C gain) shows “hump-shaped” patterns with peak values closely preceding reproductive onset; the latter result suggests C may limit growth in larger trees. Overall, my dissertation provides one of the first comprehensive examinations of wood chemical trait variation in tropical trees. In doing so it provides novel, timely, and critical insights into how wood chemical traits contribute to tropical forest structure and function.	PhD	conserv	15
Martin, Mary S.	Troper, Harold M.	The 1990 Kirpan Case: Cultural Conflict and the Development of Equity Policy in the Peel District School Board	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2011-06	In 1990, a case came before the Ontario Human Rights Commission involving the collision of a religious rights policy enshrined in the Ontario Human Rights Code 1981 and a Peel Board of Education disciplinary policy prohibiting weapons including the kirpan, a dagger-like article of religious faith worn by baptized Sikhs. Harbhajan Singh Pandori claimed infringement of his religious rights as a Sikh under the Code. In a joint complaint, the Ontario Human Rights Commission alleged the Code had been violated in a Peel Board policy restricting the religious rights of Sikhs by prohibiting the kirpan. Attempts to mediate between complainant Sikhs and the Peel Board failed. The dispute went before an Ontario Human Rights Commission tribunal adjudicated by Rabbi W. Gunther Plaut who ruled that the kirpan was a religious symbol and could be worn to school subject to restrictions. The Pandori kirpan case illustrates the complexity of resolving issues of cultural and religious conflict in public institutions undergoing demographic change. Significant to the kirpan case were Canadian immigration policy changes which eliminated race and ethnicity from admission criteria. As a result, the Region of Peel witnessed significant intake of immigrants including Sikhs, some of whom insisted on their right to wear a kirpan. The extensive public debate that followed afforded valuable insight on the political process of policy-making in education and accommodating diversity in public educational institutions. The debate also set the stage for the development of the Peel Board’s equity policy documents--Manifesting Encouraging and Respectful Environments and The Future We Want launched in 2000. Despite the new equity documents, some observers have remarked that institutional change is slow unless pressure is applied by the courts or the Ontario Human Rights Commission. While the kirpan issue has been put to rest in Canada, issues of competing rights continue to challenge Canadians. The kirpan case demonstrates that balancing competing rights in a multicultural society is an ongoing struggle with no final resolution. In the twenty-first century, as Canada continues to diversify, debates concerning accommodation continue to be reflected in the public schools.	EDD	rights	16
Mashford-Pringle, Angela Rose	Young, T. Kue	Self-determination in Health Care: A Multiple Case Study of Four First Nations Communities in Canada	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2013-06	The perceived level of self-determination in health care in four First Nations communities in Canada is examined through a multiple case study approach. Twenty-three participants from federal, provincial and First Nations governments as well as health care professionals in the communities of Blood Tribe, Lac La Ronge, Garden Hill and Wasagamack First Nations provided insight into the diversity of perception of self-determination in First Nations health care. The difference in definition between Aboriginal and the federal and provincial governments is a factor in the varying perceptions of the level of control First Nations communities have over their health care system. Participants from the four First Nations communities perceived their level of self-determination over their health care system to be much lower than the level perceived by provincial and federal government participants. The organization and delivery of health care is based on the location of the community, the availability of the human resources, the level of communication, the amount of community resources, and the ability to self-manage. The socio-political history including impact of contact, residential schools, and integration of Aboriginal worldview are factors in the organization and delivery of health care as well as the perceived level of self-determination that the community sees. The duration and intensity of contact influences how health care is organized as the communities become more familiarized with the biomedical model that most Canadians use. Having a holistic health care system that includes acknowledging the socio-political history, culture, language, worldview and traditional medicines is important to the four First Nations communities, but this has not been fully embraced in any of the communities. Despite their differences, all four communities are working toward self-determination that hopefully would result in an ‘ideal’ First Nations health care system which is holistic, cultural, spiritual, and interdisciplinary and ultimately lead to full management of the health care system.	PhD	health	3
Mason, Stephanie	Nathens, Avery B||Jeschke, Marc G	A population-based evaluation of long-term outcomes following major burn injury	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2018-06	Introduction: Advances in critical care and the regionalization of burn care have resulted in a significant decrease in mortality after burn injury such that most burn-injured patients are expected to survive. This thesis aimed to evaluate and characterize long-term outcomes following major burn injury. Methods: Using linked health administrative data, we identified adults who sustained major burn injury during 2003-2014. First, we evaluated temporal changes in the incidence and in-hospital mortality of burn injury. We then estimated five-year risk-adjusted rates and principal causes of emergency department visits and readmissions. A self-matched longitudinal cohort study was performed to compare rates of mental illness-related healthcare utilization in the 3 years before and after burn. Finally, a matched cohort study was performed to estimate 5-year mortality after burn. Results: The incidence of burn injury remained stable over time, and significant reductions in the overall in-hospital mortality rate occurred; the odds of death in 2010-2013 were significantly lower than 2003-2006 (odds ratio (OR) 0.39, 95% CI 0.25-0.61). In the five years after discharge from the index burn admission, 70% of patients had >1 emergency department (ED) visit, and 30% had an unplanned readmission. The principal cause of healthcare utilization was unintentional injury, followed by mental illness and respiratory disease. Patients who received burn center care had significantly lower rates of ED visits (rate ratio 0.64, 95% CI 0.56-0.73) and readmissions (hazard ratio 0.77, 95% CI 0.65-0.92). Burn injury was not associated with a higher rate of mental health visits compared to the pre-injury period (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.78-1.20), but was associated with a two-fold increase in self-harm (RR 1.95 (95% CI 1.15-3.33). Five-year mortality after burn injury was 11%, compared to 4% among matched controls. The hazard ratio was greatest during the first year after discharge (HR 4.15, 95% CI 3.17-5.42). Conclusions: Burn injury confers a physical and psychological impact up to five years after discharge, associated with high rates of healthcare utilization and increased late mortality compared to matched controls. Further development of consolidated and focused burn care, and improved mental healthcare, offer an opportunity to improve outcomes after burn injury.	Ph.D.	health	3
Masoom, Hussain	Simpson, Andre J.	The Development of Environmental Comprehensive Multiphase Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy	Chemistry	2015-11	Soil is the most complex mixture on this planet and is central to the transport of contaminants, carbon cycling and sustainable agriculture. However, our understanding of soil is limited in large part due to the lack of analytical approaches that can provide detail information on molecular structure and interactions in the native state. Current pre-treatment practices remove key synergies between components that are responsible for soil's reactivity, kinetics, interactions and numerous other characteristics. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has played an integral role in furthering soil research because of its versatility and non-destructive nature, but has not been able to study all phases of matter (solid, liquids, and gels) at once in a whole unaltered soil. Recently, comprehensive multiphase NMR (CMP-NMR) was introduced and combines traditional NMR techniques resulting in an instrument that has capabilities allowing for whole soil analysis. After an introduction of soil and NMR, the rst two research chapters focus on solving two key issues with environmental NMR, sensitivity and water suppression through experimental means. Sensitivity is increased by focusing NMR signals into one single spike and forgoing chemical shift. The result is an experiment that can determine experimental run time in low concentration samples as well as a rapid detection system for use in kinetics or dynamics. In the next chapter, a robust water suppression method is developed and applied to real environmental samples including soil by building on the current standard, SPR-W5-WATERGATE. The latter two research chapters apply CMP-NMR to soil research by rst characterizing the composition and structure of soil in its native state. It is found that aliphatic and carbohydrate components are available at the water interface while proteins from microbes and lignin are buried under the surface with hydrogen bonds and hydrophobicity playing a key role in their protection. Finally, contaminant interactions are probed in all phases where kinetics, sorption orientation, and soil binding domains are characterized in all phases. As a whole, this thesis helps to develop CMP-NMR for use in soil research and positions it as an important novel NMR technology with potential widespread application in a range of elds including materials research, biology, biochemistry and medicine.	Ph.D.	agriculturel environment, water	2, 6, 13
Mathew, Jaby	Williams, Melissa S.	Representation in the Shadow of Colonialism: Conceptions of Political Representation in 19th and 20th Century India	Political Science	2017-11	The starting point of this dissertation is the persistent political underrepresentation of Muslims in Indian legislatures since independence, and how this impugns Indian democracyâ s claim to be egalitarian and inclusive. The study argues that specific institutional arrangements for enhancing democratic representation of marginalized groups must be understood in their historical context. Therefore, this dissertation examines the debates over political representation in colonial India, and the terms of settlement in the Constituent Assembly of India, where group representation rights were acknowledged for certain groups but not for religious minorities. Mapping these debates, this work illustrates how the political sociology underlying constituency definition shifted over time and generated the contemporary structure of political exclusion for Muslims. Further, the specific history of political representation in India reveals its use for both non-democratic (representation for ruling or governance) and democratic (representation for self-rule or self-governance) purposes. This dissertation argues that Indian thinkersâ ideas of political representation bear a dual relationship to colonial thinking about representation as a tool for control and governance â a duality that engendered possibilities for an alternative version of liberalism in India. However, rather than fully institutionalize available alternatives to standard liberal ideas of political representation, the Constituent Assembly replicated colonial strategies and mechanisms. Through the historical reconstruction of arguments for group representation, I offer a normative defense for remedial measures to the problem of underrepresentation of Muslims in India and to move away from the shadow of colonialism on matters of political representation.	Ph.D.	inclusive, equality, institution, rights	4, 5, 16
Mathews, Vanessa Kirsty	Leslie, Deborah ||Lewis, Robert	Place Differentiation: Redeveloping the Distillery District, Toronto	Geography	2010-11	What role does place differentiation play in contemporary urban redevelopment processes, and how is it constructed, practiced, and governed? Under heightened forms of interurban competition fueled by processes of globalization, there is a desire by place-makers to construct and market a unique sense of place. While there is consensus that place promotion plays a role in reconstructing landscapes, how place differentiation operates – and can be operationalized – in processes of urban redevelopment is under-theorized in the literature. In this thesis, I produce a typology of four strategies of differentiation – negation, coherence, residue, multiplicity – which reside within capital transformations and which require activation by a set of social actors. I situate these ideas via an examination of the redevelopment of the Gooderham and Worts distillery, renamed the Distillery District, which opened to the public in 2003. Under the direction of the private sector, the site was transformed from a space of alcohol production to a space of cultural consumption. The developers used a two pronged approach for the site’s redevelopment: historic preservation and arts-led regeneration. Using a mixed method approach including textual analysis, in-depth interviews, visual analysis, and site observation, I examine the strategies used to market the Distillery as a distinct place, and the effects of this marketing strategy on the valuation of art, history, and space. Two central arguments direct the thesis: first, in an attempt to construct place differentiation, what emerges is a sense of sameness which limits the potential of the district and produces a disconnect between the space and its users; second, it is only by understanding how differentiation operates in discourse and practice that alternative formations of place-making can emerge and socio-spatial disconnectedness can be rethought.	PhD	urban	11
Matte, Nicholas	Elspeth, H. Brown	Historicizing Liberal American Transnormativities: Media, Medicine, Activism, 1960-1990	History	2014-11	Historicizing Liberal American Transnormativities: Medicine, Media, Activism, 1960-1990Nicholas MatteDoctor of PhilosophyGraduate Department of HistoryUniversity of Toronto2014AbstractHow did trans people emerge as a minority group in the United States between 1960 and 1990? Trans people and advocates have been articulating ways to improve the social lives of trans people throughout the second half of the twentieth century by drawing on discourses of American liberalism. "Historicizing Liberal American Transnormativities" provides insight into the norms, definitions, expectations and tactics developed by trans advocates in social and cultural conditions not of their choosing. It draws on trans-centric primary sources including conference proceedings, newsletters and magazines produced by, for, or about trans people, as well as mainstream media coverage of trans people and issues. These sources enrich existing accounts of pathologization, gay liberation, employment discrimination, sex activism, and other topics of broad concern.The first two chapters show that the Erickson Educational Foundation (EEF) worked with trans advocates and "helping professionals" in fields such as medicine, law, religion, and social work to promote social acceptance on the basis of medicalized notions of transsexuality, gender dysphoria, and various diagnostic and treatment options. The third chapter looks at the worlds of female impersonators, transvestites, and the Queens Liberation Front to argue that trans people like Lee Brewster and Sandy Mesics developed their politics in the contexts of commercial and entertainment cultures, gay liberation, feminism, and pornography. The final chapter looks at a series of cases in which a number of white transsexuals, including Paula Grossman, Steve Dain, Joanna Clark, Karen Ulane, and Bobbie Lea Bennett, each fought against the discrimination they faced in employment and health care. They asked the courts to apply the Civil Rights Act and the Rehabilitation Act to their situations and they became galvanizing public figures in social debates about the nature of gendered participation in American economy and society. Overall, "Historicizing Liberal American Transnormativities" shows that American liberalism has been central to trans advocacy and the formation of trans people as a minority group in the United States between 1960 and 1990.	Ph.D.	gender, queer, equality, rights	5, 16
Maunula, Laena	Robertson, Ann	Citizenship in a Post-Pandemic World: A Foucauldian Discourse Analysis of H1N1 in the Canadian Print News Media	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2017-11	The 2009/2010 outbreak of H1N1 thrust pandemic influenza into the media spotlight. Not only did the outbreak dominate media coverage during that time, but news coverage also played an integral part in the official public health response for public communication across Canada. As influenza pandemics are notoriously fraught with scientific uncertainty, much of that news coverage centred on risk (e.g. infection, vaccination). Over the past several decades, risk has emerged as a central organizing principle and a prevailing characteristic of modernity, and recent studies on the discursive constitution of risk claim that risk discourses operate as a technology of governance within neoliberal societies. To date, very little work has been done to explore the discursive constitution of H1N1, or H1N1 risk, within the news media. To address this gap, I analyzed print news coverage of the H1N1 outbreak within two major English-language, Canadian daily newspapers, The Globe and Mail and The Toronto Star. Applying a governmentality and risk perspective as an analytic lens, and informed by the theoretical concepts of biopower and biopedagogy, I explored how media discourses on risk made possible particular ways of acting, seeing, and talking about ourselves, both as individuals and in social groups. The results indicate that three distinct strands of risk discourse were operating in the media during the H1N1 pandemic: ‘causal tales’ which serve as explanations of risk; ‘cautionary tales’ which warn of expanded H1N1 risk; and, ‘precautionary tales’ which offer instructions for managing H1N1 risk. I argue that these results suggest a shifting discursive terrain surrounding H1N1 risk and its management, in which each new ‘tale’ recalibrates the conditions of possibility for H1N1, and hails the audience into a new H1N1 storyline and a heightened awareness of H1N1 risk. Further, I argue that this expansion of ‘risk space’ makes possible a particular kind of ‘pandemic subject’ which operates as a neo-liberal bio-citizen. Lastly, I posit that there is a heretofore untheorized risk rationality, operating in the context of pandemic influenza, that pertains to the case-by-case assessment of risks located within the social interactions of daily life, which I term ‘social-interactive risk’.	Ph.D.	health, governance	3, 16
Mauthner, Oliver Erich	Angus, Jan	The New Normal: A Bourdieusian Examination of Living into Young Adulthood being a Paediatric Heart Transplant Recipient	Nursing Science	2014-03	Improved success of paediatric cardiac transplantation has resulted in increased survival of recipients into young adulthood (19 to 29 years of age). Young adults who received a heart transplant during childhood have experienced multiple life sustaining procedures. As survival and longevity increase, it is clear that transplant recipients experience negative physiological, psychological and social sequelae. With heart transplant offering individuals a chance to extend life into young adulthood, recipients need lifelong care and at age 18 they will transition from paediatric to adult healthcare facilities. The study addressed young adults circumstances of existence and their competing interests within various social environments. This research project applied Pierre Bourdieu’s theoretical concepts of habitus, field and capital, to conceptualize and engage with empirical knowledge production about young adults who have received a heart transplant during childhood. Using visual methodology, focused open-ended interviews were conducted with 12 young adults who had a heart transplant during childhood. Bourdieu’s work provided a theoretical framework to investigate transplant recipients’ identities and social repositioning in relation to dominant discourses of organ transplant and shifting relationships with health services providers. This study involved an iterative process to identify recipients’ encounters and new compositions in relation with others, in order to answer the research objective. These findings highlight that young adult transplant recipients struggle with relational dispositions that excludes them from various fields of social engagement; their struggle and exclusion from various fields is symbolic and is embedded in the structure of the dominant social order of the field from where they become excluded; the social order is taken up and embodied, leading young transplant recipients to practices of accommodation and “normalization”. Changes in healthcare practices, attuned to person implications and peer relationships can begin to address young transplant recipients’ contradictory social positions. Such an approach can potentially lead to improvement in ongoing care and services for young adults who require a lifetime of care. At the same time, it will allow nurses to better prepare and counsel young individuals who are preparing for a heart transplant.	PhD	health	3
Mawani, Farah N	O'Campo, Patricia	Conceptualization, Measurement, and Association of Underemployment to Mental Health Inequities between Immigrant and Canadian-born Labour Force Participants	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2018-06	This thesis aims to increase understanding of the association of underemployment (unemployment or overqualification) to mental health inequities between immigrant and Canadian-born labour force participants. The first paper provides a theoretical framework to guide design, analyses and interpretation of findings for this thesis, and future research on social determinants of mental health inequities. The second paper uses the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) Cycle 1.2 to assess the construct validity of self-rated mental health (SRMH) for the overall population, and sub-groups by immigrant status and sex. Positive associations between SRMH and a comprehensive array of mental morbidity measures were large and consistent, but a sizeable percentage of respondents with mental morbidity did not rate their mental health as fair/poor. SRMH is useful for assessing social determinants of inequities in general mental health, but not specific mental health morbidities. The third paper uses CCHS Cycle 2.1 (2003) to examine the association of underemployment to fair/poor self-rated mental health (SRMH) in: 1. labour force participants (18-64yrs) in Canada, and 2. between a. immigrants vs. Canadian-born labour force participants, and b. recent immigrant (	Ph.D.	employment, equitable, labour	4, 8
Mawji, Nazira	Razack, Sherene	Raced and Gendered Subjectivities in the Diasporas: Exploring the Role of Generationally Transferred Local ‘Subjugated’ Knowledges in the Education of Canadian Ismaili Women of Indian East African Heritage	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2018-06	Ugandan Canadian Ismaili Muslim women are often subsumed within the larger immigrant ‘South Asian’ (Brown) women collective and pathologized as passive or docile victims of oppressive systems rather than actors who express a feminist commitment. This thesis is an inquiry that transforms this stereotypical image by examining the local forms of agency exhibited by fifteen twice/thrice immigrant East African Ismaili women who trace their roots to the Indian subcontinent. Through life narratives of five triads of three generations of women from the same families – Grandmothers, Mothers and Daughters – I historicize the experiences of the women of the first two generations in two different geographical locations, East Africa and Canada, to demonstrate how the encounter between a) traditional gender role expectations, b) the modernizing policies and gender reform strategized by the third and fourth Aga Khans, and c) newer influences in the places of settlement cause these women to experience contradictions in their multiple subject positions in their intersectional locations of gender, race/colour, class and religion. As a result, these Ismaili women create, utilize and transmit local knowledges, based on a local ideology, to subsequent generations of women that enables them to negotiate cultural patriarchy and White hegemony to establish home and belonging in places of settlement. This local ideology teaches them to be mindful; to practice ethics of hard work, diplomacy, and resourcefulness; to make investments in family and community and not physical places or material things; and to attain self-sufficiency through formal education and financial independence. Through the locally constructed covert and overt resistance technologies women create and utilize, these Ismaili women demonstrate that their agency is endemic to their diaspora history, taking subtle and ambivalent forms as the women negotiate at the margins of power, at times constrained but also resisting and undermining power relations to survive and even thrive in diaspora space.	Ph.D.	women, gender	5
Maxwell, Krista	Birn, Anne-Emanuelle ||McElhinny, Bonnie	Making History Heal: Settler-colonialism and Urban Indigenous Healing in Ontario, 1970s-2010	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2011-06	This thesis focuses on the interrelationship between Canadian colonial histories and Indigenous healing. I begin by problematising how colonialism is invoked in contemporary scholarship on Aboriginal health and healing, and arguing for more precise historical methods and a more relational understanding of colonial processes. Historicising Indigenous agency is integral to this analysis. Whilst colonial continuities in contemporary Canadian public policy discourse is an important theme, I also attend to social movements, institutions, professions, and political and economic forces beyond the state. Indigenous healing as a socio-political movement itself has a history dating at least to the late 1960s. Urban Indigenous healing discourse is characterised by linking present-day suffering to collective historical losses, and valorizing the reclamation of Indigenous identity, knowledge and social relations. Drawing on urban Indigenous social histories from Kenora and Toronto, I consider the urban healing movement as an example of Indigenous resistance influenced by the international decolonization and North American Red Power movements, but which over time has also engaged with dominant institutions, professions, policies, and discourses, such as the concept of trauma. My analysis considers professionals and patients invoking historical trauma as political agents, both responding to and participating in broader shifts in the moral economy. These shifts have created the conditions of possibility for public victimhood to become a viable strategy for attracting attention and resources to suffering and injustice. The thesis highlights the centrality and complexity of self-determination in urban Indigenous healing, drawing on historical and ethnographic analysis from three southern Ontario cities. I analyse how the liberal multiculturalism paradigm dominant in health policy and health care settings contributes to mental health professionals’ failure to recognise Aboriginal clients and issues. I argue that characterising pan-Aboriginal and ethno-national healing as approaches in opposition to one another produces an insufficiently nuanced analysis in the context of urban Indigenous subjectivities and social relations, where both approaches are valuable for different reasons. The thesis urges greater attention to the role of languages and local histories, and to the threat which dominant policy discourses on residential schools and mental health pose to the maintenance of distinct ethno-national histories, epistemologies and traditions in urban Indigenous healing.	PhD	health, institution	3, 16
May, Jeffrey John	Ruddick, Susan ||Walks, Alan	Race, Gender, Youth, and Urban Space: Young Men of Colour and Homelessness in the Greater Toronto Area	Geography	2013-11	What are the relationships between race, gender, homelessness, and urban space? This research explores these relationships through the experiences of Canadian-born young men of colour in the Greater Toronto Area. Foregrounding their lived experience through ethnographic methods, I ask how does homelessness affect the lives of young men in different spaces of a large city and in relationship to race and gender? How do these young men’s experiences of the city help us understand the city? This research draws upon diverse bodies of theory in urban, cultural, feminist, and anti-racist geographies. I expand these literatures to illustrate connections between systems of socio-spatial domination such as racism, sexism, and classism. Through 40 interviews and 8 of what I call ‘Where-I-Live-Tours’, a tour of urban space I conduct with the participant, I explore the material and affective dimensions of space in the lives of these young men. By paying attention to the material and affective dimensions of homelessness, I illustrate how relationships between race, gender, homelessness, and urban space emerge in everyday experiences. In investigating the non-conscious affective dimensions of urban life, I combine representational and material understandings of the city to afford an understanding of the complex micro-geographies of urban space. I investigate the affective forces that shape how people live in the city, moving them through some spaces and attracting them and repelling them from others. Research findings indicate micro-geographic racial ‘vibrations’ that see race emerge differently around the GTA. Young men of colour also negotiate a variety of (in)visibilities in their lives in the city, including physical, imagined, political, and social. Their homelessness means they have atypical experiences of ‘home’ and they create multiple alternative forms of home or belonging. This research follows in feminist and anti-racist research traditions that examine marginalization and oppression to critique dominance and privilege. It allows us to see how marginalized actors can enact resiliencies and resistances and be creative and productive of identity and urban space. This research illustrates the multifarious relationships people have with city space and how an accumulation of forces shapes people’s everyday lives in the city.	PhD	gender, poverty	1, 5
Mayrand, Helene	Brunnée, Jutta	Protecting the Arctic Environment in the Climate Change Context: A Critical Legal Analysis	Law	2014-06	The environmental challenges the Arctic region faces in the climate change context have prompted an abundant literature on what is to be done to protect the Arctic environment. The thesis addresses the question of what is international law’s role in promoting Arctic environmental protection, but taking a different perspective than previous research on the issue. It develops a new critical approach to analyze how international law adopted to protect the environment is in fact part of the problem. The theoretical framework bridges Martti Koskenniemi’s critical approach and the interactional account of international law developed by Jutta Brunnée and Stephen Toope. These two approaches provide conceptual and methodological tools to understand the mutual influence of international actors and structures on legal discourse. This framework is applied to four main Arctic environmental challenges in the context of climate change: increased oil and gas activities, increased shipping, adverse effects on indigenous peoples’ environment and culture and biodiversity depletion. For each case study, the thesis provide a three-stage analysis to understand the development of international law to address these issues, the influence of political considerations on such law and the normative potential of each of the different rules, standards, principles and rights to create a sense of legal obligation. This analysis sheds light on when international has enabled practices of legality, where international actors support the rule, right or standard at issue, fell bound by it and follow it in practice. The analysis also reveals the influence of the bias in favour of neoliberal development in legal discourse. This bias has favoured the development, interpretation and application of international law to promote the assertion of sovereignty over natural resources, industry deregulation, the promotion of trade, little consideration for indigenous peoples’ human rights and the consideration of biological resources in economic terms.	SJD	industr, natural resources, environment, biodiversity, rights	9, 13, 15, 16
Mayuzumi, Kimine	Acker, Sandra	Seeking Possibilities in a Transnational Context: Asian Women Faculty in the Canadian Academy	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2011-06	This dissertation examines the questions: “What are the experiences of Asian women faculty in the Canadian academy?” and “How do they navigate this space?” The study aims to generate new insights into how this understudied and underrepresented population negotiates various aspects of identity, such as gender, race, language and citizenship, as they pursue their academic careers. It provides an original examination of how “Asian” women faculty who have transnational life experience interpret the Canadian academy. Using a qualitative inquiry methodology with a transnational feminist perspective, I conducted in-depth interviews with nine Asian women faculty members in Canadian universities concerning their motivations, desires, contradictions, struggles, and coping strategies within their academic lives. Themes for the analysis arose from the literature, the conceptual framework, my own background and the data. Four major themes organize the analysis: 1) what impact the socially constructed discourse of Canadian citizenry has in the everyday lives of Asian women faculty and how “Asian-woman-ness” operates in the given contexts; 2) what technical difficulties and social barriers emerge from Asian women faculty’s experiences with spoken and written English language; 3) what “cultural logics” Asian women faculty utilize in order to survive/thrive in their social locations as Asian women in the Canadian academy; and 4) how Asian women faculty create their own legitimate space from their marginalized points of view. Through the dual process of their citizenry being de-legitimized in the academy and the nation-state, Asian women faculty strive to become legitimate through creating alternative understandings and definitions of their academic lives. This study was meant to initiate and promote reconfiguration of study on faculty’s lives by foregrounding the transnational feminist framework, which looks at/beyond the institutional, national and temporal borders and at the same time pays close attention to gender and race within the different types of borders. The study suggests that efforts to make higher education more diverse are more complex than some might imagine.	PhD	gender, women, institution	5, 16
McAuliffe, Corey	Di Ruggiero, Erica||Sellen, Daniel	A Phenomenological Account of Women Graduate Students: Lived Experience of Challenges in Global Public Health Practice	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2020-06	During the last two decades academic global public health grew dramatically, including higher student demand to participate in internationally-based fieldwork. As a foundational space for graduate level training, practice, and research activities, the university plays a primary and significant role in the formation and future practice of students. While academic research and practice opportunities within international settings may provide unique experiences for U.S. and Canadian graduate students, it remains an overlooked area of inquiry. At times, these experiences can be intensely challenging or distressing, with additional burdens experienced by women. This study aims to gain insight into the lived experience of Canadian and U.S. women graduate students participating in global public health practice, and how they experience this phenomenon. This study is situated within Max van Manen’s qualitative methodology, phenomenology of practice. This hermeneutic approach is aimed at meaning-making through emotional, embodied, existential, and pathic ways of knowing. Seven women participated in 18 in-depth phenomenological interviews, while 18 women completed a guided writing exercise. Data creation methods were designed to capture lived experience descriptions of global public health practice. Key themes discussed in this dissertation include sexual and gender-based violence and harassment, discomfort with privilege, mental health challenges (specifically depression), and not being heard. Further findings focused on the burden of hidden labor performed by women to keep themselves safe from sexual and gender-based violence, including discussion on travel safety and transportation, witnessing or experiencing violence, lack of preparedness or follow-up, financial burdens and stress, and support networks and peer relationships as protective. The experience of participating in global public health practice is of particular consequence to the training, education, and future practice of graduate students. This study holds the potential to positively affect an individual’s experience, and thus practice, through offering new meaning structures, language for an unfamiliar experience, or ways to describe, conceive of, and respond to global public health fieldwork. Furthermore, by dedicating space to this phenomenon and giving voice to women graduate students’ lived experience, public health institutions may be better able to recognize, validate, respond to, and support students participating in global public health practice.	Ph.D.	health, women	3, 5
McCaig, Brian	Brandt, Loren	Empirical Essays on Poverty, Inequality, and Social Welfare	Economics	2009-11	This thesis consists of three empirical chapters related to distributional outcomes, such as poverty and inequality, in three different contexts. Chapter 1 outlines a class of statistical procedures that permit testing of a broad range of multidimensional stochastic dominance hypotheses. We apply the procedures to data on income and leisure hours for individuals in Germany, the UK, and the USA. We find that no country first-order stochastically dominates the others in both dimensions for all years of comparison. Furthermore, while in general the USA stochastically dominates Germany and the UK with respect to income, in most periods Germany stochastically dominates with respect to leisure hours. Finally, we find evidence that bivariate poverty is lower in Germany than in either the UK or the USA. On the other hand, poverty comparisons between the UK and the USA are sensitive to the subpopulation of individuals considered. Chapter 2 provides a detailed description of the evolution of income inequality in Vietnam between 1993 and 2006. We construct consistent estimates of annual household income using five nationally representative household surveys. Our main finding is that Vietnam’s rapid growth was accompanied by a reduction in inequality between 1993 and 2002 and an unchanged level of inequality between 2002 and 2006. We find that strong growth in employment income and robust growth of cropping income played an important role in decreasing rural inequality, while the growth of wage income and the stagnation of household business income similarly contributed to the reduction in urban inequality. Chapter 3 examines the impacts of the 2001 U.S.-Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement on provincial poverty level in Vietnam. My main finding is that provinces that were more exposed to the U.S. tariff cuts experienced faster decreases in poverty between 2002 and 2004. I subsequently explore three labour market channels from the trade agreement to poverty alleviation. Provinces that were more exposed to the tariff cuts experienced (1) increases in provincial wage premiums for low-skilled workers, (2) faster movement into wage and salaried jobs for low-skilled workers, and (3) more rapid job growth in formal enterprises.	PhD	poverty, equality, inequality, employment	1, 5, 8, 10
McCallum, Lindsay Catherine	Stefanovic, Ingrid	Development and Application of Strategies for Health Impact Assessment of Projects and Policies	Physical and Environmental Sciences	2017-02	Health Impact Assessment (HIA) is a combination of procedures, methods and tools used to evaluate potential health outcomes associated with proposed projects, programs and policies. An HIA differs from other types of assessments in its consideration of both positive and negative health outcomes, and inclusion of social and economic determinants of health. Although HIA has evolved over the past two decades, it remains underutilized. There are several reasons for this, including the fact that HIA methodology is lacking in clarity, consistency and transparency. This doctoral thesis tackles this issue through development of novel HIA tools that address specific research gaps associated with different steps of the HIA process. The first step is screening, which determines whether or not an HIA should be conducted. A unique screening tool that considers the practicality of conducting an HIA by comparing the value of the process versus the required investment was developed and tested by HIA practitioners around the world. Scoping is the next step, which outlines the details and boundaries of the assessment. A scoping tool was developed to systematically identify and prioritize health determinants to be included in HIA. The assessment step is where the health outcomes scoped into the HIA are evaluated for potential positive and negative effects. A new assessment framework was created to provide a transparent method of evaluation in order to characterize impacts and reach a clear, well-justified conclusion. This framework was tested on an actual oil drilling project, allowing for identification of strengths and weaknesses of the tool. The framework was then revised to addresses issues, and was redeveloped so that it could be applied within the Environmental Assessment process. Each of these tools addresses a specific research need in the field of HIA, and promotes the inclusion of health in assessing impacts of projects and policies.	Ph.D.	health	3
McCarthy, Vanessa Gillian	Terpstra, Nicholas	Prostitution, Community, and Civic Regulation in Early Modern Bologna	History	2015-06	While during the late Middle Ages most major European cities legalized and regulated prostitution, historians have argued that in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries religious reform and shifting ideas about acceptable sexual and gendered behaviour resulted in the criminalization and repression of prostitution. Scholars have also demonstrated that early modern cultural depictions and social attitudes increasingly cast prostitutes and their clients as greedy and immoral, as socially and publically disruptive, and as sinners in need of reform. This dissertation argues, however, that in the northern-Italian city of Bologna secular and religious civic authorities, magistrates, law enforcement, and the general populace approached prostitution primarily as an issue of economics and public order, and secondarily as an issue of morality and public decorum. Due to the city's economic reliance on university students who sought sex and companionship, since the late Middle Ages civic authorities regulated prostitution as a civic, commercial issue and prostitutes as fee- and fine-paying workers governed by their own civic magistracy, the Ufficio delle Bollette. This approach developed further in the early modern period due to Bologna's continuing economic reliance on students, the demands and needs of workers (both male and female) in its growing, seasonal silk industry, its particular political traditions, and its local social customs. As a result, late sixteenth- and early seventeenth century Bolognese civic authorities neither criminalized prostitution nor attempted to repress it, but instead issued comparatively relaxed, moderately restrictive legislation. Likewise, the Bollette's officials and functionaries negotiated between legislation, their own desires, and the needs of individual prostitutes when enforcing regulation. Finally, the hundreds of women who registered annually as prostitutes were more-or-less integrated into local communities through residence and through familial, work, and affective relationships and had greater opportunities for agency than broader cultural, religious, and social ideals would lead us to expect.	Ph.D.	gender, women, rights	5, 16
McCleave, Sharon	Quarter, Jack	Social Contexts in Postsecondary Pathophysiology Textbooks: How Type 2 Diabetes is Understood	Leadership, Higher Education and Adult Education	2013-06	Abstract Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a disease that has trebled in incidence over the last 25 years, affecting both adults and increasingly children. The rapid increase of the disease mirrors the gradients of social position and income distribution, and parallels the accelerated environmental changes witnessed with the rise of neoliberal capitalism. This research situates neoliberal capitalism as a collection of political and economic policies that form an ideology suited to protect discrete elite interests. The current ideology has permeated all social aspects of society, including education and healthcare. Therefore, it is argued that the practice of healthcare and the education of healthcare students are shaped by the sociopolitical environment in which they exist. Ten best-selling postsecondary textbooks in pathology, pathophysiology, and disease processes were selected for content analysis to determine if the interpretation of type 2 diabetes in pathophysiology textbooks reflects neoliberal thinking. The data were interpreted within the tradition of critical discourse analysis and theoretically enriched using Foucault’s descriptions of governmentality, biopolitics, and discursive formations. The results indicate that notions consistent with neoliberal capitalism permeate pathology textbooks in the understandings of type 2 diabetes. Consistent with how neoliberal thought embodies and explicates social conditions, type 2 diabetes is described in a way that stresses iii self-responsibility and culpability for falling ill. The texts also impart the importance of biomedical industry interventions for the treatment of the sick and the surveillance of the healthy. Finally, in a way that substantiates the degradation of the environment and retrenchment of social welfare policies, the textbooks fail to make any reference to the ecological factors that contribute to type 2 diabetes, including urbanisation and the propagation of food deserts, environmental toxins, income inequality, the steepening of the social gradient, and the deleterious effects of globalisation on human nutrition.	PhD	income distribution, health, equality	1, 3, 2005
McConaghy, Mark Frederick	Yue, Meng	Writing Villages: Language, Objects, and Spirituality in the Discovery of Rural China, 1911-1949	East Asian Studies	2017-11	This dissertation examines the explosion of writings about rural life that emerged during the Republican period (1911-1949) in China, found in the essays, short stories, long-form novels, folklore journals, and ethnographic surveys that dotted the mediascape of the time period. Situating its arguments at the cross-section of Republican era village studies, intellectual history, and literary criticism, this dissertation argues that such writings did not merely reflect an already existing social reality beyond the text, but were themselves productive of the very concepts by which such a reality was to be imagined and acted upon. As such, they produced an imaginative binary that had not, hitherto, been dominant in Chinese cultural life: the urban vs. the rural. While such writings evidenced a persistent fascination with the languages, objects, and spiritual ideas that defined village cultures, they were not produced from within the geographic boundaries of village life. They were created by cosmopolitan intellectuals imbedded in translingual print networks of global reach. Such writings must thus be situated within the properly global context in which they were produced: a world roiled by the unevenness of capitalism in its imperialist form. The world system produced by capitalism sought to fix peoples into monolingual national units arranged hierarchically across historical time. When seen from this developmental lens, the rural emerged in 20th century China as a site of “backwardness,” in need of social and linguistic “reconstruction.” I track how folklorists, writers, and language reformers responded to, but also complicated, this ethnographic drive to study, classify, and transform village life. Challenging a long standing axiom in the field of modern Chinese history that Republican era intellectuals “invented” the cultural figure of the peasant as a depressed allegory of the national condition, I argue that the songs, objects, and votive practices of village life remained key points of inquiry and negotiation for intellectuals throughout the era. As such, I tell a more nuanced story regarding the urban/rural binary, one that emphasizes that the incorporation of the village into the cultural life of the new republic was not an epistemologically enclosed process.	Ph.D.	urban, rural	11
McCormack, Killian	Gilbert, Emily	Global Health and Global War: The US Military’s Health Engagement in Africa, 1952-2018	Geography	2020-06	In this dissertation, I trace the changes in the US military’s health engagement practices in Africa from the beginning of the Cold War through to the current global war on terror. My project reveals trends in the overlaps between military and humanitarian networks and highlights how the military’s health engagement practices are articulations of a changing American imperialism. Grounded on colonial legacies, the US military’s health engagement practices are underpinned by processes of militarization, perpetuate uneven power relations, open up spaces for processes of territorialization, and are connected to larger market-centric processes. Drawing on archival material from the US National Archives and Records Administration and a wider array of documents from across the US national security complex, I focus on three interrelated case studies. First, I trace the history of the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research’s infectious disease research and surveillance practices on the continent, with a detailed focus on their work in Kenya. Secondly, I look at the changes in the US military’s medical civic action practices in Africa from the early Cold War to the current work of US Africa Command. Finally, I explore the US military’s response to the 2014 West African Ebola crisis, Operation United Assistance, and the military’s role in pandemic response going forward. Each case study brings its own discrete contributions: my study of the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research shows how the military has adapted to a changing international development context and is now embedded in a network of global health actors; my analysis of medical civic action demonstrates the ways in which military practices of care are connected to processes of territorialization and war readiness; and my study of Operation United Assistance shows the trajectory of the military’s practices in disaster response and its changing role in what are traditionally civilian practices. My project reveals an underexplored history and geography of American imperialism in Africa. In doing so, it makes important contributions to the understanding of the military’s changing position in a global humanitarian context, as well as the changing ways humanitarian practices have been co-opted towards military ends.	Ph.D.	health	3
McCormick, Sarah Anne Louise	Peterson-Badali, Michele||Skilling, Tracey A.	The Role of Responsivity in Youth Rehabilitation: The Case of Mental Health	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2015-06	Mental health problems are a significant concern for justice-involved youth. Yet there is substantial variability in how mental health problems have been understood in terms of their role in offending and their significance to treatment planning and outcomes. Perspectives on mental health from a predominantly clinical literature differ from the conceptualization found in the rehabilitation-focused Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) literature. This dissertation consists of two papers addressing the role of mental health issues in justice system involvement, with a focus on youth. Paper 1 provides a conceptual analysis of the two literatures to elucidate points of contrast and potential for common ground. I argue that the two literatures differ in seven ways: major goals, definition of risk, predictors studied, outcomes of interest, timelines of interest, features- versus disorder- based approaches, and what is included in the category of mental health concerns. Using these identified differences as an interpretative framework, areas of concordance are then identified. Directions for research include the role of mental health in offending, especially for youth in a developmental context, and gender differences. Implications for policy and practice are reviewed. Paper 2 presents an empirical study that examined probation services and reoffending outcomes for 232 youth following comprehensive assessments of their mental health and criminogenic risk/needs. The role of mental health functioning was examined in the context of assessed and treated criminogenic needs. Youth with identified mental health needs were no more likely than youth without such needs to reoffend, regardless of whether those needs were treated. Youth who received mental health treatment were more likely than other youth to have their criminogenic needs treated, suggesting that mental health treatment was associated with intermediate treatment targets. However, criminogenic needs treatment reduced the risk of reoffending regardless of mental health; mental health treatment did not significantly moderate the effectiveness of criminogenic needs treatment. These findings are discussed in terms of possible interpretations of responsivity, reflecting either that treatment of mental health problems facilitated engagement in criminogenic needs treatment, or that youth received higher quality or more comprehensive services due to systems-level variables. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.	Ph.D.	health	3
McGirr, Ashleigh	Fisman, David N	Pertussis Persistence in Ontario	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2017-06	Pertussis, or whooping cough, is a vaccine preventable disease. However, despite having a robust childhood, adolescent, and adult immunization program in Ontario, we continue to see hundreds of reported pertussis cases each year. The goal of this dissertation is to explore the gaps in current immunization programs. By developing a well calibrated transmission model to predict the spread of pertussis in the community, I estimated the underlying burden of pertussis in adolescents and adults and estimated the degree to which pertussis is under-identified in different age groups. I estimated that there are a considerable number of under-identified patients who contribute to the force of infection of pertussis and silently transmit the disease to others. Using a systematic review and meta-analysis, I estimated that the pertussis vaccine, DTaP, is associated with a much shorter duration of immunity than previously thought. This level of waning immunity allows for pertussis to spread amongst previously vaccinated individuals contributing to the persistence of the disease. Finally, using a microsimulation model, I estimated the age- specific costs and health burden associated with pertussis in Ontario. Using these values, I estimated the substantial health and economic impact that pertussis has in both Ontario and Canada. Individually, these findings provide critical insight into the persistence of pertussis in Ontario, but together the results of this dissertation can be integrated into cost-effectiveness analyses to evaluate new immunization schedules and strategies to contain the spread of pertussis.	Ph.D.	health	3
McGuire, Maygan L.	Evans, Greg J.	Characterizing the Origins of Atmospheric Aerosol through Receptor Modeling of Multiple Time-scale Chemical Speciation Measurements	Chemical Engineering Applied Chemistry	2014-11	Atmospheric aerosol is known to have adverse effects on visibility, population health, and climate. The sources and processes that contribute to atmospheric aerosol can be studied through a variety of aerosol chemical speciation techniques, and results from these analyses can be analyzed through factor analytic receptor modeling to identify origins and ultimately design effective mitigation strategies. While receptor modeling has been applied to nearly every type of aerosol speciation measurement, there has been little discussion in regards to how inputs, in terms of different aspects of measurement, relate to the answers that receptor modeling can provide in terms of air quality management and atmospheric processes. In this thesis, the factor analytic technique Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was applied to four sets of aerosol chemical speciation measurements of varied time resolution and chemical breadth, from the receptor region of greater Windsor, Ontario. At the outset of this research, receptor modeling was dominated by the use of long-term, low time-resolution integrated filter measurements. This research involved the extension of receptor modeling towards more advanced, state-of-the-art sub-hourly time-resolution aerosol measurements, including trace element measurements from a semi-continuous elements in aerosol sampler (SEAS), bulk aerosol mass spectra from an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS), and single particle mass spectra from a TSI Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (ATOFMS). Receptor modeling of measurements from these techniques each yielded insights specific to the method, time of year and duration of sampling. Taken together, receptor modeling results from the high time-resolution measurement methods provided a far more detailed understanding of the variety of the sources and processes that contribute to aerosol composition and concentration in greater Windsor, as compared to long-term, low time-resolution integrated filter measurements alone. In total, 14 different factors were identified. Receptor modeling of integrated filter measurements established that secondary aerosol dominated greater Windsor's PM2.5 mass (e.g., Secondary Sulphate and Nitrate contributed 37 and 24% respectively to Windsor's average PM2.5 of 12ug m-3); other local, and local-to-regional anthropogenic factors, such as Traffic, Steel Mills, and Oil Combustion emissions, also contributed (18%, 4%, and 2% by mass respectively). However, receptor modeling using high time-resolution measurements provided more detailed perspectives into aerosol origins. For instance, receptor modeling of AMS and ATOFMS measurements highlighted that secondary nitrate, identified in past studies in the region as mostly regional, is actually a superposition of regional and local nitrate, with local nitrate forming overnight in both winter and summer. Single particle mass spectral measurements confirmed as hypothesized, that regional summertime secondary sulphate and nitrate aerosol consists of a homogeneous external mixture of particles that are internally mixed with sulphate, nitrate, organic and elemental carbon. Traffic aerosol was shown to contain fresh, hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol, as well as black carbon and trace elements such as Ba and Fe, but showed a wide range of average concentrations (0.94 - 2.18ug m-3), specific to the circumstances of measurement. An integrated analysis across all four studies highlighted the strengths and limitations of the various chemical speciation techniques and receptor modeling approaches used in each study. For instance, receptor modeling of SEAS measurements that included refractory elements provided a source-based perspective useful for primary source identification, while receptor modeling of non-refractory combined organic and inorganic mass spectra from the AMS provided a more process-based perspective useful for characterizing the degree of aerosol chemical processing. Receptor modeling results of ATOFMS single particle measurements provided the most detailed representation of factors, highlighting both the internal and external mixing states of particle-types. An overarching conclusion emerged from this work, in that the degree of factor deconvolution in factor analytic receptor modeling is inter-related with the variability in chemical composition of the aerosol being measured, the properties of measurement, and modeling parameters. With a priori consideration given to this conclusion and more intentional study design, receptor modeling studies can lead to improved factor resolution, and ultimately more reliable and useful results.	Ph.D.	climate	13
McKay, Stephanie Martha	Ravindran, V Arun	Neurohormonal Correlates of Altered Eating Behaviour in Depressive Disorders	Psychology	2014-06	Depression and obesity are widespread, significant global public health concerns. Weight and appetite disturbances are common symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder that can complicate treatment and prognosis and, similarly, obesity increases vulnerability to depression. Proposed shared etiologies for depression and elevated body weight include altered stress perceptions and eating behaviours, as well as neurohormonal mediation. The latter includes altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity, and changes in hunger and satiety signals, adding further evidence to phenotype overlap. There are few investigations on eating behavior, weight changes, and HPA axis alterations in depression. The aim of this series of interlinked investigation was to examine the influence of stress and of food ingestion on hormones involved in appetite regulation along side HPA axis activity. Cortisol, ghrelin, and leptin secretory response to two physiological challenges, i.e., psychosocial stress, and food, was evaluated in eighteen patients with clinical depression, and seventeen matched healthy controls. Neurocognition, eating behavior, and stress perception measures were obtained. In response to the stress challenge, depressed participants exhibited elevation of leptin levels in comparison to controls. Such elevation was influenced by the chronicity of illness. No differences between patients with depression or controls were found in cortisol or ghrelin response to either set of experiments. However, among the participants, emotional eaters exhibited significantly lower levels of ghrelin in response to food. In addition, significant associations between leptin and cognition were noted. Results suggest possible alteration in appetite regulation in both depressed and emotional eaters. It is suggested that appetite and weight increase often seen in chronic depression may be in part be mediated by HPA axis leptin interactions. Potential alterations in feedback systems regulating appetite may be suggested as leading to increased vulnerability for future weight gain in depression.	Ph.D.	health	3
McKechnie, Jonathan	MacLean, Heather L.	Assessing Greenhouse Gas Emissions Mitigation Potential through the use of Forest Bioenergy	Civil Engineering	2012-06	Bioenergy production from forest resources offers opportunities to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with fossil fuel use, reduce non-renewable energy consumption, and provide investment and employment in the forestry sector. These opportunities, however, must be considered within the broader contexts of forest systems. Of particular interest is how bioenergy opportunities impact carbon storage within the forest. This thesis develops a method to integrate life cycle assessment and forest carbon analysis approaches to quantify the total GHG emissions associated with forest bioenergy. Bioenergy production and utilization decisions are then investigated to evaluate opportunities to increase GHG mitigation performance. An accounting method is developed to evaluate the impact of emissions timing on the cost-effectiveness of GHG emissions reductions from biomass-based electricity generation. Applying the integrated life cycle assessment/forest carbon analysis method to a case study of forest bioenergy production in Ontario reveals significant reductions in forest carbon associated with bioenergy production. Wood pellet production from standing trees or harvest residues (displacing coal in electricity generation) would increase total GHG emissions over periods of approximately 40 and 15 years, respectively. Ethanol production (displacing gasoline) would increase GHG emissions throughout the 100-year model period if produced from standing trees; emissions would increase over a period of approximately75 years if produced from harvest residues. Strategic ethanol production decisions (e.g., process energy source, co-location with other processes, co-product selection) can improve GHG mitigation. Co-production of biomass pellets with ethanol performs best among co-product options in terms of GHG emissions; co-location with facilities exporting excess steam and biomass-based electricity further increases GHG mitigation performance. Delayed GHG reductions due to forest carbon impacts the cost of GHG emissions reductions associated with electricity production from forest biomass. Cost-effectiveness is heavily dependent on the time horizon over which global warming impacts are measured and influences the ranking of biomass electricity pathways (biomass co-firing is the most cost-effective pathway between 2020 and 2100; biomass cogeneration is the most cost-effective pathway beyond year 2100). The accounting tools and methods developed within this thesis will to help inform decision-makers in the responsible development of forest bioenergy opportunities and associated policies.	PhD	energy, renewable, greenhouse gas, global warming, forest	7, 13, 15
McKee, Derek	Rittich, Kerry	Internationalism and Global Governance in Canadian Public Law	Law	2013-06	Globalization presents domestic lawmakers with a dilemma. Because of internationalist moral commitments, they may be inclined to use domestic law to protect the rights or interests of people beyond their borders. But globalization also challenges conventional assumptions about the primacy of state law. The increasing global interconnectedness of economic, social, and cultural life raises doubts about the governance capacity of state institutions. And new forms of global governance, based on international organizations and global networks, have become more prominent. In the last few decades, Canadian lawmakers have enacted a number of statutes and regulations that appear to mobilize domestic law for the pursuit of internationalist values. These include the Official Development Assistance Accountability Act (2008), legislation providing for the environmental assessment of projects outside Canada, and Canada’s Access to Medicines Regime (2004). In this dissertation, I apply post-realist analytic techniques to these legal texts and to the legislative debates surrounding them. These techniques include the analysis of indeterminacies, distributive and constitutive effects, background rules, and historical contingencies. I argue that these law reform projects are less Canadian than they might appear. They draw on a wide variety of discourses, policy models, and norms imported from other countries, from international organizations, and from expert networks. Rather than reflections of Canadians’ moral and political choices, these legislative regimes appear as nodes in larger configurations of global governance. I also examine the specific legal and institutional techniques used by Canadian lawmakers to deal with claims of global justice. A number of themes appear in multiple case studies. These include the use of a paired set of arguments about non-discrimination and sovereignty; reliance on procedures; deference to expertise, and the invocation of a public/private distinction. On the whole, Canadian internationalist legislation in the post-Cold War era reflects the influence of neoliberalism.	SJD	environment, governance	13, 16
McKellar, Jennifer Marie	MacLean, Heather L.	Techno-economic and Environmental Assessments of Replacing Conventional Fossil Fuels: Oil Sands Industry Case Studies	Civil Engineering	2012-03	Conventional fossil fuels are widely used, however there are growing concerns about the security of their supply, volatility in their prices and the environmental impacts of their extraction and use. The objective of this research is to investigate the potential for replacing conventional fuels in various applications, focusing on the Alberta oil sands industry. Such investigations require systems-level approaches able to handle multiple criteria, uncertainty, and the views of multiple stakeholders. To address this need, the following are developed: life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing models of polygeneration systems; a life cycle-based framework for multi-sectoral resource use decisions; and a method combining LCA and real options analyses to yield environmental and financial insights into projects. These tools are applied to options for utilizing oil sands outputs, both the petroleum resource (bitumen) and by-products of its processing (e.g., asphaltenes, coke), within the oil sands industry and across other sectors. For oil sands on-site use, multiple fuels are assessed for the polygeneration of electricity, steam and hydrogen, in terms of life cycle environmental and financial impacts; asphaltenes gasification with carbon capture and storage (CCS) is the most promising option, able to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to 25% of those of current natural gas-based systems. Coke management options are assessed with the life cycle-based framework; the most promising options are identified as: Electricity generation in China through integrated gasification combined cycle; and, hydrogen production in Alberta, either for sale or use by the oil sands industry. Without CCS, these options have amortized project values ranging from $21 to $160/t coke. The application of the combined LCA and real options analyses method finds that uncertainty in natural gas and potential carbon prices over time significantly impacts decisions on coke management; the formulated decision tree identifies increases of 29% and 11% in the financial and GHG emissions performance, respectively, of the overall coke management project compared to pursuing the decision identified by the life cycle-based framework. While promising options for replacing conventional fossil fuels are identified through systems-level analyses, there are trade-offs to be made among the financial, risk and environmental criteria.	PhD	industr, greenhouse gas, environment	9, 13
McKie, Michael James	Andrews, Robert C||Andrews, Susan A	Evaluation and Application of Alternative Drinking Water Biofilter Monitoring Techniques	Civil Engineering	2019-11	Drinking water biofiltration research has increased dramatically in the past decade as new monitoring techniques have become available, resulting in widespread implementation at municipal treatment facilities. However, biofiltration is still considered a “black-box” technology which offers limited process control. This research examined biofiltration using a variety of techniques to develop a practical understanding of the underlying biological processes and provide guidance for improved design and operation. This research focussed on three primary topics: i) modelling processes critical to biofiltration, ii) applying biological monitoring to improve treatment, and iii) demonstrating benefits beyond providing improved water quality. Initial studies evaluated the application of a biofilter scaling model to determine the significance of biofilm shear loss and mass transport resistance with respect to a variety of biomass (density, function, and community composition) and water quality (organics, nutrients, disinfection by-product formation potential) parameters. Biofilm shear loss was observed to be the critical design parameter when scaling biofilter processes from pilot- to bench-scale, as enzyme activity, indicative of biological function, was not equivalent to pilot filters when mass transport resistance was deemed to have primacy. Subsequent studies further examined enzyme activity as a monitoring parameter for biofilter function; esterase and phosphatase were identified as being quantifiable and meaningful. Combining enzyme activity and filter empty bed contact time (EBCT) was defined as “Effective Activity”. Effective esterase activity was observed to correlate to carbon removal whereas effective phosphatase activity was correlated with phosphate removal. These relationships were observed for a range of pre-treatments (coagulation, pre-ozonation, ultrafiltration, UV), filter media (granular activated carbon, anthracite or sand) and operating conditions (EBCT, daily shutdown) suggesting that effective activity may serve as a useful design and operation parameter. Finally, two water treatment facilities were examined to determine potential energy cost savings associated with cyclical biofilter operation. It was shown that production costs could be reduced by >20% by scheduling production during low energy cost periods (e.g. 10 PM – 7 AM). This research demonstrated that monitoring biofilter enzyme activity may allow for optimal design and operation when compared to other monitoring parameters. Cyclically operated biofilters may dramatically reduce operating costs without impacting water quality.	Ph.D.	water	6
McLaughlin, Janet Elizabeth	Cunningham, Hilary	Trouble in our Fields: Health and Human Rights among Mexican and Caribbean Migrant Farm Workers in Canada	Anthropology	2009-11	For many years Canada has quietly rationalized importing temporary “low-skilled” migrant labour through managed migration programs to appease industries desiring cheap and flexible labour while avoiding extending citizenship rights to the workers. In an era of international human rights and global competitive markets, the Canadian Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program (SAWP) is often hailed as a “model” and “win-win” solution to migration and labour dilemmas, providing employers with a healthy, just-in-time labour force and workers with various protections such as local labour standards, health care, and compensation. Tracing migrant workers’ lives between Jamaica, Mexico and Canada (with a focus on Ontario’s Niagara Region), this thesis assesses how their structural vulnerability as non-citizens effectively excludes them from many of the rights and norms otherwise expected in Canada. It analyzes how these exclusions are rationalized as permanent “exceptions” to the normal legal, social and political order, and how these infringements affect workers’ lives, rights, and health. Employing critical medical anthropology, workers’ health concerns are used as a lens through which to understand and explore the deeper “pathologies of power” and moral contradictions which underlie this system. Particular areas of focus include workers’ occupational, sexual and reproductive, and mental and emotional health, as well as an assessment of their access to health care and compensation in Canada, Mexico and Jamaica. Working amidst perilous and demanding conditions, in communities where they remain socially and politically excluded, migrant workers in practice remain largely unprotected and their entitlements hard to secure, an enduring indictment of their exclusion from Canada’s “imagined community.” Yet the dynamics of this equation may be changing in light of the recent rise in social and political movements, in which citizenship and related rights have become subject to contestation and redefinition. In analyzing the various dynamics which underlie transnational migration, limit or extend migrants’ rights, and influence the health of migrants across borders, this thesis explores crucial relationships between these themes. Further work is needed to measure these ongoing changes, and to address the myriad health concerns of migrants as they live and work across national borders.	PhD	labour, rights	8, 16
McMahon, Dominique	Thorsteinsdottir, Halla ||Daar, Abdallah	Regenerative Medicine Innovation in Emerging Economies: A Case Study Comparison of China, Brazil and India	Medical Science	2011-11	Regenerative medicine (RM) has the potential to develop new treatments for chronic disease and injury that are desperately needed in developing countries. Several emerging economies are actively participating in RM, producing new knowledge and initiating clinical trials. This thesis presents case studies of RM in China and Brazil and a comparative analysis of RM across Brazil, China and India. I aim to better understand the state of RM, how it has developed and what is needed for RM innovation to succeed within these countries. Case studies were conducted using face-to-face in-depth semi-structured interviews with RM experts from different areas including research institutes, hospitals, firms, educational institutes, government, policy agencies, and bioethics groups. Interviews were analysed using thematic analysis and triangulated with the analysis of research articles, government reports, laws and other primary and grey literature. China is now the 5th most prolific publisher on stem cells in the world. Chinese RM benefits from permissive regulations and the expertise of Chinese returnees that have trained abroad, but the field’s reputation is challenged by a weak regulatory system and the clinical availability of untested stem cell therapies. Brazil has created a small but strong RM program, but needs to address challenges to the field including inconsistent funding, slow importation of materials, and weak linkages between stake-holders. Comparative analysis of the three countries identifies several common elements that support RM, including linkages between stake-holders, government support, infrastructure, human resources, and good governance. RM capacity is clustered in large urban centres, which could exacerbate socio-economic and health disparities unless measures are taken to ensure equitable distribution of benefits. RM does not adhere to classical views of southern innovation, suggesting that new models are needed to describe innovation in emerging technologies, where countries are keeping up instead of catching up.	PhD	health, equitable, innovation	3, 4, 2009
McPherson, David	Karney, Bryan William	An Integrated Design Approach for Pipelines and Appurtenances Based on Hydrodynamic Loading	Civil Engineering	2013-11	Water and wastewater conveyance research is steeply based in advancements of numerical methods and models. Design engineers need more than refinements in analysis methods to evolve the standards of practice and the related design guidelines. In an effort to improve the design efficiency and operating reliability of pipeline systems, design guidelines have been developed to enfold the various technological advancements and elevate the standard of care used in the pipeline design process. In this respect, the guidelines have been successful. However, design engineers, manufacturers, and owners have developed a level of dependency on the success of the guidelines. The guidelines, which were developed as and are clearly still held to be by the various publishing associations, a minimum standard of care, have become the default standard of care. Such statements are, of course, gross generalizations, but this thesis is dedicated to move the standard of care forward through an integrated design approach that provides a roadmap to inter-relate the independent design guidelines into a composite design approach based on hydrodynamic loading. Hydrodynamic loading introduces of a temporal parameter into the design process. With the temporal parameter this work demonstrates how the consideration of both the frequency and the influence of acceleration head on the magnitude of the hydraulic loading can be used to integrate and evolve the individual component designs into a more efficient, cost effective, reliable composite design result. With a temporal parameter present in design, many opportunities present themselves to advance the current design procedures outlined in the present design guidelines. This thesis identifies some of the present shortcomings found in the modern pipeline and appurtenance design standards and introduces a recommended path forward. Specific changes to the present standards are proposed in this work and a unique analysis procedure to identify the failure potential of cement mortar lining has been developed. Introducing the integrated design approach will allow for a significant evolution to the present standard of practice in water and wastewater conveyance system designs.	PhD	waste	12
McPherson, Madeleine Myrna	Karney, Bryan	Integrating Variable Renewable Energy on Electricity Grids Through a Multi-Scaled Energy Modelling Approach: from Capacity Expansion to Production Cost Modelling	Civil Engineering	2017-11	The global wind and solar PV industry has transitioned from a subsidy-dependent niche market to a commercially viable sector that is dominating global capacity expansions. However, integrating these renewable energy resources, with their variable nature, onto the electricity grid poses new challenges for system operations. This thesis explores variable renewable energy (VRE) integration, through multiple scales of energy modelling and analysis from the integrated assessment model MESSAGE, to the country-scale electricity system model LEAP, and the production cost model introduced in this work entitled SILVER. The MESSAGE and LEAP models have large-scale, long-term representations of the energy system that enable analysis of alternative energy policies, cross-sector environmental impacts, and overarching cost trends, but do not have the spatial-temporal resolution to represent site-specific, variable VRE generation profiles. Thus, SILVER, for the Strategic Integration of Large-capacity Variable Energy Resources, is designed as a highly flexible production cost dispatch tool. Technologically, SILVER represents the full gamut of grid balancing strategies: building flexible and dispatchable generation assets, interconnecting geographically dispersed resources and VRE types, shifting flexible loads through demand response, shifting generation profiles through storage technologies, curtailing excess generation, interconnecting the electricity sector with the transport sector, and improving VRE forecasting methodologies. SILVER relies on hourly wind and solar generation time-series data, produced by the newly developed GRETA (Global Renewable Energy Atlas Time) tool, which has been launched as an open access web-portal. SILVER is applied to three VRE integration applications: moving towards a fully-renewable Ontario electricity system including 87% VRE penetration, demand response, electric vehicles, storage assets, and an expanded transmission network; quantifying storage asset commercial viability in electricity systems with different flexibility factors, VRE penetrations, and financial remuneration mechanisms; and exploring the role of decentralized generation and electric vehicles at a city-scale in a developing country context. The results demonstrate the highly system-specific nature of VRE integration, with the VRE resource typology, the non-VRE system flexibly, VRE penetration, and degree of VRE centralization having significant impacts. The interdependence between these electricity system factors in terms of curtailment rates, GHG emissions, electricity system costs, and flexibility requirements recommends an integrated planning approach.	Ph.D.	energy, renewable, solar, production	7, 12
McQuarrie, Jonathan Robert	Penfold, Steve	From Farm to Firm: Canadian Tobacco c. 1860-1950	History	2016-06	This dissertation examines the transformation of Canadian tobacco cultivation from its roots in local markets and personal consumption to a multi-million dollar concern featuring corporate plantations and multi-acre tobacco farms. It focuses on how tools of agricultural modernization— abstraction, expertise, experimentation, fertilization, government policy, land ownership, and marketing associations—produced unanticipated challenges that complicated any linear development of tobacco cultivation. The dissertation places everyday experiences of tobacco cultivation alongside the broader sweep of agricultural modernization to argue that the deployment of the tools of modernization produced new limitations over expert control of the environment and markets. The dissertation considers cultivation in Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia, and includes moments of rapid expansion, such as the rise of the flue-cured tobacco “New Belt” in Norfolk and Elgin counties during the late 1920s, and instances of gradual failure, like efforts to encourage commercial tobacco in the Okanagan and Sumas Valley regions of B.C. Various farmer organizations and cooperatives feature in the exploration of the responses and initiative of farmers to the evolving requirements of tobacco companies for their raw material. The role of both federal and provincial government officials also receives considerable attention, as they promoted modern, commercial-orientated tobacco cultivation while attempting to remain an intermediary force between farmers and corporations. The records of the federal Tobacco Division and various government investigations collectively demonstrate that this position was not always tenable, as the government would find itself drawn into fierce disputes over farm prices and the monopolistic character of Imperial Tobacco. These disputes illustrate how modernization produced instabilities even as it improved farm revenues. Collectively, this dissertation’s consideration of farm work, environmental change, and markets demonstrate how the possibilities of agricultural innovation produced their own tensions and limitations that are fundamental to understanding the lived experience of capitalism and modernization in rural Canada.	Ph.D.	innovation, environment, land use, AGRICULTURE	2, 9, 13, 15
Means, Alexander	Gallagher, Kathleen	Schooling in the Age of Austerity: Public Education, Youth, and Social Instability in the Neoliberal City	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2012-11	This dissertation examines the dynamics of “security” and “insecurity” in U.S. public schooling within the context of neoliberal urbanism and austerity. It argues that the entrenched problems confronting urban public schools today can be attributed largely to systemic failure—a toxic mixture of global economic change and volatility, profiteering and corruption, stunted imagination, and misguided policies, values and priorities. This has contributed to deepening material insecurity and inequality in the urban sphere and the erosion of social commitments to public schools and young people, especially the most disadvantaged and vulnerable. This thesis analyzes these forces through an ethnographic case study in a neighborhood and public high school in Chicago: Ellison Square and Ellison High School (EHS). It asks: What are the pragmatic and imaginative limits of security in urban public schooling in a moment of escalating economic and social dislocation? Through the perspectives of those most affected, namely youth and their teachers, it documents the contradictions and effects of educational privatization, disinvestment, commercialization of curriculum, and the rise of a militarized culture of policing and securitized containment in urban schools and neighborhoods. It argues that these processes represent forms of enclosure that are undermining the democratic and ethical purpose of public schools and thereby making the daily lives and future of young people ever more insecure and precarious. Drawing inspiration from the perspectives of young people and their teachers, the thesis ultimately advocates for an educational vision that locates public schooling not as a commodity valued primarily for its role in shoring-up technical economic and military demands, but as a commons—a site critical to developing human security, economic justice and democratic life.	PhD	equality, inequality	5, 10
Mehrabian, Sasan	Bussmann, Markus||Acosta, Edgar J	Balance of Forces in Bitumen-particle-water Systems	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2016-11	The oil sands in Canada are an abundant source of energy, but must be utilized in a way that bitumen can be extracted economically while it is environmentally responsible. This thesis focuses on three distinct studies on the interaction of bitumen-particle-water systems from a fluid dynamic perspective. The goal of this work is to understand the role of viscosity, interfacial tension, shear rate, shearing time, bitumen chemistry, and other process variables on separation processes related to bitumen production. These processes include the separation of oil from particles, the separation of particles from oil-particle clusters, and the separation of water from a water-in-bitumen emulsion. Results are quantified using different image analysis techniques, and characterized using dimensionless numbers, including capillary and Reynolds numbers, to understand the fundamentals of the governing forces and their mutual interactions. The first part of this thesis describes the separation of oil from an oil-coated sphere falling through an aqueous solution. Results reveal that maximum separation takes place when the capillary number is close to unity. The experiments are then extended to a more complicated geometry, where we examined the breakup and separation of oil-particle clusters in a simple shear flow. At high solid volume fraction, the oil that binds the particles together governs the dynamics of the cluster deformation, and therefore the critical capillary number for cluster breakup is the same as those already published in the literature for oil droplet breakup. Also, at capillary numbers above unity, clean particles separate from the cluster. Results from both studies show that maximum separation takes place when the oil-to-water viscosity ratio is between 0.1 and 1. An analytical solution shows that at those viscosity ratios, both normal and tangential stresses at the oil-water interface contribute to greater separation. In the final study, the formation of water in diluted bitumen emulsions was evaluated as a function of hydrodynamic conditions, pH, dilution ratio, and bitumen composition. A bimodal population of drop sizes was identified. The viscosity ratio was found to be a determining factor in the fraction of sub-micron droplets. A process of dilution and shear was introduced to mitigate this sub-micron fraction.	Ph.D.	energy	7
Melchiorre, Luke	Eyoh, Dickson	Building Nations, Making Youth: Institutional Choice, Nation-State Building and the Politics of Youth Activism in Postcolonial Kenya and Tanzania	Political Science	2018-11	This dissertation explains why, while societies in both postcolonial Kenya and Tanzania were undergoing similar socioeconomic and demographic pressures during the initial decades of independence (1961-1989), university students’ responses to these changes strikingly diverged across these two cases. Eschewing explanations of youth activism that prioritize socioeconomic or demographic variables, this study opts for a historical institutional explanation, situating these divergent trajectories of student activism within broader histories of postcolonial nation-state formation. My analysis reveals that the different institutional choices and arrangements, which undergirded Kenya and Tanzania’s respective nation-state building strategies, harnessed and channeled the energies of young people (i.e. university students) into systems of power in significantly different manners, legitimating and de-legitimating certain forms of political participation and violence among youth in the decades following independence, with lasting implications. The first part of this study explores the historical origins of divergent strategies of nation-state building in Kenya and Tanzania, explaining institutional origins primarily in relation to societal constraints that confronted these new African regimes on the ground at independence. Here I argue that distinctive colonial political economies and institutional architectures produced different spaces of possibility for these countries’ respective postcolonial nation-state building projects. Part II examines how these distinctly configured states opted to incorporate the university and its students into their nation-state building projects differently. In Kenya, the relationship between the state and university students was marked by the ruling party’s unwillingness to institutionalize party control over the university throughout the 1960s and 1970s, enabling university students to organize and operate politically on campus beyond the realm of state or party control. As a result, when students became increasingly discouraged by the authoritarian political direction of the ruling party during the 1980s, levels of protest, unity and anti-regime sentiment within this group reached their height. In Tanzania, the TANU state utilized a different set of co-optative institutional implements in managing their university students. As a result of these institutional strategies, the Tanzanian state was better prepared to manage and limit overt student dissert during the decade of the 1980s, because the state had effectively usurped university students’ organizational autonomy.	Ph.D.	socioeconomic, institution	1, 16
Melymuk, Lisa	Diamond, Miriam L.	Semi-volatile Organic Contaminants in the Urban Atmosphere: Spatial and Seasonal Distributions and Implications for Contaminant Transport	Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry	2012-06	Spatial and temporal patterns of semi-volatile organic contaminant (SVOC) concentrations in air and precipitation were investigated at the urban scale in order to improve our understanding of emission sources and factors affecting intra-urban variability. Toronto, Canada was used as a case study. Advances were made in two methods used to examine intra-urban variability, namely passive air sampling and land use regression analysis. The study showed that these methods are useful for assessing local-scale variability, and that passive air sampler concentrations are most reliable when using homologue-specific sampling rates obtained from a co-located low volume sampler. The results of the spatially and temporally distributed sampling demonstrated that the highest atmospheric concentrations of SVOCs were associated with the highest density regions of the urban area. Temporal patterns of elevated concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in warm seasons were consistent with temperature-related emission processes such as volatilization and/or ventilation of indoor air. Spatial patterns in air concentrations were influenced by local sources on a scale of <5 km and were explained by factors related to human population activities such as building volume (PBDEs), population density (polycyclic musks, or PCMs), residential, commercial and transportation infrastructure (PAHs), and chemical inventory (PCBs). Industrial activities were not important factors. The link between elevated environmental concentrations and the in-use stock of banned chemicals, such as PCBs and PBDEs, suggest that efforts to control emissions and reduce environmental concentrations must address the removal of current use products, in addition to the bans on new uses of the SVOCs.	PhD	infrastructure, urban, environment, land use	9, 11, 13, 15
Menashy, Francine	Portelli, John P. ||Mundy, Karen	Education as a Private or a Global Public Good: Competing Conceptual Frameworks and their Power at the World Bank	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2011-06	This thesis presents the argument that the World Bank’s education policies are discursively inconsistent due to the concurrent adoption of conceptual frameworks – namely the neoliberal and global public goods frameworks – which are arguably in conflict with one another. More specifically, the World Bank presents education as both a public and a private good. This assessment is reached via a critical analysis of the Bank’s education policy discourse. The Bank’s policies are furthermore argued to be grounded in market economics and therefore are in tension with the notion of education as a human right – a legal and political framework, advocated by other development organizations, but neglected by the Bank. Over the course of this thesis, neoliberal influences on the World Bank’s education policies are critiqued on several levels, including potential ethical ramifications concerning equity, discursive logic and questionable use of evidence. This dissertation furthermore suggests that the Bank can re-conceptualize education in a light that does not engender these critiques, by embracing a rights-based vision of education. It is argued that it is not necessary for the Bank to relinquish an economic conceptualization of education, and that it is possible for the human rights and economic discourses to go hand-in-hand. Despite some tensions, education can be supported by both a public goods and rights-based framework, and that via such measures as collaboration with organizations that conceive of education as a right and reducing the dominance of economists within the organization, the Bank’s policies will become aligned with this rights-based vision. This thesis argues that World Bank education policies can take steps toward improvement if the neoliberal notion of education as an exclusive, private good is abandoned in favour of education as a non-exclusive, public good, and a right.	PhD	educat, rights	4, 16
Mepham, Adam Hunter	Kelley, Shana O	Micro- and Nano-scale Approaches for Disease Detection and Characterization	Biomedical Engineering	2019-06	Devices that diagnose and characterize disease have the potential to greatly improve healthcare worldwide. This thesis explores a number of different elements pertaining to device design and application. A microfluidic device for the capture and profiling of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is tested against a rabbit model of cancer. This device demonstrates both an increase in CTC load and aggressiveness which correlates with traditional computed tomography measurements. CTC biology is also shown to differ markedly from tumour precursor cells. Next, a study of gold microelectrode architecture is performed with the aim of improving performance towards biosensing. A unique regime of gold ion concentration, applied voltage, and electrolyte viscosity is determined which drives the assembly of a highly structured morphology. Further studies illustrate growth mechanisms and the sensitivity of the electrode towards biomolecule detection. Additionally, a microfluidic device for instrument-free manipulation of microscopic fluid quantities is developed. This design allows the metering and dispensing of reagents in an intuitive manner by combining a series of capillary valves and a simple push-button. This “Digit Chip” is applied to the detection of antibacterial susceptibility alongside a simple smart-phone based fluorimeter. Together these studies explore the application of electrochemical and microfluidic modalities to the realm of disease monitoring.	Ph.D.	health	3
Mfoafo-M'Carthy, Magnus	Williams, Charmaine	"Experience is the Best Teacher." Community Treatment Orders (CTOs) among Ethno-Racial Minority Communities in Toronto: A Phenomenological Study	Social Work	2010-11	Since de-institutionalization, numerous community based treatment modalities have been implemented to provide treatment for individuals diagnosed as seriously and persistently mentally ill. CTOs are a recent addition to the community mental health care system designed to provide outpatient mental health services to seriously mentally ill clients and using legal mechanisms to enforce a contractual obligation to participate in those services. Although there is a growing body of literature on CTOs and other mandated outpatient treatment programs for people diagnosed with mental illnesses, the research predominantly focuses on the perspectives of service providers and family members. Little attention has been given to how clients view the experience of receiving the treatment and no attention has been given to the experience of clients who are of ethno-racial minority background. As Ontario is a racially and ethnically diverse environment in which many people of minority backgrounds are placed on CTOs. This study, utilizing a phenomenological methodology, interviewed twenty-four participants of ethno-racial minority background who are either on CTOs or have been on a CTO in the past. The focus of the study was to explore the views and lived experience of the participants regarding the treatment. The outcome of the study showed that the participants did not experience the treatment as racially motivated but felt it was necessary and beneficial. The participants discussed the impact of power in the treatment process. Implications of the study were that it would enhance the mental health literature by providing an understanding of serious mental illness among individuals of ethno-racial minority background. The study would provide insight for policy makers and practitioners on providing effective support for the marginalized.	PhD	health	3
Miedema, Theresa	Trebilcock, Michael	Violent Conflict and Social Capital in Ethnically-polarized Developing Countries	Law	2010-11	This dissertation explores the problem of violent ethnic conflict in ethnically polarized developing countries using the concept of social capital. Ethnically polarized developing countries typically have high levels of intra-ethnic social capital (social capital existing within groups) but low levels of inter-ethnic social capital (social capital existing between groups). Violent conflict can be averted by cultivating higher levels of inter-ethnic social capital. High levels of inter-ethnic social capital create incentives for elites to adopt moderate strategies. A civic compact emerges when the general population internalizes the norms of inter-ethnic social capital (the rule of law; the right to participation; and the right to continued physical and cultural existence). The civic compact is associated with a general expectation that elites will not pursue extra-institutional strategies such as violence to advance their interests. Peace processes that originate in “hurting stalemates” afford fragile opportunities to begin to cultivate inter-ethnic social capital. At such moments, elite incentive structures align in such a way as to overcome barriers to reform associated with path dependence. The cultivation of inter-ethnic social capital is initiated by integrating the norms of inter-ethnic social capital into the structure of the peace process, although eventually state institutions (which must incorporate these norms into their design) will also re-enforce these norms. Elites begin to internalize the norms of inter-ethnic social capital by repeatedly engaging with each other during the peace process in a manner that actualizes these norms into their experiences. I explore how the norms of inter-ethnic social capital can be integrated meaningfully into the peace process so that elites begin to absorb these norms and so that the institutions that emerge from the process are perceived to be legitimate. Inter-ethnic social capital is developed among the masses primarily through the interactions that the masses have with state institutions. The peace process must focus on rehabilitating the relationship between the masses and the state. This dissertation assesses how this relationship may be rehabilitated and how the norms of inter-ethnic social capital can be integrated into the process of rehabilitating this relationship so that the masses can begin to internalize these norms.	SJD	peace	16
Mikhail, Andrew	Allen, Christine	Development and Intratumoral Distribution of Block Copolymer Micelles as Nanomedicines for the Targeted Delivery of Chemotherapy to Solid Tumors	Pharmaceutical Sciences	2013-06	Recent advancements in pharmaceutical technology based on principles of nanotechnology, polymer chemistry, and biomedical engineering have resulted in the creation of novel drug delivery systems with the potential to revolutionize current strategies in cancer chemotherapy. In oncology, realization of significant improvements in therapeutic efficacy requires minimization of drug exposure to healthy tissues and concentration of the drug within the tumor. As such, encapsulation of chemotherapeutic agents inside nanoparticles capable of enhancing tumor-targeted drug delivery is a particularly promising innovation. Yet, initial investigations into the intratumoral fate of nanomedicines have suggested that they may be heterogeneously distributed and achieve limited access to cancer cells located distant from the tumor vasculature. As such, uncovering the determinants of nanoparticle transport at the intratumoral level is critical to the development of optimized delivery vehicles capable of fully exploiting the therapeutic potential of nanomedicines. In this work, the chemotherapeutic agent, docetaxel (DTX), was incorporated into nano-sized, biocompatible PEG-b-PCL block copolymer micelles (BCMs). Encapsulation of DTX in micelles via chemical conjugation or physical entrapment resulted in a dramatic increase in drug solubility and customizable drug release rate. The use of multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) was established as a viable platform for assessing the efficacy and tumor tissue penetration of nanomedicines in vitro. A series of complementary assays was validated for analysis of DTX-loaded micelle (BCM+DTX) toxicity in monolayer and spheroid cultures relative to Taxotere®. Cells cultured as spheroids were less responsive to treatment relative to monolayer cultures due to mechanisms of drug resistance associated with structural and microenvironmental properties of the 3-D tissue. Computational, image-based methodologies were used to assess the spatial and temporal penetration of BCMs in spheroids and corresponding human tumor xenografts. Using this approach, the tumor penetration of micelles was found to be nanoparticle-size-, tumor tissue type- and time- dependent. Furthermore, spheroids were found to be a valuable platform for the prediction of trends in nanoparticle transport in vivo. Overall, the results reported herein serve to demonstrate important determinants of nanoparticle intratumoral transport and to establish computational in vitro and in vivo methodologies for the rational design and optimization of nanomedicines.	PhD	innovation	9
Miller, Boaz	Chakravartty, Anjan	A Social Theory of Knowledge	History and Philosophy of Science and Technology	2011-03	We rely on science and other organized forms of inquiry to answer cardinal questions on issues varying from global warming and public health to the political economy. In my thesis, which is in the intersection of philosophy of science, social epistemology, and science and technology studies, I develop a social theory of knowledge that can help us tell when our beliefs and theories on such matters amount to knowledge, as opposed to mere opinion, speculation, or educated guess. The first two chapters discuss relevant shortcomings of mainstream analytic epistemology and the sociology of knowledge, respectively. Mainstream epistemology regards individuals, rather than communities, as the ‎bearers of knowledge or justified belief. In Chapter 1, I argue that typically, only an epistemic community can collectively possess sufficient justification required for knowledge. In Chapter 2, I present a case study in computer science that militates against the sociological understating of knowledge as mere interest-based agreement. I argue that social interests alone cannot explain the unfolding of the events in this case. Rather, we must assume that knowledge is irreducible to social dynamics and interests. In Chapter 3, I begin my positive analysis of the social conditions for knowledge. I explore the question of when a consensus is knowledge based. I argue that a consensus is knowledge based when knowledge is the best explanation of the consensus. I identify three conditions – social diversity, apparent consilience of evidence, and meta agreement, for knowledge being the best explanation of a consensus. In Chapter 4, I illustrate my argument by analyzing the recent controversy about the safety of the drug Bendectin. I argue that the consensus in this case was not knowledge based, and hence the deference to consensus to resolve this dispute was unjustified. In chapter 5, I develop a new theory of the logical relations between evidence and social values. I identify three roles social values play in evidential reasoning and justification: They influence the trust we extend to testimony, the threshold values we require for accepting evidence, and the process of combining different sorts of evidence.	PhD	global warming	13
Miller, Bradley	Phillips, Jim	Emptying the Den of Thieves: International Fugitives and the Law in British North America/Canada, 1819-1910	History	2012-06	This thesis examines how the law dealt with international fugitives. It focuses on formal extradition and the cross-border abduction of wanted criminals by police officers and other state officials. Debates over extradition and abduction reflected important issues of state power and civil liberty, and were shaped by currents of thought circulating throughout the imperial, Atlantic, and common law worlds. Debates over extradition involved questioning the very basis of international law. They also raised difficult questions about civil liberties and human rights. Throughout this period escaped American slaves and other groups made claims for what we would now call refugee status, and argued that their surrender violated codes of law and ideas of justice that transcended the colonies and even the wider British Empire. Such claims sparked a decades-long debate in North America and Europe over how to codify refugee protections. Ultimately, Britain used its imperial power to force Canada to accept such safeguards. Yet even as the formal extradition system developed, an informal system of police abductions operated in the Canadian-American borderlands. This system defied formal law, but it also manifested sophisticated local ideas about community justice and transnational legal order. This thesis argues that extradition and abduction must be understood within three overlapping contexts. The first is the ethos of liberal transnationalism that permeated all levels of state officials in British North America/Canada. This view largely prioritised the erosion of domestic barriers to international cooperation over the protection of individual liberty. It was predicated in large part on the idea of a common North American civilization. The second context is Canada’s place in the British Empire. Extradition and abduction highlight both how British North America/Canada often expounded views on legal order radically different from Britain, but also that even after Confederation in 1867 the empire retained real power to shape Canadian policy. The final context is international law and international legal order. Both extradition and abduction were aspects of law on an international and transnational level. As a result, this thesis examines the processes of migration, adoption, and adaptation of international law.	PhD	justice	16
Milligan, Scott	Andersen, Robert	Socially Cohesive Nations: Evidence from the Individual, Community, and National Levels	Sociology	2014-06	Written as three publishable papers, this dissertation examines the individual, community and national level factors related to social cohesion with emphasis placed on the role of economic inequalities. The core of dissertation revolves around two main arguments: The first argues that there is a direct negative association between economic inequality and social cohesion. The second states that this connection is influenced by other factors that include the individuals’ position in the stratification system. The contextual effects are of particular importance because they influence both the relationship between individual economic realities and economic inequality and the link between social cohesion and economic inequality. Focusing on two aspects of social cohesion—civic engagement and social tolerance—I present evidence that (a) high levels of inequality are related to low levels of social cohesion and inclusion; (b) high levels of inequality are associated with lower commitment to democratic principles; and (c) low levels of inclusion are associated with lower commitment to democratic principles such as social tolerance. This dissertation provides links between these topics by exploring the comparative role of inequality in varying social, economic, political, and religious contexts. It examines contextual effects at both the community-level and at the cross-national level to illustrate the patterns and results of social cohesion.	PhD	inequality	10
Mirotchnick, Nicholas	Cadotte, Marc	Ecosystem Functioning in the Real World	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2017-06	Ecosystem functions are components of an ecosystem that change over time. We rely on many of these functions, such as carbon or water cycling, for survival. For over twenty years, ecologists have been vigorously testing the effects of biodiversity loss on ecosystem functioning. These experiments have nearly all been done either in growth chambers or carefully cultivated field communities. As ecologists frequently acknowledge, it remains to be determined how accurately the results of these studies portray the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning in nature. Ecosystem functioning research has also emphasized biodiversity as the key variable, while other community properties and processes have gone largely ignored. I studied carbon cycling in Arctic tundra plants by focusing on the ecophysiology of respiration rates rather than biodiversity. I also conducted a biodiversity and ecosystem functioning experiment using natural, unmanipulated communities. Finally, I used the data from both of these experiments to quantify intraspecific variation in functional traits, a crucial tool in studies of ecosystem functions. I found that respiration rates in the unique constant daylight environment in the Arctic are much higher than would be expected from studies in temperate environments. In the biodiversity and ecosystem functioning experiment, I was unable to find any measurable effect of biodiversity on biomass production, marking a stark contrast from previous results in controlled experiments. I also found extensive intraspecific variation in many common functional traits, highlighting the importance of including these measurements in similar studies.	Ph.D.	water, ecosystem, environment	6, 13, 14
Mirtchev, Peter	Ozin, Geoffrey	Investigations of Earth-abundant Metal Oxide Nanomaterials for Solar Fuel Generation	Chemistry	2015-11	Developing renewable energy technologies to mitigate anthropogenic climate change is one of the biggest challenges facing humanity in the 21st century. Making use of the Sun’s bountiful energy is society’s best hope for achieving cheap, efficient renewable power on a global scale. Solar-assisted conversion of abundant resources such as CO2 and H2O into valuable hydrocarbons is an attractive proposition in this respect. This work investigates the synthesis and characterization of nanoparticulate metal oxides based mainly on abundant iron and copper, and their application as photocatalysts for CO2 reduction and H2 evolution from water. We begin by presenting a general introduction to artificial photosynthesis and a brief literature review of progress in the field. The synthesis, characterization, and hybrid properties of novel Fe2O3/Cu2O hetero-nanocrystals are then described. These nanoparticles represent one of the few examples of colloidal oxide-oxide hetero-structured nanocrystals in the literature. In subsequent work, we explore Cu2O nanocubes as a semiconducting scaffold for the synthesis of multi-component photocatalytic architectures. This work then led us to study the activity of metallic Cu on TiO2 as a model H2 evolution system and examine the effects of alcoholic scavengers on product distribution in water splitting experiments. Finally, we discuss iron-copper delafossite CuFeO2 which was found to be an active catalyst for the light-assisted hydrogenation of CO2 to CO. We conclude by summarizing some of the lessons learned over the course of this work in trying to develop cheap, efficient artificial photosynthesis catalysts, and attempt to provide useful guidelines that may aid future researchers in this pursuit.	Ph.D.	water, energy, renewable, solar	6, 7
Mitchell, Carrie L.	Maclaren, Virginia W.	Recycling the City: The Impact of Urban Change on the Informal Waste-Recovery Trade in Hanoi, Vietnam	Geography	2008-11	This three-paper dissertation explores how broader (and often unchallenged) changes to political economy at multiple geographic and economic scales impact long-standing ‘informal’ practices of waste recovery and recycling in Hanoi, Vietnam. This research is based on a survey of 575 informal waste collectors and 264 waste intermediaries as well as 73 in-depth interviews. Paper I engages in a critique of methodological disclosure in current academic writings on informal waste-recovery activities and discusses the methodological difficulties of researching informal populations. My aim in this paper is to highlight that the lack of methodological disclosure in waste-recovery literature is problematic because it compromises the academic rigour of this field and impedes the reliability of researchers’ policy recommendations as well as to initiate a dialogue with the aim of improving methodological rigour in waste-recovery literature. Paper II examines urbanization processes in contemporary Vietnam and how these changing spaces accommodate labour, and in turn support livelihoods. I argue that Vietnam’s globalizing economy and urban transition have been a catalyst for the growth of the informal waste collector population in Hanoi, as well as a partial player in the gendering of the industry. Paper III explores how one particular segment of the informal waste-recovery trade, waste intermediaries, is impacted by Hanoi’s rapid urban change. I demonstrate in this paper that 1) waste intermediaries simultaneously gain and lose as a result of Hanoi’s urban transition; and 2) the underlying forces of urban spatial change in different areas of the city are quite distinct, which will have an impact on the future of waste-recovery in Hanoi. The key findings of this dissertation are: 1)A more thorough engagement with methods and a broader approach to understanding waste-recovery actors (through an engagement with political economy at multiple geographic and economic scales) will produce a more context-appropriate and compassionate understanding of this group of urban actors. 2)The livelihoods of informal waste-recovery workers are both directly and indirectly impacted by shifts in political economy, albeit in Hanoi these impacts (both positive and negative) vary by sex and sub-occupation (with respect to waste collectors), and scale of business and location in the city (with respect to waste intermediaries).	PhD	labour, waste, recycl	7, 8, 12
Mizevich, Jane	Piran, Niva	Resilient Women: Resisting the Pressure to Be Thin	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2012-11	The purpose of this study was to explore protective factors that help women resist societal pressures for thinness. The present study used a qualitative life history methodology to examine the experiences of women who identified themselves as resilient to pressures to be thin and as liking their bodies regardless of size. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 women, ages 18 to 25, representing diverse social and ethno-cultural backgrounds and body physiques. In the interviews, the participants were inquired about their experiences related to anything they felt was helpful for them in developing a positive body image from childhood, adolescence, and to present day. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed for themes using constructivist grounded theory methodology. Data analysis was informed by the feminist theoretical approach, with attention paid to social and contextual factors. Three core categories emerged from the analysis, which included protective factors associated with participants’ experiences of identity, ways of inhabiting their bodies, and the nature of social influences in their lives. This research highlighted the women’s active role in maintaining a resilient stance in the face of pressures for thinness as well as the importance of social factors that assist them in this process.	PhD	women	5
Moalem, Shira	McDonald, Lynn	Using Photo-Elicitation Methods to Explore Spirituality among Persons with Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias	Social Work	2019-06	Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related dementias involve irreversible memory decline, personality changes and other neuropsychiatric and cognitive impairments for which there is currently no cure. Research has shown that spirituality can be a beneficial coping mechanism to deal with the deleterious psychosocial aspects of disease progression. The central objective of the present study was to examine the experiences of spirituality from the perspective of persons’ who suffer from dementia since no empirical research from a social work perspective currently exists as a basis for enhancing knowledge and practice. Using a participant-inclusive qualitative research methodology of photo-elicitation and qualitative interviews, this inquiry explored the relationship between spirituality and persons with dementia by directly soliciting their views and experiences. Personhood, social constructivism, and symbolic interactionism informed the theoretical basis for this study and purposive sampling was used. The group of participants included 12 persons with a mild-moderate dementia diagnosis, and the methodology was modified in the field to accommodate participant preferences in selecting existing photos as well as taking new ones, which was then followed by in-depth, semi-structured interviews (N = 12). Thematic analysis techniques resulted in the emergence of four core themes. Participants’ rich accounts illustrated their ongoing engagement with spirituality in their daily lives, suggesting that, those with dementia can communicate integrated, nondualist definitions of spirituality. Participants described different ways of accessing spirituality, for example, through adherence to spiritual or religious practices, participation in the arts, reminiscence, humanitarian service, and reflecting on the lives of family members. While dementia impacted aspects of how participants experienced spirituality, they did not abandon it but instead adapted spirituality in order to continue to engage. The core findings in this research underscored the importance of self-defined meaning and purpose for those with dementia, while highlighting the significance of relationships to enhancing quality of life. The results of this study include suggestions for broadening future social work gerontological practice and education so that as the number of older adults diagnosed with dementia increases significantly we may more competently address their needs within an ongoing ethic of care.	Ph.D.	health	3
Mohammed Mohammed, Ahmed Mostafa	Iravani, Mohammad Reza	Impacts of High-depth of Wind Power Penetration on Interconnected Power Systems Dynamics	Electrical and Computer Engineering	2016-06	The main objective of this work is to investigate the impact of the high-depth, e.g., 35%, of penetration of the wind power, as Wind Power Plants (WPPs), on the low-frequency (0.1-2Hz) dynamics of interconnected power systems. Due to the lack and/or inadequacy of the analytical and the digital time-domain simulation tools for this class of studies, this undertaking 1. Develops enhanced nonlinear dynamic models of Type-3 and Type-4 WPPs for transient stability studies. 2. Develops a MATLAB-based transient stability time-domain simulation tool and integrates the WPP models in the tool. 3. Develops small-signal (linearized) models of Type-3 and Type-4 WPPs from their corresponding enhanced nonlinear models. 4. Develops a MATLAB-based linear platform for eigen analysis of large power systems including linearized models of Type-3 and Type-4 WPPs. 5. Introduces and develops a measurement-based coherency identication method for power system coherency identication in the presence of WPPs. Based on the develops of items 1-5 above, this thesis investigates the impacts of the (i) depth of wind power penetration, (ii) locations of WPPs and (iii) types of WPPs on transient stability, damping ratios of electromechanical modes and coherency phenomena of the New York/New England power system. The studies conclude that: i. Addition of WPPs do not introduce new inter-area oscillatory modes however it can aect existing ones. ii. Impact of WPPs on the damping ratio of an inter-area mode is determined based on the location(s) of the added WPP(s) with respect to the areas. If the WPPs increase the power exchange between two areas, the damping of the inter-area mode decreases. iii. Addition of WPPs close to synchronous generators equipped with DC exciters re- sults in the reduction of the damping ratio of the corresponding local modes due to interactions among the fast reactive power controllers of the WPPs and the slow excitation systems of the generators. iv. As the depth of penetration of wind power increases, the power system exhibits higher degree of nonlinearity and the impact of wind power on the system transient stability can be determined only from the time-domain simulation of the system nonlinear model. This indicates that the results of the transient stability assess- ment of the power system for lower depth of penetration of wind power cannot be extrapolated to higher levels. v. Addition of WPPs to a power system results in altering the coherency structure. Based on the WPPs allocation patterns, the impact of wind power on the system coherency is limited to the formation of new areas that are totally dominated by the added WPPs and the base case coherency structure of the synchronous generators is preserved.	Ph.D.	wind	7
Mohareb, Eugene	Kennedy, Christopher A.	Quantifying the Transition to Low-carbon Cities	Civil Engineering	2012-06	Global cities have recognized the need to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and have begun to take action to balance of the carbon cycle. This thesis examines the nuances of quantification methods used and the implications of current policy for long-term emissions. Emissions from waste management, though relatively small when compared with building and transportation sectors, are the largest source of emissions directly controlled by municipal government. It is important that municipalities understand the implications of methodological selection when quantifying GHG emissions from waste management practices. The “Waste-in-Place” methodology is presented as the most relevant for inventorying purposes, while the “Methane Commitment” approach is best used for planning. Carbon sinks, divided into “Direct” and “Embodied”, are quantified using the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) as a case study. “Direct” sinks, those whose sequestration processes occur within urban boundaries, contribute the largest share of carbon sinks with regional forests providing a significant proportion. “Embodied” sinks, those whose sequestration processes (or in the case of concrete, the processes that enable sequestration) are independent of the urban boundary, can contribute to the urban carbon pool, but greater uncertainty exists in upstream emissions as the management/processing prior to its use as a sink are generally beyond the consumer’s purview. The Pathways to Urban Reductions in Greenhouse gas Emissions (or PURGE) model is developed as a means to explore emissions scenarios resulting from urban policy to mitigate climate change by quantifying future carbon sources/sinks (from changes in building stock, vehicle stock, waste treatment and urban/regional forests). The model suggests that current policy decisions in the GTA provide short-term reductions but are not sufficient in the long term to balance the pressures of economic and population growth. Aggressive reductions in energy demand from personal transportation and existing building stock will be necessary to achieve long-term emissions targets.	PhD	energy, urban, waste, climate, greenhouse gas	7, 11, 12, 13
Mohsin, Tanzina	Gough, William A.	Greater Toronto Area Urban Heat Island: Analysis of Temperature and Extremes	Geography	2009-11	This study analyzes the trends in temperature, and their extremes, in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) in the context of urban heat island. The trends in annual and seasonal temperature changes were investigated in the GTA over the past century and a half with special focus on 1970-2000. The Mann-Kendall test is used to assess the significance of the trends and the Theil-Sen slope estimator is used to identify their magnitude. Statistically significant increasing trends for mean and minimum temperatures are observed mainly at the urban and suburban stations. The sequential Mann-Kendall test is used to identify any abrupt change in the time series of temperature (31 -161 years), and the results indicate that increasing trend for annual mean temperature has started after 1920 at Toronto downtown, after the 1960s at the suburban stations, and has increased significantly during the 1980s at all stations, which is consistent with the pace of urbanization during these periods in the GTA. The observed urban heat island (UHI) in Toronto is quantified and characterized by considering three different rural stations. The UHI intensity (∆Tu-r) in Toronto is categorized as winter dominating or summer dominating depending on the choice of a rural station. The results from the trend analysis of annual and seasonal ∆Tu-r suggest that the choice of the rural station is crucial in the estimation of ∆Tu-r, and thus can overestimate or underestimate its prediction depending on the location and topographical characteristics of a rural station relative to the urban station. The trends in extreme temperature indices are also investigated and the results indicate that indices based on daily maximum temperature are more pronounced at the urban and suburban stations compared to that at the rural stations. The changes in the trends for extreme indices based on daily minimum temperature are consistent at all stations for the period of 1971-2000. With the decrease in the percentage of cold nights and the increase in the percentage of warm nights, the diurnal temperature range has decreased throughout the GTA region. The analysis of heating degree days and cooling degree days revealed that the former is associated with decreasing trends and the latter exhibited increasing trends at almost all stations in the GTA. Finally, it is evident from the results that urban heat island phenomenon exerts warmer influence on the climate in cities, and with the current pace of urbanization in the GTA, it is imperative to understand the potential impact of the emerging UHI on humans and society.	PhD	climate, cities	11, 13
Moir, Jonathon William	Ozin, Geoffrey	Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation Using α-Fe2O3	Chemistry	2016-06	There is a global need to reduce the use of fossil fuels due to the negative impacts of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions on climate change. An alternative to a carbon-based energy system is therefore necessary, and hydrogen is considered one of the most promising energy carrier replacements. This thesis focuses on the renewable production of hydrogen via photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting using Earth-abundant iron oxide (α-Fe2O3, or hematite) as a photoanode. Hematite is considered a promising semiconductor candidate for PEC water oxidation due to its strong absorption of visible light, long-term stability under operating conditions, and low cost. However despite these benefits, rapid recombination of charge carriers and sluggish water oxidation kinetics have hindered its commercial applicability. Here, we have demonstrated that the effective application of three-dimensional nanoscaffolds, composed of a transparent conducting oxide, can significantly enhance the electrochemical surface area of solution-processed iron oxide thin films. The underlying scaffolds were also found to enhance the activity of the surface catalysts due to an electronic “spacer” effect, and light absorption was increased within the disordered structures due to effective trapping of photons and increased catalyst loading. Following this, we demonstrated that the solution-processed films, which were initially PEC-inactive, could be activated via high-temperature treatment under flowing hydrogen gas. The result was the formation of a non-stoichiometric α-Fe2O3-x photocatalyst that suppressed charge recombination and increased photoactivity. This photoactivity was further correlated to the build-up of charged species at the photoanode surface that mediate the water oxidation reaction. Finally, to improve the kinetics of our newly activated material, we functionalized our α-Fe2O3-x thin films with a stable homogeneous iridium co-catalyst. The co-catalyst was found to greatly enhance the activity of the system, and extensive electrochemical testing revealed that this was almost entirely due to improved kinetics at the semiconductor-electrolyte interface.	Ph.D.	water, energy, renewable, production, climate, greenhouse gas	6, 7, 12, 13
Molina-Alfaro, Irma	Napolitano, Valentina	Indigeneity, Warfare & Representation: The Zapatista Case (1994-2003)	Anthropology	2010-11	This thesis deals with issues of indigeneity, warfare and representation as they relate to the Zapatista struggle in Chiapas, Mexico between the years of 1994-2003 –a period widely known as a period of low intensity warfare. During this period, militants of the Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN) engaged fiercely in the creation and defence of de facto “indigenous” municipalities and territories, posing a direct challenge to the legitimacy of the Mexican “state” and its faculty to govern. The environment of war, accompanied by a prevalent Indianist discourse, highly structured the ways in which Zapatista lives came to be represented by activist and academic writings alike. Generic images of Zapatista militants came to dominate the literature. Within this context, my thesis argues for the importance of moving away from images of Zapatistas as public figures and investigating, instead, everyday Zapatista lives. I argue that a refocus on specific-situated-local-everyday politics necessarily entails engaging with “internal” conflict, division, hierarchies, and power differentials. Framed by an ethnographic approach, the analysis presented here is based on 17 months of fieldwork. My discussion on indigenous autonomy and self-determination, therefore, goes well beyond claims to indigenous rights and engages, instead, historical as well as on-the-ground expressions of what self-determination looked like on an everyday basis. My discussion on warfare, moves beyond condemnations of militarization in the area and pays attention to some of the ways in which warfare worked to structure peoples’ lives and daily perceptions as well as outsiders’ understanding of the conflict. While generally my analysis is confined by the particularities of time and space, a generous examination of an ample literature gives it theoretical depth and political relevance beyond the Zapatista case.	PhD	rights	16
Molinaro, Dennis	Radforth, Ian	State Repression and Political Deportation in Canada, 1919-1936	History	2015-06	Section 98 of the Criminal Code of Canada was in force from1919 to 1936. The dissertation traces the way in which Canada incorporated emergency law, created during the First World War under the War Measures Act, into the Criminal Code as Section 98 after the war to combat political radicalism from 1919 to 1936. In contrast to existing scholarship, this work not only explains how a liberal democracy like Canada can legally use emergency legislation outside of a state of emergency through a process of `normalization' but it also examines the effects of such laws on their human targets through case studies of criminal trials and deportation hearings. Targets included political activists, immigrants and women. It makes contributions to Canada's legal, immigration, labour and intelligence history. The study also examines the international influences on Canadian policy makers in creating such laws and the complex international identities of the transnational activists at whom these laws were often directed. The work examines how culture played a crucial role in underpinning the intelligence cycle that led to the prosecution of leading Communist Party of Canada (CPC) members. It also complicates our understanding of the CPC during Moscow's `Third Period.' It was a party that both marginalized and welcomed immigrant workers. The dissertation provides an in-depth examination of the trial of Rex v. Buck et al and the ways in which political ideology was interpreted by the court as a criminal act. It examines cases of deportation that resulted from the trial, such as the case of the `Halifax Ten,' and traces what happened to the deportees after their deportation making use of Finnish, Polish, Croatian, and German primary sources. In addition, this work demonstrates how the communist led organization, the Canadian Labour Defense League (CLDL) initiated Canada's civil rights movement by joining with moderate leftists during the `Third Period,' and before the Communist International's shift to the `United Front' policy, to repeal Section 98. It demonstrates how the normalization of emergency law continued after Section 98's repeal when its core elements were retained and folded into Canada's sedition laws where it remains today.	Ph.D.	labour	8
Moll, Sandra	Eakin, Joan	Mental Health Issues and Work: Institutional Practices of Silence in a Mental Healthcare Organization	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2010-11	Over the past decade, mental illness in the workplace has become a key issue in the health and business communities, fueled in part by recognition of the high prevalence rates and significant costs for individuals and organizations. Although research in the field is starting to emerge, there are significant gaps in what is known, particularly with respect to the workplace context and its impact on workers. The overall objective of this study was to characterize, from a sociological perspective, the experiences of healthcare workers with mental health issues, and to account for how their experiences were shaped by the social relations of work. A qualitative approach, based on principles of institutional ethnography, guided exploration of the interactional, structural and discursive dimensions of work within a large mental health and addictions treatment facility. Data collection included in-depth interviews with twenty employees regarding their personal experiences with mental health issues, interviews with twelve workplace stakeholders regarding their interactions with workers, and a review of organizational texts related to health, illness and productivity. Analysis of the transcripts and texts was based on an institutional ethnography approach to mapping social processes; examining connections between local sites of experience and the social organization of work. The study findings revealed a critical disjuncture between the public mandate of advocacy, open dialogue, and support regarding mental health issues, and the private experience of workers which was characterized by silence, secrecy and inaction. Practices of silence were adopted by workers and workplace stakeholders across the organization, and were shaped by discursive forces related to stigma, staff-client boundaries, and responsibility to act. The silence had both positive and negative implications for the mental health of workers, as well as for relationships and productivity in the workplace. In accounting for the practices and production of silence, I argue that silence is complex, multi-dimensional, and embedded within the social relations of healthcare work. It serves to maintain institutional order. This conceptualization of silence challenges current beliefs and practices related to stigma, disclosure, early identification, support, and return to work for employees with mental health issues.	PhD	health, worker	3, 8
Monchalin, Renee	Smylie, Janet	Digging up the Medicines: Urban Métis Women’s Identity and Experiences with Health and Social Services in Toronto, Ontario	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2019-11	Métis Peoples comprise over a third of the Indigenous population in Canada while experiencing major gaps in access to culturally safe health services. These gaps are problematic given the severe disparities in health determinants and outcomes that Métis Peoples experience, compared to the non-Indigenous Canadian population. To address the Métis health service gap, this qualitative study applied a conversational method to follow up with a subgroup of Métis women who participated in the Our Health Counts Toronto longitudinal cohort. Guided by a Decolonizing Praxis woven with Indigenous Feminist Theory, conversations explored Métis women’s perspectives on identity and their experiences with health and social services in Toronto. The three manuscripts presented in this dissertation expose the multitude of barriers Métis women face when trying to access services in Toronto. In the first manuscript, Métis women share about the influence of patriarchy in health and social services in Toronto. This included men dominating policies regarding Métis identity; cultural mentors crossing barriers; physicians who were judgmental and sexually violent; and being forced to advocate for basic services. This manuscript highlights the need for Métis women to be re-centered in positions of leadership. The second manuscript reveals the experiences with racism and discrimination that Métis women face when trying to access health and social services in Toronto. This included witnessing, absorbing, and facing racism, feeling unwelcomed, and experiencing lateral violence. This manuscript underscores the urgency and importance of understanding and addressing racism as a determinant of Métis Peoples’ health. The third manuscript provides recommendations by Métis women to improve access to health and social services in Toronto for the Métis community. This included having a Métis presence within services; culturally relevant design; Métis specific and/or informed services; welcoming reception; and service providers with an understanding of Indigenous Peoples’ histories and complexities. This research illustrates the multitude of barriers that Métis women have experienced when trying to access health and social services in Toronto. At the same time, this research demonstrates that Métis women hold practical solutions to develop culturally-specific, appropriate, and effective health programs and services for Métis Peoples in Toronto.	Ph.D.	health	3
Moniruzzaman, Md	Cunningham, Hilary	"Living Cadavers" in Bangladesh: Ethics of the Human Organ Bazaar	Anthropology	2010-11	The “miracle” success of transplant technology, alongside the commercialization of health care, and the increasing polarization between rich and poor have created the conditions for an illegal but thriving trade in human body parts. Based on 15 months of challenging fieldwork, my research examines the ethics of the organ bazaar, particularly the experiences of 33 kidney sellers living in Bangladesh. On the underground bazaar, not only human kidneys but also livers and corneas are advertised for sale. Recipients, sellers, and brokers regularly post newspaper advertisements to buy and sell organs. The average price for a kidney is US $1,500 in Bangladesh, a country where 78% of people live on less than $2 a day. My research examines serious ethical questions, such as these: Is it right to purchase an organ, even if the organ sought provides longevity? Is the sale of one’s organ a justifiable means of fighting poverty? These questions allow me to examine the ethics of harvesting organs, particularly from the bodies of impoverished people. Narrating the victims’ deeply moving testimonies, my ethnography reveals how organ buyers (both recipients and brokers) tricked and pressured Bangladeshi poor into selling their kidneys. In the end, these sellers were brutally deprived and deceived, and their suffering was extreme. In the post-vending period, sellers’ health, economic, and social conditions significantly deteriorated, yet none of them received the promised post-operative care—not even one appointment. My research therefore concludes that organ commodification is serious structural violence against the poor, at the terrible cost of harm and suffering to them. Examining the organ market proposition, I argue that the resulting violence and injustice against the poor provide a hefty reason to rebut this trade. Bangladeshi kidney sellers also stood up against organ commodification, speaking out about their suffering, and about various detrimental and unethical outcomes incurred in this deal. My research aims to offer insights to bioethics and to broaden the debate on human rights by exposing how technological advancement, structural violence, and grinding poverty intersect in the violation of justice to the poor, turning them into “living cadavers.”	PhD	poverty, health, equality	1, 3, 2005
Montanari, Gino	Blair, Mascall	The Ontario Leadership Framework for Catholic Principals and Vice-Principals: Purpose versus Practice	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2014-11	Education is a field that experiences a number of policy initiatives and changes all in an effort to improve the system. The success of these initiatives is dependent in large part on the way the policies have been received by those expected to implement the changes. This study explored the experiences of seven Catholic secondary principals and seven Catholic secondary vice-principals with the Ontario Leadership Framework (OLF) in one school district of Ontario. As a provincially mandated policy change, the OLF was part of an initiative to support and sustain current school leaders in their work by providing a catalogue of leadership practices and competencies that have been found to be highly effective both in the research literature of educational leadership and from current practitioners. A review of the policy implementation and educational change literature was used to provide a perspective on how innovations can be understood to go through a process that involves 3 phases: initiation, implementation, and institutionalization. Of particular interest to this study is the presence of factors that influence how an innovation is implemented. This conceptual framework was used to explore and understand the presence of these factors in the experiences of this study's participants. Qualitative data were collected through personal interviews with participants and provided opportunities for them to reflect on their experiences with the OLF.Findings suggest that participants' experiences were largely influenced by the way their school district unpacked the OLF. More specifically, participants identified the framework as a tool for performance appraisals, a reference for job interviews, and a source of a common leadership language. Despite the intent to embed core leadership practices and competencies into the professional learning and daily practices of school leaders, study participants only used the framework to complete two administrative tasks. Further, principals and vice-principals noted aspects of their work that were not reflected in the framework. Results of this study suggest a number of implications for practice for governments, school districts, and for principals and vice-principals.	Ph.D.	educat, innovation	4, 9
Montazer, Shirin	Wheaton, Blair	Country of Origin as a Modifier of the effect of Generation and Length of Residence on the Mental Health Outcomes of Immigrants to Canada	Sociology	2012-11	In this thesis I study the mental health trajectory of the children of immigrants and adult immigrants to Canada. I argue for a reorientation of the study of immigrant adaptation to a more systematic recognition of the influence of country of origin in the migration process. I reexamine the study of the adjustment of the children of immigrants over generation and adult immigrants with time in the host county by arguing that the socioeconomic fit between country of origin and country of destination defines and shapes the adaptation process across generations and over time. In Chapter 2, coauthored with Blair Wheaton, we use a sample of children in Toronto, Canada, and demonstrate that generational differences in the mental health of children occur only in families from countries of origin at the lowest levels of economic development. In Chapter 3, I use the same data to examine the mental health trajectory of married immigrant men and women by country of origin. Results show a clear pattern of mental health trajectory, especially, among those from low GNP countries of origin. But unlike the prediction that those from the most distinct origins than the host country would benefit from initially better mental health than the reference group, which dissipates with time in the host country, results show that these immigrants initially experience worse mental health than the native born that follows a J-shape evolution with increase in length of residence (LOR) in Canada. Finally, in Chapter 4, I utilize longitudinal data to examine the mental health trajectory of adults to three metropolitan cities in Canada. Again, results show a clear pattern of mental health change, specifically among one group of immigrants: those from low GNP countries of origin. In this chapter, I find that whereas age at immigration matters in the relationship between LOR and log rate of alcohol consumption in the past week, it does not affect the relationship between LOR and the log rate of depression among adult immigrants to Canada. Each chapter is a free-standing paper that constitutes a contribution to the field of immigration and mental health.	PhD	socioeconomic, health	1, 3
Montgomery, Ann	Jha, Prabhat	Pregnancy-related Deaths in India: Causes of Death and the Use of Health Services	Medical Science	2014-03	Introduction: The distribution of the causes of maternal deaths, and the impact of facility-based obstetric care access (obstetric access) at the individual and population level in India have not yet been quantified. Objectives: (i) estimate the physician agreement for coding of maternal deaths; (ii) explain the distribution of maternal mortality in India; and (iii) quantify the effect of obstetric access on the probability of maternal death, accounting for effect modification of state level skilled attendant coverage. Methods: I used the nationally representative Million Death Survey (MDS) of the causes of death from 2001-3. I identified context-specific risk factors from the field reports to provide information on care patterns before deaths. The 1096 MDS maternal deaths were matched to 147 001 controls of non-fatal deliveries from a representative fertility survey. Findings: 1.Inter-rater reliability was substantial for two physicians assigning a cause of death. 2. Three-quarters of India's maternal deaths were clustered in rural areas of poorer states, although these regions have only half the estimated births in India. The distribution of major causes of maternal deaths (most notably hemorrhage, obstruction, sepsis, abortion) did not differ between poorer and richer states. Two-thirds of maternal deaths died seeking healthcare, most in a critical medical condition. 3. The probability of maternal death decreased with increasing skilled attendant coverage, among both women who had and had not accessed obstetric care. The risk of death among women who had obstetric access was higher (at 50% coverage, OR=2.32) than among those women who did not. However at higher population levels of coverage of safe birth, obstetric access had no effect. This effect appears to be driven partially by reverse causality, in which critical illness is shown to confound the association between care seeking and death. Conclusions: Simple MDS methods enable measurement of the levels, determinants of maternal deaths. Currently, obstetric access in India appears to be an indicator for inequitable access and poor quality even though it is a life-saving intervention. Reduction in maternal mortality in India will require expanded population-based coverage of skilled birth attendance and improved and early access to high quality obstetric care.	PhD	health, equitable, women	3, 4, 2005
Montgomery, Michael S.	Christopoulos, Constantin	Fork Configuration Damper (FCDs) for Enhanced Dynamic Performance of High-rise Buildings	Civil Engineering	2012-03	The dynamic behaviour of high-rise buildings has become a critical design consideration as buildings are built taller and more slender. Large wind vibrations cause an increase in the lateral wind loads, but more importantly, they can be perceived by building occupants creating levels of discomfort ranging from minor annoyance to severe motion sickness. The current techniques to address these issues include stiffening the lateral load resisting system, reducing the number of stories, or incorporating a vibration absorber at the top of the building. All of which have consequences on the overall project cost. The dynamic response of high-rise buildings is highly dependent on damping. Full-scale measurements of high-rise buildings have shown that the inherent damping decreases with height and recent in-situ measurements have shown that the majority of buildings over 250 meters have levels of damping less than 1% of critical. Studies have shown that small increases in the inherent damping can lead to vast improvement in dynamic response. A new damping system, the viscoelastic (VE) Fork Configuration Damper (FCD), has been developed at the University of Toronto to address these design challenges. The proposed FCDs are introduced in lieu of coupling beams in reinforced concrete (RC) coupled wall buildings and take advantage of the large shear deformations at these locations when the building is subjected to lateral loads. An experimental study was conducted on 5 small-scale VE dampers to characterize the VE material behaviour and 6 full-scale FCD samples in an RC coupled wall configuration (one designed for areas where low to moderate ductility is required and one with built-in ductile structural “fuse” for areas where high ductility is required). The VE material tests exhibited stable hysteretic behaviour under expected high-rise loading conditions and the full-scale tests validated the overall system performance based on the kinematic behaviour of coupled walls, wall anchorage and VE material behaviour. Analytical models were developed that capture the VE material behaviour and the FCD system performance well. An 85-storey high-rise building was studied analytically to validate the design approach and to highlight the improvements in building response resulting from the addition of FCDs.	PhD	buildings	9
Moore, Hollis Leigh	Muehlebach, Andrea	Imprisonment and (Un)Relatedness in Northeast Brazil	Anthropology	2017-11	This dissertation – based on 18 months of ethnographic fieldwork conducted in and around a men’s and a women’s prison – explores imprisonment and (un)relatedness in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. From the vantage point of a prison compound and the heavily penalized neighbourhoods surrounding it, I describe and analyze inextricable connectivities which bind this compound to its social milieu, prison cells to houses, and prisoners to non-prisoners. I focus in particular on the gendered experiences and life projects of male and female “subjects of incarceration” – social actors whose entanglements with the prison are relatively intense, namely: (ex-)prisoners, visitors, and non-visitors (people with an imprisoned relation who do not visit the prison). In short, what is at stake in this dissertation is the question of how social reproduction occurs in a context in which imprisonment has come to be a regular, predictable part of life for poor and racialized groups. To grasp material and symbolic continuities, ruptures, and interconnections constitutive of prison-society relations I have developed the concept of “carceral forms.” This concept offers an approach to delineating objects of inquiry and a set of questions that will enrich multidisciplinary conversations about imprisonment as well as punishment and society. Anthropological insights regarding (un)relatedness have informed my theoretical-methodological approach to practices of imprisonment. This means that I approach penality and penal effects through the ethnographic investigation of gendered social relations forged, maintained, strained, and severed within and across prison boundaries. I also use the ethnographic fact of relatedness theoretically. I draw on anthropological theorizations of (un)relatedness to trouble taken-for-granted carceral boundaries and devise an innovative object of inquiry which I call carceral forms. In conceptualizing imprisonment in this way, I take inspiration from Strathern (1989) and her emphasis on immanent sociality. That is, I take “the relation” (1995) as a starting point to rethink the prison as a social institution. Rather than presume the boundaries, and the boundedness, of this institution, I attend to the statements and practices of people who negotiate imprisonment in a manner that at once (re)produces differences between carceral and non-carceral domains and establishes connections between these emergently distinct domains.	Ph.D.	gender, women, institution	5, 16
Morales, Juan Sebastian	Bobonis, Gustavo J	Essays in the Economics of Violence and Conflict	Economics	2017-11	Chapter 1 studies the impact of the arrival of displaced individuals on the wages of residents at receiving locations. To do this, the study employs an enclave IV strategy, which exploits both social distance between origin and destination locations and forced migration. I compare the effects on four different subgroups of the population, partitioned by skill (low-skilled versus high-skilled) and by gender. The analysis suggests that a conflict-induced increase in population leads to a short-run negative impact on wages, but that subsequent out-migration from receiving municipalities helps to mitigate these effects. Chapter 2 studies the relationship between political violence and congressional decision-making. I examine how politicians and their constituents respond to attacks by FARC, Colombia's largest rebel group, using data from politicians' Twitter accounts and roll-call voting records, and employing both an event study and a difference-in-differences research design. The analysis finds that tweets from incumbent politicians and tweets which exhibit "right-wing" language receive higher user engagement (a proxy for popular support) following rebel attacks. In congress, politicians were more likely to align their legislative votes with the right-leaning ruling party following an attack, before the government started negotiations with the rebels in 2012. However, this relationship breaks down after the start of the peace process. The empirical results are consistent with a political economy model of legislative behaviour in which events that shift median voter preferences, and the presence of rally 'round the flag effects, elicit different politician responses depending on the policy position of the ruling party. Chapter 3, joint work with Gustavo Bobonis and Roberto Castro, provides evidence of the long-term relationship between male-to-female spousal violence and the Oportunidades conditional cash transfer program in rural Mexico. It uses data from three nationally representative surveys that include detailed information on the prevalence of spousal abuse and threats of violence against women. Constructing comparable groups of beneficiary and nonbeneficiary households within each village to minimize potential selection biases, the analysis finds that, in contrast to short-run estimates, physical and emotional abuse rates over the long term do not differ significantly between existing beneficiary and nonbeneficiary couples.	Ph.D.	wage	8
Morden, Michael	White, Graham	"With a Vow to Defend": Indigenous Direct Mobilization in Canada	Political Science	2015-06	Since 1969, Indigenous contentious mobilization has become a fixed feature of public life in Canada. Demonstrations, marches, blockades and occupations are important repertoires of action for Indigenous peoples pursuing historical redress, contemporary recognition, and redistribution of lands and resources. Moreover, institutionalized action channeled primarily through Indian Act band councils and associated peak advocacy organizations increasingly faces legitimacy challenges in Indigenous communities. Adopting theory from the comparative study of intergroup conflict, this dissertation explains the emergence of Indigenous contentious mobilization over the past forty years, and explores the dynamics of individual protest actions. I argue that Indigenous mobilization is best explained by models that emphasize norms and value rationality over interests and instrumental rationality. Historical change cannot be explained without reference to the changes to the complex of norms and institutions that govern Indigenous-Settler relations. Micro-level protest action follows a "calculus of right", wherein mobilization swells and declines with the perceived righteousness of contentious action, rather than material cost-benefit analysis.	Ph.D.	institution	16
Moretti, Myla	Ungar, Wendy J	A Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Maternal Genotyping to Guide Treatment for Postpartum Pain and Avert Infant Adverse Events	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2014-11	BACKGROUND: The maternal and infant benefits of breastfeeding are numerous, however maternal exposure to medications during lactation raises concerns of infant exposure and may be an impediment to breastfeeding. Recent concerns about the safety of codeine, an analgesic commonly used after delivery, have arisen. Evidence suggests that mothers with an ultrarapid metabolizer phenotype may put their infants at risk for adverse events by producing more active metabolite, which is excreted into milk. Pharmacogenetic screening may be a valuable tool to identify such mothers, and avert adverse events. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to determine the incremental costs of genotyping to averting neonatal adverse events during maternal pharmacotherapy. METHODS: A cost effectiveness analysis to determine the incremental costs of genotyping to guide codeine therapy compared to standard care to avert adverse events was performed. The base case was a prenatal patient whose metabolizer status was unknown, but who may require codeine analgesia after delivery. Parameter estimates and costs were ascertained from a concurrent clinical study, from the literature and expert opinion. RESULTS: Pharmacogenetic screening resulted in a cost of $9,997.43 per adverse event averted or $2,173.35 per infant symptom day averted, when compared to standard care. The results were not sensitive to most variables in one way analysis, with the exception of the costs of a hospital admission. This study was limited by a small number of trials from which parameter estimates could be extracted and the very small number of adverse events reported in infants in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: Although genotyping to guide pharmacotherapy was not cost saving, the cost to avert an infant adverse event may represent good value for money. It is not yet known whether implementation would be clinically viable, however these findings will have implications for new mothers and their health care providers world-wide.	Ph.D.	health	3
Morton-Chang, Frances Margaret	Williams, Paul	Tipping Points to Institutional Care for Persons Living with Dementia: Analyzing the Policy Trajectory in Ontario	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2015-06	Most people, if given a choice, would remain in their own home and community as they age. This desire does not diminish for persons living with dementia (PLWD), yet many end up prematurely or inappropriately in residential long-term care (LTC), or waiting in a hospital bed for placement. While institutional care is valuable for those in need of high intensity care, it is ill-suited for those with lower intensity care needs. Premature or inappropriate placement of PLWD is not good for individuals (PLWD and their caregivers), or for the system (inappropriate use of resources), yet occurs in part because PLWD often have multiple complex, ongoing health and social needs; however, this thesis argues that it also is a result of care systems focused on episodic, curative care, and by fragmented services that are ill-equipped to support PLWD safely and cost-effectively in the community.While much policy analysis has focused on demand side issues (e.g., an aging population, dementia projections and needs), this research addresses supply side factors - particularly local system capacity to provide needed community-based care options for PLWD to live safely and cost-effectively in the community for as long as possible. It uses Neo-institutionalism, a high-level theory drawn from political science, to explore the historical and policy legacies for community based care of PLWD and predict what one would expect to see in the future if Ontario remains on the same familiar path. It also uses a Balance of Care (BoC) simulation methodology to explore what the system will actually provide PLWD to age safely at home. The conceptual and applied approaches combined are expected to provide a greater understanding of the policy trajectory for home and community care, its impact on current resource allocation decisions at the local level in Ontario and the potential for H and concerted health and social care interventions to help offset the growing healthcare costs for high intensity users of the system like PLWD.	Ph.D.	health	3
Morton, Hermia Eddris	Wane, Njoki	Decolonizing Narratives:Kittitian Women, Knowledge Production and Protest	Social Justice Education	2018-03	Abstract The thesis acknowledges how women contest domination and challenge us to re-examine the subjects of our history. It centers the stories of 21 African women, who remember a popular uprising in St. Kitts in 1935. Their stories explore how these embodied narrators reconstruct a defining moment in the islandâ s history for insertion into the gaping holes of history that had been left for the imagination, conjecture, and a hegemonic discursive shaped by archival records. Their stories are worth remembering, demand examining and not just to be recorded for posterity. They must be accorded equal value as academic knowledge. The use of storytelling as a methodological approach introduces the Kittitian language to text, removes the burden of colonized linguistic syntax and grounds the epistemological context of the findings and analysis. It provides new evidence of the invasiveness of coloniality and how it interlocks with Caribbean rebel consciousness to usurp decolonial exertions, discursively and institutionally. The work does not claim to provide a representative sample of the hundreds of protestors in 1935, nor do the women speak for all the citizens who were impacted by the social unrest. It questions the processes that normalize the silencing of valuable knowledge that can only be found in the language and memories of subjugated populations. Finally, this study reconstitutes the tellers as knowledge producers, decolonizes their womanhood, and depathologizes the resistance movement. It focuses on how these culture bearers remember the protest and how they reconstruct themselves in relation to the historical event and how they reconstitute their subjectivities through their understanding of what the protest meant for themselves, their families, and communities. The study has implications for further research and knowledge production designed to decolonize Caribbean histories, to accelerate the process of healing the psychological scars and other residual effects of colonization and attests to the resilience of cultural memory. Keywords: Caribbean cultural forms, womanism, feminism, indigenous research, decolonization, liberation, knowledge production, historiography, social justice education	Ph.D.	women, production, justice	5, 12, 16
Morton, Tanya Rosemary	Hulchanski, J. David	Neighbourhood Correlates of Child Injury: A Case Sudy of Toronto, Canada	Social Work	2012-06	This study identifies the extent to which neighbourhood socioeconomic trends are related to intentional and unintentional child injuries in Toronto, Ontario. Children living in lower socioeconomic status (SES) neighbourhoods have often been found to face a higher injury death and morbidity rate than more well‐off children. A likely explanation is an increase in the unequal exposure to injury-promoting environments on the basis of the income polarization (a declining middle income group). However, the strength of the inverse relationship between SES and injury is related to a number of factors, including the SES indicator chosen by the researcher. Hence, a goal of the study is to determine whether neighbourhood socioeconomic trends toward income polarization have predictive power in explaining variation in injury rates in young children aged 0-6, over and above more typical measures of SES and neighbourhood disadvantage. Census data were used to determine socioeconomic trends. Neighbourhoods (census tracts) were divided into three distinct categories based on neighbourhood change in average individual income: neighbourhoods that have been improving, declining, and those displaying mixed trends. This analysis of neighbourhoods was merged with geo-coded hospital-based emergency department data to calculate rates of overall injuries, falls, burns and poisoning. The predictive power of neighbourhood socioeconomic trends on injury was compared to more typical neighbourhood disadvantage measures such as income (high, medium, low), neighbourhood employment rates, education levels, and housing quality from the 2006 census. Socioeconomic trends contributed significantly to injury outcomes, but the contribution of other neighbourhood disadvantage indicators was higher. Housing in need of repair and individuals with no university degree in a neighbourhood were positively correlated with three of four outcomes. A high immigrant population in a neighbourhood was negatively correlated with three of four outcomes. Neighbourhood socioeconomic trends had slightly more predictive power than the more typical measure of SES (high, medium or low income). Researchers should carefully consider their socioeconomic status measures when predicting injury outcomes.	PhD	socioeconomic, employment	1, 8
Moscou, Kathy	Kohler, Jillian C	Pharmacogovernance in Low- and Middle-income Countries: a case study of Brazil and Kenya	Pharmaceutical Sciences	2016-11	Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a global public health threat leading to illness, disability and death. Yet, few countries have a framework to guide postmarket drug safety policy despite increasing access to pharmaceuticals worldwide and the growing trend of gathering information about medicines in the postmarket (rather than the premarket) period. This gap is addressed by â pharmacogovernanceâ , a new theoretical concept that is introduced in this thesis. Pharmacogovernance is defined as the manner in which governing structures; policy instruments; and institutional authority (e.g., ability to act, implement and enforce norms, policies and processes) are managed to promote societal interests for patient safety and protection from ADRs. An analytic framework for examining pharmacogovernance is presented that clarifies the relationship between governance and pharmacovigilance in order to explain how pharmacogovernance influences pharmacovigilance. The research investigates how and why the State (at all levels), global actors and the pharmaceutical industry interact to affect pharmacogovernance and ultimately postmarket drug safety in a low and upper-middle income country (Kenya and Brazil); and how patterns of governance (e.g., devolved and decentralized) affect pharmacovigilance. A new application for Network Governance Theory is presented to explain state and non-state actorsâ interactions regarding pharmacovigilance. Qualitative research methods that included key informant interviews, document analyses and scoping review were conducted. Key findings show that the pharmacogovernance framework can guide policy making for postmarket drug safety. Policy, law and regulations are important for advancing pharmacovigilance and ensuring enforcement however gaps in other pharmacogovernance domains may impede pharmacovigilance in areas such as risk communication and regional equity in postmarket surveillance. The current funding model for pharmacovigilance in Brazil and Kenya is inadequate leading to ad hoc investment in pharmacovigilance and fluctuating priorities. Positive interdependency between pharmacogovernance structure, institutions and networks comprised of domestic and global actors can enhance pharmacogovernance and pharmacovigilance. Research results illuminate how in Brazil and Kenya, investments in pharmacogovernance processes, institutions and network engagement may further improve pharmacovigilance. Investments include: strengthening medicines regulatory authorities; establishing a sustainable funding model for pharmacovigilance; strengthening social participation and inclusion in regulatory decisions pertaining to pharmacovigilance; and increasing interdependency amongst pharmacogovernance structure, institutions, and networks.	Ph.D.	health	3
Mosher, Matthew Scott	Miller, Heather M.-L.	The Architecture of Mohenjo-Daro as Evidence for the Organization of Indus Civilization Neighbourhoods	Anthropology	2017-06	The Architecture of Mohenjo-Daro as Evidence for the Organization of Indus Civilization Urban Neighbourhoods Matthew S. Mosher Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology University of Toronto 2017 Abstract The Indus Civilization of South Asia (c.2600-1900 B.C.) is one of the earliest and most geographically extensive complex urban-based societies in the world. The near-standardized proportions of its architectural components, technically-elaborate pyrotechnologies, undeciphered writing system and, perhaps most famously, its elaborate networks of urban water management, are well known elements that attest to the highly ordered coherence of its civic culture. However, the basic means of urban organization in the Indus Civilization are poorly understood. This thesis attempts to address this lack of understanding by examining the architectural record of its largest and best-studied city, Mohenjo-Daro, for the foundational elements of urban society: neighbourhoods. Through the reanalysis of its original published reports created in the 1930s, this thesis reveals that much of the built environment of Mohenjo-Daro consists of a limited number of recurring building types, leading to the creation of the first functional architectural typology for the Indus Civilization. The distribution of these architectural types was used to identify the cores of distinct neighbourhoods in the city, locales typified by scaled-down replicas of Mohenjo-Daro's iconic buildings in its Upper Town. Anthropological theory concerned with spatiality, interaction, and identity in urban contexts was applied to examine the relationship between these separate neighbourhoods. While being united to one another in a broad program of stylistic symmetry ultimately tied to the corporate aesthetic of most Indus Civilization cultural expressions, the separate neighbourhoods of Mohenjo-Daro manipulated these same expressive practices to proclaim localized and distinct civic identities, and in so doing architecturally mimicked the tension between the centralizing forces of the Mohenjo-Daro state and the decentralizing tendencies of local manners of association. This balance between local community and larger polity is one of the defining elements of both urban neighbourhoods and complex societies generally. The revelation that Mohenjo-Daro was subject to these tendencies helps to clarify its internal urban organization, and allows for the Indus Civilization to be more firmly situated into comparative studies of urban and political processes.	Ph.D.	urban	11
Moss Gamblin, Maud Kathleen	Thiessen, Dennis	Becoming a Sustainability Chef: An Empirical Model of Sustainability Perspectives in Educational Leaders	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2013-06	This dissertation reports a study exploring adult engagement with sustainability learning practices in EcoSchools-certified secondary schools in Canada, Lithuania and Sweden as a means towards shaping a liveable future. The study is situated in the area of education for sustainable development. The study design was initially based on an interest in revealing specific practices of sustainability education as a means of improving the relationship between environmental impact and wealth. While echoing findings in the existing literature, this research contributes to the development of the field through insight into the perspectives that adults bring to sustainability education. Primary data collected in the spring of 2006 were recorded (mostly single) semistructured interviews with 30 individuals (national coordinators, caretakers, teachers and administrators), including 10 Canadians from four schools, 14 Lithuanians from four schools, and six Swedes from two schools. Four phases of qualitative analysis were used on the data: initial transcript coding and trends; précis document trends; a six-stage model of interview responses allowing vertical (between question) and horizontal (between stage) comparisons; word maps of subthemes as a scaffold to detail participants’ four primary views (long, wide, deep, dynamic) regarding sustainability. Ultimately, the results of this study point less than expected to revealing specific transferable practices regarding success and challenge in EcoSchools. Rather, these findings provide some insight into a means of shaping a sustainable future through an individual’s sustainability perspective: a living responsiveness based on a sense of connection, supported by improved sustainability cognition, and realized through sustainability practice and considered engagement.	PhD	sustainable development	12
Mostafa Muhammad, Toka S.	Roorda, Matthew J.	A Microsimulation Platform of Firm Evolution Processes	Civil Engineering	2017-06	Firmography is a fundamental component of urban systems that has not received much research attention. Firmographic events of entry, exit, growth, and relocation affect economic growth, labour dynamics, and result in a complex system of goods movements. This dissertation develops a firm modelling framework, called the firmographic engine. The goal of the framework is to evaluate the implications of policy on firm evolution over time by simulating and forecasting firm behaviour. The engine is composed of firm generation, market introduction, performance evaluation, and firm evolution modules. Firm generation simulates entrepreneurial decisions of firm entry. Market introduction involves the specification and completion of operational strategies. Performance evaluation assesses the outcomes of the operational strategies. Firm evolution simulates growth/shrinkage and exit decisions depending on performance evaluation results. Three firmographic events are studied in detail: firm start-up size, growth, and survival. Ordered logit models are estimated for firm start-up size in terms of the firmâ s number of employees and tangible assets. Autoregressive Distributed-Lag models (ARDL) are estimated to represent firm growth. Parametric and non-parametric analyses for firm survival are presented. The non-parametric analysis introduces survival and hazard rates characterized by industry class, province, firm age, and firm size. The parametric analysis includes a discrete-time hazard duration model of firm failure. The results show that firm start-up size, growth and survival are influenced by economic growth, industry dynamics, competition, and firm location and characteristics. Models of freight outsourcing decisions by Canadian manufacturers are also presented. Binary logit and multinomial logit models are estimated. The models show that freight outsourcing is driven by firm strategies, supplier locations, government incentives, innovation and technology, industry dynamics, economic conditions, and competition. Models of international versus local outsourcing are also explored. Statistics Canadaâ s T2-LEAP and Survey of Innovation and Business Strategy (SIBS) databases are utilized for this research. The longitudinal T2-LEAP dataset is used to estimate models of firm start-up size, firm growth, and firm failure of Canadian firms for the period of 2001 to 2012. The cross-sectional SIBS dataset, for the years of 2009 and 2012, is used to estimate models of freight outsourcing by Canadian manufacturers.	Ph.D.	economic growth, industr, institution	8, 9, 16
Mouftah, Nermeen	Mittermaier, Amira	Building Life: Faith, Literacy Development and Muslim Citizenship in Revolutionary Egypt	Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations	2014-11	Days after the ouster of Hosni Mubarak, the NGO Life Makers announced the launch of Knowledge Is Power, a campaign to eradicate illiteracy in Egypt. Led by one of the country's most prominent Muslim preachers, Amr Khaled, Life Makers calls on `faith development' (tanmiyya bi-l-Îmân) for a revolutionary literacy movement that sets out to fundamentally reshape religio-political subjectivities in order to build the new Egypt. Based on sixteen months of fieldwork in Cairo, Egypt (June 2011-August 2012, and April-May 2013), this study uncovers how Islamic notions of knowledge and the foundational injunction to read (the first words revealed of the Quran are believed to be "Read in the name of your Lord") inform what I call Islamic literacy development. I examine how the campaign is conceptualized and mobilized from above, and interrogate the politics and ethics of how it unfolds on the ground. The ethnography pivots between campaign volunteers' ethic of action on the one hand, and on the other, the implementation of the campaign in two sites: among mothers in a slum of Old Cairo, and workers at a shipyard in an industrial zone. This dissertation reaches across the anthropology of Islam and development to understand how conceptions and practices of faith and nationhood are cultivated and disputed. One of the political effects of the campaign is the mobilization of and contestation over what I call Muslim citizenship. Life Makers fosters Muslim citizenship as a way of being and political relation in revolutionary Egypt. They maintain that the country will progress only when its people look within and turn towards God. Knowledge Is Power is therefore an Islamic-civic project of self-making that makes literacy a virtuous practice to cultivate a specifically Islamic form of modern citizenship.	Ph.D.	educat	4
Moyser, Melissa Holmes	Schieman, Scott	How Socioeconomic Status Shapes Individuals' Experiences of the Work-family Interface in Canada	Sociology	2015-06	Work-family conflict and time pressure have emerged as potent and pervasive stressors in the daily lives of Canadian workers. Yet little is known about the socioeconomic distribution of these work-family outcomes, or the underlying mechanisms, because previous research has largely focused on homogeneous samples, typically consisting of well-educated managers and/or professionals. Drawing on the Stress Process Model as an overarching framework, and through statistical analyses of confidential data from Cycle 20 of the General Social Survey (2006), the dissertation at hand seeks to address this significant gap in knowledge by exploring how and why socioeconomic status (i.e., education or occupation) affects exposure to work-family conflict and time pressure. The findings of this dissertation are largely consistent with (limited) previous research, demonstrating that higher-status individuals in terms of education, occupation, or income are more exposed to work-family conflict and time pressure than their lower-status counterparts. Only in the case of work-to-family conflict do the findings diverge somewhat from this pattern, as individuals in both the highest and lowest occupational groups have the greatest and identical exposure to this work-family outcome. Further, the socioeconomic distribution of work-family conflict is invariant across gender and parental status. However, gender and parenthood jointly condition the occupational distribution of time pressure, such that mothers in managerial occupations have the greatest exposure. Job- and home-related demands and resources consistently affect work-family conflict and time pressure across socioeconomic groups. However, constellations of job- and home-related demands and resources tend to differ between socioeconomic groups, largely accounting for the observed socioeconomic distributions of work-family conflict and time pressure. This suggests that, in order to be effective, government and workplace policies and programs intended to ease earning- and caring-role combination must be designed with an understanding of the unique circumstances that give rise to work-family issues among higher- and lower-status individuals.	Ph.D.	worker, gender, socioeconomic	1, 5, 2008
Mui, Amy B.	He, Yuhong	A Multi-temporal Remote Sensing Approach to Freshwater Turtle Conservation	Geography	2015-11	Freshwater turtles are a globally declining taxa, and estimates of population status are not available for many species. Primary causes of decline stem from widespread habitat loss and degradation, and obtaining spatially-explicit information on remaining habitat across a relevant spatial scale has proven challenging. The discipline of remote sensing science has been employed widely in studies of biodiversity conservation, but it has not been utilized as frequently for cryptic, and less vagile species such as turtles, despite their vulnerable status. The work presented in this thesis investigates how multi-temporal remote sensing imagery can contribute key information for building spatially-explicit and temporally dynamic models of habitat and connectivity for the threatened, Blanding’s turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) in southern Ontario, Canada. I began with outlining a methodological approach for delineating freshwater wetlands from high spatial resolution remote sensing imagery, using a geographic object-based image analysis (GEOBIA) approach. This method was applied to three different landscapes in southern Ontario, and across two biologically relevant seasons during the active (non-hibernating) period of Blanding’s turtles. Next, relevant environmental variables associated with turtle presence were extracted from remote sensing imagery, and a boosted regression tree model was developed to predict the probability of occurrence of this species. Finally, I analysed the movement potential for Blanding’s turtles in a disturbed landscape using a combination of approaches. Results indicate that (1) a parsimonious GEOBIA approach to land cover mapping, incorporating texture, spectral indices, and topographic information can map heterogeneous land cover with high accuracy, (2) remote-sensing derived environmental variables can be used to build habitat models with strong predictive power, and (3) connectivity potential is best estimated using a variety of approaches, though accurate estimates across human-altered landscapes is challenging. Overall, this body of work supports the use of remote sensing imagery in species distribution models to strengthen the precision, and power of predictive models, and also draws attention to the need to consider a multi-temporal examination of species habitat requirements.	Ph.D.	biodiversity, conserv, water	14, 15
Muir-Pfeiffer, Graedon Sean	Chiao, Vincent	Restorative Justice Responses to Sexual Violence as Non-Domination Promoting Instruments	Law	2017-11	This paper introduces two international restorative justice responses (RJR) to sexual violence. I draw on these examples to propose a RJR to sexual violence that could be implemented in Canada. I analyze the RJR using Braithwaite and Pettitâ s Republicanism model. I use the Republican value of non-domination to explore the process of a RJR as against the CJS process. I focus only on offenders who are willing to admit some responsibility for their crime. The work that follows focuses on the process of both the CJS and RJR, it asks the simple question: would a RJR process promote dominion in excess of CJS process? I argue that a RJR leads to greater dominion for the survivor/victim (SV) of the sexual assault, the offender and the public. I argue that a RJR employs a process that is more efficient at rectifying the harm caused by the initial act of domination.	LL.M.	justice	16
Mukhi, Shaheena	Deber, Dr. Raisa	Primary Health Care Performance Measurement and Accountability in Ontario	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2018-06	Ontario was used to explore the meaning, approaches, and measures of accountability, and examine the connection between primary health care (PHC) key attributes, performance measurement and accountability. This research study used qualitative research methods design and a theoretical framework to guide the inquiry, collection, analysis and interpretation of data (i.e., documents and 28 semi-structured interviews). This study offers empirical knowledge about the scope of accountability in PHC—who is accountable to whom, for what and how is accountability implemented and measured. These insights are valuable lessons for other jurisdictions, and suggest future research topics for scholars. This study found that in a public contract model, the key aspects of the PHC system performance measurement are: access to and utilization of insured services; and cost of reimbursing private providers. These are components of financial and political accountability of the funder. PHC providers and clinics have multiple lines of accountability. Clinical performance accountability is implicit and not routinely monitored. PHC providers are self- regulated and trust is placed on them to deliver evidence based care to achieve desirable patient outcomes. In this governance structure, metrics used in PHC are those that are easy to measure and within the control of clinicians. Metrics involving co-production of services and tacit use of clinical knowledge are left out because it is complex to get access to this data from disparate standalone systems, which results in low measurability of many services. If data sources could be linked, it may be feasible to align PHC performance and accountability with the four key PHC attributes: access, person-focused care, coordination and comprehensiveness. With this, relevant metrics can be fed back to PHC providers and publicly reported to enable patients to exercise their right as consumers to select care from high performing PHC teams. The latter could advance accountability in PHC.	Ph.D.	health, governance	3, 16
Mungall, Emma Louise	Abbatt, Jonathan PD	Natural Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds to the Summer Arctic Troposphere	Chemistry	2018-03	Due to chemistry-climate coupling, observations of chemical processes in the atmosphere are crucial to improving understanding of the Earth system and enabling future climate predictions. Quantifying the effect on climate of current and future anthropogenic influence requires first understanding natural processes. This task is complicated by the interactions between natural and anthropogenic emissions. Because the summer Arctic experiences limited anthropogenic influence, it is considered an analog for some pre-industrial atmospheres. Due to its remoteness, observations in the region are scarce. The goals of this thesis were to 1) make observations of the tropospheric composition of the summer Canadian Arctic Archipelago and 2) improve understanding of the sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the region. To achieve the first goal, two new datasets were collected by field deployment of chemical ionization mass spectrometers. The second goal was addressed through analysis of the newly collected data sets, modeling experiments, and laboratory experiments. This work confirmed that local marine sources are the major contributors to high levels of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) in the summer Arctic, and supported the hypothesis that DMS emissions from melt ponds on top of the sea ice may be significant. Unexpectedly, we found that heterogeneous chemistry at the sea surface microlayer emits large quantities of formic acid to the atmosphere, as well as smaller amounts of many other OVOCs, some of which may play a role in the formation of secondary organic aerosol. Methane sulfonic acid in aerosol particles, which has traditionally been considered a conservative tracer for DMS, was shown to be degraded by heterogeneous oxidation during atmospheric transport. Finally, the presence of high levels of formic and acetic acids in the summer Arctic calls into question the current understanding of the sources of these acids. In summary, this thesis begins to paint a clearer picture of the chemical composition of the summer Arctic troposphere while emphasizing that further measurements are badly needed to bring that picture into focus.	Ph.D.	clinate, marine	13, 14
Murphy, John Harvey	Cockerill, Rhonda	Corporate Board Health and Safety Governance Committees: Do They Make Any Difference?	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2016-11	A three phase mixed methods study (records research, survey, case analysis) was undertaken to develop understanding of board of director health and safety governance committees (â BHSCsâ ) amongst large market capitalization Canadian public companies, and ascertain their impact on company health and safety performance outcomes. This goal was deconstructed into a series of 12 research questions. The study determined that as of 2010, 58 companies with market capitalizations of $1.5 billion or higher (out of 146) had BHSCs. Forty percent had BHSCs dating back to 2001, and 60% formed BHSCs between 2002 and 2010. Factors accounting for the emergence of BHSCs included legislative changes, liability concerns, risk reduction objectives, corporate social responsibility pressures, emulation of peers, and industry sector guidelines and standards. Approximately 2/3rds of the companies with BHSCs were in mining or oil and gas. Most companies with BHSCs published descriptive information on their structures and processes in annual sustainability reports, and / or in filings with securities regulators. Using those sources it was possible to characterize patterns over the 2001-2010 period in the evolution of BHSC mandates, terms of reference, member composition and characteristics, levels of activity, and governance practices. Information was also available for many companies on occupational health and safety program evolution and injury rates for all or portions of the period 2002-2014. A conceptual framework consistent with available empirical research and theory was created to describe mechanisms whereby BHSCs could be instrumental in the achievement of improvements in company injury rates. Evidence for the existence and operation of those mechanisms was obtained via review of company data, survey responses, and case analyses of three specific companies. The study found evidence of BHSC instrumentality in company health and safety performance improvements, and that the conceptual framework presents a plausible model of this phenomenon.	Ph.D.	industr	9
Murphy, Joshua	McMillan, Robert	The Costs, Benefits, and Efficiency of Air Quality Regulation	Economics	2017-11	Air pollution poses serious risks to public health. Combatting it sensibly requires credible empirical estimates of the relevant costs and benefits. The intent of this thesis is to provide such estimates. Chapter 1 examines the value of reducing emissions from power plants, an important source of air pollution in several countries. Within a model of health, consumption, production, power generation, and resource extraction, I derive a 'sufficient statistics' formula for the change in social welfare due to a small reduction in emissions. The formula simplifies to a comparison of marginal benefits (in terms of reduced mortality risk, monetized using the value of a statistical life) and the marginal cost of abatement. I estimate these inputs using quasi-experimental variation induced by the Clean Air Interstate Rule, a policy that capped power plant emissions in the United States. Results indicate that further reducing those emissions would be worthwhile. Chapter 2 re-examines the effect of a county's regulatory status under the US Clean Air Act on the change in its air pollution concentration, the 'first-stage' underlying causal estimates of the benefits of reducing air pollution in several studies. Using data thought no longer to exist, I find that one of the commonly-used measurement approaches -- a regression-discontinuity estimator -- is invalid. The other commonly-used approach -- a difference-in-differences estimator -- delivers inflated estimates of the effects of regulation on air pollution. These findings suggest that the literature substantially understates the benefits of reducing air pollution. Chapter 3, joint with Robert McMillan, provides causal estimates of the effects of sustained exposure to severe air pollution on mortality risk. Our research design is based on the 'smoke control' provisions of the UK's Clean Air Act of 1956, which granted local authorities power to address emissions from the domestic chimney. We find that smoke control caused significant reductions in air pollution in areas that implemented it relative to those that did not. Our 2SLS estimates, which combine this exogenous variation in air quality improvements with local mortality data, indicate a significant reduction in probability of death. They are relevant when calculating air pollution's costs in coal-burning middle-income countries today.	Ph.D.	health, pollut	3, 13
Murphy, Shidan	Collins, Nicholas	The Importance of Thermal Habitat Quality for Pumpkinseed (Centrarchidae: Lepomis gibbosus) in Small and Constructed Coastal Embayments Along the Northwest Shoreline of Lake Ontario	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2011-11	Along the Toronto shoreline, small coastal embayments (0.4 – 32 ha) are being constructed or modified to restore warmwater fish habitat. I describe how Lake Ontario (hereafter the Lake) alters the thermal regime of these small coastal embayments, how the altered thermal regimes affect growth and survival of age-0 warmwater fishes, and how the thermal habitat quality for such fishes can be improved by altering embayment design. During the warming period of the ice-free season, embayments warm faster than the Lake and so are cooled by exchanges with the Lake. Later in the year Lake exchange warms the rapidly cooling embayments, but the net effect of Lake-embayment exchange is cooling. The degree of cooling in Toronto’s small coastal embayments varies; many have temperatures near that of the Lake, and a few warm as much as local ponds. Age-0 pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) can fail to reach sufficient size to survive the winter in cooler embayments because their spawning is delayed and their growth is slowed. Most embayments along the Toronto shoreline are too cold to produce age-0 fish that can survive the winter, but all embayments are occupied by age >1 pumpkinseed, suggesting movement from warmer to cooler embayments. Using otolith microchemistry to identify natal embayments of fish, I confirm that age-0 and age-1 pumpkinseed, as well as age-0 largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and age-0 yellow perch (Perca flavescens), exist in metapopulations. Embayment bathymetry is a poor predictor of temperature because almost all embayment flushing rates are very fast, usually 1-2 days. Warmer embayments are located in protected areas of Lake Ontario and receive waters that have already heated substantially. Cold embayments are located along the exposed shoreline of Lake Ontario. To protect embayments from cold lake waters, the cross-sectional area of embayment channels need to be reduced to 1-10% of their current size.	PhD	water, fish	6, 14
Mutamba, Rainos	Portelli, John P	In the Breath of Learning: Place-based social movements, Learning, and Prefiguration of Other Worlds	Social Justice Education	2018-06	Social movements have been and continue to be an integral part of the lifeworld as they create and promote conditions for the transformation of micro and macro aspects of socio-ecological relationships. From the vantage point of the present, we can argue that it is through the work and agitation of feminist, civil rights, LGBTQ, anti-colonial, socialist and environmentalist social movements (among others) that we have experienced socially just changes around the world. The study of social movements is therefore critical for learning about the knowledge-practices necessary to achieve socially just change. This project sought to explore, understand and conceptualize the epistemic ecologies of place-based social movements whose work centers the construction of urgently needed life-affirming human knowledge-practices. Specifically, it sought to illuminate on the scarcely studied connections among learning, knowledge, and society, by examining the social construction of reality in the context of social movement action. The flesh and blood of the project come from the work of social actors in Kufunda Learning Movement and my organizing with Ubuntu Learning Village. The study found that in these contexts, social movement actors are learning and constructing emancipatory knowledge-practices through their engagement with place-based social action. By means of learning through practice, reflection and embodiment, the actors produce and develop practices, skills, and processes that address ecological, political, social and economic relationships. In doing so, they produce subjectivities and critical capacities that enable Other social and political ecologies and societies to emerge. Beyond the learning by movement actors and people that interact with the movement, the study argues that these movements are proposals of counterhegemonic life-affirming realities. Ultimately, Kufunda and Ubuntu knowledge-practices are useful for the movements, the society within which the movements are doing work and the global community, to the extent that their knowledge-practices have analytic validity for social theory.	Ph.D.	cities, rights	11, 16
Myers, Anne	Scott, A Mabury	Identification and Analysis of Halogenated Contaminants Formed in Thermal Decomposition of Halogenated Materials	Chemistry	2014-11	Fires release a wide array of contaminants that contribute to detrimental environmental and health effects. The thermal decomposition of halogenated materials in fires produces complex mixtures that include unidentified environmentally persistent and toxic halogenated contaminants. Resulting complex mixtures pose an analytical challenge in assessing the hazards of a fire site where burn conditions and contents are unknown. Non-targeted analytical approaches can facilitate identification of novel compounds in complex mixtures to direct further study. This thesis investigates the thermal decomposition mechanisms and products of halogenated materials using non-targeted analytical techniques, and assesses the environmental relevance of these thermal processes. Mass defect filtering of high-resolution mass spectra is an effective approach to visually resolve and interpret complex chemical information. This non-targeted approach was used to characterize the thermal decomposition products of polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). High-resolution mass spectra, obtained by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS), were interpreted using mass defect plots based on unique mass scales. Novel halogenated compounds were identified, including perchlorinated/fluorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (X-PAHs, X=Cl,F), and polyfluorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (F-PAHs). Congener profiles of thermal decomposition products provided evidence of associated decomposition mechanisms. The potential of non-targeted analyses to characterize complex environmental samples was further exemplified through studies examining the environmental relevance of combustion-derived contaminants. Using mass defect plots as a screening tool, a variety of brominated contaminants, including polybrominated/chlorinated dibenzofurans (PXDFs, X=Br/Cl), were identified in air and particulates collected from simulation fire studies. Mass defect filtering, in combination with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography high-resolution time of flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-HRToF) and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was used to identify bioaccumulative contaminants in aquatic species exposed to soil from an industrial fire site. Compounds identified as bioaccumulative included polybrominated/chlorinated, anthracenes/phenanthrenes and pyrenes/fluoranthenes (X-PAHs, X=Br,Cl). The majority of environmental analyses is targeted and thereby only examines a small subset of compounds present in the environment. This work demonstrates the potential of non-targeted techniques to screen complex environmental samples for halogenated contaminants. This is particularly applicable to combustion-derived mixtures, the complexity of which varies with fire conditions and contents.	Ph.D.	environment	13
Myers, David	Macklem, Patrick	The Unfinished State : Territorial Status, State Creation, and United Nations Mismanagement Within the Borders of the Mandate of Palestine	Law	2014-11	The international laws and customs that decreed a right for a Jewish state to be created within the former British Mandate of Palestine provided the same in equal measure for an Arab state within the same Mandate. What they did not provide for, however, thanks in no small part to UN mismanagement and recalcitrant warring parties, were borders separating the two states to be. By chronicling the international legal situation of the territory over the last century, it becomes possible to make determinations about minimum state level territorial rights. While failing to provide instant and obvious border location, the application of international law renders certain positions beyond debate. This narrows the scope of territorial negotiations to a 'simple' determination of which lands are necessary for the creation of a viable Palestinian state, whose citizens' freedom of movement within its peaceable borders is unimpeded by even Israel's most ardent security concerns.	LL.M.	peace, right	16
Myers, Jeffrey Anthony	Burstow, Bonnie	The Institution of Becoming Canadian: A View From the Margins	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2013-11	Combining historical and ethnographic approaches, this thesis explores the relationship between marginality and the Canadian state's organization of national belonging through the technologies of immigration, settlement and citizenship. In the process it reveals how the lives of people who navigate this institution of becoming Canadian from or into marginalized social positions are shaped in complex ways by the relations of ruling underpinning the nation as a whole, such as colonialism, capitalism, and patriarchy. Data-gathering and analysis proceeded from the standpoint of people whose religion, sexuality, "race", gender, or class positioned them in the margins of a textually mediated and hierarchical policy matrix that justified either their outright exclusion or else inclusion on certain conditions. The impact of this arrangement is queried and we find that, while the fact of being Canadian often leads to improvement in life quality, this is in addition to—or even in spite of—the institutional process of becoming Canadian. The institutional process, by contrast, was found to cause things like downgrading, separation, fear, and changed beliefs and behaviours. The study also examined how people deal with this system, including the purposeful acquisition of knowledge or skills, and reliance on support networks among family, friends, and fellow migrants. Finally, some strategies of mitigation (e.g. rule-breaking) are explored. The study concludes by contrasting the institution of becoming Canadian against a universalist philosophy premised on "global citizenship" and the possibility of a world without borders. Unsurprisingly, there is considerable distance between them, but this contrast reveals inspiring areas for resistance, action and change.	PhD	inclusive, gender	4, 5
Myers, Karen	Myles, John	Taking a Risk: Does Human Capital Investment Pay Off for Educationally Disadvantaged Adults?	Sociology	2009-11	Although human capital investment is often proposed as a solution to improve the labour market prospects of individuals who reach adulthood without obtaining a post-secondary credential, little is known about whether skills upgrading actually pays off. Using three national cross-sectional surveys on adult education as well as longitudinal data from the Panel Survey of Income Dynamics (1992-2005), I analyze how returning to school affects the earnings trajectories of men and women who enter the labour force with low levels of initial education. There are two major findings related to the earnings and advancement question. First, although both Canadian and American adults with low levels of initial education are significantly less likely than their more educated counterparts to participate in education and training, when they do participate, they are more likely to report it helped them increase their earnings. Second, these perceived gains are matched by substantial gains in actual earning growth. While the opportunity cost of returning to school is quite high – returnees experience a sharp drop in annual earnings during the years while they are in school – for both women and men, this investment yields a significant increase in earnings in the post schooling period. In addition, I address the question of why – if the earnings gains are so substantial – do so few less educated adults return to school? There are three key findings related to the participation question. First, even after accounting for a rich set of covariates, the effects of family of origin socio-economic status on educational attainment persist over the life course. Second, despite these enduring effects, current family and labour market dynamics matter as well. Consistent with the human capital model, I find evidence that, educationally disadvantaged individuals return to school to improve their labour market prospects. Taken together these results demonstrate that at least for some educationally disadvantaged adults, human capital investment is an effective strategy for labour market advancement. This conclusion challenges the standard ‘cumulative disadvantage’ view of adult education as simply another mechanism that serves to reproduce inequality.	PhD	labour, equality	5, 8
Mykhaylova, Nataliya	Evans, Greg J	Low-cost Sensor Array Devices as a Method for Reliable Assessment of Exposure to Traffic-related Air Pollution	Chemical Engineering Applied Chemistry	2018-11	The exposure to air pollutant mixtures is a well-known risk factor for inducing and increasing the severity of diseases. Combining low-cost sensors in arrays holds great potential for real-time monitoring of pollutant exposure because of versatility and aptitude for tracking multi-pollutant exposure. While many low-cost air pollution monitoring devices have been proposed, several underexplored opportunities remain, including sensor-derived pollution indices, source analysis and exposure assessment. A thorough investigation of different low-cost commercial gas and particulate matter sensors from 5 manufacturers has been conducted and best-performing sensors were identified. A device for monitoring air quality has been developed and tested. Each device consists of an array of commercially available metal oxide semiconductor for monitoring NOx and O3, CO, CO2 and optical sensors for monitoring PM2.5. Level of pollutant exposure has been characterized at different locations in Toronto over 3 different campaigns between 2013 and 2016. These deployments allowed long-term sensor performance to be evaluated under different meteorological conditions as well as different ranges of pollutant concentrations. Analysis of a large range of gas sensors revealed several key challenges, including high intra-sensor variability, interference from temperature and nonlinearity. Air quality health index estimation from sensor readings was successfully demonstrated. Three aspects of device reproducibility were evaluated: drift over time, impact of interferences and impact of site-specific mixtures. Three categories of approaches for improving sensor accuracy and reproducibility were tested: nonlinear calibration models, variable transformations and training data selection. Model reproducibility, ability to adjust for multiple combinations of interferences and ability to resolve sites was improved when devices were calibrated at multiple sites. Analysis showed that both short-term and long-term temporal patterns could be resolved and compared at different sites. Background subtraction helped further emphasize the differences and rank sites in terms traffic-related pollution.	Ph.D.	pollut	13
Naderkhani Zarrin Ghabaei, Farnoosh	Makis, Viliam	Multivariate Bayesian Control Chart with Dual Sampling Scheme	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2017-11	Recently, there has been a growing interest among industrial practitioners and researchers for applying economically designed control charts in quality control, condition monitoring, and condition-based maintenance (CBM). Control charts are powerful tools for process control which are used extensively to ensure the process stability over the production run. It has been proved that traditional control charts are not optimal and the control chart parameters should be determined based on the posterior probability that the process is out of control. Design and development of Bayesian control charts in both quality control and CBM applications are the main focuses of this thesis. Traditionally, in designing of a control chart, the observations are collected periodically. However, in many real applications, high sampling cost is associated with collecting observable data, therefore, it could be beneficial to monitor the process/system less frequently when it is in a healthier state and more frequently when a sample shows some indication of a change in the process/system state. The motivation of this thesis comes from such applications when collecting observations is costly, and observations carry partial information about the process or system state. To overcome the drawback of period monitoring, this thesis proposes an optimal control problem in Bayesian framework which uses a novel sampling strategy referred to as dual sampling scheme (DSS) and dual control limits. The system/process is monitored less frequently using a longer sampling interval when the posterior probability is below the warning limit. If the posterior probability exceeds the warning limit, switching to the shorter sampling interval occurs. If the posterior probability exceeds the control limit, the system/process is stopped and full inspection is performed. The proposed model is formulated in both semi-Markov decision process and renewal theory frameworks to obtain the optimal control chart parameters as well as the minimum long-run expected average cost per unit time. For the first time in quality control literature, an explicit formula is derived for computation of average time to signal for multivariate Bayesian control chart with DSS. In addition, the closed-form expressions are derived for system residual life and reliability as functions of the posterior probability statistics.	Ph.D.	industr	9
Nagra, Baljit	Peng, Ito	Unequal Citizenship: Being Muslim and Canadian in the Post 9/11 Era	Sociology	2011-06	My dissertation is the first empirically based study to closely examine the impacts of 9/11 on Canadian Muslim youth. It develops a critical analysis of how the general public supported by state practices, undermine the citizenship of Canadian Muslims, thereby impacting their identity formation. Conducting qualitative analysis, through the use of 50 in-depth interviews with Canadian Muslim men and women, aged 18 to 30, I have arrived at several important findings. These include findings related to citizenship, the racialization of gender identities and identity formation. First, despite having legal citizenship, Canadian Muslims often do not have access to substantive citizenship (the ability to exercise rights of legal citizenship), revealing the precarious nature of citizenship for minority groups in Canada. My research shows that the citizenship rights of Canadian Muslims may be undermined because they do not have access to allegiance and nationality, important facets of citizenship. Second, young Canadian Muslims are racialized and othered through increasingly stereotypical conceptions about their gender identities. Muslim men are perceived as barbaric and dangerous and Muslim women are imagined as passive and oppressed by their communities. As a result of these dominant conceptions, in their struggle against racism, young Canadian Muslims have to invest a great deal of time establishing themselves as thinking, rational, educated and peaceful persons. Third, to cope with their marginalization, many young Canadian Muslims have asserted their Muslim identities. In order to understand this social process, I extend the work done on ‘reactive ethnicity’ and theorize Muslim identity formation in a post 9/11 context, something not yet been done in academic literature. To do so, I coin the term ‘reactive identity formation,’ and illustrate that the formation of reactive identities is not limited to strengthening ethnic identity and that religious minority groups can experience a similar phenomenon. Furthermore, I find that while claiming their Muslim identity, most of my interviewees also retain their Canadian identity in order to resist the notion that they are not Canadian. By doing so, they attempt to redefine what it means to be Canadian.	PhD	gender, women, inclusive, rights	4, 5, 16
Nam, Austin	Krahn, Murray D	The Feasibility and Usefulness of Applying a Health Economic Framework to Prioritize Quality Indicators: A Demonstration with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2020-06	The modern quality movement has placed increased attention on health care performance. As a result, quality indicators, which are quantitative measurements of health care performance, have become increasingly prevalent in health care systems. Although many health systems define improving population health and reducing health care costs as priorities, many quality indicators are selected using criteria that do not always align with these priorities. Health economics offers a framework for explicitly bringing considerations of population health and health care costs into the process of prioritizing quality indicators. This research sought to demonstrate the feasibility of operationalizing the health economic framework to prioritize quality indicators and explore the usefulness of this method. Quality indicators for smoking cessation and oxygen therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were used as examples to demonstrate the feasibility of associating variations in indicator values with variations in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and costs. The joint variation in QALYs and costs was represented as incremental net health benefit (INHB), which represents the QALYs gained less its opportunity cost. The first two studies demonstrated how quality indicators could be ranked by their relationships to QALYs and costs. However, uncertainty in the values of candidate indicators could affect how quality indicators are prioritized. Linear meta-models offer a method that is partially successful in prioritizing indicators in the presence of uncertain indicator levels. Focus groups, with participants representative of stakeholders who would select or use quality indicators, were conducted to explore their perceived usefulness of prioritizing quality indicators under a health economic framework. The usefulness and applicability of the framework appeared to revolve around three main themes of incorporation of evidence, ease of understanding or interpretation of health economic outputs, and the scope of the framework. Ease of interpretation appeared to be the main barrier to the utility of the health economic framework in prioritizing quality indicators. Collectively, these studies show how a health economic framework can be operationalized to prioritize quality indicators in a way that is potentially useful, but resource requirements and barriers in interpretation of the health economic framework may limit its adoption.	Ph.D.	health	3
Nanglu, Karma	Caron, Jean-Bernard	Revisiting the Cambrian Burgess Shale Palaeocommunity in Light of New Field Discoveries from Marble Canyon, Kootenay National Park, British Columbia	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2019-03	The 508-million-year-old Burgess Shale (British Columbia) is among the most important fossil localities in the world as it provides a direct window into the Cambrian Explosion, the phenomenon whereby most metazoan groups appeared rapidly in the fossil record for the first time. For over 100 years, Burgess Shale fossils have provided unique insights into the early evolutionary history of animal life, but a holistic description of the community ecology of the Burgess Shale has remained elusive. This dissertation aims to reinvestigate the Burgess Shale paleocommunity in light of the recently discovered Marble Canyon fossil site in Kootenay National Park, integrating this new dataset with those from the type areas in Yoho National Park, 40km to the northwest (Walcott Quarry, Raymond Quarry, and Tulip Beds). The first three chapters of this dissertation focus on the organismal level. An experimental decay study (Chapter 1) provides a framework for the interpretation of taphonomic bias in community reconstructions. The redescription of three enigmatic Cambrian taxa (Chapters 2 and 3) provide novel phylogenetic and ecological information for understanding the patterns of diversity and niche structure at Marble Canyon. The community analysis (Chapter 4) represents the largest quantitative study of the Burgess Shale to date. Patterns of faunal stasis between most adjacent bedding assemblages followed by periodic variations in abundance and species identity are found at both Marble Canyon and Walcott Quarry, the two best-studied sites with the finest level of stratigraphic/temporal data. Across the entire Burgess Shale paleocommunity, major shifts in representative taxonomic groups and ecological modes occur between major localities. The results of this work suggest that the Burgess Shale as a paleocommunity was highly heterogeneous in both its taxonomic and ecological composition. Shifting abiotic and environmental variables are determined to be more significant in the long-term structuring of Burgess Shale communities than species interactions such as predation, which was previously considered paramount.	Ph.D.	ecology	14
Nangwaya, Ajamu	Quarter, Jack	Race, Resistance and Co-optation in the Canadian Labour Movement: Effecting an Equity Agenda like Race Matters	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2011-11	The purpose of this research project was to analyze the dialectic of co-optation/domestication and resistance as manifested in the experience of racialized Canadian trade unionists. The seven research participants are racialized rank-and-file members, elected or appointed leaders, retired trade unionists, as well as staff of trade unions and other labour organizations. In spite of the struggle of racialized peoples for racial justice or firm anti-racism policies and programmes in their labour unions, there is a dearth of research on the racialized trade union members against racism, the actual condition under which they struggle, the particular ways that union institutional structures domesticate these struggles, and/or the countervailing actions by racialized members to realize anti-racist organizational goals. While the overt and vulgar forms of racism is no longer the dominant mode of expression in today’s labour movement, its systemic and institutional presence is just as debilitating for racial trade union members. This research has uncovered the manner in which the electoral process and machinery, elected and appointed political positions, staff jobs and formal constituency groups, and affirmative action or equity representational structures in labour unions and other labour organizations are used as sites of domestication or co-optation of some racialized trade unionists by the White-led labour bureaucratic structures and the forces in defense of whiteness. However, racialized trade union members also participate in struggles to resist racist domination. Among some of tools used to advance anti-racism are the creation of support networks, transgressive challenges to the entrenched leadership through elections, formation of constituency advocacy outside of the structure of the union and discrete forms of resistance. The participants in the research shared their stories of the way that race and gender condition the experiences of racialized women in the labour movement. The racialized interviewees were critical of the inadequacy of labour education programmes in dealing effectively with racism and offer solutions to make them relevant to the racial justice agenda. This study of race, resistance and co-optation in the labour movement has made contributions to the fields of critical race theory, labour and critical race feminism and labour studies.	PhD	gender, trade, labour, institution, equality	5, 8, 10, 16
Narisada, Atsushi	Schieman, Scott	The Social Antecedents and Consequences of the Sense of Distributive Injustice	Sociology	2019-11	Roughly half of working adults in Canada and the United States report a sense of distributive injustice––that their earnings are unjustly too low. This evidence provides an impetus to document the antecedents and consequences of the sense of distributive injustice. More specifically, it encourages us to examine two fundamental questions in the study of distributive justice: (1) What do people think is just and why? (2) And, what are the consequences of the sense of injustice for individuals? Using population-based data, I address these questions through an interdisciplinary lens by integrating perspectives in the social psychology of distributive justice, the sociology of mental health, and occupational health psychology. I assess the first question by fusing ideas in distributive justice and the work-family interface. I argue that the conceptualization of work-related inputs can be elaborated by considering the intersection of work and family roles. Specifically, I propose a model that delineates how excessive job pressures––and the ensuing role blurring behavior and work-to-family conflict––shape the expectation for greater rewards. My findings provide an updated account of the nature of work contributions for contemporary workers that shape their ideas of what they should justly earn. The second part of the dissertation examines the consequences of underreward, focusing on the situational factors that function as moderators. In one study, I show that the relationship between underreward and job dissatisfaction is contingent on forms of security, such that the association is attenuated for those with high job and financial security, and for those employed in the public sector. The interpretation of the patterns for job security encourages the integration of the Job Demands-Resources Model and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. In another study, I examine the ways in which two dimensions of SES––education and income––moderate the effects of perceived underreward on mental and physical health. I test two competing hypotheses––buffering-resource and status-disconfirmation––that delineate the moderating role of SES. Taken together, this dissertation draws upon and integrates diverse theoretical perspectives to identify new forms of work-related contributions that shape perceptions of a fair reward and the situational factors that modify reactions to underreward.	Ph.D.	wage, worker	8
Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona	Fortin, Marie-Josee	Influence of Climatic and Non-climatic Factors on Range Dynamics and Conservation Priorities of Long-distance Migratory Birds	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2014-11	Understanding factors influencing species' distributions and their dynamics over space and time is a fundamental question in ecology that is receiving renewed interest given increasing threats of global climate change to species persistence. Species are shifting their distributions in response to climate change; however in spite of general directional trends northwards and up in elevation there is substantial interspecific variation. The complexity of species' responses is challenging to explain and limits our predictive capacity to anticipate future consequences of climate change. In addition to climatic factors, species' range dynamics are influenced by non-climatic factors including the biotic interactions, demography, dispersal, and the temporal and spatial scale of threatening processes. The objective of this thesis is to test the role of climatic and non-climatic factors on seasonal range dynamics of long-distance migratory birds over multiple spatial scales, in the recent past, present, and in the future. An understanding of the determinants of Nearctic-Neotropical migratory bird distributions across their interconnected seasonal ranges remains unclear, and few climate change vulnerability assessments consider the complement of habitat dependencies required across their annual cycle. To address these research gaps, I applied multiple modeling methods with outcomes that are increasingly process-oriented. These include correlative species distribution models, dynamic occupancy modeling that account for detection probabilities, and coupled species distribution-metapopulation demographic models. Such modeling approaches allow for deeper inferences regarding the biological processes that actually drive shifts in species distributions over space and time. The main findings of my thesis include: (1) biotic vegetation factors improve species distribution model predictive accuracy measures across both seasonal ranges, and this has non-negligible consequences for spatial conservation priorities under climate change, (2) determinants of seasonal distributions of migratory birds tend to be dominated by abiotic factors, while seasonal differences within species suggest a role for dynamic seasonal niches, (3) short-term habitat changes can more strongly influence local extinction probabilities relative to inter-annual variation in weather suggesting that the temporal scale of climate change and habitat loss requires careful consideration, and (4) accounting for multiple sources of uncertainties is essential for improving models and can help inform robust management actions.	Ph.D.	climate, weather, ecology	13, 14
Nault, Johnathan Daniel	Karney, Bryan W.	Comprehensive Simulation of One-Dimensional Unsteady Pipe Network Hydraulics: Improved Formulations and Adaptive Hybrid Modeling	Civil Engineering	2017-11	From municipal water supply to wastewater collection, pressurized pipe networks form the basis of many urban water systems. Numerical models are essential for analyzing their unsteady hydraulics, but there are multiple types of models with poorly understood ranges of applicability. Water hammer models feature greater physical accuracy, making them suitable for highly dynamic conditions. They are, however, more computationally demanding than the simpler yet less accurate rigid water column (RWC) and quasi-steady models. Unsteady hydraulic analyses require solution methods that are both physically accurate and computationally efficient; accordingly, there is an accuracy-efficiency trade-off. To balance these competing demands, this thesis presents an adaptive hybrid transient model (AHTM) capable of simulating the full range one-dimensional unsteady pipe network hydraulics. In developing the comprehensive AHTM, a number of gaps in the literature are addressed. A novel RWC formulation is first proposed, one that overcomes the numerical challenges of previous published work. This is subsequently combined with unsteady flow characterization indices and an adaptive scheme to form an incompressible flow AHTM. Essentially, a more demanding yet more physically accurate model is used only when necessary for efficiency; though powerful, the framework does not consider unsteady-compressible flow. The third objective concerns models for such conditions. A flexible water hammer formulation is introduced that generalizes the method of characteristics and the wave characteristics method, two predominant numerical approaches. Finally, the culmination of this thesis combines each of the aforementioned into a single comprehensive, flexible, and efficient AHTM. The AHTM is shown to adapt to the degree of unsteadiness and, more importantly, individual analyses. Results of this work ultimately benefit practical analyses of unsteady pipe network hydraulics. Not only can simulations be performed more efficiently, but they may encompass multiple transient flow regimes. Moreover, the key advantages of the comprehensive AHTM are its generality and adaptability.	Ph.D.	water	6
Neff, Margaret Rose	Jackson, Donald Andrew	Abiotic Conditions in Contrasting Environments: An Examination of Precambrian Shield Lotic Communities	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2011-11	The inherent complexity of the natural world has long been a central theme in ecological research, as the patterns and processes that govern ecosystems can operate at multiple spatial and temporal scales. It is clear that to develop general ecological frameworks, we must consider many different factors at different scales, and incorporate ideas from other disciplines. This thesis touches on several of these ideas, first through an analysis of literature, and then with field research examining the role of broad-scale abiotic factors on lotic systems. To determine how integrated aquatic science is currently understood among different researchers, I provide an analysis on communication and exchange of ideas among various subfields in aquatic science. I show that there are clear divisions within the aquatic science literature, suggesting that there is progress to be made on the integration of methods and ideas. Next, I examine the impact of a large-scale geological feature, the Canadian Precambrian Shield, on abiotic conditions in lotic systems, and how these conditions in turn influence the species assemblages of aquatic organisms. This is addressed with both historical survey data, as well as contemporary data, and as a whole, incorporates ideas concerning the relative influence of regional versus local factors, the importance of historical factors on species distributions, and the relationship between the abiotic environment and biological communities. These analyses show that there are distinct fish and macroinvertebrate communities in Shield lotic systems compared to those found in nearby off-Shield sites, indicating that the Shield is an important broad-scale factor influencing local biological communities. This finding, in conjunction with previous knowledge on the influence of historical factors, provides further insight on the structuring of lotic fish and macroinvertebrate communities in Ontario.	PhD	environment	13
Nejad, Mojgan	Cooper, Paul	Coating Performance on Preservative Treated Wood	Forestry	2011-06	Wood service life is significantly prolonged by the use of preservatives. Unfortunately, preservative treated wood is still susceptible to weathering degradation (UV and moisture) and subsequent leaching of preserving components. These negative impacts of weathering can be reduced by the application of a coating; however, the effectiveness of the coating depends on its characteristics, especially its compatibility with preservative treated wood. In this project, the performance characteristics of semitransparent deck stains were evaluated for untreated wood samples and for samples treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA), alkaline copper quat (ACQ) and copper azole (CA) over three years of natural and three months of accelerated weathering conditions. The parameters measured were water permeability, colour change, general appearance, checking of wood, and the coating‟s ability to reduce preservative leaching. Coatings were characterized in terms of glass transition temperature (Tg), solid content, viscosity, density, contact angle, surface tension, and film thickness. Also penetration depth of a polyurethane (PU) coating was examined using Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS). iii All the stains evaluated effectively reduced cumulative leaching of preservative components by about 60% on average. An analysis of the preservative gradients and residual soluble components in the ACQ-samples after weathering indicated that preferential leaching of monoethanolamine (Mea) is most likely responsible for the reduced amounts of available copper in coated treated wood samples. Also, a two-week screening test was able to provide accurate predictions of the long-term leaching performance of different coatings. There was a significant interaction effect between coatings and preservatives: solvent-based coatings showed better water repellency for CCA and untreated wood, but there was no significant difference in water repellent effectiveness between water-based and solvent-based coatings for ACQ or CA-treated wood. Overall, preservative treatments greatly enhanced coating performance. Image analysis of the samples subjected to 3 years weathering showed that coatings reduced surface checking by 30-40%. Partial least squares regression (PLS-R) modeling was used to correlate measured coating properties with their weathering performance characteristics. The modeling results showed that coatings with low Tg and high viscosity effectively reduce the leaching of preservative components and improved water repellency and visual ratings	PhD	water, weather	6, 13
Nelles, Jen	Wolfe, David A.	Civic Capital and the Dynamics of Intermunicipal Cooperation for Regional Economic Development	Political Science	2009-06	This thesis concentrates on the interplay of structural and societal factors in the development of regional governance though a comparative study of two Canadian (Toronto and Waterloo) and two German (Frankfurt and the Rhein-Neckar) city regions. It was inspired by the tendency, in both scholarship and practice, to turn to formal institutional reform to solve problems of regional coordination. Debates of new regionalism advocate a role for governance solutions, which encourage a broader spectrum of actors to engage in the policy process. However, the emphasis in most jurisdictions has remained on formal, institutionalized structures, imposed by senior levels of government. As a result, the construction and potential for bottom-up and collectively negotiated regional solutions are typically under-explored. This thesis builds a case for intermunicipal cooperation as an alternative approach to regional coordination, uniting the participatory concept of regional governance with functional flexibility of cooperative networks. It analyses what factors affect the emergence of these networks for governance in three areas of regional economic development: regional marketing, cultural policy and regional transportation. It argues that while regional structural, institutional and contextual variables are useful in understanding the emergence of development partnerships, they tend to have different effects in different cases. The thesis formulates and applies an innovative concept – civic capital – to capture the dynamics of building and sustaining regional governance networks. It is both a critique and extension of social capital approaches to regional development. Using the four cases the thesis argues that, where civic capital is high intermunicipal cooperation is more likely regardless of institutional and structural contexts. Consequently, the thesis makes a theoretical contribution to both literature on intermunicipal cooperation and broader debates on the dynamics of regional governance, development and social networks.	PhD	governance	16
Nelson, Elizabeth Amber	Thomas, Sean C.	Climate Change in the Canadian Boreal Forest: The Effect of Warming, Frost Events, Cloud Cover and CO2 Fertilization on Conifer Tree Rings	Forestry	2011-11	Anthropogenic climate change is expected to dramatically affect boreal forests, not only through warming effects, but through changes in seasonal and diurnal temperature patterns, precipitation, cloud-cover, and direct effects of rising CO2. My doctoral research examines the impact of these changes on dominant boreal forest conifer species, using dendrochronological methods. Through my analysis of white spruce (Picea glauca) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) tree rings across five Yukon Territory sites, I found that white spruce growth is showing growth declines in response to all three measured climate changes, with negative correlations between tree ring increment and spring and summer temperature, spring frost events, and growing season cloud cover. Lodgepole pine populations exhibited growth enhancement with increasing spring maximum daily temperatures, but generally neutral responses to warming summers, higher frost event frequency and increased cloud cover. To evaluate the effect of rising CO2 on boreal forest growth, I examined three representative managed forest stands across Canada, first building a model of climate effects, and examining temporal trends in the residual growth patterns. I found evidence for CO2 fertilization in Ontario black spruce (Picea mariana) and Manitoba white spruce populations, particularly at younger ages, but no growth enhancement in Yukon lodgepole pine. These results taken together suggest that Yukon white spruce may suffer pronounced growth declines under continued climate change, but more eastern spruce populations may be better able to benefit from increased carbon availability. Yukon lodgepole pine populations are less vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, but are also unlikely to exhibit significant growth increases in response to increasing temperature, frost events, cloud cover or rising CO2. The results from this thesis have important implications for future management of the Canadian boreal forest under progressive climate change.	PhD	climate, forest	13, 15
Nelson, Sarah Elizabeth	Wilson, Kathi	"They Seem to Want to Help Me": Health, Rights, and Indigenous Community Resurgence in Urban Indigenous Health Organizations	Geography	2019-06	At least 52 percent of the Indigenous population of Canada lives in cities (Statistics Canada, 2017a), yet urban Indigenous experiences continue to be underrepresented in both research and policy (Place, 2012; K. Wilson Young, 2008). Health care policy in particular is jurisdictionally complex for Indigenous people living in urban areas, leading urban Indigenous people to have limited options for culturally safe health care. Indigenous people living in urban areas frequently report negative experiences in health care settings, often associated with discrimination based on Indigenous identity (Browne et al., 2011a; Evans, White, Berg, 2014). Indigenous-led health organizations are one way that urban Indigenous communities have developed of counteracting such difficulties. This dissertation uses qualitative methods, grounded in principles drawn from Indigenous and decolonizing research, to examine the everyday experiences of Indigenous clients in health care settings in Prince George, British Columbia, Canada. Interviews and focus groups involving 50 Indigenous community members and 15 health services workers were conducted in 2015-2016. Intent on investigating the connections between urban Indigenous peoples’ inherent rights and Indigenous peoples’ experiences accessing health care, this research also draws on the growing body of literature on Indigenous community resurgence. It is guided by the following question: How does the work of Indigenous-led health organizations, in the context of settler colonialism, bring together Indigenous rights and Indigenous community resurgence for Indigenous community members in urban areas? Discussions about how to improve Indigenous people’s experiences in health care rarely touch on Indigenous rights, in spite of the fundamental importance of rights to self-government and self-determination to the health of Indigenous individuals and communities (Greenwood, de Leeuw, Lindsay, Reading, 2015). This study examines how discourses of rights, relationships, and resurgence come together in Indigenous-led health organizations.	Ph.D.	health, worker, cities, urban	3, 8, 11
Nerenberg, Jacob Aaron	Li, Tania	Terminal Economy: Politics of Distribution in Highland Papua, Indonesia	Anthropology	2018-11	Anthropologists have long debated the relationship between local scales of politics and global capitalism. This dissertation examines regional politics in (West) Papua—a contested territory where Indonesia encompasses New Guinea—in relation to the forces that incorporate the region into the world economy. It focuses on the Balim region of the Central Highlands, home to Papua’s largest indigenous population. It examines struggles around the distribution of material goods, especially basic food staples sold by merchants or distributed as government aid and rations. State distribution programs in the region have expanded under Special Autonomy, a decentralization reform implemented to defuse the conflict between Jakarta and the West Papuan independence movement. Combining ethnographic interpretation with economic history, the dissertation proceeds in three steps. First, it traces the transformation of the Balim food regime under the extractive forces of global capital—which has targeted Papua as a resource frontier, and compelled Indonesian migrant livelihoods to depend on commerce in Papua. The history of extraction and commerce set the stage for Autonomy’s expansion of food distribution—an expansion that has accelerated the indigenous shift away from self-sufficient food production. Next, the dissertation examines key sites in the incorporation process: peri-urban markets and minivan terminals that are nodes in regional distribution. These sites, where indigenous women sell produce and newcomer merchants sell imported goods, have been theaters of indigenous uprisings, inter-ethnic conflict, and commercial regulation initiatives. Finally the dissertation traces trajectories of indigenous youth who work in and around infrastructures, to show that the labor of mobile youth shapes how state distribution functions. Together, these threads illustrate how indigenous participation in Balim regional politics has sought to enact some control over the process through which the regional economy is relegated to an end-point position. Overall, the dissertation advocates for a world-systems anthropology that shows how global and material forces recur across scales. These forces confront populations at contested peripheries of Global South countries with the double burden of responding to their incorporation, and experiencing state distribution partly as a form of displacement.	Ph.D.	food, infrastructure, urban	2, 9, 11
Nesbitt, Michael	Dyzenhaus, David	Taking the (International) Rule of Law Seriously: Legality and legitimacy in United Nations Ad hoc Commissions of Inquiry	Law	2013-11	Contemporary ad hoc United Nations Commissions of Inquiry (UN COIs) operate during or in the aftermath of many of the world’s worst conflicts. Over the years they have met with mixed success, and a good deal of criticism, yet are thought to provide a vital and unique benefit. Today, that benefit is seen either as the promotion of accountability for criminal wrongdoing, where quasi-criminal inquiries investigate whether war crimes, crimes against humanity, or genocide has taken place; or, it is seen as laying the foundation for transitional justice reforms, whereby UN COIs map the social, political, legal and even economic landscape and provide “holistic” transitional justice recommendations. Yet despite these lofty goals and the perceived importance of UN COIs, there is very little research on UN COIs. That which does exist tends not to question their purposes or seriously interrogate their procedures; instead, it focuses on incremental measures to improve UN COIs’ processes and legal analyses. This dissertation seeks to provide the basis of a theoretical, principled approach to the creation and work of UN COIs, a normative platform upon which human rights monitoring methods can expand and a continuity of investigatory practice can develop. By treating UN COIs as legal bodies with legal obligations, this dissertation draws on Fuller’s conception of legality and the theory of “interactional law-making” to question the very purposes for which UN COIs are seen to exist and the procedures by which they operate. It finds that neither the holistic transitional justice purpose nor the quasi- criminal purpose is legally or practically tenable. Instead, UN COIs should operate as post-conflict bodies, and delve deeply into a relatively narrow aspect of a systemic problem. A commitment to legality and interactional law-making can also offer a curative to the most salient criticisms of UN COI procedures by improving the credibility, reliability, and impartiality – the legitimacy – of their operations and how they are created.	SJD	justice	16
Neumann, Alexey	George, B. Arhonditsis	Environmental Risk Assessment and Adaptive Management Implementation in Lake Simcoe, Ontario	Geography	2014-11	Addressing the problems of low deep-water oxygen concentrations and impairment of cold-water fish habitats in Lake Simcoe as a case study of a dimictic mesotrophic lake requires reduction of external phosphorus (P) loading. However, the efficiency of restoration efforts can be hindered by persistent internal P loading. This thesis develops a series of ecological and biogeochemical models, aiming at advancing our understanding of internal P recycling mechanisms in mesotrophic dimictic lakes. Special emphasis is given to sediment diagenesis processes and their interplay with the water column, macrophyte-mediated P retention, and the nutrient nearshore shunt induced by dreissenids. First, a continuous Bayesian network is presented to investigate the cause-effect relationships among physical conditions, ambient nutrient concentrations, and plankton dynamics. P sediment internal loading is subsequently quantified with a reactive-transport simulation model of the transformation of P binding forms. Sediment dynamics are then assessed under conditions of varying organic matter sedimentation and hypolimnetic oxygen levels. Finally, an integrated P mass-balance model is used to elucidate the internal P fluxes stemming from sediments, macrophytes and dreissenids. The model predicts that P diffusive fluxes from the sediments account for less than 30-35% of the exogenous P loading in Lake Simcoe. In the post-dreissenid invasion era, the limited decrease of the ice-free TP concentrations is indicative of the presence of active nutrient recycling pathways, potentially magnified by the particular morphological features and hydrodynamic patterns of Lake Simcoe, which counterbalance the direct effects of dreissenid filtration.	Ph.D.	water, recycl, fish	7, 14
Ng, Carmina	Young, Kue	Obesity among Pff-reserve First Nations, Métis, and Inuit Peoples in Canada’s Provinces: Associated Factors and Secular Trends	Medical Science	2012-03	Aboriginal Canadians (First Nations, Métis, and Inuit) have the highest prevalence of overweight and obesity compared to other ethnic groups in Canada. In order to assess the evolution of the problem over time and to understand potential risk factors, three studies were conducted using nationally-representative survey data. Direct comparisons between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Canadians from the same surveys provide important perspectives on the magnitude of health disparities that cannot be obtained by small regional studies that dominate the current available literature. Body mass index (BMI) trajectories from 1994 to 2009 were estimated for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Canadians. Aboriginal Canadians experienced higher rates of BMI increase over the 14-year period between 1994 and 2009. Rate of BMI increase was specifically higher for Aboriginal adults born in the 1960s and 1970s when compared with non-Aboriginal adults, and later-born cohorts had consistently higher BMI compared with earlier-born cohorts. The role of potentially modifiable lifestyle factors in obesity among Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal youth was also investigated. Compared to non-Aboriginal youth, consumption of fruits/vegetables and dairy products was lower, and more Aboriginal youth were "high" TV watchers. Physical activity participation did not differ between "high" and "low" TV watchers for both groups, and was associated with lowered odds for obesity only among Aboriginal youth. The complex relationship between obesity and socioeconomic status for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Canadians was explored. Employment status was strongly and negatively associated with obesity among Aboriginal men and women. Aboriginal men of high socioeconomic status (SES) were most likely to be obese, whereas Aboriginal women of high SES were least likely to be obese. Important descriptive and analytical information on an emerging and serious public health issue among Aboriginal people in Canada can inform the design and planning of intervention programs and development of public health strategies targeted at obesity.	PhD	socioeconomic, health	1, 3
Ng, Edwin	Muntaner, Carles	The Politics of Population Health in Canada: Testing Provincial Welfare Generosity and Leftist Politics as Macro-social Determinants of Population Health	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2013-11	This dissertation pools time-series and cross-section data among Canadian provinces to examine: (1) whether provincial welfare generosity (health, social services, and education expenditures), power resources and political parties (unions and left, centre, and right political parties), and political democracy (voter turnout and women in government) affects population health; (2) whether the effect of leftist politics channels through or combines with provincial welfare generosity to affect population health; and (3) whether provinces cluster into distinct political regimes which are predictive of population health. Data is retrieved from the Canadian Socio-Economic Information Management System (CANSIM) II Tables from 1976 to 2008 and Canadian Parliamentary Guides from various years. Population health is measured using total, male, and female age-standardized mortality rates. Estimation techniques include Prais-Winsten regressions with panel-corrected standard errors (PCSE), a first-order autocorrelation correction model (AR1), and fixed unit effects. Hierarchical cluster analysis is used to identify how provinces cluster into distinct regimes. Primary findings are three-fold. First, provincial welfare generosity has a significant impact in lowering mortality rates, net of other factors, such as demographic and economic variables. Second, the political power of left and centre political parties and women in government have significant negative effects on mortality rates. Whereas left political parties and women in government combine with provincial welfare generosity to improve population health, the effect of centre political parties is channeled through provincial expenditures. Third, provinces cluster into three distinct regimes based on left political party power and women in government: 1) leftist (Saskatchewan, British Columbia, and Manitoba); 2) centre-left (Ontario and Quebec); and 3) conservative (Alberta, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland). Compared to the leftist regime, centre-left and conservative provinces have significantly higher mortality rates; however, provincial welfare generosity accounts for most of the observed inter-provincial differences in population health.	PhD	health, educat, institution	3, 4, 16
Ng, Peter Quincy	Gough, William A	Assessing Forest Tree Communities and Assisted Migration Potential in Toronto’s Urban Forest as a Result of Climate Change	Physical and Environmental Sciences	2018-11	Projected climate change in the Toronto, Ontario, Canada area could greatly alter tree composition within the urban forest. Investigating biological change as a result of climate change is complicated due to the variability among climate model outputs and non-climatic influences on local vegetation. This study approaches the issues of composition change in tree species in Toronto through three interdependent studies. The first study is a comparison of Global Climate Models (GCMs) available through the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fourth and Fifth Assessment Reports, AR4 and AR5 respectively. Using a performance metric based on how well the GCMs simulate climate relative to observation, GCMs GFDL-CM3, IPSL-CM5A-LR and MPI-ESM-LR were determined to provide the best Canada-wide coverage for annual average temperature and precipitation changes. The second study correlates a series of biologically-relevant climatic variables to tree distributions of 134 North American trees east of the 100th meridian. The geographical absence or presence of a species was correlated to concurrent climate data, creating a species' climate envelope. Using climate projections from an ensemble of the GCMs GFDL-CM3, IPSL-CM5A-LR and MPI-ESM-LR for the year 2050, a suite of statistical regression and machine-learning techniques were used to predict a likelihood of suitability of trees in the Toronto area based on the derived climate envelopes. While the dominant beech-maple communities are largely projected to stay intact, future climate suitability is likely to shift away from conifers and northern hardwoods into more southerly deciduous trees. The third study evaluates using projected tree suitability whether an assisted migration through the translocation of tree species would be effective in the Toronto area. Of particular interest is the increasing climate suitability that likely will be beneficial to Ontario’s Species at Risk trees. However, the conservation of Ontario’s Species at Risk trees cannot be based solely upon projections of climate, a vulnerability assessment conducted in this study indicate that current pest and diseases threats coupled with and the loss of genetic diversity are also cause for concern.	Ph.D.	urban, climate, conserv, forest	11, 14, 15
Ng, Ryan	Rosella, Laura C	Risk Factor Epidemiology and Predictive Modelling Approaches to Understanding Chronic Disease Incidence	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2019-11	The chronic disease burden is a public health priority with most Canadian adults having chronic disease. Addressing this burden is a complex task requiring multiple stakeholders, including researchers. While researchers have traditionally studied chronic diseases individually “in silos”, studying multiple chronic diseases together is important because the results provide a comprehensive understanding of the overall health of the individual and the population. This dissertation contributes to the field of chronic disease research by elucidating the relationships between a person’s first chronic disease with shared lifestyle risk factors and applying this knowledge to create a predictive tool. To enable fresh perspectives about chronic disease incidence, various survival analysis techniques were applied. The first objective examined the relationships between shared lifestyle risk factors and the incidence of first chronic disease at a given age over the life course. This study found that most individuals will develop chronic disease prior to death, and heavy, daily smoking was the most important lifestyle factor for chronic disease incidence at a given age. The second objective focused on the Royston-Parmar model and its application for prognostic modelling in health research. The study found that this relatively new model was suited for prediction but has not been widely adopted for health research. The third objective developed and validated the Chronic Disease Population Risk Tool (CDPoRT), a population risk algorithm that predicted the incidence of multiple chronic diseases simultaneously over a ten-year period in the general adult population using routinely-collected data. The end product was a tool that consistently demonstrated strong predictive performance in estimating chronic disease risk. Overall, the studies capitalized on representative health survey data linked to administrative data to study the relationships between shared lifestyle risk factors and multiple chronic diseases, and leveraged these findings to create CDPoRT using traditional and novel survival analysis methods.	Ph.D.	health	3
Ng, Winnie Wun Wun	Jackson, Nancy	Racing Solidarity, Remaking Labour: Labour Renewal from a Decolonizing and Anti-racism Perspective	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2010-11	The study examines how Aboriginal workers and workers of colour experience union solidarity and explores the necessary conditions for the remaking of solidarity and the renewal of the labour movement. Grounded in anti-colonial discursive framework, the study analyzes the cultures and practices of labour solidarity through the lived experiences of Aboriginal activist and activists of colour within the Canadian labour movement. Utilizing the research methodologies of participatory action research, arts-informed research and critical autobiography, the research draws on the richness of the participants’ collective experiences and visual images co-created during the inquiry. The study also relies on the researcher’s self-narrative as a long time labour activist as a key part of the embodied knowledge production and sense making of a movement that is under enormous challenges and internal competing tension exacerbated by the neoliberal agenda. The findings reveal sense of profound gap between what participants experience as daily practices of solidarity and what they envisioned. Through the research process, the study explores and demonstrates the importance and potential of a more holistic and integrative critical education approach on anti-racism and decolonization. The study proposes a pedagogical framework on solidarity building with four interlinking components – rediscovering, restoring, reimagining and reclaiming – as a way to make whole for many Aboriginal activists and activists of colour within the labour movement. The pedagogy of solidarity offers a transformative process for activists to build solidarity across constituencies in the pursuit of labour renewal and social justice movement building.	PhD	inclusive, labour	4, 8
Ngo, Andre	Robert, Murphy	The Search for Genetic Structure and Patterns in Vietnamese Frogs	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2008-06	Vietnam has the greatest biodiversity of any country in Indochina. This diversity may be due to its topographically complex nature, with hills and mountains, drained by several independent river systems, covering three quarters of its area. Topographic complexity has undoubtedly had profound effects on the flora and fauna of the region. Recent surveys have uncovered several cryptic species in what were previously considered single widespread species. These discoveries have led some researchers to propose that widespread forest species do not, in fact, exist in Southeast Asia. To test these hypotheses, I examined patterns of mitochondrial phylogeny in several groups of frogs, both at and below the species level. Additionally, these analyses helped clarify the otherwise chaotic picture of anuran taxonomy and systematics. The stream–tied waterfall frogs of the genera Amolops and Odorrana were examined, the monophyly of the ranid subfamily Amolopinae was rejected, and taxonomic adjustments were made. The phylogeny of the Vietnamese narrow–mouthed frogs of the genus Microhyla was recovered and the current taxonomy examined. Patterns of maternal dispersal and genetic differentiation in mitochondrial DNA were further examined within Microhyla heymonsi, revealing geographic structuring and the existence of two sympatric lineages. Lastly, frogs of the Polypedates leucomystax complex were examined and two major, largely sympatric lineages recovered. Within these groups, 11 separate mitochondrial lineages identified. These represented separate species on the basis of advertisement call and allozyme evidence. The relationship of genetic differentiation and river systems was also investigated and common patterns among the different groups were explored. Clear genetic breaks occurred across both the Red River and the Annamite Mountain range, though most common patterns were groupings of populations along river drainages. While several cryptic species were identified, widespread groups likely representing single species still exist, and a phylogenetic component to broad distribution were noted.	PhD	water, biodiversity	6, 15
Nguyen, Brian	Sinton, David	Analytical Methods and Devices for Bioenergy and Global Change Science	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2018-11	Human activity is driving global change. Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion results in global effects including increases in temperatures as well as ocean acidification. Further, human-induced global change extends beyond carbon dioxide to pollution including microplastics. It is important to understand the impacts of global change and to optimize ways to mitigate it via technologies like biofuels. This thesis details devices and methods developed with the overall goal to enable experiments to increase this understanding. Specifically, this thesis presents devices and methods to (1) increase experimental throughput, enabling larger, multi-parameter experimental designs; (2) measure endpoints previously impractical to measure; and (3) inform laboratory experiments by improving the methods for obtaining data from environmental samples to set appropriate dosing levels. First, I developed a device which maps microalgae growth as a function of light and nutrients using a hydrogel-based concentration gradient generator to address experimental throughput in the biofuel context. Second, I developed a platform, incorporating a long-range aerogel-based gradient generator, a projector, and well plate compatibility to screen the effect of multiple environmental parameters on biota to further address experimental throughput. The third contribution is a digestible fluorescent coating for plastic particles that is stripped from the plastic upon ingestion by an organism; this can be used to determine if a plastic particle has been ingested in laboratory exposure experiments – providing the ability to measure cumulative plastic ingestion – a new endpoint. The last contribution is a method to bind iron nanoparticles to plastic in environmental samples enabling magnetic recovery, suited to recovering the smallest size fractions of microplastics from environmental samples for analysis– providing the ability to inform laboratory experiments. Overall, the four Chapters that make up the primary contributions of this thesis are technologies that allow experimenters to answer research questions in bioenergy and environmental science more efficiently. The methods and devices described in this thesis make technological progress but have limitations that prescribe caution when applying to new kinds of experiments. Nevertheless, with some adaptation, these technologies could further be applied to help answer several questions inside and outside of environmental science and bioenergy.	Ph.D.	energy, environment, pollut	7, 13
Nguyen, Patricia	Koren, Gideon	Optimizing the Pharmacology of Periconceptional and Prenatal Multivitamin Supplementation	Pharmaceutical Sciences	2009-06	It is highly recommended for women to take multivitamin/mineral supplements during the periconceptional and prenatal periods. Studies have confirmed that taking prenatal multivitamins prevents maternal iron deficiency anemia, and reduces the risk for neural tube defects (NTDs). To date, research aimed at optimizing the use of multivitamins before and during pregnancy has been minimal. My thesis focused on two challenges of periconceptional and prenatal multivitamin supplementation. The first challenge was gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events such as nausea and constipation which may be attributed to iron content and tablet size. Pregnant women are highly susceptible to GI adverse events since 80% experience nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. A prospective, randomized, controlled, open-label study was conducted to investigate whether a low-iron, small-tablet prenatal multivitamin can reduce GI adverse events, and improve supplement tolerability and adherence, relative to a high-iron, small-tablet prenatal multivitamin. We determined that low iron dose did not produce a significant difference, while small tablet size could be considered an important factor. Moreover, our results confirmed that adherence was poor in pregnant women. We were prompted to identify determinants which could predict adherence to prenatal multivitamins. Our retrospective study determined that predictors of adherence are rooted in women’s prior experiences with multivitamin use. The second challenge we addressed was achieving adequate blood folate concentrations for prevention of NTDs. If adherence is poor, standard dosing of 0.4-1 mg folic acid may not produce the blood folate concentrations needed in women prior to conception. We investigated the pharmacokinetics of 5 mg folic acid. Our prospective, parallel, open-labeled study, comparing a single dose of 5 mg to 1.1 mg folic acid, confirmed that folic acid follows linear (proportional) pharmacokinetics. However, our prospective, randomized, controlled, open-labeled, multiple-dose study determined that repeated use of folic acid at these 2 doses followed non-linear pharmacokinetics. Nevertheless, our data confirmed that 5 mg folic acid can produce higher blood folate concentrations, with a faster rate, which can counter the effect of poor adherence. In conclusion, optimal use of prenatal multivitamins requires improvements in supplement tolerability, adherence, and pharmacokinetics which depend on supplement formulations, and individualized assessment and counseling.	PhD	women	5
Nguyen, Phong Thanh	Sinton, David	Microfluidic and Micro-core Methods for Enhanced Oil Recovery and Carbon Storage Applications	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2016-06	Injection of CO2 into the subsurface, for both storage and oil recovery, is an emerging strategy to mitigate atmospheric CO2 emissions and associated climate change. In this thesis microfluidic and micro-core methods were developed to inform combined CO2-storage and oil recovery operations and determine relevant fluid properties. Pore scale studies of nanoparticle stabilized CO2-in-water foam and its application in oil recovery to show significant improvement in oil recovery rate with different oils from around the world (light, medium, and heavy). The CO2 nanoparticle-stabilized CO2 foams generate a three-fold increase in oil recovery (an additional 15% of initial oil in place) as compared to an otherwise similar CO2 gas flood. Nanoparticle-stabilized CO2 foam flooding also results in significantly smaller oil-in-water emulsion sizes. All three oils show substantial additional oil recovery and a positive reservoir homogenization effect. A supporting microfluidic approach is developed to quantify the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) - a critical parameter for combined CO2 storage and enhanced oil recovery. The method leverages the inherent fluorescence of crude oils, is faster than conventional technologies, and provides quantitative, operator-independent measurements. In terms of speed, a pressure scan for a single minimum miscibility pressure measurement required less than 30 min, in stark contrast to days or weeks with existing rising bubble and slimtube methods. In practice, subsurface geology also interacts with injected CO2. Commonly carbonate dissolution results in pore structure, porosity, and permeability changes. These changes are measured by x-ray microtomography (micro-CT), liquid permeability measurements, and chemical analysis. Chemical composition of the produced liquid analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) shows concentrations of magnesium and calcium. This work leverages established advantages of microfluidics in the new context of core-sample analysis, providing a simple core sealing method, small sample size, small volumes of injection fluids, fast characterization times, and pore scale resolution. Lastly, a microfluidic approach is developed to analyze the complex, multiphase fluid interactions in CO2 enhanced oil recovery at relevant reservoir temperature and pressure. Fluorescence imaging is applied to visualize and measure the effect of CO2 pressure on contact angles changes at the pore scale.	Ph.D.	water, climate	6, 13
Ni, Qing	Kirk, Donald W||Thorpe, Steven J	Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5 as an Anode Material in Electro-oxidation of Organic Compounds for Wastewater Treatment	Chemical Engineering Applied Chemistry	2016-11	Titanium-supported antimony-tin oxide (Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5) is a type of anode material that has shown high current efficiency in the electro-oxidation of organic compounds. It has potential application in the treatment of municipal wastewater. This work has advanced the theoretical background and application of this anode material for the oxidation of organics. First, anodes were fabricated using various techniques developed in this work. Different fabrication methods resulted in different levels of antimony-to-tin ratios in the coating and consequently affected its electrocatalytic ability to degrade organics. The fabricated electrodes were tested for their catalysis and kinetics in the oxidation of organics, using oxalic acid as a model target organic compound. The measured catalytic efficiency of the anode was determined to be associated with its composition and surface structure. Then, an in-depth analysis of the structure of the electrodes was carried out using photoelectron spectroscopy. The transient oxide layers discovered in this study were associated with the impedance of the anode and could contribute to the deactivation of this anode material. The long-term stability of some of the electrodes was tested, and the results suggested that these anodes were stable under mild operating conditions. To investigate the effect of the operating conditions on the efficiency of organic oxidation, electrolysis experiments were conducted in simulated and real wastewater. The outcomes of these tests suggested that the mass transport of the dissolved organic species in the wastewater was a major limiting factor that lowered the current efficiency in the electro-oxidation of organic compounds. Fluid dynamics and mass transport inside an electrolyzer was modeled, in order to understand the influence of operating conditions on the transport of organic compounds and the energy economy in a wastewater treatment plant. The findings in this study will contribute to the understanding of the wastewater treatment on the antimony-tin-oxide electrode material and the application of electrochemistry in environmental protection.	Ph.D.	waste, water	6, 12
Nichol, Kathryn Anne	Holness, Dorothy Linn	Behind the Mask: Determinants of Nurses' Adherence to Recommended Use of Facial Protective Equipment to Prevent Occupational Transmission of Communicable Respiratory Illness in Acute Care Hospitals	Medical Science	2010-11	Background - Communicable respiratory illness is a serious occupational threat to healthcare workers. A key reason for occupational transmission is failure to implement appropriate barrier precautions. Facial protective equipment, including surgical masks, respirators and eye/face protection, is the least adhered to type of personal protective equipment used by healthcare workers, yet it is an important barrier precaution against communicable respiratory illness. Objectives - To describe nurses’ adherence to recommended use of facial protective equipment and to identify the factors that influence adherence. Methods - A two-phased study was conducted. Phase 1 was a cross-sectional survey of nurses in selected units of six acute care hospitals in Toronto, Canada. Phase 2 was a direct observational study of critical care nurses. Results – Of the 1074 nurses who completed surveys (82% response rate), 44% reported adherence to recommended use of facial protective equipment. Multivariable analysis revealed four organizational predictors of adherence: ready availability of equipment, regular training and fit testing, organizational support for health and safety, and good communication. Following the survey, 112 observations in 14 intensive care units were conducted that showed a 44% competence rate with proper use of N95 respirators. Common gaps included failure to verify the seal and touching the face piece. Multivariable analysis revealed knowledge of recommended use of facial protective equipment as a significant predictor of competence. Discussion – Despite the SARS experience and the resulting investment in our public health system, nurses’ adherence to recommended use of facial protective equipment and competence in effective use of N95 respirators remains suboptimal. To improve adherence, organizational leaders should focus on equipment availability, training and fit testing, organizational support for health and safety, and positive communication. To improve competence in effective use of N95 respirators, strategies to increase knowledge should be implemented. These efforts should assist to reduce occupational transmission of communicable respiratory illness and foster a healthier and safer working environment for nurses.	PhD	health	3
Nichols, Joshua	Gibbs, Robert B.	The Mark of the State: Reading the Writing of 'Right' in Hegel's Political Philosophy	Philosophy	2009-11	This project is a critique of the connection between lethal violence and justice within Hegel’s Philosophy of Right. Our critique focuses on three specific moments—moments that Derrida touches upon in Glas, but does not address in detail—namely, heroic vengeance, execution and warfare. By subjecting each of these moments to a close reading we will be calling into question the very possibility of an act of violence that can lay claim to being absolutely ‘necessary’ or ‘just’ either within its specific historical moment or from beyond it. The theoretical basis of the project closely parallels Jacques Derrida’s work on Hegel, in that it stems from a deconstruction of the connection between epistemology and ontology. This also has serious implications for the question of ethics. By tracing the play of différance through the semeiological structure of both theoretical and practical cognition Derrida’s work makes it possible to address the ethical implications of speculative dialectics from a non-dialectical angle. Figuratively speaking, the relationship between theoretical and practical cognition can be thought of as the relationship between reading and writing. As such, the title of the project is to be taken as a figurative reference to the connection between theoretical (i.e. reading) and practical (i.e. writing) cognition and by extension to the connection between epistemology, ontology and ethics. Addressed in this manner our project begins by tracing the silence (i.e. the ‘a’ of différance) that is, at one and the same time, a condition of the possibility and impossibility of meaning. This silence has serious ramifications for Hegel’s political philosophy. Hegel’s system sets out to ground the law within the ‘positive’ infinity of the Concept [Begriff] and thus, close the circle of philosophy. This project will attempt to expose the ethical stakes—and the ultimate impossibility—of Hegel’s ‘positive’ infinity by taking up the thread of lethal violence in the Philosophy of Right.	PhD	justice	16
Nielsen, Daiva Elena	Ahmed, El-Sohemy	Disclosure of Genetic Information for Personalized Nutrition and Change in Dietary Intake	Nutritional Sciences	2014-11	Background: Personal genetic information has become increasingly accessible as a result of consumer genetic tests. Proponents claim that the information may motivate positive behavioural changes aimed at chronic disease prevention, however, the effects of disclosing genetic information on dietary behaviour have not been well explored.Objectives: To determine the effects of DNA-based dietary advice on intakes of caffeine, vitamin C, added sugar and sodium, as well as to explore individual perceptions of genetic testing and personalized nutrition. Methods: A randomized trial was conducted with men and women aged 20-35 years (n=138). Subjects in the intervention group (I) were given DNA-based dietary advice and those in the control group (C) were given general dietary recommendations. Food frequency questionnaires were collected at baseline, 3- and 12-months and general linear models were used to compare changes in intake between groups. A survey was completed at baseline, the intervention point, and 3- and 12-months to assess perceptions between groups. The chi-square test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to compare responses.Results: Subjects in the intervention group were more likely to agree that the advice would be useful when considering diet (88% [I] vs. 72% [C]; p=0.02). A significant reduction in sodium intake was observed at 12-months among subjects who received DNA-based advice when compared to the control group (mean ± SE: -287.3 ± 114.1 mg/day [I] vs. 129.8 ± 118.2 mg/day [C]; p=0.008). Compared to baseline, subjects rated higher agreement with the statement "I am interested in the relationship between diet and genetics" at 3-months (mean change ± SD: 0.28 ± 0.99, p=0.0002) and 12-months (0.20 ± 1.04, p=0.02). The majority of subjects indicated that a university research lab (47%) or healthcare professional (41%) were the best sources for obtaining accurate personal genetic information, while direct-to-consumer genetic testing company received the fewest selections (12%). Most subjects (56%) considered registered dietitians to be the best source of personalized nutrition.Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that DNA-based dietary advice is more effective than general dietary recommendations at motivating individuals to adopt dietary changes for certain nutrients, and therefore, may be more useful for chronic disease prevention.	Ph.D.	food, health, consum	2, 3, 12
Ninglekhu, Sabin	Rankin, Katharine N	Mutable Aspirations and Uncertain Futures: Everyday life and The Politics of Urgency in Kathmandu	Geography	2016-11	This dissertation interrogates the right to the city as a category of analysis with recourse to an account of extreme marginality. As a starting premise, it seeks inspiration from Kristin Ross’ (1987) take on everyday life as a site of dominant relations of power on the one hand, and an incubator of utopian possibilities on the other. To this end, the dissertation probes three key questions. The first question asks: what are the conditions of possibility enabling the “slum dwellers” (sukumbasi in Nepali) in Kathmandu, Nepal, to make claims for the right to the city? I document the rituals of everyday life and the capacity to make claims that are organized through a metaphorical framework of a “house with three pillars." The second question broaches the issue of how claims for a right to the city come up against governmental programs seeking to secure norms of private property, environmental sustainability, and elite aesthetics. It asks: How does the threat of violence forge sukumbasi political subjectivity and inform renewed strategies of inhabitance? The third question investigates what implications these strategies have for diminishing, or modifying, the right to the city project? The last two questions prompt us to locate the practices of the poor within the context of a “politics of urgency” – an ad hoc creative and counterintuitive “non-movement” forged in the crucible of crisis, in which the organized ritual of everyday life is disrupted and stretched in new and uncertain directions. It is under these conditions that the demand for the right to the city loses its aspirational spirit on the one hand, while ushering in an evolving politics of possibility, on the other. In considering the politics and contingencies of the right to the city, we are presented with a stark understanding of the possibilities and limits of the political aspirations of the poor. The dissertation draws on ethnographic research of “the slum” in Kathmandu, and aims to combine Postcolonial Urbanism, Planning Theory and Critical Urban Studies to constructively probe the role of urban everyday life in troubling the political contours of the right to the city project.	Ph.D.	urban, environment	11, 13
Njelesani, Janet E.	Polatajko, Helene J.	Examining Sport-for-development Using a Critical Occupational Approach to Research	Rehabilitation Science	2012-11	Operating under the rubric of sport-for-development, nongovernmental organizations have mobilized sport activities as a tool for international development. Along with these initiatives, a scholarly analysis of the phenomenon has emerged. However, this body of research has not included analysis from a critical occupational perspective. This is a conspicuous shortcoming since, in the language of occupational science, sport-for-development initiatives are occupation-based programs. This study explored sport-for-development using a critical occupational approach to research I constructed, wherein the central site of knowledge production was occupations used in sport-for-development programs. Through five case studies with sport-for-development organizations in Lusaka, Zambia, I describe how staff and youth participants spoke about and understood the use of sport occupations in sport-for-development programs and the sport-for-development ideologies and practices in Zambia and how these shaped the participation of youth. Data generation included observing program activities, interviewing participants, and analyzing organization documents. The findings drew attention to the form, function, and meaning of the sport occupations used in sport-for-development, and illuminate that football, which is a heavily gendered and segregated sport, was constructed as the preferential activity for programs. This prioritization of football, in conjunction with a hierarchical, authoritative approach to decision making, and focus on the development of youths’ sports skills, led to athletic, non-disabled boys living in urban areas being the primary beneficiaries of the programs. I argue that the ideological beliefs that re/produced these understandings contributed to occupational injustices by (1) contributing to the practice of sport being used uncritically as an activity for all youth, (2) perpetuating what were considered acceptable activities for boys and girls in the local context to do, and (3) defining boys in opposition to girls, rural youth, poor youth, and youth with disabilities from both genders. Finally, I propose directions for institutionally-orientated actions to address occupational injustices and consideration of the wider uses and implications of a critical occupational approach within health and social research.	PhD	institution	16
Norman, Alison Elizabeth	Morgan, Cecilia	Race, Gender and Colonialism: Public Life among the Six Nations of Grand River, 1899-1939	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2010-06	Six Nations women transformed and maintained power in the Grand River community in the early twentieth century. While no longer matrilineal or matrilocal, and while women no longer had effective political power neither as clan mothers, nor as voters or councillors in the post-1924 elective Council system, women did have authority in the community. During this period, women effected change through various methods that were both new and traditional for Six Nations women. Their work was also similar to non-Native women in Ontario. Education was key to women’s authority at Grand River. Six Nations women became teachers in great numbers during this period, and had some control over the education of children in their community. Children were taught Anglo-Canadian gender roles; girls were educated to be mothers and homemakers, and boys to be farmers and breadwinners. Children were also taught to be loyal British subjects and to maintain the tradition of alliance with Britain that had been established between the Iroquois and the English in the seventeenth century. With the onset of the Great War in 1914, Six Nations men and women responded with gendered patriotism, again, in ways that were both similar to Anglo-Canadians, and in ways that were similar to traditional Iroquois responses to war; men fought and women provided support on the home-front. Women’s patriotic work at home led to increased activity in the post-war period on the reserve. Six Nations women made use of social reform organizations and voluntary associations to make improvements in their community, particularly after the War. The Women’s Institutes were especially popular because they were malleable, practical, and useful for rural women’s needs. Women exerted power through these organizations, and effected positive change on the reserve.	PhD	gender, women	5
Norman, Moss Edward	MacNeill, Margaret	Living in the Shadow of an "Obesity Epidemic": The Discursive Construction of Boys and Their Bodies	Exercise Sciences	2009-11	This dissertation is about boys and fatness. In it I explore the central discourses that shape young men’s (13-15 years) experiences of their bodies, particularly in relation to body size, shape, and fatness. A central objective is to listen, hear, and take seriously the embodied health rationalities of young men as they negotiate the multiple and contesting discourses that confront them in their daily lives. I employ a feminist poststructural lens to account for the nuanced, alternative, and contextually specific ways young men think about and do health. Data collection was divided into three phases (non-participant observation, photo(focus) groups, and interviews) and was implemented at two Toronto area sites, including an exclusive private school and a publicly funded parks and recreation community centre. I demonstrate that there is not one way of experiencing fatness and masculinity, rather the young men’s constructions of fatness and health were fluid, shifting, contradictory and cross cut by other salient identity categories such as gender, race, ethnicity, social class, and age. Using Michel Foucault’s concept of governmentality, I show how obesity discourse provides a set of resources by which young men are able to construct themselves as autonomous, rational, neoliberal subjects, and how these subjectivities are differentially constituted depending on social and cultural positioning. I also reveal how differently raced and classed young men take up and embody normative ideals of the lean muscular male body through culturally appropriate masculine technologies of the self (i.e. sport and heterosexuality). The multiplicity of health and body discourses available to the young men gave rise to contested and ambivalent experiences and practices, such that dominant discourses were not always articulated in a straightforward and predictable manner, but were imbued with alternative and, in some cases, subversive meanings. To date, the social sciences have neglected to account for the relationship boys and men have with fatness discourses. By centering the analysis on the embodied experiences of diverse racialized and classed youth, this research demonstrates that weight and shape is more than a biomedical problem to be eradicated, but a discursively compelled embodiment that exists at the crossroads of the social, cultural, psychic, and biologic.	PhD	health, gender	3, 5
North, Michelle Leanne	Silverman, Frances ||Scott, Jeremy A.	L-arginine Metabolism Regulates Airways Responsiveness in Asthma and Exacerbation by Air Pollution	Medical Science	2011-06	Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease with a high prevalence in Western countries, including Canada, and increased exacerbations have been associated with ambient air pollution. The maintenance of airways tone is critically dependent on the endogenous bronchodilator, nitric oxide (NO). The nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoenzymes produce NO from the amino acid, L-arginine, and competition for substrate with the arginase isoenzymes can limit NO production. Imbalances between these pathways have been implicated in the airways hyperresponsiveness (AHR) of asthma. The overall objective of this work was to determine whether arginase and downstream polyamine metabolites are functionally involved in airways responsiveness in animal models of asthma and the adverse responses of allergic animals to air pollution. To this purpose, the expression profiles of proteins involved in L-arginine metabolism were determined in lung tissues from human asthmatics and murine models of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced airways inflammation. Expression of arginase 1 was increased in human asthma and animal models. Competitive inhibition of arginase attenuated AHR in vivo. The roles of the downstream metabolites of arginase, the polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) were examined by administering them via inhalation to anaesthetized mice. It was demonstrated that spermine increases methacholine responsiveness in normal and allergic mice. Additionally, inhibition of polyamine synthesis improved AHR in a murine model. Thus, arginase and downstream polyamine metabolites contribute to AHR in asthma. Finally, the potential role of arginase in the exacerbation of asthma by air pollution was investigated. For this purpose, murine sub-acute and chronic murine models of allergic airways inflammation were employed, which exhibit inflammatory cell influx and remodeling/AHR, respectively, to determine the role of arginase in the response to concentrated ambient fine particles plus ozone. Allergic mice that were exposed to air pollution exhibited increased arginase activity and expression, compared to filtered air-exposed controls. Furthermore, inhibition of arginase attenuated the air pollution-induced AHR. Thus, the studies of the arginase pathway and downstream metabolites described in this thesis indicate that arginase inhibition may be a therapeutic target in asthma and may also protect susceptible populations against the adverse health effects of air pollution.	PhD	health, pollut	3, 13
Novak, Christine	Katz, Joel	Biomedical and Psychosocial Factors Associated with Pain and Disability after Peripheral Nerve Injury	Medical Science	2010-11	The main objective of my dissertation was to evaluate the biomedical and psychosocial factors associated with pain and disability in patients following traumatic upper extremity nerve injuries. This was approached by conducting 3 studies. The first study surveyed peripheral nerve surgeons regarding the assessment of pain in patients with nerve injury. The results showed that only 52% of surgeons always evaluate pain in patients referred for motor/sensory dysfunction. Pain assessment frequently includes verbal response and assessment of psychosocial factors is infrequent. The second study was a retrospective review to assess disability, as measured by the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH), in patients with chronic nerve injury. Results showed substantial disability (mean DASH 52 + 22) and a significantly lower health status (p < 0.001) compared with well-established norms. In the regression model, the factors associated with the DASH (R2 = 44.5%) were pain, older age and nerve injured. The third study was a cross-sectional evaluation of the biomedical and psychosocial factors associated with pain and disability after upper extremity nerve injury in 158 patients. DASH scores were significantly higher in patients with workers’ compensation or litigation (p = 0.03), brachial plexus injuries (p < 0.001) and unemployed patients (p < 0.001). In the multivariable regression analysis, the final model explained 52.7% of the variance with these predictors; pain intensity (Beta = .230, p = 0.006), nerve injured (Beta = -.220, p = 0.000), time since injury (Beta = -.198, p = 0.002), pain catastrophizing (Beta = .192, p = 0.025), age (Beta = .187, p = 0.002), work status (Beta = .179, p = 0.008), cold sensitivity (Beta = .171, p = 0.015), depression score (Beta = .133, p = 0.066), workers’ compensation/litigation (Beta = .116, p = 0.049) and gender (Beta = -.104, p = 0.09). Future investigation regarding treatments of the factors that are associated with disability and chronic pain will assist to improve health related quality of life in patients with traumatic nerve injury.	PhD	health	3
Novak, Elizabeth Nancy	Pascal, Charles	Creating Culture Change: A Study Of How Evidence Is Moved Into Practice For Implementation Of A Public Policy Initiative In Ontario	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2014-06	The Ontario government, in an effort to close the gap between what we know (scientific inquiry) and what we do (public policy and practice) has, since 2009, supported implementation of the enhanced 18-month well-baby visit (18-month EWBV), in primary care practices throughout the province. Informed by the evidence, the 18-month EWBV represents innovation, an opportunity to expand the current, universal, 18-month check-up to a provision of care that supports standardized assessment at 18 months of age for each child in Ontario.This thesis begins in the author's experience, as a Program Consultant (Nursing), whose work it is to coordinate the development and implementation of provincial child development programs. As seen through the case of the 18-month EWBV, the study and its research are about knowledge work. Defined as a process that sees the creation of new knowledge during the transfer of knowledge in the context of the application of knowledge to clinical decision-making (Quinlan, 2009), the study is one of empirical inquiry. Understood that knowledge alone is insufficient to change practice, the study takes seriously the social and organizational processes of work and relations, often coordinated by documents (text) that shape the everyday experience of health professionals as they "invite or reject innovation" (Kontos Poland, 2009) that the 18-month EWBV represents.Using insights from institutional ethnography (IE) (D. Smith, 1987, 1999, 2005, 2006) as its method of inquiry, the study used experience as data and documents (text) as data. In its discovery, the study offers interview and document (text) analysis and maps knowledge work as those processes of work and relationship for the cause and effect of people's activities, made visible for how things happen as they do, in real life settings, for action that is coordinated, linked in relationship through documents (text), language, ways of speaking, and discourse, to organize experience (Turner, 2003, 2008; Webster, 2009).In its conclusion, the study moves beyond appreciation of knowledge translation (KT) as a set of individual processes and moves towards a new way of looking to understand and learn of the forces and processes of work and relation that shape change in the local context.	Ph.D.	health, institution	3, 16
Nowak, Joanne	Cranford, Cynthia	Extending the Social Model of Migration and Incorporation to Include Migrant Occupational Communities: The Case of Ghanaian Nurses	Sociology	2016-11	The flow of skilled migrants to Canada has increased significantly over recent decades. Considerable research has focused on explaining skilled migration and economic incorporation outcomes, with a focus on economic factors. This qualitative dissertation examines how skilled workers come to the decision to migrate to Canada, and how they navigate the skilled economic incorporation process and challenges that emerged along the way, with a focus on the social forces influencing these processes. To do so, the dissertation drew on the early social migration model advanced by Massey and his colleagues (Massey et al.1987; Massey et al. 1993), but extended this model by analyzing the influence of the migrant occupational community among skilled migrants. The project primarily draws on 18 interviews with Ghanaian nurses of varying ages, seniority levels and types of nursing training who migrated to Canada. The analysis revealed key social processes, within both the migrant residential community and what this dissertation has termed the â migrant occupational communityâ , which influenced skilled migration and incorporation. The migrant residential community had a generally positive influence on skilled migration perceptions and aspirations through a local culture of migration, as well as on migration decision-making via general information on better living conditions transmitted via migrant residential networks, similar to that predicted in the early social model. The migrant occupational community also had an importance influence on skilled migration. The migrant occupational culture influenced skilled migration perceptions and aspirations in positive and negative ways, while migrant occupational networks influenced migration decision-making by providing information and encouragement related to occupational conditions and opportunities abroad. The migrant occupational community played an even more significant role in shaping the skilled incorporation process, primarily via migrant occupational networks and to some extent migrant occupational associations, which helped navigate the numerous steps to skilled incorporation to resume the nursing profession. This dissertation makes two contributions. First, and primarily, it extends the early social migration model to include the migrant occupational community found among skilled migrants. Second, this project moves beyond an analysis of skilled migration and incorporation outcomes, to an in-depth analysis of the processes of skilled migration and incorporation, in line with Masseyâ s holistic social migration model focused on low-skilled migration, as well as a growing number of skilled migration studies.	Ph.D.	worker	8
Nowgesic, Earl	Myers, Ted	Antiretroviral Therapy Access, Acceptance and Adherence among Urban Indigenous Peoples Living with HIV in Saskatchewan: The Indigenous Red Ribbon Storytelling Study	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2015-06	Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) can be managed effectively with antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. However, Indigenous peoples living with HIV (IPLWH) in Canada are less likely than non-Indigenous peoples living with HIV to access and adhere to ARV therapy. To date, most studies examining this issue aim for statistical generalization and do not focus enough on contextual factors. To investigate this imbalance, a collaborative research effort called the Indigenous Red Ribbon Storytelling Study (IRRSS) was developed by the study investigator and 11 community partners. The purpose of the IRRSS was to examine how IPLWH construct and understand their experiences of ARV therapy use. The study used an Indigenous qualitative research design, critical ethnography, and a community-based participatory research orientation. Study participants included adults from two cities in Saskatchewan. Informed consent was obtained from all study participants, who also accepted a traditional offering of tobacco. The study involved two Indigenous sharing circle interviews comprising a total of 15 key informants including IPLWH, 20 individual IPLWH interviews, six IPLWH participant observation sessions, and a survey of socio-demographic and health information. Thematic data analysis was conducted using the Behavioral Model of Health Services Use and sensitizing concepts within the context of critical Indigenous qualitative research. Themes included holistic health care, culture, family and friends, and the value placed on respect and trust. The majority of IPLWH live with three interacting dimensions of social vulnerabilities. Their identity living with HIV is compounded by their substance use disorder and their social contexts as a culture-sharing group impacted by relations with the Nation State of Canada. Nonetheless, they are able to adapt positively to adversity, especially when appropriate underlying socio-structural mechanisms are in place to support their resilience. Recommendations were developed to improve the lives of IPLWH, most notably to involve IPLWH in anything that affects their lives, including needle exchange programs and holistic health care that is founded on Indigenous values, cultures and beliefs. Any consideration of access to, acceptance of and adherence to ARV therapy among IPLWH should view biomedical, behavioural and social aspects of care for IPLWH as an integrative system.	Ph.D.	health	3
Noyce, Genevieve LaBombard	Basiliko, Nathan||Fulthorpe, Roberta	Biochar and Wood Ash Impacts on Soil Microbial Community Structure and Biogeochemical Functioning in Managed Ontario Forests	Geography	2016-06	Biochars and wood ash could be used as valuable soil amendments in managed Canadian forests to counteract effects of full-tree harvesting and N deposition, such as soil acidification and nutrient depletion. However, large-scale application cannot be recommended without a thorough assessment of the impacts of these amendments on key aspects of the ecosystem. Characterizing microbial responses is crucial for predicting the overall forest response to biochar and wood ash additions, because soil microbial communities affect ecosystem health and functioning and aboveground plant communities. However, for biochars in particular, the long-term effects on the soil microbial community in temperate forested ecosystems are still unknown. Similarly, while there have been ongoing ash-addition experiments in northern European and South American forests, the variability in microbial responses makes it challenging to extrapolate to other forest types and few field-scale ash addition studies have been conducted in Canadian forests. This thesis examines the effects of adding biochars and wood ash to Great Lakes' St. Lawrence and Boreal forest soils, particularly focusing on changes to the structure of the soil microbial community and its biogeochemical functional ability. In a north-temperate, selection-harvested forest, biochar application had only minor effects on bacterial and fungal community composition, fungi:bacteria ratios, microbial biomass, and microbial C mineralization two years after addition. Ash addition to a clear-cut boreal forest and the same selection-harvested forest had similarly minor effects on microbial community composition and did not alter overall microbial biomass or microbial C mineralization. In a microcosm experiment, biochar and ash addition effects on P bioavailability depended on soil texture and tree species. A comparison of four-year-old biochar particles and adjacent soil showed that even when there were phylogenetic differences between biochar and bulk soil microbial communities, both groups had very similar functional abilities. Across all experiments, site-specific factors played a strong role in chemical and biological responses to biochar and ash addition. However, most observed effects were minor and transient, indicating that biochar and ash can likely be used as soil amendments in these systems without negatively disrupting the soil microbial community.	Ph.D.	forest	15
Nugent, James Patrick	Prudham, Scott	Resistance Along the Rails: Confronting Deindustrialization and Urban Renewal as a Neoliberal Socio-Ecological Fix through Social Movement Alliance-Forming in Toronto, Canada	Geography	2018-06	This dissertation analyzes post-Fordist social movement coalitions between labour, community and environmental groups that responded to, but also helped constitute, processes of deindustrialization and so-called urban renewal in Toronto, Canada between 2004-2015. I theorize this urban restructuring not only as a spatio-temporal fix but as a more encompassing “socio-ecological fix” that better accounts for the socio-ecological constraints and opportunities placed on the production of urban space for and by capital, labour and a wider range of social (movement) actors. The emergence, development, efficacy and impacts of two labour-community coalitions in Toronto are analyzed by integrating macro-scale theories of coalitions (i.e., eco-Marxist and Gramscian approaches) with social movement theory and ethnographic approaches. The Mount Dennis Weston Network (2007-2012) sought to create “green jobs” on a brownfield site before scaling-up into the Toronto Community Benefits Network (TCBN). The TCBN (2013-2015) aimed to win Ontario's first “community benefits agreement” (CBA) as a tool for leveraging rapid transit infrastructure investments to achieve other social and environmental policy objectives (e.g., employment equity, social procurement, environmental design, etc.). I appraise these coalitions as efforts to demand a right to the city—i.e., more democratic and egalitarian production of urban space (including the regulation of the urban metabolism)—and in terms of social movement alliance-forming that I define as a two-way shift in scale: an institutional broadening (or organizational scaling-up) and an ideological deepening (i.e. praxis). These social movement processes require more extensive on-the-ground organizing within neighbourhoods and unions without which coalitions risk becoming coopted and confined to negotiating minor concessions and trade-offs that deepen socio-ecological tensions and contradictions. In this way, discourses around “green jobs,” “sustainable cities,” and “community benefits” have been used by the state and corporations to organize consent for neoliberal urban governance (i.e., increased privatization and deregulation of the transit and energy sectors, and transit-led gentrification).	Ph.D.	energy, employment, labour, infrastructure, trade, cities, urban, environment, institution	7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 16
Nulman, Irena	Feldman, Brian M	Methodology Challenges in Behavioural Teratology Drug Safety Studies on Depression	Medical Science	2014	Numerous medical conditions in pregnancy require pharmacotherapy. A conflict between optimal maternal treatment and risk of fetal teratogenicity arises if drug safety is not assured. Behavioural teratology, the science of central nervous system impairments due to a variety of prenatal exposures, is an inseparable part of reproductive drug safety studies and addresses the long-term neurodevelopment of exposed children. Research in behavioural teratology is sparse due to lack of funding priorities and methodological obstacles related to statistical power, cost/time effectiveness, and multiple confounders (with the genetics being the most difficult to control for). Implementing an appropriate study design is critical in overcoming these challenges. Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder in women, and up to 16% of pregnant women with depression require pharmacotherapy. Selective transmitter reuptake inhibitors (STRIs) are widely used to control depression in pregnancy. The objectives of this thesis were to define the long-term neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to STRI antidepressants and to develop an advanced methodology for behavioural teratology in order to achieve the highest possible degree of evidence. Three studies were conducted using different designs. The first study measured the intelligence of three groups of children exposed in utero to either the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor drug venlafaxine, other STRIs (a disease control), or children of healthy women exposed to non-teratogenic agents. The second study included an additional group of children prenatally exposed to maternal depression, but not pharmacotherapy, in order to separate the effects of maternal depression from the effects of the antidepressant medications. The third study compared long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of children prenatally exposed to STRIs to their unexposed siblings. It was found that untreated depression is associated with adverse pregnancy outcome and increased rates of postpartum depression. Children of depressed mothers may be at risk of future psychopathology. Factors other than prenatal STRIs strongly predict children's intellect and behaviour. The sibling design was able to better control for genetic and environmental factors, was more cost-effective, and able to achieve more valid results with a much smaller sample size. This novel design should be implemented in behavioural teratology drug safety studies.	Ph.D.	health	3
Nwalutu, Michael Onyedika	Wane, Njoki	From Africa to Europe, Youth and Transnational Migration: Examining the Lived Experiences of Nigerian Migrant Youth in Malta	Social Justice Education	2016-06	Innovations in communication and transportation industries have improved and increased the potential for the movement of individuals, commodities, and capitals across international borders as they respond to global environmental and socio-economic stimuli. Extant studies have focused on adult transnational migrants, and youth migration is highlighted only in relation to the adult experiences. However, movement of young adults as independent transnational migrants is an emerging trend in international migration. There is a general lack of awareness on the working and living conditions of youth migrants. This research was therefore informed by the urgent need to understand the migration experiences of youth with the view of protecting young migrants and ensuring that migration leads to their development and those of their home and host countries. The thesis employs data collected with interpretative phenomenological analysis, IPA in a qualitative field study conducted in 2013 in the Republic of Malta to examine the lived experiences of Europe-bound migrant Nigerian youth. By resisting the banal Push and Pull explanations for transnational migration, which literally blames migrants and the countries of origin for current trends in global migration, the thesis advances the understanding of global youth migration from the perspectives of Indigenous world views, anti-colonial, and antiracist theories. It disturbs, and by so doing, unpacks as colonial project, the existing dominant imaginaries around immigrants from the developing world. These imagined mindsets have informed immigration policies and praxis that have continued to generate and sustain the migrant other. The study uncovered the enormous transit and settlement challenges that transnational migrant youth contend with as they are polarized into social and demographic opposites (male and female migrants, legal and illegal, citizen and alien) by the advanced border-surveillance technologies and authorities of receiving states. Within this intersectionality lies migrant struggles and resistance as they aim for the countries of their destination. It therefore concludes by recommending a holistic and multilateral approach to resolving the issues of global youth migration. The approach (es) adopted must include addressing the major driving forces of the 21st century migration, which is social insecurity and economic marginalization.	Ph.D.	innovation	9
Nyaga, Dionisio	Dei, George	Re-imagining Black Masculinity: Praxis of Kenyan Men in Toronto	Social Justice Education	2019-11	This study examined Black masculinity, the representation of Black men, and by extension the Black community. Black men in North America historically have been racially targeted and profiled in employment and education (school/prison pipeline). Black masculinity scholarship has actively represented this demography through diverse scholarships. While this may be the case, the opposite is equally true; the scholarly lens does not provide the overall picture of Black men. This exploratory/descriptive qualitative Afrocentric Indigenous narrative study applied post-colonial, anti-colonial, and critical masculinity theoretical frameworks to argue that Black masculinity is implicated in epistemological violence and imperialism. The study encompassed semi-structured interviews with 10 participants (Kenyan men in Toronto), allowing for open expression of their experiences. The Kenyan story has been missing in action; that is, the Kenyan racial experiences in immigration, education, and labour remain expunged and absent. Black masculinity has not focused on accents as a racial and gendered concept of erasing Kenyan men from social and political processes. The study is framed around the limits of Black masculinity and looks at immigration, education, and labour policies in Canada and how they expel Kenyan men from the body politic. Kenyan men that were interviewed said that though they are Black they are also African based on the complex act of accent multiplier.	Ph.D.	gender, employment	5, 8
O'Brien, Lisa	Koren, Gideon	Critical Determinants of the Risk-benefit Assessment of Antidepressants in Pregnancy: Pharmacokinetic, Safety and Economic Considerations	Medical Science	2009-03	Untreated depression in pregnancy may result in adverse health outcomes to both the mother and her unborn child. Pharmacotherapy with antidepressants is the most common treatment option for depression; however, the decision to treat with medication becomes complicated by pregnancy. Risk benefit assessments are critical tools to guide the treatment decision. Factors that should be included in these analyses include the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antidepressants in pregnancy and their maternal and fetal safety. The economic cost of untreated maternal depression is also important to keep in mind. When the pharmacokinetics of the antidepressants venlafaxine and bupropion were studied in pregnancy it was found that the apparent oral clearance rate of bupropion was increased in late pregnancy when compared to early pregnancy (p = 0.03). There was a trend for lower area under the curve for these medications when the third trimester was compared to the first trimester. When the metabolism of antidepressants was investigated using hair analysis it was found that there was increased metabolism in pregnancy when compared to the postpartum period for citalopram (p = 0.02) but not venlafaxine (p = 0.77). Follow up of depressive symptoms throughout pregnancy identified that depression scores were highest in the first trimester of pregnancy, which may be due to concurrent nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. A meta-analysis of paroxetine use in early pregnancy demonstrated that there was no increased risk for cardiac malformations; case-control studies had an odds ratio of 1.18 (CI95: 0.88 – 1.59) while a weighted average difference of 0.3% was found in case-control studies (CI95: -0.1 – 0.7%, p = 0.19) The direct medical costs incurred by the Ontario government due to discontinuation of antidepressant medications in pregnancy was estimated to exceed $20,000,000 CAD. The management of depression in pregnancy with pharmacotherapy is an important and complex issue. My study documents the advantages of conducting risk benefit assessments for vulnerable populations such as pregnant women with depression.	PhD	health, women	3, 5
O'Brien, Paul	Kherani, Nazir P.	Selectively Transparent and Conducting Photonic Crystals and their Potential to Enhance the Performance of Thin-film Silicon-based Photovoltaics and Other Optoelectronic Devices	Materials Science and Engineering	2012-03	The byproducts of human engineered energy production are increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations well above their natural levels and accompanied continual decline in the natural reserves of fossil fuels, necessitates the development of green energy alternatives. Solar energy is attractive because it is abundant, can be produced in remote locations and consumed on site. Specifically, thin-film silicon-based photovoltaic (PV) solar cells have numerous inherent advantages including their availability, non-toxicity, and they are relatively inexpensive. However, their low-cost and electrical performance depends on reducing their thickness to as great an extent as possible. This is problematic because their thickness is much less than their absorption length. Consequently, enhanced light trapping schemes must be incorporated into these devices. Herein, a transparent and conducting photonic crystal (PC) intermediate reflector (IR), integrated into the rear side of the cell and serving the dual function as a back-reflector and a spectral splitter, is identified as a promising method of boosting the performance of thin-film silicon-based PV. To this end a novel class of PCs, namely selectively transparent and conducting photonic crystals (STCPC), is invented. These STCPCs are a significant advance over existing 1D PCs because they combine intense wavelength selective broadband reflectance with the transmissive and conductive properties of sputtered ITO. For example, STCPCs are made to exhibit Bragg-reflectance peaks in the visible spectrum of 95% reflectivity and have a full width at half maximum that is greater than 200nm. At the same time, the average transmittance of these STCPCs is greater than 80% over the visible spectrum that is outside their stop-gap. Using wave-optics analysis, it is shown that STCPC intermediate reflectors increase the current generated in micromorph cells by 18%. In comparison, the more conventional IR comprised of a single homogeneous transparent conducting oxide film increases the current generated in the same cell by just 8%. Moreover, the benefit of using STCPC IRs in building integrated photovoltaics is also presented.	PhD	energy, solar, production	7, 12
O'Byrne, Marianne	Piran, Niva	A Prospective Analysis of the Influence of the Macrosystem, Biological, Psychological, Relational and Behavioral Factors on the Experience of Embodiment, Body Esteem, and Disordered Eating of Mothers during their Transition from Pregnancy to Postpartum	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2017-11	This investigation involved a prospective study of women’s experiences with their bodies during advanced pregnancy and at 3 and 6 months postpartum. The predictors included measures related to the macrosystem (Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Pressures for Thinness), and biological (Weight Difference from Prepregnancy, Fatigue, and Labour and Delivery Control), psychological (Depression, Anxiety, Internalization of the Thin Ideal, Maternal Beliefs about Competence, and Comfort with Breastfeeding), relational (Social Support and Relationship with Partner), and behavioral factors (Physical Activity, Breastfeeding Practice, and Sexual Relationships). In order to enhance the understanding of shifts in body experiences from pregnancy to postpartum, three different measures of women’s experiences with their bodies were used: Experience of Embodiment, Body Esteem, and Disordered Eating. A sample of 208 women completed these measures online, ages 19-46. Women were found to have more negative embodied experiences, lower body image and a higher rate of disordered eating patterns at postpartum compared with the pregnancy phase. Regression analyses were conducted to predict postpartum adjustment, highlighting the predictive power of pressures for thinness, the internalization of the thin ideal and pregnancy related weight change on women’s embodiment, body image and eating patterns at postpartum. In addition to these three factors, psychological factors, specifically anxiety and depression, appeared to play a stronger role than biological, relational, or behavioral factors or variables related to the macrosystem. Taken together, the results of this investigation highlighted the adverse impact of weight related pressures on women’s experiences with their bodies and the need to address psychological experiences.	Ph.D.	socioeconomic, women	1, 5
O'Hagan, Fergal T.	Thomas, Scott	Return to Work with Cardiac Illness: A Qualitative Exploration from the Workplace	Exercise Sciences	2009-06	Objectives: Research literature points to a range of “factors” that are associated with return to work outcomes but little understanding of the experience of workers, the strategies used to adapt, how work shapes and influences adjustment, and the trajectories that describe their return to work experience. The aim of this qualitative, workplace-based study was to characterize workers readaptation to the workplace and develop a substantive framework for return to work following disabling cardiac illness. Methods: The study used a concurrent, nested, mixed methods approach, using grounded theory to inform the sampling and analysis framework. Participant workers were 12 males having suffered occupational disability owing to cardiac illness and returning to work at a large auto manufacturing plant. Participants were purposefully sampled for a range of disease and disability experiences as well as a range of work roles in the plant. Data were derived from semi-structured in-depth interviews, standardized questionnaire measures of health-related quality of life and work limitations, observations within the plant, and extensive field notes and memos. Longitudinal information was obtained through follow-up interviews over a two to ten month period. Results: Participants had a range of illness impacts and representations and fulfilled diverse roles in the plant including assembly jobs and trade work. Thematic analysis revealed that participants used adaptive strategies including changing mindset in relation to work, building physical capacity and efficiency, managing relationships and work schedules, and using supports in the plant. Thematic analysis highlighted the importance of the nature of work, the quality of work relationships, organizational practices around accommodation and supports in the workplace including occupational health support. Conclusions: Worker adaptation following disabling cardiac illness involved a process of self-regulation including elements of illness and work representations, deployment of adaptive strategies to compensate for ongoing impairments, self-monitoring, goal setting and adaptive selection of work activities. Work demands, relationships and structures provide a range of possibility for self-regulation and quality of life. Implications for practice for work and health researchers and professionals as well as potential linkages to theory are discussed.	PhD	worker	8
O'Neill, Kristie L.J.	Schneiderhan, Erik||Silver, Daniel	Reframing the Nutrition Transition: Stabilizing Subsistence and Changing Diets	Sociology	2018-03	As the pace of food production and trade intensifies, and as distant localities find themselves impacted by global demands, scholars are raising questions about how diets are impacted. I examine how “subsistence expectations” (Haugerud 1995: 10-11 in Edelman 2005: 332) are forged in the face of changing trade practices, as governments and citizens make decisions about the kinds of foods to be eaten, and make decisions as to the kinds of foods to be avoided. The subsistence expectations that governments and communities forge about savouring traditional foods, adopting new foods, and even re-defining questionable foods can be at odds with “nutrition transition” predictions about dietary changes, and sociological predictions about how dietary changes are engendered in a global economy. Collectively, my research papers point to the importance of examining how countries, regional communities, and national communities regulate their food systems, and how the ways that countries and communities uphold and re-envision subsistence expectations are integral to the pace and character of dietary changes.	Ph.D.	food, trade, production	2, 10, 12
Obadia, Maya	McCrindle, Brian	Informing Physician Communication with Children Regarding Weight: Family Perceptions and Motivational Interviewing Tools	Medical Science	2013-11	The goal of this research was to understand perceptions of children with obesity (study 1), their parents (study 2), and physicians (study 3) regarding weight-related communication in primary care through qualitative methods. These perceptions informed a randomized clinical trial (Motivational Interviewing (MI) vs. education) (study 4) addressing physician identification and communication about weight in primary care. Studies 1, 2, and 3: Separate focus groups and individual qualitative interviews with 35 children with obesity (5-17 years of age), their 42 parents and 12 primary care physicians were completed. The aims were to understand how the three participants of weight-related discussions in primary care perceived communication and obesity management. Data analysis was completed using the fundamental descriptive method for content analysis. Children identified factors perceived to hinder and promote positive attitudes towards weight-related behaviour change. Parents identified familial factors and feelings, perceived physician practices (parent-physician interactions and child-physician interactions), and recommendations from parents. Physicians identified barriers to weight management, how they cope and their needs for addressing weight with children. Study 4: The aim of this randomized controlled trial of MI vs. education-based training for primary care physicians was to improve the identification of obesity and communication with children with obesity, and to determine the efficacy of the MI training on MI skill retention. Outcomes included changes in rates of BMI calculating, tracking and identification of obesity, change and retention of MI scores in those randomized to the MI group. Factors associated with primary outcomes were also identified. This study indicated that primary care physicians are a difficult group to engage as subjects for training interventions. Collective physician training in management of obesity is effective at improving BMI calculation and obesity identification rates. The MI training curriculum can be applied in a brief session and group format and results indicate adoption and maintenance of MI scores on empathy, collaboration and autonomy support. The studies in this thesis identify areas where communication about weight in primary care can be targeted. They highlight a potential for MI training and adoption of technique as means of improving counseling confidence. It also identifies challenges in physician enrollment and participation in trainings.	PhD	well being	3
Ogbogu, Ubaka Leo	Trudo, Lemmens	Vaccination and the Law in Ontario and Nova Scotia (1800 - 1924)	Law	2014-11	Since the discovery of smallpox vaccination in the late eighteenth century, Western societies have often confronted the question of whether the state can justifiably impose the procedure on its citizens in the interest of safeguarding general public health. This question is at the heart of ongoing controversies regarding whether to require mandatory vaccination to check a resurgence of childhood diseases such as measles. While there are social and medical histories of the application of vaccination to the problem of infectious diseases in Canada, much remains unknown about the legal history of the procedure, including, specifically, the nature and scope of legal mechanisms used to enforce vaccinations and the factors -- legal, social or otherwise -- that account for the effectiveness, success or failure of these mechanisms. This dissertation addresses this gap through the lens of the legal history of smallpox vaccination in Ontario and Nova Scotia in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. It provides an original, comprehensive account of vaccination law and policy in nineteenth century Canada, encompassing the factors and ideologies that triggered and shaped the legal regulation of smallpox vaccination, the processes, design, content and outcomes of legal regulation, challenges associated with the implementation and enforcement of vaccination laws, and the influence or impact of broader social and political arrangements and norms. It also provides a firsthand account of why and to what extent mandatory approaches to vaccination were utilized in preventing the introduction and spread of smallpox, how such approaches were fashioned, and the reasons why they succeeded or failed to achieve stated regulatory aims. The study shows that approaches to vaccination varied between Ontario and Nova Scotia, and that the effectiveness of vaccination policies depended on the design of legal measures utilized, strong and responsive (local) government, holistic approaches that eschew a singular focus on vaccination over other methods of fighting infectious diseases, the absence of ideological contests over the legitimacy of mandatory vaccination, availability of financial resources to support the administration of vaccination, heightened and sustained threats of infectious diseases, and a population that is generally supportive of public health interventions.	S.J.D.	health	3
Oldfield, Margaret A.	MacEachen, Ellen	Staying in the Workforce with Fibromyalgia	Rehabilitation Science	2015-11	Remaining employed with fibromyalgia can be difficult in the increasingly precarious work world, where employees are expected to be healthy and able to consistently meet their job demands. Fibromyalgia also lacks medical legitimacy, which brings a risk of damaged workplace relationships and potential workplace discrimination for people with this illness, affecting mostly women. Their home lives may also impact their ability to remain employed, in conjunction with their impairments. Yet, despite varying degrees of pain, fatigue, and other health issues, 44% of Canadians with fibromyalgia remain in the workforce. How do they do it? This thesis aimed to understand how, given the challenges of remaining employed, these women stay at work. It also considered other stakeholders in the women’s employment and what discourses underlie the accounts of all three groups. The thesis comprised two studies. First, a critical discourse analysis of fibromyalgia information materials found that they generally portray employment as incompatible with fibromyalgia and, when they very rarely mention work, employees are seen as responsible for self-managing their symptoms on the job. The second study sought the perspectives of women with fibromyalgia, their family members and workmates on how the women remained employed. That study found that employed women with fibromyalgia improvised disclosure dances to respond to everyday disclosure risks in workplace relationships. They and their family members and workmates portrayed the women as normal, valuable employees who had not ‘given in’ to their fibromyalgia. Social relationships, from empathetic to conflicted, figured prominently in these two identity-management strategies, through which participants tried to stop the stigma process. The thesis findings highlight the importance of workplace social relations to job retention for employees with invisible impairments. Implications for work disability literature, research using the triad/dyad data-collection method, workplace practice, internal and state workplace policy, and rehabilitation practice are discussed.	Ph.D.	health, employment	3, 8
Omand, Jessica	Maguire, Jonathon L||O'Connor, Deborah L	VITAMIN D AND HEALTH SERVICE UTILIZATION FOR UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS AND ASTHMA IN YOUNG CHILDREN	Nutritional Sciences	2018-11	Upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) and asthma are major causes of childhood morbidity. They are two of the most common reasons for children seeking health care in the outpatient and inpatient settings, posing a large burden on society and the health care system. It has been suggested that vitamin D may decrease airway inflammation and have an immune protecting effect, which may lead to a reduced risk of health service utilization (HSU) for URTI and asthma in childhood. If vitamin D has an impact on HSU for these common health issues, measures to increase vitamin D status could potentially reduce the burden of these diseases. This doctoral thesis uses observational methods to examine the relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in children ages 0-6 years, vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy and childhood and HSU over 2 years for URTI and asthma in childhood. Healthy children ages 0-6 years were recruited through the TARGet Kids! practice based research network from 7 primary care clinics in Toronto ON, Canada. Data from Ontario’s publicly funded health-care system was linked to TARGet Kids! data at the individual level and used to evaluate the relationship between vitamin D and HSU for URTI and asthma in childhood. I did not find statistically significant evidence to support an association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy and childhood and HSU for URTI or asthma in a sample (n=2926) of healthy children ages 0-6 years that generally had adequate vitamin D concentrations. However, due to the relatively low frequency of asthma outcomes, future studies could be conducted in an asthma prevalent cohort with low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Measuring asthma prevalence in young children is challenging, thus I conducted a measurement study to evaluate the agreement between the Ontario Asthma Surveillance Information System (OASIS) algorithm (a validated health services algorithm) and parent-reported asthma in children ages 1-5 years. The OASIS algorithm performed similarly to parent-reported asthma and may be a useful tool for identifying children 1-5 years of age to develop a cohort of children with a high likelihood of having asthma for inclusion into future studies.	Ph.D.	health	3
Ooi, Su-Mei	Pauly, Louis	The Transnational Protection Regime and Democratic Breakthrough: A Comparative Study of Taiwan, South Korea and Singapore	Political Science	2010-11	This dissertation explains why Taiwan and South Korea experienced democratic breakthrough in the late 1980s, when Singapore failed to do so. It explains this variation in democratic outcomes by specifying the causal mechanisms underpinning the international-domestic political interface of democratic development in these cases. New empirical evidence discovered in the course of this research has confirmed that transnational networks of nonstate and substate actors were an indisputable source of external pressures on the authoritarian governments of Taiwan, South Korea and Singapore during the late 1970s and early 80s. Foreign human rights activists, Christian missionaries and ecumenical workers, members of overseas diaspora communities, journalists, academics and students, along with legislators in key democratic countries allied to the target governments, were found to have raised the international profile of political repression by flagging them as reprehensible human rights abuses. Within the context of an international normative environment where human rights was increasingly considered a legitimate international concern, these transnational actors generated a negative international opinion of the target governments. Such grassroots pressures had the potential to raise the cost of political repression for these target governments with the effect of curbing repressive state behavior, thereby protecting key domestic actors with the potential to effect democratic breakthrough. The extent to which these external pressures could effectively constrain repressive state behavior depended, however, on the immediate geopolitical circumstances of each case. Geopolitical circumstances were also important because they could affect the strength of the protection regime. Thus, the exposition of the transnational protection regime as the causal mechanism underpinning the international-domestic political interface of democratic development requires that we specify the exact role of agency within the international normative and geopolitical contexts in which they operate. This dissertation develops such an abstracted causal model for the purposes of application in other cases and for policy analysis.	PhD	rights	16
Ooms, Matthew David	Sinton, David	Applied Plasmonics for the Cultivation and Study of Photosynthetic Microorganisms	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2016-06	This thesis explores nano-scaled plasmonic solutions to the problem of light capture and distribution in microalgae cultivation schemes. An evaluation of the effect of light quality on productivity under different photobioreactor geometries shows a 2x increase in productivity under 630-nm red light for low density cultures under low light intensity, compared to 534-nm green light. The opposite was true however when high density cultures are exposed to high intensity light â 534-nm performed 4x better than strongly ab-sorbed 630-nm red light. These results highlight the coupled influence of light quality and conventional photobioreactor design parameters. Wavelength specific, near-field plasmonic phenomena are then used as a means to couple light into cyanobacteria biofilms showing that plasmonic fields can be used to drive photosynthesis in living cells. 10-Âľm thick biofilms with maximum cell volume density of 20% vol/vol (2% more total accumulation than control experiments with direct light) were cultivated over three days. Far-field plasmonic phenomena were also applied to bulk cyanobacteria cultures to demonstrate a 6.5% enhancement in productivity. Resonant light is scattered back towards the culture increasing total ab-sorption while off-resonance light is transmitted. Supporting technology that enables patterning of plas-monic nano-features with a commercial CO2 laser system is also presented. Patterning speeds of 30 mm2/min and patterning costs of $0.10/mm2 are demonstrated which are ~30 fold faster and ~400 fold less expensive than e-beam lithography. Finally, crude oil characterization based on surface plasmon reso-nance is demonstrated, with applicability to both conventional and alternative energy industries. Bitumen-toluene mixture tests show a measurement sensitivity of 74o RIU-1, and a limit of detection below 1% toluene. Seven crude oils from around the world are differentiated with refractive indices spanning 1.44 to 1.56, with a sensor limit of detection of 0.0006 RIU.	Ph.D.	energy, solar	7
Orava, Brianna	Tourangeau, Ann	Retention of Primary Health Care Nurse Practitioners	Nursing Science	2017-11	The Nurse Practitioner (NP) role has emerged to meet the growing need for access to primary health care (PHC). To ensure that the NP role is sustainable and provides access to PHC for Ontarians, there is a need to examine NP work environments and NP responses to their work environments, such as retention. Currently, factors influencing the retention of primary health care NPs in Ontario are not well known. As Ontario continues to invest a large amount of health care spending in emerging PHC organizational structures to enable access to primary care, health human resource strategies for NP retention are essential. However, there is a paucity of literature on NP work, work environments, and their impact on important NP and health care system outcomes, including retention. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the underlying factors influencing retention of NPs in PHC in Ontario. The primary research question was: what are the effects of individual NP characteristics, NP practice characteristics, and NP organizational characteristics on PHC nurse practitioner intent to remain employed (ITR) in Ontario? A non-experimental descriptive cross-sectional survey design was implemented. Self-administered surveys were mailed to primary health care NPs in Ontario with follow-up using a modified Dillman approach. Two hundred and seventy-three surveys were completed resulting in a useable response rate of 52.9%. A hypothesized model of the underlying factors influencing ITR of NPs in PHC in Ontario was tested using multiple regression. Regression results indicate that administration-NP relations, work-life balance, and family situation significantly explained 14% of the variance in primary health care NP intent to remain employed in Ontario (p	Ph.D.	health, worker	3, 8
Orlowsky, Neil	Dei, George J. Sefa	Adoptive Witness - The Transmission of Collective Memory and Identity in the Israeli History Curriculum	Social Justice Education	2017-11	Discussions on formal education in Israel focus more on debating whether violent undertones, negation, othering and incitement exist in resources, and less on how curriculum fosters democracy and tolerance. This thesis study investigates how the adoptive witnessing of history embedded within mandated secular Jewish-Israeli history curriculum may be used as a tool of political indoctrination, through its reinforcement of psycho-cultural narratives and dispositions that perpetuate an ‘us’ versus ‘them’ siege mentality. This study analyzes one part of the Israeli Ministry of Education mandated history curriculum intended for use within Israeli state schools. Central topics within the examined Unit 5: Modern Israel’s teaching focus emphasize the birth of the “new-Jew” and a dominant narrative of Jews seeking to no longer be victims at the hands of oppressive Others. All data was coded according to four guiding themes, examining how the intended content may (or may not) legitimize and humanize the Other and their national aspirations, how it may be used to overcome suspicion of the Other, and whether the curriculum provides a balanced presentation of the Arab (Palestinian) – Jewish Israeli conflict. Findings reveal that the curriculum appears explicitly intended to promote the acknowledgement, legitimization, and humanization of a Palestinian Other, an understanding of causes and effects of decisions made at the time, and an awareness of the Palestinian perspectives during the events of 1948. Although findings show a shared responsibility perspective, the use of Jewish-Israeli force is presented as defensive security measures and aligned to similar perspectives on experiences Jews endured within Islamic countries in the same time period. This thesis reveals that the creation and reinforcement of a dominant collective Jewish-Israeli identity through formal education depends on the selective nature of the Other’s narrative that is presented within the discussion of key episodic events. As of the time of writing this thesis, it is concluded that while the secular Jewish-Israeli official history curriculum has made efforts to acknowledge, legitimize and humanize the Palestinian Other, this can only happen so long as the curriculum explicitly exposes students to the interconnectivity between their accounts of history and those of the Other.	Ph.D.	educat	4
Orr, Scott	Trefler, Daniel	Essays on International Trade and Industrial Organization	Economics	2019-03	This thesis contains three papers examining topics related to international trade and industrial organization. In Chapter 1, I develop a flexible methodology that uses profit maximization conditions to solve for unobserved input allocations, TFP, and quality across product lines in multi-product plants. I apply this methodology to a panel of plants manufacturing machinery in India from 2000-2007. I find that there is substantial variation in both TFP and quality across product lines within a given plant, and that quality and quantity based TFP (TFPQ) are negatively correlated. Finally, I find that increases in Chinese import competition led plants to reallocate their inputs towards higher quality products and away from their high TFPQ products, thereby generating within plant quality improvements, rather than productivity gains. In Chapter 2, which is based on joint work with Daniel Ershov and Jean-William Lalibert\'{e}, we use consumer level data from Nielsen to look at two products with natural demand complementarities and a history of regulatory activity - potato chips and carbonated soda pop. We estimate a discrete choice model that allows for demand complementarity across pop and chips, using a novel estimator that leverages information on bundle specific purchases from consumer micro data, as well as aggregate scanner data. We then simulate a number of anti-trust counterfactuals in the chips and carbonated soda market. Once demand complementarity is taken into account, a merger between the chips and soda producer PepsiCo/Frito-Lay and the soda producer Dr. Pepper will reduce chip prices. Soda prices will either increase or fall, depending on the market. By contrast, the standard discrete choice model predicts that soda prices would always increase following the merger. In Chapter 3, which is based on joint work with Daniel Trefler and Miaojie Yu, we review some recent methods for estimating productivity. We apply these methods to Chinese manufacturing data for 2000-2006, with the goal of determining the strengths and pitfalls of the various approaches. We find that irrespective of the approach used to estimate productivity, gross output production functions generate more sensible estimates than value added production functions.	Ph.D.	industr, production	9, 12
Osborne, Bethany Joy	Mojab, Shahrzad	The Art of Remembering: Iranian Political Prisoners, Resistance and Community	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2014-06	Over the last three decades, many women and men who were political prisoners in the Middle East have come to Canada as immigrants and refugees. In their countries of origin, they resisted oppressive social policies, ideologies, and various forms of state violence. Their journeys of forced migration/exile took them away from their country, families, and friends, but they arrived in Canada with memories of violence, resistance and survival. These former political prisoners did not want the sacrifices that they and their colleagues had made to be forgotten. They needed to find effective ways to communicate these stories. This research was conducted from a critical feminist‒anti-racist perspective, and used life history research to trace the journey of one such group of women and men. This group of former political prisoners has been meeting together, using art as a mode of expression to share their experiences, inviting others to join their resistance against state violence. Interviews were conducted with former political prisoners and their supporters and artist facilitators who were part of the art workshops, performances, and exhibits held in Toronto, Canada from January 2010 through December 2011. This dissertation examines the importance of memory projects and of remembering in acts of public testimony and the significance of providing spaces for others to bear witness to those stories. This research also contributes to the body of knowledge about the role that remembering, consciousness, and praxis play in individual and community recovery, rebuilding community, and continued resistance.	PhD	institution	16
Oswald, Claire Jocelyn	Branfireun, Brian	Hydrological, Biogeochemical and Landscape Controls on Mercury Distribution and Mobility in a Boreal Shield Soil Landscape	Geography	2011-11	Mercury (Hg)-contaminated freshwater fisheries are a global toxicological concern. Previous research suggests that the slow release of Hg in runoff from upland soils may delay the recovery of Hg-contaminated aquatic systems. Four complementary studies were undertaken in a small boreal Shield headwater catchment as part of the Mercury Experiment to Assess Atmospheric Loading in Canada and the U.S. (METAALICUS) to assess the controls on the retention and release of historically-deposited Hg (ambient Hg) and newly-deposited (spike Hg) in the soil landscape. In the first study, hydrometric and GIS-based methods were used to quantify thresholds in terrestrial water storage and their relationship to observed rainfall-runoff response. It was found that event-scale hydrologic response displayed a threshold relationship with antecedent storage in the terminal depression and predictions of event runoff improved when storage excesses from upslope depressions were explicitly routed through the catchment. In the second study, it was shown that the dominant source of ambient Hg to the lake was likely derived from shallow soil-water flowing through the lower, well-humified organic soil horizon. Throughout the catchment, ambient Hg to soil organic carbon (SOC) ratios increased with depth and the experimentally-applied spike Hg was concentrated in the surface litter layer, suggesting that the vertical redistribution of Hg in the soil profile is a function of the rate of decomposition of SOC. In the third study, canopy type was found to be a good predictor of ambient Hg and spike Hg stocks in the lower organic horizon, while drainage conditions were not, suggesting that vertical fluxes of Hg dominate over lateral fluxes in topographically-complex landscapes. Lastly, it was shown that catchment discharge, antecedent depression storage and antecedent precipitation were the best predictors of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ambient Hg and spike Hg concentrations in catchment runoff. A comparison of DOC, ambient Hg and spike Hg dynamics for two storm events showed that distinct shifts occurred in the concentration-discharge relationship as a result of differences in antecedent moisture conditions. Combined, the results of the four studies demonstrate the need to incorporate hydrological, biogeochemical and landscape controls into predictive models of terrestrial-aquatic Hg export.	PhD	water	6
Otis, Melissa	Morgan, Cecilia	At Home in the Adirondacks: A Regional History of Indigenous and Euroamerican Interactions, 1776 - 1920	Humanities, Social Sciences and Social Justice Education	2013-11	This dissertation is a social history of Algonquian and Iroquoian people in the Adirondacks of New York State, a rural, borderlands region that shares geography and history with parts of Canada. My study is a microhistory that brings a local history into a larger national dialogue and debates about Indigenous people in colonial and nineteenth century North American history. It argues the Adirondacks have always been an indigenous homeland to Iroquoian and Algonquian peoples and that they contributed to the fabric of its culture there. It also examines and complicates the history of landscapes known as hunting territories or, as I have also called them, locations of exchange, defined as “a purposeful and occupied place where reciprocal acts occur, creating opportunities for entangled exchanges between people and the land.” These themes run throughout the thesis. My dissertation briefly investigates the pre-colonial relationship between Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking people with this place and then focuses on the entangled relationships that formed post-contact, over time, between Indigenous people and Euroamerican Adirondackers, as well as visiting urban sportsmen and tourists. My work examines nineteenth century relationships in the Northeast between men and women in both social and economic endeavours; it is also a history about labour, including performance. In addition to ethnicity, gender, and class, this study examines the nature of rural society in this time and place, to further complicate our understanding of Indigenous histories. I suggest that class relations and rural society are important lenses to view contact history during the nineteenth century and later, especially in the East where contact was longer and the trope of the “vanishing Indian” was privileged. Moreover, my dissertation demonstrates the ability and need to extend Native peoples’ history past the contact period in any historical narrative about place or culture in North America.	PhD	gender, women, labour, urban, rural	5, 8, 11
Otsuki, Tomoe	Portelli, John||Di Paolantonio, Mario	God and the Atomic Bomb: Nagasaki's Atomic Bomb Memory and Politics of Sacrifice, Forgiveness and Reconciliation	Social Justice Education	2016-06	There is very little doubt that Hiroshima has become a testament to the destructive capacity of mankind over the last seven decades. Many influential world leaders have visited Hiroshima, pledging themselves to the project of eternal peace. However, very few of them have ever extended their trip to the second atomic bomb city Nagasaki. Likewise, the existing literature and media representations of the atomic bombing of Japan invariably views Japan’s atomic experience through a “Hiroshima first” optic. Studies devoted to the experience of Nagasaki are scarce even within Japan. If Nagasaki is considered at all within the context of these studies, its trauma and its historical significance are assumed to be identical to, or contained within that of Hiroshima. As Greg Mitchell, an American journalist and writer, observed: “no one ever wrote a bestselling novel called Nagasaki or directed a film entitled Nagasaki, Mon Amour.” Nagasaki has been the “forgotten atomic bomb city” (Mitchell, August 9, 2011). My dissertation critically inquires the conception of “forgotten atomic bomb city,” and explores what can account for Nagasaki’s self-effacing attitude from the remembrance of the atomic bomb memory and history and how Nagasaki has become overshadowed by Hiroshima’s powerful symbolism of the nuclear age over the last decades. Put another way, this dissertation examines what have normalized the absence of Nagasaki in the remembrance of the atomic bombing both in Japan and abroad. My dissertation demonstrates that Nagasaki has never been forgotten by American and Japanese policymakers. Rather, I argue that the second atomic bomb city has been firmly incorporated within the U.S-Japan Security Alliance since the end of the war. My work shows how Nagasaki’s remembrance and postwar history has been shaped by the politics of sacrifice, forgiveness and reconciliation between the United States and Japan over the last seventy years, and illuminates how the legacy of Japanese imperialism continues to rule contemporary Nagasaki, Hiroshima and Japan.	Ph.D.	peace	16
Ouellette, Olivier	Sargent, Edward H	Optoelectronic Investigations of Colloidal Quantum Dot Solar Cells	Electrical and Computer Engineering	2019-11	Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are solar photovoltaic materials synthesized and processed as an ink, a potential advantage in scaling manufacture. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of CQD solar cells has progressed well in recent years, from under 4% in 2010 to 13% today. In this thesis I seek to understand further and improve the CQD solid at both the materials and device levels with the goal of maximizing power conversion efficiency. I begin by developing an analytical model for the design and realization of optically-enhanced infrared CQD solar cells: here I focus on devices intended to operate as the junction behind a silicon solar cell collecting otherwise-unabsorbed infrared light. This optical strategy leads to a record peak external quantum efficiency of 60% in the infrared in devices employing ~100 nm-thick active layers. Next I present an optical model that uses experimental inputs from spectroscopic ellipsometry, and calculations based on the transfer matrix method, to obtain, for the first time, the spatial distribution of photocurrent losses in CQD solar cells operando. I then deploy this capability to observe depletion widths and interfacial energy barriers in operating CQD devices. Moving from photocurrent to photovoltage investigations, I then provide a model to quantify the impact of CQD size distributions on absorption and photoluminescence spectra, and that allows prediction of voltage losses, low-energy absorption tails, and the Stokes shift. These results provide physical insight into CQD absorption and photoluminescence spectra; and offer a quantitative picture of open-circuit voltage losses in CQD solar cells. They indicate that suppressing deep trap states is the most promising path forward in improving CQD solar cell performance. I then develop spectrally-tailored infrared solar cells that lever the engineering of ensembles of CQDs, achieving a record of 1% additional power points on top of a silicon cell’s efficiency. The studies herein improve understanding of the operating principles of CQD solar cells and offer quantitative guidance to chemists, materials scientists and engineers towards improved syntheses, processes, and designs.	Ph.D.	energy, renewable	7
Outerbridge, Donna May	Walcott, Rinaldo	The Social and Historical Construction of Black Bermudian Identities: Implications for Education	Humanities, Social Sciences and Social Justice Education	2013-11	This dissertation looks at the historical and social construction of Black Bermudian identities, and how identities have been shaped in contemporary Bermuda by its education system. I grapple with, and attempt to make sense of the complexities, messiness, ambiguity, disappointments, and painful reality of Black Bermudians’ identity and cultural dynamics. It is necessary to have a total understanding of identity and its connections not only to enslavement and colonization but also the rest of the Caribbean and Africa. The present understanding creates an amputated sense of self. Through the use of three concepts: Afrocentricity, Anti-colonialism and creolization, this dissertation seeks to reunify Bermuda with the rest of the Caribbean and Africa by moving Bermuda from the peripheral of international discourses to the larger and broader discussions on African-diasporic identity. It is through the synthesis of these theories that Black Bermudian identities and how Black Bermudians self-identify are understood through their various forms of resistance to dominant narratives. The dissertation also proposes a re-examination of the role of schooling and education—through teaching curriculum, texts and pedagogical practices—in producing a particular narrative of Black identity and the implications of such knowledge in constructing Blackness in Bermuda. The dissertation note that dominant forms of knowledge and epistemological orientation can shape the way Black Bermudians tend to understand themselves in relations to their history, culture, values, worldviews, and identity. Consequently, a fragmented self or what Frantz Fanon refers to as "amputation" is produced within Bermudian classrooms. The dissertation concluded with four key steps that are essential for Black Bermudians to re-engage through counter-hegemonic knowledge that is rooted in Anti-colonial, Creolization, and Afrocentric discourses and theories.	PhD	inclusive	4
Owusu-Bempah, Akwasi	Scot, Wortley	Black Males' Perceptions of and Experiences with the Police in Toronto	Criminology	2014-11	Canada is commonly depicted as a diverse and tolerant immigrant-receiving nation, accepting of individuals of various racial, ethnic, and religious backgrounds. Nevertheless, Canadian institutions have not been immune to allegations of racial bias and discrimination. For the past several decades, Toronto's Black communities have directed allegations of racial discrimination at the police services operating within the city. Using a mixed-methods approach, this thesis examines Black males' perceptions of and experiences with the police in the Greater Toronto Area. In order to provide a comprehensive examination of this issue, this thesis is comprised of three studies with three distinct groups of Black males. The first of these three studies utilizes data from a representative sample of Black, Chinese, and White adults from the Greater Toronto area to examine racial and gender differences in perceptions of and experiences with the police. The second study draws on data from a sample of young Black men recruited from four of Toronto's most disadvantaged and high crime neighbourhoods to examine the views and experiences of those most targeted by the police. The final study involves interviews with Black male police officers in order to draw on the perspectives of those entrusted with enforcing the law. In line with a mixed-model hypothesis, the findings suggest that Black males' tenuous relationship with the police is a product of their increased involvement in crime, as well as racism on the part of police officers and police services. Using insights drawn from Critical Race Theory, I suggest that both the increased levels of crime and the current manifestations of racism have a common origin in Canada's colonial past.	Ph.D.	gender, institution	5, 16
Ozsu, Faik Umut	Brunnee, Jutta ||Knop, Karen C.	Fabricating Fidelity: Nation-building, International Law, and the Greek-Turkish Population Exchange	Law	2011-11	This dissertation concerns a crucial episode in the international legal history of nation-building: the Greek-Turkish population exchange. Supported by Athens and Ankara, and implemented largely by the League of Nations, the population exchange showcased the new pragmatism of the post-1919 order, an increased willingness to adapt legal doctrine to local conditions. It also exemplified a new mode of non-military nation-building, one initially designed for sovereign but politico-economically weak states on the semi-periphery of the international legal order. The chief aim here, I argue, was not to organize plebiscites, channel self-determination claims, or install protective mechanisms for vulnerable minorities – all familiar features of the Allied Powers’ management of imperial disintegration in central and eastern Europe after the First World War. Nor was the objective to restructure a given economy and society from top to bottom, generating an entirely new legal order in the process; this had often been the case with colonialism in Asia and Africa, and would characterize much of the mandates system throughout the interwar years. Instead, the goal was to deploy a unique mechanism – not entirely in conformity with European practice, but also distinct from non-European governance regimes – to reshape the demographic composition of Greece and Turkey. I substantiate this argument by marshalling a range of material from international law, legal history, and historical sociology. I first examine minority protection’s development into an instrument of intra-European nation-building during the long nineteenth century, showing how population exchange emerged in the Near East in the 1910s as a radical alternative to minority protection. I then provide a close reading of the travaux préparatoires of the 1922-3 Conference of Lausanne, at which a peace settlement formalizing the exchange was concluded. Finally, I analyze the Permanent Court of International Justice’s 1925 opinion in Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations, examining it from the standpoint of wide-ranging disputes concerning the place of religion and ethnicity in the exchange process. My aim throughout is to show that the Greek-Turkish exchange laid the groundwork for a mechanism of legal nation-building which would later come to be deployed in a variety of different contexts but whose precise status under international law would remain contested.	SJD	peace, governance	16
Oztok, Murat	Brett, Clare	The Hidden Curriculum of Online Learning: Discourses of Whiteness, Social Absence, and Inequity	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2013-11	Local and federal governments, public school boards, and higher education institutions have been promoting online courses in their commitment to accommodating public needs, widening access to materials, sharing intellectual resources, and reducing costs. However, researchers of education needs to consider the often ignored yet important issue of equity since disregarding the issue of inequity in online education may create suboptimal consequences for students. This dissertation work, therefore, investigates the issues of social justice and equity in online education. I argue that equity is situated between the tensions of various social structures in a broader cultural context and can be thought of as a fair distribution of opportunities to participate. This understanding is built upon the idea that individuals have different values, goals, and interests; nevertheless, the online learning context may not provide fair opportunities for individuals to follow their own learning trajectories. Particularly, online learning environments can reproduce inequitable learning conditions when the context requires certain individuals to assimilate mainstream beliefs and values at the expense of their own identities. Since identifications have certain social and political consequences by enabling or constraining individuals’ access to educational resources, individuals may try to be identified in line with culturally-hegemonic perspectives in order to gain or secure their access to educational resources or to legitimize their learning experiences. In this interview study, I conceptualize online courses within their broader socio-historical context and analyze how macro-level social structures, namely the concept of whiteness, can reproduce inequity in micro-level online learning practices. By questioning who has control over the conditions for the production of knowledge, values, and identification, I investigate how socially accepted bodies of thoughts, beliefs, values, and feelings that give meaning to individuals’ daily-practices may create inequitable learning conditions in day-to-day online learning practices. In specific, I analyze how those who are identified as non-White experience “double-bind” with respect to stereotypification on one hand, anonymity on the other. Building on this analysis, I illustrate how those who are identified as non-White have to constantly negotiate their legitimacy and right to be in the online environment.	PhD	educat, equitable, institution	4, 16
Packalen, Maara Susanna	Finkelstein, Sarah A	Holocene Carbon Dynamics in the Patterned Peatlands of the Hudson Bay Lowland, Canada: Reducing Landscape-Scale Uncertainty in a Changing Climate	Geography	2015-11	Northern peatlands have accumulated ~500 Pg of carbon (C) over millennia, and contributed to a net climate cooling. However, the fate of peatland C pools and related climate-system feedbacks remain uncertain under scenarios of a changing climate and enhanced anthropogenic pressure. Here, Holocene C dynamics in the Hudson Bay Lowland, Canada (HBL) are examined at the landscape scale with respect to glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA), climate, and ecohydrology. Results confirm that the timing of peat initiation in the HBL is tightly coupled with GIA, while contemporary climate explains up to half of the spatial distribution of the total C mass. Temporal patterns in C accumulation rates (CARs) are related to peatland age, ecohydrology, and possibly paleoclimate, whereby CARs are greatest for younger, minerotrophic peatlands. Rapid and widespread peatland expansion in the HBL has given rise to a globally significant C pool, in excess of 30 Pg C and two-thirds of which is of late Holocene age. Yet, long-term decomposition of previously accrued peat has potentially resulted in some C losses, especially during the late Holocene when the landscape was occupied by an abundance of minerotrophic peatlands and climate was characterized by more precipitation and similar-to-colder temperatures than present. Model deconstruction of HBL C dynamics indicate that 85% of C losses occurred during the late Holocene, while spatio-temporal scaling of modern methane (CH4) emissions suggest a potential flux of 1 – 7 Pg CH4 to the late Holocene atmosphere, which provides evidence of a peatland contribution to the late Holocene CH4 rise recorded in ice cores. Although HBL peatlands may continue to function as a net C sink, conservative climate scenarios predict warmer and wetter conditions in the next century – beyond the HBL’s range of past climate variability, yet within the peatland climate domain – with implications for primary production and decomposition. Further investigation into controls on spatial-temporal C dynamics may reduce uncertainty concerning the HBL’s potential to remain a net C sink under future climate and resource management scenarios, and contribute to our understanding of global peatland C-climate dynamics.	Ph.D.	climate	13
Padure, Lucia	Jones, Glen A.	The Politics of Higher Education Reforms in Central and Eastern Europe. Development Challenges of the Republic of Moldova	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2009-11	This thesis examines factors that underscored higher education reforms in Central and Eastern Europe during the transition period from 1990 to 2005. The study explores higher education reforms in three national settings – Hungary, Romania and the Republic of Moldova, and presents a detailed analysis of the Moldovan case. Rooted in critical approaches to development, transition reforms and policy analysis in higher education, it addresses the new realities of global capitalism, inequitable distribution of power between the industrialized nations and the rest of the world, and the ways in which this power distribution impacts higher education systems in Central and Eastern Europe. Historical analyses, a qualitative cross-national analysis of HE systems in three nations, and interviews with Moldovan higher education policymakers provided rich data on higher education reforms in the region and selected nations. Higher education evolved from institutions serving very select elite in the Middle Ages to universities driving modernization in the 19th and the first half of the 20th century, and to diverse institutional types - universities, colleges, institutes - underscoring the massification of higher education after WWII. Policies pursued by Hungarian, Romanian and Moldovan leaders to expand higher education were informed by the national socio-economic, political and demographic contexts, the dominant global development agenda, and international institutional practices. The capacity of national leaders to carry out higher education reforms was limited by the colonial and post-colonial relationships that were established over centuries between each of these nations and stronger regional powers, such as the Habsburg, Ottoman and Russian Empires, the Soviet Union, and the European Union. Major regional powers had a significant role in the formation of nation states, educational institutions and higher education politics. At the same time, national elites used language and ethnic policies to shape social and higher education developments and build national identities. By bringing an international perspective to the analysis of reforms in Central and Eastern Europe, by focusing on Hungary, Romania and Moldova, and by drawing on critical theory and post-colonial studies, this research study contributes to the international scholarly discussion of higher education and development reforms, enriches methodological developments in the field of higher education, and advances the discourse of comparative higher education.	PhD	educat, equitable, institution	4, 16
Page, Brent	Gunning, Patrick	Small Molecule Inhibitors of Stat3 Protein as Cancer Therapeutic Agents	Chemistry	2013-11	Advances in anti-cancer drug development have vastly improved cancer treatment strategies over the past few decades. Chemotherapeutic agents are now being replaced with targeted therapies that have much greater potency and far fewer unpleasant side effects. At the center of this, cell signaling pathways have been targeted as they moderate gene expression, control proliferation and are often dysregulated in cancer. The signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins represent a family of cytoplasmic transcription factors that regulate a pleiotropic range of biological processes in response to extracellular signals. Of the seven mammalian members described to date, Stat3 has received particular attention, as it regulates the expression of genes involved in a variety of malignant processes including proliferation, survival, migration and drug resistance. Aberrant Stat3 activation has been observed in a number of human cancers, and its inhibition has shown promising anti-tumour activity in cancer cells with elevated Stat3 activity. Thus, Stat3 has emerged as a promising target for the development of cancer therapeutics. While Stat3 signaling can be inhibited by targeting upstream regulators of Stat3 activation (such as Janus kinase 2), direct inhibition of Stat3 protein may offer improved response, larger therapeutic windows for treatment and fewer side effects. The work presented within this thesis is focused on optimizing known Stat3 inhibitor S3I-201, a small molecule Stat3 SH2 domain binder that was discovered in 2007. We have performed an extensive structure activity relationship study that has produced some of the most potent Stat3 inhibitors in the scientific literature. These compounds showed high-affinity binding to Stat3’s SH2 domain, inhibited intracellular Stat3 phosphorylation and selectively induced apoptosis in a number of cancer cell lines. Lead agents further inhibited tumour growth in xenograft models of human malignancies and had favourable pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles.	PhD	health	3
Pakes, Barry Noah	Ross, EG Upshur	Ethical Analysis in Public Health Practice	Medical Science	2014-11	Background: Despite a burgeoning public health ethics literature, there are few empirical studies of public health practitioners' ethical perspectives, and how they identify and resolve ethical dilemmas they encounter in their work. There is no dominant, comprehensive public health ethics framework for use in research, education and practice. Methods: This project used a sequential mixed-model approach with mixed-method studies. A comprehensive literature review and a series of interviews using convenience-within-frame sampling were used to develop a framework and guide subsequent studies. Using an integrated knowledge translation approach, two formative and three core studies used web-based and paper-based surveys to gather quasi-representative data from public health practitioners (PHPs), including public health physicians, nurses, inspectors, policy-makers and trainees as part of conferences and educational workshops. The surveys solicited responses to questions regarding PHPs perspectives on ethical aspects of public health practice and dilemmas they encountered, as well as responses to several scenarios. Qualitative data were coded into open themes. Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS 21. Data between groups were compared when appropriate and significant differences were noted. Results: The Public Health Ethical Reflection Matrix (PHERM) Framework was developed and data were collected from 8 interviews and surveys of 16 Canadian Public Health Physician trainees, 70 Public health ethics conference attendees, 76 Canadian Public Health Physicians, 52 Public Health nurses and 456 Public Health Inspectors. There were areas of similarity and of remarkable heterogeneity of responses within and between professional groups regarding prioritization of values and meta-ethical justification of ethical norms. Specifically, respondents were divided with regards to prioritization of overarching goals and specific values, the relative importance of different value types, respecting the law, and treatment of marginalized and vulnerable populations. Ethical dilemmas encountered by participants and approaches to dilemma resolution also varied considerably. Conclusions: Ethical dilemmas were prevalent in public health practice with public health practitioners holding a variety of disparate views regarding ethics in public health across PHERM domains. Explicit acknowledgement and exploration of these views may improve ethical decision-making in practice. The PHERM Framework appears to be an effective way of approaching complex public health ethical dilemmas. Further applied research is necessary to confirm the PHERM Tool utility in practice.	Ph.D.	health	3
Palangi, Angela Zahra	Gillis, Roy	Resilience Factors and Mental Health among LGBTQ Adults in Canada and the United States	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2020-06	There is compelling evidence suggesting that LGBTQ individuals face markedly higher rates of mood and anxiety disorder, as well as lifetime suicidality compared to heterosexual individuals. While most of the research on the psychological health of LGBTQ individuals has taken a deficit-based approach, more recent research has begun to explore the importance of resiliency in this population. Drawing on resilience theories, this study examined individual and community resources and stressors that contribute to the resiliency of LGBTQ individuals living in Canada and the United States and the degree to which these factors played a role in mitigating the adverse effects of mental health problems in LGBTQ individuals. Using multiple regression and mediation analysis, this study determined the predictability and mediation of model variables: internalized homophobia, coping skills (emotion-focused, problem-focused, and avoidant-focused), levels of optimism, attachment dimensions (anxious and avoidance), level of perceived social support, level of LGBTQ community connectedness, homonegative microaggressions, family acceptance, and overall psychological distress (depression, anxiety, and stress) on resilience. A total of 322 self-identified LGBTQ individuals were recruited through a variety of online venues. Results found optimism to be positive predictor of resilience and anxiety, depression, as well as anxious attachment dimension to be negative predictors of resilience. Further, higher levels of optimism, and lower levels of anxious and avoidance attachment related dimensions were all found to be significant partial mediators of the relationship between psychological distress and resilience. The results shed lights on ways mental health care professionals can promote resilience and mitigate the adverse effects of mental health in LGBTQ individuals.	Ph.D.	health	3
Palmer, Seth Thomas	Lambek, Michael||Dave, Naisargi	In the Image of a Woman: Spirited Identifications and Embodied Interpellations Along the Betsiboka Valley	Anthropology	2019-11	Amidst ongoing political turmoil and economic instability across Madagascar, sarimbavy (male-bodied, same-sex desiring and/or gender-expansive persons) are increasingly conceived of as timely subjects by HIV-prevention industries, homonationalist LGBT rights projects backed by the United States Embassy, and Christian religious publics. Based on 24 months of ethnographic fieldwork in the Betsiboka Valley, this dissertation both considers and diverges from these biomedical and moral panics by attending to the dynamic and often ambiguous relationship between sarimbavy and tromba spirit mediumship. In focusing upon the epistemological and hermeneutical labor that possession provides for those who live “in the image of a woman,” tromba (spirits of former reigning members of the Sakalava monarchy), and the wider social worlds in which they all reside, In the Image of a Woman offers a portrait of burgeoning sarimbavy counterpublics in Antananarivo, Mahajanga, and the rural district of Ambato-Boéni. This dissertation charts how these queer networks have flourished within the entangled milieus of possession pilgrimage, the use of an in-group “secret” sociolect, and the development of MSM (Men who have Sex with Men) activism. In the Image of a Woman bypasses strict functionalist explanations for the affinity between tromba and sarimbavy subjectivity. Nevertheless, this dissertation meditates upon how future-oriented MSM/LGBT rights-work and its attendant HIV-prevention activism (widely conceptualized by interlocutors as modern phenomena connected to foreign intervention) were uncannily facilitated through spirit mediumship (generally articulated by interlocutors as a longstanding “custom of the ancestors”). In thinking alongside these shifting temporal allegiances of sarimbavy medium-activists, the ethnography contained therein intervenes in the literature on global LGBT rights movements and religiosity by troubling the assumption that their relationship is inherently antagonistic.	Ph.D.	gender, queer, rights	5, 16
Pan, Gang	Guisso, Richard	Prodigals in Love: Narrating Gay Identity and Collectivity on the Early Internet in China	East Asian Studies	2015	This dissertation concerns itself with the eruption of a large number of gay narratives on the Chinese internet in its first decade. There are two central arguments. First, the composing and sharing of narratives online played the role of a social movement that led to the formation of gay identity and collectivity in a society where open challenges to the authorities were minimal. Four factors, 1) the primacy of the internet, 2) the vernacular as an avenue of creativity and interpretation, 3) the transitional experience of the generation of the internet, and 4) the evolution of gay narratives, catalyzed by the internet, enhanced, amplified, and interacted with each other in a highly complicated and accelerated dynamic, engendered a virtual gay social movement. Second, many online gay narratives fall into what I term "prodigal romance," which depicts gay love as parent-obligated sons in love with each other, weaving in violent conflicts between desire and duty in its indigenous context. The prodigal part of this model invokes the archetype of the Chinese prodigal, who can only return home having excelled and with the triumph of his journey. The romantic part imbues love between men with the power of shaping and transforming the self and the weight of anchoring an identity. The result is often the parting of the two lovers, with one returning home a good son to his duty and another continuing as a gay orphan, wandering in pursuit of his desire. The latter is a new desiring subject who chooses to integrate his desire as a core of his identity; and he is the figure bearing the purpose of the movement.	Ph.D.	gender	5
Panahi, Shirin	Anderson, G. Harvey	Milk and its Components in the Regulation of Short-term Appetite, Food Intake and Glycemia in Young Adults	Nutritional Sciences	2014-06	The hypothesis that milk consumption decreases short-term appetite and food intake and improves glycemic control compared with other caloric beverages in healthy young adults was explored in four experiments. The first two experiments compared isovolumetric amounts (500 ml) of milk (2% M.F.), chocolate milk (1% M.F.), a soy beverage, infant formula, orange juice and water on satiety and food intake and blood glucose before and after a meal provided at 30 min (Experiment 1) and 120 min (Experiment 2). Pre-meal ingestion of chocolate milk and infant formula (highest in calories) reduced food intake at 30 min, but not 2 h. Only milk reduced post-meal blood glucose in both experiments suggesting that its macronutrient composition is a factor in blood glucose control. Experiment 3 compared the effects of ad libitum consumption of milk (1% M.F.), regular cola, diet cola, orange juice and water at a pizza meal on fluid and ad libitum food intake and post-meal appetite and glycemia. Fluid volume consumed was similar, but all caloric beverages added to total meal-time energy intake. However, milk lowered post-meal blood glucose and appetite score. In Experiment 4, the effect of isovolumetric (500 ml) beverages of whole milk (3.25% M.F.) and each of its macronutrient components, protein (16 g), lactose (24 g), and fat (16 g) on glycemic control and gastrointestinal hormonal responses were examined. The reduction in post-prandial glycemia was mediated by interactions between its macronutrient components and associated with hormonal responses that slow stomach emptying and increase glucose disposal. Thus, the results of this research do not support the hypothesis that milk consumption decreases short-term appetite and food intake compared with other beverages; however, milk improves glycemic control by insulin-dependent and independent mechanisms.	PhD	food, nutrition, consum	2, 12
Panda, Rajesh	Sain, Mohini Mohan||Nayak, Sanjay Kumar	Investigation of Thermal, Mechanical, and Tribological Behaviour of Biobased-resin-crosslinked, Sisal-fibre-reinforced Epoxy Composites	Forestry	2016-11	The wide-reaching potential demands for exchanging petroleum-derived raw materials with renewable plant-based ones in the production of valuable polymeric materials and composites are quite substantial from the collective and ecological viewpoints. Hence, cheap renewable sources has profoundly drawn attention by many investigators for polymer composite processing. Among them, biobased resin and natural fibres are likely to be the ideal alternative feedstock, derived from plant sources, are found in abundance in the world.The significant feature of these types of materials is that they can be designed and tailored to meet diverse requirements.The actual challenge exists in finding applications, which would use adequately large amounts of these materials allowing biodegradable polymers to compete economically in the market.Absence of materialsâ s mechanical and tribological characterization have created an awareness to accomplish this crucial objective. In order to comprehend the feasibility of biobased materials incorporation in polymer composite processing for structural and tribological application , this thesis work elucidates the study of friction and wear characteristics of epoxy matrix and composites made out of biobased crosslinking agent and natural fibre available profusely in plants. An epoxy resin was cross-linked with synthetic and bio-based cross-linking agents, and the effects of this cross-linking on the resinâ s mechanical and tribological properties were investigated.The determined concentration of biobased crosslinking agent was optimized by comparing epoxy network tensile strength properties. The effect of crosslinker concentration, reinforcement agent was studied under dry sliding.The dry-sliding wear resistance property of bio-based cross-linker-cured, sisal fibre reinforced epoxy network was found to be superior, due to enhanced flexibility. The functional groups, nature of curing and degradation of epoxy resin with different crosslinking agent was studied through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermograviemetric analysis technique. The wear tracks were quantified with scanning electron microscope and optical microscope.The numerical analysis of the dry sliding wear testing process further confirmed the experimental findings as they related to the effects of normal load on the specific wear rate of composites. An empirical relationship between wear behavior and mechanical properties of epoxy network was established.	Ph.D.	renewable	7
Pandalangat, Nalini	Seeman, Mary	Cultural Influences on Help-seeking, Treatment and Support for Mental Health Problems - A Comparative Study using a Gender Perspective	Medical Science	2011-11	This qualitative research used the Long Interview method to study cultural and gender influences on mental health, health beliefs, health behaviour, help-seeking and treatment expectations for mental health problems in newcomers to Canada who are members of an ethnocultural, visible minority population - the Sri Lankan Tamils. The study employed a comparative design and analyzed data from interviews with Tamil men (N=8) and Tamil women (N=8) who self-identified as having been diagnosed with depression, and service providers (N=8) who provide frontline mental health and related services to the Sri Lankan Tamil community. The objectives were to a) understand cultural and gender factors inherent in the Sri Lankan Tamil community; b) investigate how these cultural and gender factors impact mental health and influence the trajectory of help-seeking and treatment for depression in the Sri Lankan Tamil community; c) explore the intersection of culture and gender as it relates to health behaviour; and d) explore service providers’ perceptions of the influence of culture and gender in relation to help-seeking for mental health problems and the application of this understanding to service delivery. The study found that the respondents equated social function with health and that this concept informed help-seeking and treatment expectations. Socially appropriate functioning was seen as an indicator of health, and this differed by gender. Gender-differentiated social stressors contributed to depression. Women played a role as enablers of care, both for family members and acquaintances. Men were more resistant to help-seeking and tended to disengage from care. There was a distinct preference for service providers who understood the culture and spoke Tamil. Religious groups served a social support function. Family physicians and Tamil service providers in the social service sectors were identified as key players in the pathways to care. Service providers did not appear to understand the community’s holistic view of health; however, they did use their knowledge of the community to make adaptations to practice. Recommendations that result from these findings include health promotion and prevention strategies beyond the traditional health care system, targeted culture and gender-informed interventions, and the need for multisectoral collaborations.	PhD	health, gender	3, 5
Pandit, Aditya Vikram	Mahadevan, Radhakrishnan	On the Effectiveness and Challenges of Electrosynthesis Strategies in Escherichia coli	Chemical Engineering Applied Chemistry	2017-11	Conventional bioprocesses that aim to convert CO2 to fuels and chemicals do so through a supply chain that begins with agricultural products such as corn, intermediaries like dextrose, and eventually produce chemicals by fermentation. However, it has long been desired that bioprocesses be established to convert CO2 point source emissions to chemicals. Fundamentally, this is a thermodynamics problem since the use of CO2 as a feedstock requires an efficient mechanism to deliver energy to produce chemicals. The focus of this work is to examine several strategies for microbial electrosynthesis, the delivery of electrical energy to microbial cell factories, for producing chemicals. The study encompasses four areas type of microbial electrosynthesis and the results are summarized here: 1) Experimental work was performed to evaluate the affect of neutral red mediated charge transfer in mutant strains of Escherichia coli for the purpose of producing succinic acid. The results of this task showed wild-type cells exhibited the greatest molar increase in succinate yield with an 89% increase while an ldhA deficient strain showed 40% increase. The lack of direct charge transfer was implicated as the cause since an electron balance was not able to account for an increase in succinate. 2) We explored the use of mediators such has formate that can be generated from carbon dioxide and renewable electricity as a carbon source for cell growth and chemical production. An auxotrophic strategy was employed to engineer formate assimilation, and growth rate on formate as a C1 donor for folate was determined to be 0.33 h-1. This was 78% of the wild-type strain. 3) We developed a framework for analyzing how metabolic pathways can be efficiently engineered into microbes to produce chemicals. This orthogonality framework showed ethylene glycol to be a highly promising substrate for electrosynthesis applications. 4) Finally, a bioprocess for the conversion of ethylene glycol to glycolic acid was characterized and its suitability to replace glucose as a feedstock was examined. The maximum glycolate titres for the best performing conditions reached 10.6 g/L. The highest substrate uptake rate for ethylene glycol was determined to be ca. 5 mmol/gDW-h.	Ph.D.	production, renewable, energy	7, 12
Panjwani, Antum Amin	Niyozov, Sarfaroz	Representations of Muslim Cultures and Societies in Children's Literature as a Curriculum Resource for Ontario Classrooms: Promises and Prospects	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2017-06	Situated in the context of multiple challenges and possibilities faced by Muslim students and communities in the Western socio-political and educational contexts, this qualitative research examines curriculum perceptions pertaining to Muslim children’s literature and attempts to answer the major research question: “How can Ontario curriculum be enriched with curriculum resources comprising of Muslim children's literature?” This question touches several chords within curriculum studies, teacher development and schooling in general, therefore, an integrated framework combining insights and concepts from critical pedagogy, anti-racism, post-coloniality, multiculturalism, as well as, anti-orientalism are applied to guide the research’s data collection and analysis. Additionally, my own situatedness within the study as a minority Muslim woman teacher with experiences from East and West plays a critical role in engaging and deconstructing the complex webs of Muslim representations in curricular resources. The near absence of Muslim children’s literature in Ontario curriculum and paucity of the Muslim content for elementary students are investigated through a three-pronged approach: (1) Examination of the Trillium List; (2) Engaging with the voices of contemporary writers of Muslim children’s literature; and (3) Critically dissecting the contents of select literary pieces, which have potential of being used as curricular resources. The understanding created through engagement with the above exploration generate opportunities for relevant conversations and awareness for both Muslim and non-Muslim stakeholders. This research is thus a unique study of Muslim children’s literature through application of systematic frameworks to bring social justice and offers a promise of development of cosmopolitan ethics in young Canadians. It assures equipping Ontario teachers with significant knowledge to validate experiences of elementary children through stories. The use of Muslim children's literature as curricular resources has the capacity to promote bridging of cultures, create responsiveness around Muslim students' background, alleviate misconceptions in the students and promote confidence in parents of Muslim children, especially those in the public schools. The findings show limited authors writing Muslim stories, little literacy and reading culture amongst immigrant Muslims, lack of publishers and not enough recognition of Muslim literature and authors in Canada. This study helps teachers and policy makers to develop a deeper appreciation of multicultural ethos of the Canadian education system and recommends stakeholder involvement for a more inclusive holistic, authentic and credible State curriculum with pluralist Muslim representations.	Ph.D.	inclusive	4
Pant, Anjili Sophia	Stiegelbauer, Suzanne	Exploring the Attributes, Experiences, and Motivations of Female Public Elementary School Administrators of Colour in Ontario	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2016-06	EXPLORING THE ATTRIBUTES, EXPERIENCES, AND MOTIVATIONS OF FEMALE PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS OF COLOUR IN ONTARIO Doctor of Education 2016 Anjili Sophia Pant Graduate Department of Leadership, Higher and Adult Education University of Toronto Abstract This study explores how the attributes, experiences, and motivations of female public elementary school administrators of colour in Ontario have contributed to their entry into administration. Data were obtained through qualitative life-history interviews with 3 currently practicing, middle-aged administrators: 2 African Canadian (a principal and a vice-principal) and 1 South Asian (principal). Resilience theory was used to investigate internal and external attributes of the participants, disruptions they faced, and motivational factors that enabled them to become administrators. Cross-case analysis revealed relevant attributes the participants shared: focus, resourcefulness, independence, social competence, a capacity for hard work, self-discipline, optimism, a positive attitude, perseverance, and a willingness to learn. Barriers to their entrance into administration were: the interview process, the struggle to obtain Canadian credentials, politics, and difficulty having their leadership skills acknowledged. Motivations to enter administration were: encouragement from others, persistence after unsuccessful attempts to enter administration, being able to meet interviewers’ expectations, and a passion for the work. Among the findings were participants’ recommendations for aspiring female administrators of colour: Keep your ambitions to yourself. Know that it is a lonely job. Understand what the work entails. Recognize that administrative positions are not powerful ones. Avoid interacting only with people from your own ethnic background. Do not use the “race card” as an excuse for not succeeding in the interview process. Remain calm when discriminated against. Most importantly, pursue the necessary credentials: Prepare for administration early in your career (work at the family of schools level, community, culture and caring, and numeracy and literacy). Seek out a variety of mentors. Stay connected with people who support you. Master a specific skill. Be resourceful. Keep current with educational jargon. Continue to develop professionally. Write and present at workshops. Use the media to showcase your school and practice. Finally, support the advancement of quality women of colour. Suggestions for future research include: (a) repeat this study in 5 and 10 years; (b) examine leadership programs and determine whether women of colour are being hired; and (c) compare and contrast the career paths of women and men (both of colour and White).	Ed.D.	educat, women	4, 5
Panthaki, Neville Gustad	Hayhoe, Ruth	Conceptualizing the State-nation via Education Reform: From Multicultural to Intercultural Citizenship	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2016-11	Transnational movements of sociopolitical culture defy the integrity of the nation-state. Its organizational principle of singularity, and struggles to accommodate increasing diversity within homogeneity, are challenged by the increasing prominence of alternate and multiple ways of being and knowing. Nation-state education systems organized to deliver citizenship values, fail to rectify the fracture between their quest for multicultural participation and their promotion of conformity within a single ‘national’ identity. Systems of education are products of their respective sociopolitical systems. Hence, notions of citizenship (inclusion) and democracy (participation) must be reformed to facilitate genuine education reform. The nation-state is a sociopolitical project that confines pedagogical reform within the framework of a paradigm. Education reform can only be achieved by substituting the concept of multi-cultural, with inter-cultural citizenship, thereby transforming the unidimensional nation-state into a pluralist state-nation. The state-nation is an ideal-type conceptual framework which is predicated upon a constant (re-)negotiation of categories and their corresponding belonging-identities, so that all boundaries remain liminal and permeable rather than immutable and exclusionary. India has witnessed the longest sustained attempt at education reform, as well as the largest in size and scope, by any national government, international organization or non-government organization. This dissertation examines the participation of statist, civil society and multi-national participants, within the context of education reform in India. It also explores the capacity of the state-nation model of education reform to contribute to an Indian education diplomacy that could influence global Education For All (EFA). Intercultural citizenship as the root of the state-nation, has the potential to become an avenue for South-South dialogue and a means to create alternate notions of ‘modernity’, ‘development’, and ‘globalization’. De-linking education from the nation-state and viewing it in relation to the state-nation, makes possible a profound and far reaching ‘reform’ of ‘education’ from a social justice perspective.	Ph.D.	justice	16
Papaconstantinou, Efrosini A.	Robyn, Stremler	The Feasibility and Acceptability of a Behavioral-educational Intervention - the Relax to Sleep Program - to Increase Pediatric Sleep during Hospitalization: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial	Nursing Science	2014-11	Background: Hospitalization can contribute to common sleep difficulties related to environmental, physiological, and psychological factors. Interventions aimed at hospitalized children need to be developed and piloted with rigorous evaluative methods. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility and acceptability of a behavioral-educational intervention - the RELAX TO SLEEP program - aimed at increasing nighttime sleep for hospitalized children. Methods: This study was a pilot randomized controlled trial. Children between the ages of 4 and 10 years, expected to stay for 3 nights in hospital, with a parent staying overnight were included. Children were excluded if they were receiving palliative care; were diagnosed with a sleep or anxiety disorder; had limited movements of extremities or had cognitive impairment; or received sedation. Forty-eight children and their caregivers consented and were randomized to either the RELAX TO SLEEP intervention group (n=24) or the Usual Care control group (n=24). The RELAX TO SLEEP program consisted of a one-on-one discussion with the researcher about sleep and sleep hygiene, a standardized educational booklet about sleep, and a relaxation breathing (RB) exercise for the child. Usual Care participants received no information about sleep or relaxation. Children wore actigraphs for 3 days and nights and completed sleep diaries. Sleep outcomes included: total nocturnal sleep (19h30-07h29), number of nighttime awakenings, longest period of uninterrupted nocturnal sleep, and total daytime (07h30-19h29) sleep. Other outcomes measured at baseline and at 7 days post-discharge, included anxiety (Spence Pre-school/Children Anxiety Subscales), sleep habits (Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire [CSHQ]), and post-hospital maladaptive behaviours (Post-Hospital Behaviour Questionnaire [PHBQ]). Results: Of the 68 eligible families approached, 71% (n=48) agreed to participate. Both the RELAX TO SLEEP and Usual Care group were compliant in wearing the actigraph and completing sleep diaries. Eighty-five per cent (n=19/22) of the Relax to Sleep participants reported using the RB at least once per day in hospital, and over half used it 2-3 times per day. Parental reports indicated that their child enjoyed using RB (18/22; 82%), that it was easy to use (21/22; 95%), and would use it again in the future (18/22; 82%). Parents also reported that they enjoyed the discussion about sleep and found the information helpful (21/22; 95%). Children in the RELAX TO SLEEP group obtained a mean of 50 minutes more nighttime sleep compared to the UC group (419 Âą 7.84 min vs. 369.7 Âą 106.4 min, group difference 49.64 min, t= 1.76, p=0.085), despite having the same number of nighttime awakenings (14.7 [SD 5.83) and 14.7 [SD 4.7] respectively). Improved CSHQ scores at follow-up were noted for the RELAX TO SLEEP group (baseline score 44.04 [SD 7.17] to follow-up 42.38 [SD 5.41]) compared to the increase in sleep disturbance behaviour noted in the Usual Care group (baseline score 45.58 [7.82] to follow-up 47.52 [7.47]). There were no notable differences in anxiety or PHBQ scores; however, the majority of children in this sample (73%, n=32/44) scored 81 or higher on the PHBQ indicating the development of at least one new-onset maladaptive behaviour during the post-discharge period. Conclusion: The RELAX TO SLEEP program proposed in this study was feasible and acceptable to children and their caregivers. Further evaluation of the intervention with a large scale, multicenter RCT is needed.	Ph.D.	health	3
Papastavrou, Sophia	Mojab, Shahrzad	Women Organizations for Peace: Moving Beyond the Rhetoric of the Cyprus Problem	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2019-03	Abstract This research examines enduring women’s organizations working towards women’s rights and a peaceful solution to the Cyprus Problem which has taken precedence over gender equality on the island. This study was based on a 13-year period from 2001 to 2014 examining Hands Across the Divide (HAD), the Gender Advisory Team (GAT), and the Mediterranean Institute of Gender Studies (MIGS) as important groups who have played a key role in women's activism that spans the long-standing partition of Cyprus. This qualitative research-based project applies a transnational feminist lens the following research questions: The central research questions for this study are: 1) How have women’s groups organized for peace? 2) What have been their key issues and organizing strategies? 3) What have been their organizing successes and challenges? I use feminist methods to collect data through participant observation, one-on-one interviews, and focus groups to show how women's organizing within these long-standing groups have played a key role in bicommunal women's activism on the island including the mobilization of the women, peace and security agenda during significant periods in Cypriot history. Each organization is examined through the multi-layered and fragmented ways that the demand for women’s rights has occurred on the island, as well the ways that multigenerational women have sought to make their voices heard in the midst of Cyprus Problem. I conclude with an analysis of how working against ethno-nationalist culture and the need to move beyond the binary of ethnicity and ethnic divisions has resulted in the fight against gendered violence and the marginalization of women’s rights. There is a need to develop a third space in which intersectionality allows women’s groups to engage island-wide with groups fighting other forms of oppression and to create opportunities to work together.	Ph.D.	gender, equality, rights	5, 16
Papillon, Martin	Simeon, Richard	Federalism From Below? The Emergence of Aboriginal Multilevel Governance in Canada. A Comparison of the James Bay Crees and Kahnawa:ke Mohawks	Political Science	2008-11	Using the language of rights and national self-determination, Aboriginal peoples have mounted a fundamental challenge to Canadian federalism in the past forty years. In order to move beyond the imposed structure of colonial governance, Aboriginal peoples have sought to establish their own form of federal relationship with contemporary Canadian governments and society. While much attention has been devoted to the constitutional and legal dimensions of Aboriginal challenges to state authority, this thesis argues that incremental yet fundamental changes are also taking place in the less visible but nonetheless important arena of policy-making. Aboriginal claims for greater political recognition, combined with the redefinition of the role of the state associated with neoliberal ideas, have led to the emergence of multilevel governance practices between Aboriginal governing authorities and their federal and provincial counterparts. While they do not alter the formal nature of state authority as defined in the constitution, multilevel policy exercises are characterized by growing interdependencies between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal governing actors, leading to a partial displacement of formal rules of authoritative decision-making in favor of joint decision-making processes and negotiated solutions to policy disputes. Building on comparative analyses of the transformations in the governance regimes of the James Bay Crees and Kahnawa:ke Mohawks, this thesis argues that these multilevel exercises can become transformative spaces for Aboriginal peoples to reshape their relationship with the state and establish themselves as representatives of distinct political communities with their own sources of authority and legitimacy independent of federal and provincial parliaments. As a result, I argue a new form of federalism may well be emerging not through constitutional negotiations or treaty-making exercises, but from below, in everyday practices of governance.	PhD	governance, rights	16
Paquin-Pelletier, Alexandre	Bertrand, Jacques	Radical Leaders: Status, Competition, and Violent Islamic Mobilization in Indonesia	Political Science	2019-06	Why do some Muslim leaders radicalize while others do not? Drawing on a study of radical mobilization in Indonesia, this dissertation argues that Muslim leaders radicalize when they find religious authority hard to gain and maintain. It makes two specific points: 1) radical mobilization is more likely among weak and precarious religious leaders, those with few followers and little institutionalization; and, 2) weak and precarious leaders are more likely to radicalize in crowded and competitive religious markets, because they need to be creative if they want to survive. It argues that weak Muslim leaders, in competitive environment, are the ones most likely to use strategies of outbidding, scapegoating, and provocation. The dis-sertation’s empirical puzzle is the cross-regional variations in Islamist mobilization observed in post-transition Java, Indonesia. Since 1999, radical groups have proliferated and mobi-lized more in some regions than others. The study finds that in regions with radical groups and mobilization, most clerics have weak religious institutions, fragmented networks, and operate in competitive religious markets. In these markets, radical mobilization provides low-status clerics with a cheap and efficient way to bolster their religious authority. In re-gions where radical groups did not proliferate, most clerics have strong religious institutions with deep roots in society, extensive networks, and operate in much less competitive reli-gious environments. In these markets, clerics do not feel the same urge to mobilize, as reli-gious authority is more secure, stable, and routinized. The origins of these religious markets are traced back to sub-regional variations in the process of state building. State building strategies had long-lasting consequences on contemporary Muslim institutions by shaping subsequent political cleavages and state policies toward Islam. This dissertation is based on 13 months of fieldwork in Indonesia, 126 interviews with Muslim clerics and activists, and a new dataset of Java’s 15,000 Islamic boarding schools and their 30,000 Muslim clerics.	Ph.D.	institution	16
Paradis, Emily Katherine	Burstow, Bonnie	A Little Room of Hope: Feminist Participatory Action Research with "Homeless" Women	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2009-11	In April 2005, a group of women gathered for a human rights workshop at a Toronto drop-in centre for women experiencing homelessness, poverty, and isolation. One year later, the group sent a representative to address the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. This dissertation describes and analyzes the feminist participatory action research-intervention project that began with the workshop and led to the United Nations. Over the course of 15 months, more than 50 participants attended weekly meetings at the drop-in. They learned about social and economic rights, testified about their experiences of human rights violations, and planned and undertook actions to respond to and resist homelessness. This thesis draws upon observations of meetings, documents produced by the group, and interviews with thirteen of the participants, in order to examine the project from a number of angles. First, the project suggests a new understanding of women’s homelessness: testimonies and interviews reveal that homelessness is not only a material state, but more importantly a social process of disenfranchisement enacted through relations of harm, threat, control, surveillance, precarity and dehumanization. Understanding homelessness as a social process enables an analysis of its operations within and for a dominant social and economic order structured by colonization and neoliberal globalization. Secondly, the thesis takes up participants’ assessments of the project’s political effectiveness and its impacts on their well-being and empowerment, and reads these against the researcher’s experiences with the project, in order to explore how feminist participatory methodologies can contribute to resistance. Finally, the thesis concludes with recommendations for theory, research, service provision, and human rights advocacy on women’s homelessness.	PhD	poverty, women, rights	1, 5, 16
Parajulee, Abha	Wania, Frank	The Sources and Transport of Organic Contaminants in Urban Watersheds: Unraveling the Effects of Land Use, Hydrology, and Chemical Properties	Physical and Environmental Sciences	2017-11	The goal of this thesis was to expand the limited body of knowledge surrounding chemodynamics of organic contaminants in urban streams during runoff events. Specifically, this work assessed effects of urbanization, hydrology, and chemical properties on sources and transport of organic contaminants. To fulfill this objective, high frequency sampling was conducted in paired urban and rural watersheds during rainfall and snowmelt. The analytes included both classic (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and emerging organic contaminants (benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers, benzotriazole corrosion inhibitors) covering a range of properties. Area-normalized fluxes for the three chemical groups averaged across the sampling events were 8 to 24 times higher in the urban watershed, likely due to a combination of greater in-watershed emissions and reduced retention. Temporal patterns in contaminant concentrations were relatively homogeneous across chemical groups in the urban watershed. During rainfall, concentrations of more hydrophilic chemicals with a longer history of emissions leading to relatively contaminated groundwater were consistently diluted at higher stream discharges. Hydrophobic chemicals instead showed increasing concentrations with increasing discharge, due to their affinity for suspended sediment (SS) and effective mobilization of different sediment caches during the event. Differences in modes of emission and transport pathways controlled patterns in hydrophobic contaminant concentrations that were normalized to SS weight. Contaminants travelling from watershed surfaces to the stream network showed early flushes, while those emitted directly to stream banks and stream channels were diluted with relatively clean surface inputs. During snowmelt, the urban landscape was the major driver of patterns in contaminant concentrations. Early maxima occurred for all contaminant groups due to quick transport of meltwater, including particles, over impervious surfaces and via sewer networks. This also applied to SS-weighted concentrations of hydrophobic chemicals. In general, this work has contributed knowledge required to develop suitable strategies for monitoring and mitigating organic contamination in urban streams.	Ph.D.	water, rural, urban	6, 11
Pardhan, Almina	Pelletier, Janette	Women Kindergarten Teachers in Pakistan: Their Lives, Their Classroom Practice	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2009-06	This dissertation explores how women kindergarten teachers in Pakistan understand the concept of gender as evident from their own reflections of their life experiences and from their interaction with their students. Early childhood education and gender equality in education are critical policy issues in Pakistan. Women pre-primary teachers have received little specific attention and little is known about their experiences. Seven women kindergarten teachers from one co-educational, private, English-medium school in the urban city of Karachi, Pakistan were involved in this mixed-method study. Multiple methods were used, namely, life history interviews with the women teachers, classroom observations of their teaching practice and interactions with girls and boys, and document analysis. Data were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. The findings were presented and discussed through the five nested interrelated structures – microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem - of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model of human development. Study findings reveal that the family and school are critical microsystems that have shaped the women kindergarten teachers’ understanding of gender in terms of possibilities and impossibilities for girls and boys, women and men within the norms of the broader patriarchal macrosystem. Throughout their lives across the chronosystem, they have had to negotiate multiple positions in their patriarchal extended families, schools, and, to some extent, the larger community in response to social change across diverse geographical spaces. Compromise and conformity have formed much of how they have understood their role and position as women in this patriarchal context. As women and as kindergarten teachers, they are doubly disadvantaged. They have been inadequately prepared to take up positions as pre-primary teachers. Nevertheless, their developing knowledge of teaching young children based on their practice and in-service training in a school with a positive outlook towards teaching has led to a more professional perspective of themselves and their careers. They are committed to teaching, but face the challenge of coping with their professional and familial demands. Often times, they draw upon their religion for strength and to make sense of their gendered experiences. Tensions are evident in their understanding of gender, particularly in relation to their own children and their kindergarten students, about following ascribed gender norms or allowing for more change in tradition in a context being rapidly influenced by globalization and socio-economic change. For the most part, their interaction with their students reflected their internalization of dominant patriarchal values and their active role in perpetuating them. Nevertheless, their gendered teaching practice has also presented possibilities for change in their unconscious and, occasionally conscious, attempts to push gender boundaries towards more equitable gender relationships in this patriarchal context. This study is significant for bringing to the fore women kindergarten teachers’ lived experiences to provide a dimension of education which has gone largely unexamined locally and globally, and which, in the context of Pakistan, are critical to consider in light of issues related to quality, access, and gender equity in early childhood education.	PhD	equitable, gender, women, equality	4, 5
Parizeau, Katherine Marie	Maclaren, Virginia W. ||Daniere, Amrita	Urban Dirty Work: Labour Strategies, Environmental Health, and Coping Among Informal Recyclers in Buenos Aires, Argentina	Geography	2011-06	This dissertation investigates informal waste recycling practices in the modern urban centre of Buenos Aires, Argentina. My research sets a baseline for the living and working conditions of the approximately 9,000 informal recyclers (cartoneros) in the city, focusing on their health, socio-economic status, and access to social and material resources. The research methods included a survey (n = 397) and interviews (n = 30) with cartoneros, as well as key informant interviews and an analysis of newspaper articles addressing informal recycling in the city. My findings indicate that Buenos Aires’ cartoneros, while not the poorest of the poor, are of a relatively low socio-economic status. Their health outcomes and determinants of health are poor compared to others in the Greater Buenos Aires region, and these workers are often stigmatized and discriminated against because of their associations with waste. Cartoneros’ experiences of the city are characterized by a series of social, political, and physical exclusions, revealing a state of urban inequality in Buenos Aires. I argue that municipal agendas of neoliberal urban development are implicated in both the symbolic and physical marginalization of these workers. Cartoneros draw upon many resources in coping with the multiple vulnerabilities that they face (particularly social resources and assets derived from their labour). They also occasionally engage with urban processes of exclusion through collective action and rhetorical redefinitions of their role in society. These workers are therefore active agents in their own destinies, and potential actors for social change. The municipal government of Buenos Aires has recently implemented a formalization plan for some of the city’s cartoneros; the dissertation includes an assessment of these plans, as well as recommendations for other policy-based interventions to informal recycling practices.	PhD	health, equality, labour, inequality, urban, waste, recycl	3, 5, 10, 11, 12
Park, Jiwon Tina	Bothwell, Robert	From Strangers to Partners: Canadian-Korean Relations (1888-1978)	History	2018-06	From Strangers to Partners: Canadian-Korean Relations (1888 – 1978) Jiwon Tina Park Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Toronto 2018 Abstract This dissertation focuses on the transformation of Canadian-Korean relations between the 1880s and the 1970s. Drawing on archival materials from both Ottawa and Seoul, the study approaches the bilateral relationship primarily through the lens of Canadian attitudes, priorities and policies. Canadian missionaries, who first travelled to Korea in 1888, established the earliest bridges between the two countries. Canada’s official engagement with Korea began with its participation on the UN Temporary Commission on Korea (1947-48), followed closely by the Korean War (1950-53), which elevated South Korea’s geostrategic importance for Ottawa. Over the course of the Cold War, these humanitarian concerns soon blossomed into significant commercial and political interests, a change aided by South Korea’s remarkable economic growth under President Park Chung Hee’s leadership. By the 1970s, Canada and South Korea saw each other as significant partners and allies, marked by a rapid expansion in trade and immigration. Shifting alliances and geopolitical interests of the Cold War had important consequences for bringing the two nations together, as South Korea searched for new partners to counterbalance American dominance and expand into new markets. From Seoul’s perspective, Canada, in addition to growing commercial interests, was an important ally for its diplomatic competition against North Korea. The case of the CANDU nuclear reactor sales to Korea at the height of the détente era clearly demonstrate the shifting dynamics in Canadian-Korean relations. Ultimately, this study concludes that comprehensive study of the evolution of Canadian-Korean relations enriches our understanding of Canadian history, Canadian-Asian relations, and international history.	Ph.D.	economic growth	8
Park, Laura	Laupacis, Andreas	Evaluating the Harm of Drugs in the Post-marketing Environment using Observational Research Methods	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2011-11	Our knowledge of a drug’s potential for harm is incomplete at the time of drug licensing leaving residual questions about the long-term safety and effectiveness of drugs in the ‘real world’. Pharmacoepidemiologic research can contribute to the study of the unintended effects of drugs. The central aims of this dissertation were to create new knowledge about drug-related harm in the postmarketing environment using pharmacoepidemiologic methods and larged linked databases, and understand how various types of design and analytic strategies can be applied to reduce bias and threats to internal validity when studying drug harm. The aims of the thesis were achieved by performing three studies. The first study examined elderly individuals hospitalized with bradycardia and identified an association with recent initiation of cholinesterase inhibitor therapy (adjusted odds-ratio 2.13, 95% confidence interval 1.29 to 3.51). The second study examined the measurement properties of administrative diagnostic codes for subtrochanteric and femoral shaft fractures and found the positive predictive value and sensitivity of the codes to be reasonably good (90% and 81%, respectively). This study was linked to the third study which explored the association between long-term bisphosphonate use and subtrochanteric or femoral shaft fractures in postmenopausal women and found an increased risk of these unusual fractures in women with greater than 5 years of bisphosphonate use. The research performed as part of this thesis provides an example of the types of new knowledge about drug-related harm that can be generated using pharmacoepidemiologic designs and analytic strategies. The pharmacoepidemiologic studies will play an important and dynamic role in the larger evolving focus on post-marketing drug safety and effectiveness as new data sources become increasingly available and and the methods within the pharmacoepidemiologic discipline become more sophisticated and refined.	PhD	consum	12
Parke, Elizabeth Chamberlin	Yue, Meng	Infrastructures of Critique: Art and Visual Culture in Contemporary Beijing (1978-2012)	East Asian Studies	2016-11	This dissertation is a story about relationships between artists, their work, and the physical infrastructure of Beijing. I argue that infrastructure’s utilitarianism has relegated it to a category of nothing to see, and that this tautology effectively shrouds other possible interpretations. My findings establish counter-narratives and critiques of Beijing, a city at once an immerging global capital city, and an urban space fraught with competing ways of seeing, those crafted by the state and those of artists. Statecraft in this dissertation is conceptualized as both the art of managing building projects that function to control Beijing’s public spaces, harnessing the thing-power of infrastructure, and the enforcement of everyday rituals that surround Beijinger’s interactions with the city’s infrastructure. From the spectacular architecture built to signify China’s neoliberal approaches to globalized urban spaces, to micro-modifications in how citizens sort their recycling depicted on neighborhood bulletin boards, the visuals of Chinese statecraft saturate the urban landscape of Beijing. I advocate for heterogeneous ways of seeing of infrastructure that releases its from being solely a function of statecraft, to a constitutive part of the artistic practices of: Song Dong (宋冬b. 1966), Cao Fei (曹斐b. 1978), Lu Hao (卢昊b. 1969) and Ning Ying (宁瀛b. 1959) where it is reconfigured as a space of critique. Structured around four typologies, I begin with roads and Ning’s films where the outdated roads refuse to keep pace with the rise in private car ownership. From traffic, I move to Song’s trash based works that make visible the contemporary buying habits of Beijingers in contrast to earlier state policies of frugality and recycling. Then, I consider the migrant workers whose labour is building the city, whose multitudes the state strives to conceal, and whose bodies artists exploit as a medium. Lastly, from embodied practices and spaces, I excavate the buried fiber optic networks that produce the immateriality of the Internet to discuss how Cao’s online practice parodies China’s rapacious urbanization predicated on the real estate market. Iconic buildings of contemporary China colonize her works, but instead of being aesthetically pleasing monuments to the global contemporary, they are a critical commentary on state policies that monetize collectively owned land.	Ph.D.	labour, infrastructure, buildings, urban, recycl	8, 9, 11
Parker, Alison J.	James, D Thomson	The Ecological Context of Pollination: Variation in an Apparent Mutualism	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2014-11	What makes a good pollinator? As pollinators perform the function of pollination, exporting and delivering grains between conspecific plant species, the floral visitor's foraging interests and the messy process of pollination interfere; many pollen grains are removed but not delivered. "Conditionally parasitic" floral visitors "waste" so much pollen (from a plant perspective) that they sometimes reduce total pollen delivery, the total number of pollen grains transferred to conspecific plant stigmas. Most pollinators visit plants with a diverse assemblage of other floral visitors; as pollinators remove, transport, and deposit pollen, they interact indirectly with one another through the supply of available pollen. These interactions can result in conditional parasitism because they affect the number of pollen grains that are successfully transported to stigmas. In this thesis, I explore how pollinator wastefulness and variation in pollinator assemblages may affect pollen export and delivery. I document a particular ecological situation in which a pollen-specialist ("oligolectic") bee and a nectar-collecting fly visit concurrently. In this system, pollen removal by the oligolectic bee results in substantial and rapid pollen depletion, which suggests that pollen wastefulness may be costly. The assemblage of pollinators varies widely throughout the geographic range of the plant; citizen scientists and I documented a consistent geographic pattern. These geographic differences correspond with variation in floral traits that are linked to pollen transfer by bees and flies. Finally, I use a simulation model to explore what ecological contexts will cause a floral visitor to increase or decrease overall pollen delivery. As a whole, these data provide substantial evidence that conditional parasitism may occur, and help elucidate aspects of plants, pollinators, and mechanisms of pollen transfer that may make it more likely. Moreover, I document plant traits that may be a result of selection mediated by conditionally parasitic floral visitors.	Ph.D.	waste	12
Parker, Christina Ashlee	Bickmore, Kathy	Inclusion in Peacebuilding Education: Discussion of Diversity and Conflict as Learning Opportunities for Immigrant Students	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2012-11	Ethnocultural minority immigrant students carry diverse histories, perspectives, and experiences, which can serve as resources for critical reflection and discussion about social conflicts. Inclusion of diverse students’ identities in the curriculum requires acknowledgement and open discussion of diversity and conflictual issues. In democratic peacebuilding education, diverse students are encouraged to express divergent points of view in open, inclusive dialogue. This ethnographic study with a critical perspective examined how three teachers in urban public elementary school classrooms with ethnocultural minority first- and second-generation immigrant students (aged 9 to 13) implemented different kinds of curriculum content and pedagogy, and how those pedagogies facilitated or impeded inclusive democratic experiences for various students. In these classrooms, peers and teachers shared similar and different cultural backgrounds and migration histories. Data included 110 classroom observations of three teachers and 75 ethnocultural minority students, six interviews with three teachers, 29 group interviews with 53 students, document analysis of ungraded student work and teachers’ planning materials, and a personal journal. Results showed how diverse students experienced and responded to implemented curriculum: when content was explicitly linked to students’ identities and experiences, opportunities for democratic peacebuilding inclusion increased. Dialogic pedagogical processes that encouraged cooperation among students strengthened the class community and invited constructive conflict education. The implicit and explicit curriculum implemented in these three diverse classrooms also shaped how students interpreted democracy in the context of multiculturalism in Canada. Teaching students as though they were all the same, and teaching curriculum content as if it were neutral and uncontestable, did not create equitable social relations. Explicit attention to conflict provided opportunities to uncover the hidden curriculum and to acknowledge structures of power and domination, creating space for development of critical consciousness. Thus culturally relevant curricula and democratic learning opportunities encouraged social and academic engagement and resulted in the inclusion of a wider range of diverse students’ voices.	PhD	peace, equitable, inclusive	4, 16
Parlette, Vanessa	Cowen, Deborah ||Walks, Alan	On the Margins of Gentrification: The Production and Governance of Suburban 'Decline' in Toronto's Inner Suburbs	Geography	2014-11	In many North American cities, the last two decades have witnessed not only the large-scale return of investment priorities to central cities, but also a rise in the suburbanization of poverty. This dissertation examines the problem of ‘suburban decline’ by investigating how it is produced, its effects on sub/urban populations, and the responses that it generates. I interrogate the processes through which relations of political-economic and cultural dominance are obscured, enacted, and reproduced through the production of sub/urban investment and decline. In doing so, I identify the ongoing colonial practices, classism, and systemic racism that are embedded into the neoliberal state and through it, the production and management of marginalized spaces and populations. I trace the mechanisms and techniques through which this power is mobilized to control populations and contain dissent. Finally, I demonstrate, through moments of social struggle, that growing unrest and changing demographics related to ‘suburban decline’ represent crises to the dominant structures of power. In this three-paper dissertation I document processes of political-economic and racialized marginalization in Scarborough, an inner suburb of Toronto. My analysis centres around three key moments of major contestation that are also central to social and political change in this area of the city: a failed mobilization to save community space that had taken root in a local retail mall; the implementation of a motel shelter system; the roll-out of the priority neighbourhood strategy for social investment and community governance. Highlighting struggles over suburban space and belonging, I trace the growth and decline of Toronto’s postwar suburbs, through the lens of Southeast Scarborough. I probe the tensions arising from suburban decline by excavating responses from the state at multiple levels, popular media, social agencies, faith groups, and residents. More broadly these struggles inform key dynamics that are central to contemporary transformations in sub/urban socio-spatial relationships: the production of racialized space; the targeting of poor communities; and devolution of governance responsibilities through third-sector organizations.	PhD	poverty, cities, urban, production, governance	1, 11, 12, 16
Parr, Lennox Michael	Ryan, James	The Principals' Role in Facilitating Inclusive School Environments for Students Considered to be Experiencing Behavioural Problems in Intermediate Level Schools	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2010-11	This research examines the understandings and practices of inclusive minded principals toward facilitating the development of inclusive school environments for intermediate level (Grade 7 and 8) students who are experiencing behavioural problems in their schools. Qualitative interviews with 16 principals across 4 school districts were conducted to explore how these inclusive minded principals conceptualize and understand the needs of this particular group of students, and what they consider to be their roles and responsibilities as principals in meeting these needs. The data suggest that despite the number of barriers that serve to hamper principals’ efforts to develop the ideal inclusive school, there are a great many strategies principals intentionally use to facilitate change toward more inclusive school cultures and pedagogy. These strategies emanate from, and are reflective of, an inclusive philosophy that is common among participants. Principals’ individual philosophies and ideologies serve as a compass in guiding decision-making and actions that affect staff, students, and the wider school community. In an inclusive school, these ideologies are reflective of the principles of inclusion, such as the need to create a culture of care wherein all students feel valued, supported, and experience a sense of belonging and individual self worth. The implications of this research toward improving the schooling experiences of students with behavioural problems as well as other marginalized groups of learners are discussed in the context of the call for a re-culturing of schools toward more inclusive environments.	PhD	inclusive	4
Parsaud, Leon	Yeung, Rae	The Role of T-cell Costimulation in the Pathogenesis of Kawasaki Disease	Medical Science	2019-06	Kawasaki disease (KD) is a multisystem vasculitis that mainly targets the coronary arteries in young children. Both environmental factors along with genetic factors play a role in the susceptibility, severity and response to treatment of KD. Regardless of the initial trigger of the immune response in KD, the role of costimulatory signals remain a critical component in the survival of T-cells and the pathogenesis of the disease. Genome wide association studies have found costimulatory molecules to be associated with KD. In this work we show that, enhanced costimulation rescued superantigen-stimulated T-cells from apoptosis. CD28 mediated signaling resulted in up-regulation of the anti-apoptotic factors, Bcl-xL and cFLIP. Bcl-xL expression was dependent on costimulatory signals and decreased with administration of CTLA-4Ig. Furthermore, expression of survival molecules cFLIP, MCL1 and NAIP were significantly upregulated in patients who did not respond to IVIG treatment. Taken together, our findings point to the important role of costimulation in the immunopathology of KD. Moreover, activation of another costimulatory molecule CD40 (via CD40L) resulted in significantly elevate lymphocyte proliferation in combination with superantigen activation. However, splenocytes from CD28 knockout mice do not exhibit this elevated response and the CD28 antagonist CTLA4-Ig was able to mimic the effects seen in the splenocytes from CD28 knockout mice. This suggests that CD28 is the intermediary that mediates the proliferative effects of CD40 activation. Furthermore, the role of platelets the largest source of sCD40L was examined. Through co-culturing experiments CD40L on activated platelets was shown to promote both splenocyte proliferation and T-cell survival upon SAg stimulation. In vivo experiments using the LCWE mouse model of KD demonstrated that coronary aneurysms are reduced in the absence of CD40L. Hence, our results indicate that costimulation mediates T-cell survival in both mice and man developing KD and regulates disease severity and treatment response, pointing to a potential new target for treatment. These studies add to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning the immunopathology of KD and identify potential biomarkers of disease and novel targets for therapy.	Ph.D.	health	3
Pashang, Soheila	Mojab, Shahrzad	Non-Status Women: Invisible Residents and Underground Resilience	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2011-06	Although activists’ conservative estimate of the number of non-status people living in Canada is well over 500,000, the Canadian government, through its exclusionary immigration, civic, and public policies, has criminalized their existence and forsaken its responsibility for their human rights. It has been abetted by international law, which largely leaves it to individual states to resolve their own issues with unregulated migration by means of deportation or regularization. This anti-racist feminist research relied on multiple methods to collect 155 survey questionnaires distributed by service providers to non-status women within the Greater Toronto Area; it also relied on thirteen individual and two focus-group interviews with service providers and activists in order to: (1) explore the lived conditions of non-status women, and (2) examine how the activities of service providers and activists address these women’s needs. The results show that living without legal immigration status has dire consequences for non-status women, placing them at high risk of physical and sexual abuse, labour exploitation, sexual and mental health challenges, excessive caring responsibilities, and unstable housing conditions. Since most publicly funded human-service agencies come under governmental control through the process of funding allocation, practitioners must meet their non-status clients’ needs in an underground manner or on compassionate grounds, while facing dual workloads, limited referral sources, and work-related burnout. This adversely affects the quality of the care these women receive. As a result, in recent years, many frontline practitioners and human-rights activists have formed campaigns and networks to confront neoliberal state policies and act as the voice of non-status women. At the same time, non-status women’s resilient power, informal learning mechanisms, and social networks have enabled them to learn new skills, navigate the system, and make Canada their new home.	PhD	women, resilien	5, 13
Pashby, Karen	Joshee, Reva	Related and Conflated: A Theoretical and Discursive Framing of Multiculturalism and Global Citizenship Education in the Canadian Context	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2013-06	There is a public perception that Canada is an ideal place for cultivating global citizenship because of its culturally plural demographics and official policies of multiculturalism. Global Citizenship Education (GCE) is a growing field in Canadian education and is an explicit focus in the Alberta social studies curriculum. This thesis brings together four conversations within which multiculturalism and GCE are both related and conflated: (a) the public perceptions of Canada as a model of cultural diversity and global citizenship, (b) the scholarly discussions of GCE and multiculturalism, (c) the policy context where multiculturalism is set alongside GCE, and (d) the practical ways that the two are mutually related in curriculum and lesson documents. There are four interrelated sections to this thesis; each identifies the tensions inherent to multiculturalism, GCE, and the perceived relationship between these fields. First is a wider philosophical and theoretical framing of the topic. Second is the examination of educational research on the topic. Third is a critical discourse analysis of policy, curriculum, and lesson plan documents in the province of Alberta. Last is a synthesis of the findings from all three sections. The analysis finds that there are philosophical and ideological tensions inherent to both fields and to the relationships between them. This contributes to conceptual and ideological conflation and confusion. This finding raises some important concerns in terms of possibilities and constraints to thinking about cultural diversity and social inequities in new ways. It highlights how multicultural contexts of GCE can lead to the recreation of tensions, conflation, and ambiguity. However, the Alberta context demonstrates that a multicultural context can also open critical spaces and possibilities for GCE through engagements with tensions and complexities. Thus this thesis contributes theoretically, by presenting a framework and perspective for interrogating and critically inquiring into the relationship between the two fields. It also contributes to the policy and curriculum discussions in educational research and practice by highlighting the importance of foregrounding key tensions inherent to each field and by identifying the potential negative consequences of leaving these tensions implicit.	PhD	educat	4
Pasternak, Shiri	Prudham, W. Scott ||Cowen, Deborah	Jurisdiction and Settler Colonialism: The Algonquins of Barriere Lake Against the Federal Land Claims Policy	Planning	2013-11	This dissertation analyzes tensions between Indigenous and Canadian authority over land and governance through a critical inquiry into jurisdiction. I examine jurisdiction in the context of the Algonquins of Barriere Lake’s territory, located about three hours north of Ottawa in the northernmost boreal region of Quebec. To undertake this study of overlapping jurisdiction, I analyze the struggle over resource management across the past thirty years on the territory and their struggle against the federal land claims policy. I map the ways in which space is differentiated under competing legal orders, where on the one hand, jurisdiction is produced by the sovereign territorial state through operations of economic and political calculation, and on the other, by the Algonquin nation through a kinship nexus of allocated hunting and trapping grounds, and by the daily caretaking practices associated with Anishnabe life on the territory. I raise questions as to how simultaneous operations of law may take place in a single area, across distinctive epistemological and ontological frameworks, and how jurisdictions are produced in this context. My dissertation examines how the Algonquins of Barriere Lake have contested the socio-spatial production of state sovereignty claims through the exercise of jurisdiction over their lands. My focus on jurisdiction in this dissertation turns our attention to the practices of settler colonial sovereignty in Canada, and especially to the role Indigenous law plays in resisting intervention on their lands. I examine the role Indigenous law plays in shaping the political economy of this country, seeking to identify whether a “distinct form of accumulation” emerges in the dialectic of settler colonialism and Canada’s staple state economy. The interpretive framework of jurisdiction allows us to examine the overlapping authority claims between Indigenous, state, regional, and private interests, and to parse out the ways in which these jurisdictional claims produce different kinds of political space.	PhD	governance	16
Patankar, Rajit	Thomas, Sean C. ||Smith, Sandy	A 'Mitey' Influence? Life History, Impacts and Distribution of a Gall-inducing Arthropod in a Temperate Forest Canopy	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2010-11	Mature forest canopies worldwide sustain an enormous diversity of arthropods, many of which are specialist natural enemies. However, with the exception of species that exhibit massive outbreaks, host-specific canopy arthropods are thought to have relatively little influence on tree health and overall forest productivity. My thesis examines the role of one such arthropod in a temperate forest stand in central Ontario. The maple spindle gall mite Vasates aceriscrumena (Riley) (Acari: Eriophyoidae) is a host-specific canopy parasite that induces galls on leaves of sugar maple Acer saccharum Marsh. I examine three diverse topics related to this host-parasite system: 1) the seasonal phenology of this mite in mature sugar maple canopies, 2) the impacts of galling on host physiology and growth and 3) the distribution of this mite across host ontogeny and within the broader context of the local forest community. With respect to phenology, I document a previously unobserved interaction between the gall-inducer and a gall-invading mite (ubiquitous in the canopy but new to science) and consequences of this on the bionomics of galling mite populations. This work is also the first to examine differential physiological responses to galling across two distinct stages in the ontogeny of the host. Infected leaves in mature trees show drastic reductions in gas-exchange processes (photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and water use efficiency) while infected sapling leaves show no such detectible responses. Further, I find a significant negative correlation between radial increment growth in mature trees and levels of mite galling, as well as significantly increased galling frequency in mature trees compared with understory saplings. Finally, I explore the relationship between galling abundance and abiotic and biotic variables within a large mapped forest plot and show that gall densities are most strongly correlated with local species diversity and less so with host densities. Overall, my research provides a new perspective on the influence of host-specific, dispersal-limited canopy arthropods as major drivers of ‘age-dependent’ reductions in physiological performance and growth of older trees and as natural enemies that are strongly associated with local forest community distribution patterns.	PhD	forest, water	14, 15
Patitsas, Elizabeth Ann	Easterbrook, Steve M.||Craig, Michelle W.	Explaining Gendered Participation in Computer Science Education	Computer Science	2019-06	Amongst scientific fields, computer science (CS) is the only one in which the percentage of women undergraduates has decreased since the 1980s; in the US and Canada, this percentage has hovered around 15%. Since the 1990s, a great deal of effort and resources have been put toward trying to improve the representation of women in computing. Unfortunately, these wide-spread efforts have not resulted in any macro-scale improvements. Using theoretical and conceptual tools from critical sociology, policy analysis, and systems thinking, I examine the question of why the efforts to improve gender diversity in CS education have not had a more discernible effect on a macro scale. I begin by classifying gender diversity initiatives, and observe that the most prevalent types of initiatives are low-leverage. I examine the history of women in computing, finding that enrolment booms are key times for gendering participation: when universities faced enrolment booms in the late 1980s and dot-com era, the percentage of women decreased, in part from gatekeeping measures enacted by CS departments. And as CS is currently facing its third enrolment boom, I survey CS faculty to see what factors are influencing their current policy discussions about enrolments. I find that diversity is seldom considered, nor is history; this approach to policymaking could exacerbate the gendered participation in CS. I also extend Etzkowitz et al.’s framework of “generations” of women in STEM, noting that different generations of women in CS have had differing and conflicting goals for gender equality. Through re-examining the historical variations in gendered participation in computing, and considering the contemporanous global variations, I determine that Anne Witz’s occupational closure theory provides an explanation for the historico-geographical variations. I find that policies (e.g. educational gatekeeping) and discourses (e.g. you need to be brilliant to be a computer scientist) are the primary ways in which the boundaries of CS are closed. For CS to improve its gender diversity, we need to make higher leverage changes; identifying policies and discourses as critical levers allows for change-agents to more effectively push for gender diversity.	Ph.D.	women, equality	5
Paton, Michael James	Barfoot, Timothy D	Expanding the Limits of Vision-Based Autonomous Path Following	Aerospace Science and Engineering	2018-03	Autonomous path-following systems allow robots to traverse large-scale networks of paths using on-board sensors. These methods are well suited for applications that involve repeated traversals of constrained paths such as factory floors, orchards, and mines. Through the use of inexpensive, commercial, vision sensors, these algorithms have the potential to enable robotic applications across multiple industries. However, these applications will demand algorithms capable of long-term autonomy. This poses a difficult challenge for vision-based systems in unstructured and outdoor environments, whose appearances are highly variable. While techniques have been developed to perform localization across extreme appearance change, most are not suitable or untested for vision-in-the-loop systems such as autonomous path following, which requires continuous metric localization to keep the robot driving. This thesis extends the performance of vision-based autonomous path following through the development of novel localization and mapping techniques. First, we present the following generic localization frameworks: i) a many-to-one localization framework that combines data associations from independent sources of information into single state-estimation problems, and ii) a multi-experience localization and mapping system that provides metric localization to the manually taught path across extreme appearance change using bridging experiences gathered during autonomous operation. We use these frameworks to develop three novel autonomous path-following systems: i) a lighting-resistant system capable of autonomous operation across daily lighting change through the fusion of data from traditional-grayscale and color-constant images, ii) a multi-stereo system that extends the field-of-view of the algorithm by fusing data from multiple stereo cameras, and iii) a multi-experience system that uses both localization frameworks to achieve reliable localization across appearance change as extreme as night vs. day and winter vs. summer. These systems are validated through a collection of extensive field tests covering over 213 km of vision-in-the-loop autonomous driving across a wide variety of environments and appearance change with an autonomy rate of 99.7% of distance traveled.	Ph.D.	industr	9
Patrician, Penelope (Penny) Anne	Campbell, Carol	Rhetoric to Reality: Practices of Schools in Challenging Circumstances to Support Parent Engagement in their Children’s Mathematics Learning	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2019-06	Parent engagement in their children’s learning is widely accepted as having positive influence on academic success, and recently a growing body of research has acknowledged the benefit of parent engagement to their children’s mathematics achievement specifically. The finding that the influence of parent engagement can mitigate differences in socio-economic status and family background is of particular significance. The purpose of this study was to examine the practices high-performing elementary schools in challenging circumstances used to engage parents in their children’s mathematics learning, and the conditions and supports for these practices. Data from a large urban school board showed that elementary schools with a higher level of challenge (including income, adult education, and lone-parent families) generally had lower mathematics achievement (students that meet or exceed the standard on a provincial assessment). Case studies of five schools, in which mathematics achievement exceeded what would be predicted by their level of challenge, reveal three central components to a model of parent engagement in their children’s mathematics learning for high-performing schools in challenging circumstances. First, educators and parent leaders, guided by their beliefs and values, and their ethic of care, provided a welcoming climate and caring culture conducive to parent engagement. Next, within this environment an asset-based approach addressed barriers and inequity, and built trusting, mutually respectful relationships and social networks in which family needs were served and parent engagement in their children’s schooling was nurtured. Finally, upon this foundation of authentic partnerships, subject-specific strategies addressed potential additional barriers of parental mathematics anxiety and lack of familiarity with how mathematics is being taught, while nurturing parental contributions to their children’s positive affect, motivation, and confidence. Strategies to engage parents in their children’s mathematics learning were multi-faceted and addressed all aspects of Hoover-Dempsey and Sandler’s (1997, 2005) theoretical model of parents’ motivation to be involved. As nested layers, the primary locus of parent-teacher partnership was found to be the classroom, enhanced by actions at the school level—leadership in particular—and similarly, the school’s efforts were enhanced by school board actions.	Ph.D.	educat, socioeconomic	1, 4
Patterson, Erin Elizabeth	Tourangeau, Ann E	Examining Variation in Access to Long-term Home Care Services for Ontario Seniors	Nursing Science	2016-11	Background: As Canadaâ s population ages, a greater number of seniors will require formal and informal care to remain in their homes. To effectively maintain seniors in their homes, equitable access to home care services is required. However, variations in access to these services have persisted in Ontario for decades. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine factors affecting access to long-term home care for seniors identified as at moderate risk of adverse outcomes and to determine whether variation in access to these services exists across Ontario. Methods: Administrative data were used to conduct a secondary analysis. A non-experimental design was employed. Factors associated with three dimensions of access to home care (propensity, intensity, wait time) were examined across four outcome categories: no home-based care, home-based nursing services alone, home-based supportive care services alone, and home-based nursing and supportive care services together. Results: Personal characteristics, caregiver characteristics and regional characteristics were found to affect all dimensions of access. Factors associated with propensity to receive services varied across outcome categories and included having a dementia diagnosis, dependence in performing activities of daily living, having a previous fall, previous health care utilization, and the region in which the patient resides. Similarly, factors associated with intensity of services were dependent on type of care received and included education, continence and living with a caregiver for nursing services and cognitive status, functional status, health status, and living with a caregiver for supportive care services. While, intensity of nursing services did not vary across regions, intensity of supportive care services was significantly different across the province. Factors affecting wait times included sex, functional status, health status, and receiving nursing care. Conclusions: Inequity in access to home care services persists across Ontario. Variation in propensity to receive services, intensity of supportive care services received, and wait times was evident across regions. Inequitable access to services could result in negative outcomes for those unable to access services. Equitable access to home-based care is vital to ensuring Ontario seniors are able to live and receive care in their preferred location, which for most seniors is at home.	Ph.D.	health, equitable	3, 4
Patterson, Matt	Hannigan, John	Icons and Identity: A Study of Two Museums and the Battle to Define Toronto	Sociology	2015-11	Iconic architecture has become a popular “hard-branding” strategy among urban policymakers hoping to elevate the global status of their city and attract outside investment, tourists, and skilled migrants. However, iconic architecture is more than just an economic tool; it is an attempt to create a symbolic representation of place which, in the process, physically reshapes the urban landscape itself. As such, iconic architecture offers an important opportunity to study the relationship between abstract notions of place and concrete urban development practices. Focusing on this relationship, this dissertation investigates two museum expansion projects in Toronto: the Royal Ontario Museum and the Art Gallery of Ontario. Both museums hired internationally-renowned architects to design striking, iconic facades and both projects became mired in political controversy that pitted the museums against members of the surrounding community. Focusing specifically on the role of culture and meaning, the dissertation offers three main findings. First, it reveals that public cultural institutions (the primary clients of iconic architecture) use this development strategy to generate political legitimacy and, by extension, attract outside financial support. By asserting themselves physically within the cityscape, they similarly attempt secure a central place within local public life. Second, the dissertation demonstrates how competing notions of place can emerge between different groups of urban inhabitants and subsequently become the basis for urban political struggle. Employing cognitive mapping analysis, the dissertation demonstrates how the museums’ cosmopolitan vision for Toronto contradicted more locally-focused notions of place held within the community. Finally, in examining how this political conflict played out during development, the dissertation reveals the importance of “performative power” in forging community consensus and overcoming initial differences. More specifically, the success of the projects depended on how well the museum leadership conformed to existing cultural expectations held within the community. These findings, taken as a whole, provide important empirical and theoretical insights into how urban inhabitants understand place, and how these understandings inform their actions within the context of major urban development projects.	Ph.D.	urban, institution	11, 16
Pattison-Meek, Joanne Margaret	Bickmore, Kathy	Democratic Citizenship Education in Rural High Schools: Navigating Difference and Conflict in Three Ontario Classrooms	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2016-06	Citizenship education is a key means to support understanding and respect of Canada’s diversity. How are various visible and invisible social, political, cultural, and ethnic identity diversities negotiated in some predominantly white, rural classroom contexts in Canada? How may these differences surface, intersect with, or be denied through teachers’ pedagogical choices? This thesis compares three case studies of how democracy-committed social studies teachers in rural public high school classrooms in southern Ontario selected and taught subject matter, and implemented pedagogies, to facilitate students’ expression in relation to various social and cultural differences and conflicts. Data include 56 classroom observations, 6 teacher interviews, 10 group interviews with a total of 29 students, and analysis of documents including teacher handouts and student written work. The case studies brought to light pedagogical challenges and opportunities for citizenship teachers to affirm social, political, and ethnocultural diversity and justice. Some students had had few prior opportunities to interact across difference, especially (visible) ethnocultural difference. One teacher organized a rural-urban encounter to introduce her students to racialized newcomer youth, to exchange their different and similar lived experiences. Others presented information and discussion opportunities about various social differences such as immigration experience. The three teachers’ pedagogical choices also surfaced the less visible differences that did exist among their students – such as ideological (opinions on contemporary issues), religious, socioeconomic, and mental health – as (additional) important elements of pluralistic democracy. Pedagogies that invited expression of contrasting, sometimes unpopular, views provided students with opportunities to hear alternate perspectives beyond their own, thus to experience social difference and conflict as valuable conditions of living in a democracy. This study challenges notions of difference typically embedded in some citizenship literature, by drawing upon learners (as well as experienced teachers) as sources of knowledge about less visible social diversities in (under-studied) rural contexts. This study contributes to teacher education and citizenship teacher theory and practice, concrete ways of teaching for democratic pluralist citizenship, especially in relation to apparently homogeneous student populations.	Ph.D.	socioeconomic, urban, rural , justice	1, 11, 16
Patton, Anna Katherine Berenice	Coupland, Gary	Reconstructing Houses: Early Village Social Organization in Prince Rupert Harbour, British Columbia	Anthropology	2011-06	In this dissertation, I investigate the nature of social relations on the northern Northwest Coast during the Late Middle Period (500 BC to AD 500) through the rubric of House Societies as defined by Levi-Strauss (1982). In House Societies, corporate groups hold estates and wealth that are transmitted from one generation to the next. Houses were, and still are, the fundamental organizing principle in Tsimshian society. In the 19th century, Houses were central to systems of property ownership and social ranking. The antiquity of this institution however, is not clear. In this study, I ask whether Houses existed in the past in the Prince Rupert area and if so, what implications they might have had on social and economic relations. To investigate this question, I excavated two house depressions at GbTo-77, a small village site in Prince Rupert Harbour and considered whether evidence existed for long-term investment in place, the transmission of dwellings across multiple generations, and for owned estates or resource locations. The results suggested that one house depression (house D) showed some evidence for house reconstruction and maintenance, but over a relatively short period of time, particularly in comparison to other locations across the Northwest Coast. A second house depression, however, may have been used intermittently, or for an even shorter period of time than house D; no evidence was found for continuity between occupations or long-term investment in architecture. Faunal remains from both house depressions were very small and could not be reliably used to infer differences in owned resource locations. As such, the results of this study indicate that the house depressions at GbTo-77 likely do not represent Houses. These results are significant because archaeologists have often assumed that the house depressions forming organized, rowed villages, such as GbTo-77, are the remnants of Houses or incipient Houses. I explored also how architectural, stratigraphic and faunal evidence at GbTo-77 compared with these data at four other village sites in Prince Rupert Harbour. Few other house depressions were excavated sufficiently in order to adequately compare architecture remains between villages. The comparison of faunal remains between village sites in Prince Rupert Harbour, however, showed that there may have been important differences between villages in terms of economic systems, particularly in terms of salmon abundance, when compared with other fish taxa. The most significant differences in abundance were observed within column, bulk and auger samples (equal volume samples), indicating the importance of using small mesh screens (<2.8 mm) in faunal analyses. These data suggest that villages may have exerted control over important resource locations. The extent to which this control, or ownership, might reflect differences between houses, rather than villages, is not entirely clear for the Late Middle Period villages. I also observed significant differences in terms of shellfish composition at each village site. Variability in local resources may relate primarily to the precise location of these villages within the harbour, but may also have implications for our understanding of pre-contact land tenure practices in Prince Rupert Harbour.	PhD	fish	14
Pauchulo, Ana Laura	Simon, Roger I.	Living with Loss: Mapping Derechos Humanos on the Landscape of Public Remembrance of the 1976-1983 Dictatorship in Argentina	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2011-06	The Argentine landscape is marked by countless sites of remembrance of the 1976-1983 dictatorship drawn by human rights groups in Argentina, producing a seemingly infinite command to remember the violence of this period and the 30,000 who were disappeared. Though this landscape can seem chaotic, this impression discounts the context of loss on which it is constructed as well as the deeply affective and contested political issues that motivate its construction. This study thus maps the ways demands for human rights mobilized through public remembrance of the dictatorship articulate a continual learning to live with loss. Investigating the specificities of loss in Argentina, I explore how human rights claims are made in the name of the disappeared who, neither dead nor alive, are at once everywhere and nowhere. I draw largely from my conversations with members of human rights groups to illuminate how the demand for derechos humanos is articulated in particular ways to address present-day social injustices and to affirm the living’s relationship with the disappeared. The study aims to contribute to an understanding of public remembrance as a continual process of teaching and learning about the past that is intended to motivate the formation of a public committed to constructing a better present and future.	PhD	rights, justice	16
Paul, Glavin	Schieman,	Perceived Job Insecurity and Health Across the Life Course	Sociology	2012-06	Job loss and unemployment have been consistently shown to have deleterious consequences for health. However, less is known about how insecure employment experiences and the threat of job loss influence well-being. Given the high levels of uncertainty associated with threatened and insecure employment, perceptions of job insecurity are thought to constitute a potent form of work stress because the ambiguity over a future undesirable event—job loss—undermines coping strategies and attempts at stress reduction. It has been suggested, then, that health penalties should be greatest with prolonged exposure to this threat. Further, since the meaning of job loss likely varies across working life, individual reactions may be contingent on life course position. Drawing from the Stress Process Model and the life course perspective, this dissertation explores whether the two factors of timing and duration influence the health penalties associated with perceived job insecurity, along with its impact on personality traits that are fundamental to well-being. iii Findings reveal the detrimental social-psychological and health implications of perceived job insecurity based on a national panel study of American workers surveyed in 2005 and 2007. Health penalties associated with perceived job insecurity are greatest for middle age workers reporting prolonged exposure to the threat of job loss. In addition, a personality trait—a high sense of personal control over one’s life—is demonstrated to alleviate the stress of perceived job insecurity; but this trait is itself prone to erosion with prolonged exposure to insecure employment. Collectively, this dissertation contributes to knowledge about the social-psychological processes through which insecure employment impacts individual well-being, and how these processes are shaped by age as a key social status and life course marker.	PhD	worker, employment	8
Pautler, Brent Gregory	Simpson, Myrna J.	Novel Analytical Approaches for the Characterization of Natural Organic Matter in the Cryosphere and its Potential Impacts on Climate Change	Chemistry	2013-11	Climate change is predicted to be the most pronounced in high latitude ecosystems, however very little is known about their vulnerability to the projected warmer temperatures. In particular, natural organic matter (NOM) in the high latitude cryosphere which includes dissolved organic matter (DOM) and cryoconite organic matter (COM) from glaciers and soil organic matter (SOM) in permafrost, is highly susceptible to climate change which may lead to severe consequences on both local and global carbon biogeochemical cycles. Examination of DOM in glacier ice by a novel 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) water suppression pulse sequence at its natural abundance revealed and quantified the composition and the organic constituents in ice samples from Antarctica. 1H NMR spectra of samples from several glaciers were acquired and compared to the dominant fluorescent DOM fraction. This comprehensive approach showed that glacier ice DOM was mainly composed of small, labile biomolecules associated with microbes. Examination of the organic debris found on glacier surfaces (COM) from both Arctic and Antarctic glaciers were determined to be derived from microbes. Samples from Arctic glaciers were more chemically heterogeneous with small inputs of plant-derived material detected after targeted extractions. Therefore the COM carbon composition was determined to be dependent on the local glacier environment, suggesting a site specific contribution to the carbon cycle. Finally, the distribution of extracted branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT)microbial membrane lipids and the deuterium incorporation of plant-wax n-alkane biomarkers extracted from dated permafrost SOM (paleosols) were independently applied for Canadian Arctic climate reconstruction during the last glacial maximum. Overall, the branched GDGT based temperature reconstructions from the Arctic paleosols reconstruct higher temperatures, likely when bacterial activity was optimal. The deuterium composition of the C29 n-alkane plant lipids appears to integrate an average annual signal. Further analysis by both non-selective NMR spectroscopic and targeted biomarker techniques on these paleosol samples revealed that the major vegetative sources from this paleoecosystem originated from woody and non-woody angiosperms. This thesis demonstrates several novel analytical characterization techniques, along with the major sources and composition of NOM in the cryosphere while demonstrating its use in paleoclimate applications.	PhD	water, climate	6, 13
Pauzé, Enette	Barnsley, Janet	Working Together across Primary Care, Mental Health & Addictions: Exploring the Association between the Formalization of Organizational Partnerships & Collaboration among Staff Members	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2012-11	The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between the formalization of inter-organizational partnerships and collaboration among staff members working together across primary care, mental health and addition organizations to provide services to adults with complex mental health and addiction needs. Phase I of the study provided an environmental scan of existing partnerships among Family Health Teams (FHTs) and Community Health Centres (CHCs), and the Mental Health and/or Addiction (MHA) organizations they partner with, in the province of Ontario (Canada). Phase II explored the relationship between formalization and a) administrative collaboration and b) and service delivery collaboration. The hypotheses proposed that staff members who are part of formalized partnerships would report higher levels of collaboration. Phase III explored how formal and informal partnerships and collaboration are experienced by the administrative and service provider staff members who work across FHTs, CHCs and MHAs organizations. Using a mixed methods approach, data were collected using electronic surveys and telephone interviews. The results of Phase I indicated that FHTs and CHCs in Ontario have between 1-3 partnerships with MHA organizations. Most are informal partnerships, have existed for less than 5 years, and most staff members (partners) interact on a monthly basis. The quantitative results of Phase II showed no significant relationship between formalization and either form of collaboration. The qualitative findings from Phase III provide two key contributions. First, the results of the interviews may help explain why collaboration was not higher in formalized partnerships, as demonstrated by the range of advantages and disadvantages experienced by administrators and service providers in both formal and informal partnerships. Second, the findings illuminate factors related to the process of creating and/or formalizing partnerships, suggesting that there may be other factors that mediate or have a direct impact on the relationship between formalization and collaboration. By bringing together the study findings, the study addresses a gap in the literature by proposing a pathway through which formalization may be associated with collaboration. The results of the study provide opportunities for future research to help improve the quality and accessibility of services to adults with complex mental health and addiction needs.	PhD	health	3
Pavlou, Maria	Diamandis, Eleftherios	Developing a Proteomic Prognostic Signature for Breast Cancer Patients	Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology	2014-06	Breast cancer is a major health issue, affecting annually approximately 1.4 million women worldwide. It is a highly heterogeneous disease with the different subtypes having distinct clinical outcomes and different sensitivity to various treatment modalities. The focus of the present dissertation was the identification of novel proteomic prognostic markers for patients with early stage breast cancer. Three different approaches to identify potential prognostic markers were undertaken. First, we hypothesized that since different breast cancer subtypes have distinct clinical outcomes, breast cancer subtype-specific proteins may retain prognostic potential. Second, given the central role of estrogen signaling in breast epithelial cell biology, we hypothesized that estrogen-regulated proteins may be useful in predicting patient outcome. Finally, we hypothesized that genes related to survival based on meta-analyses of publicly available breast cancer tissue microarray data, may also demonstrate prognostic potential at the proteome level. As such, a variety of mass spectrometry-based approaches and biological samples were utilized for the discovery of these potential prognostic protein markers resulting in twenty-four candidates. Upon the identification of candidate biomarkers, a mass spectrometry-based assay for the simultaneous quantification of these proteins in breast cancer tissue samples was established. The developed assay was used for measuring the relative expression levels of the potential biomarkers in a cohort of 96 breast cancer tissue samples from untreated patients with early stage breast cancer. This exercise uncovered two proteins that showed the potential to discriminate between ER-positive patients at high and low risk of disease recurrence, namely KPNA2 and CDK1. In conclusion, the present dissertation describes the development of a preclinical exploratory study, from the discovery to the preliminary verification of potential prognostic biomarkers for breast cancer patients.	PhD	health	3
Payne, Greg Jason	Coyte, Peter C.	Health Expenditures, Time to Death, and Age: A Study of Individual-level, Longitudinal Data to Identify the Combined Role of Age and Mortality in Determining Health Utilization of the Elderly	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2010-11	While there is great concern about the potential impact of aging populations on health care systems in the developed world, evidence from recent decades has shown at best a weak relationship between population aging and health expenditures at the aggregate level. This thesis explores the literature that frames the relationship between age and health care utilization in the context of reduced mortality and shorter periods of morbidity at the end of life. We add to this literature with an empirical study of individual health expenditures of the British Columbia senior population in the years 1991-2001 in the categories of hospital services, continuing care, doctor billings, and pharmaceutical prescriptions. Expenditures for decedent and survivors of the same age are compared and are fitted to a model using age and time-to-death as explanatory factors. The partial derivative of the model with respect to age is analyzed for empirical estimates of the effect of age after controlling for time-to-death. Results show that decedent costs rose over the study period while costs for survivors fell, particularly in continuing care, so that the relative cost of dying increased. The effect of age, after controlling for time to death, was muted or negative for hospitals, doctors, and drugs, but strongly positive for continuing care and, as a result, for all services combined. Overall, these results suggest that age is not a ‘red herring’, as some researchers have suggested, with respect to forecasting future demands on health systems. While future reductions in mortality and morbidity could mitigate pressures on hospitals, aging populations will put increased pressure on long-term residential care and other forms of social care.	PhD	health	3
Pearce, Megan Louise	Knop, Karen	Gendering the Compliance Agenda: Feminism, Human Rights and Violence Against Women	Law	2014-11	Driven by the work of feminists, the last three decades have seen international human rights law reformed to respond better to the scourge of violence against women. A central feature of these reforms - the due diligence standard - extends state responsibility into the private sphere, where women are most often subject to violence. This thesis examines why feminist progress at the level of law has not delivered real change. It argues that the work of feminists, whose efforts helped transform the law, must be extended to address the next challenge: the gap between the promise of the law, and reality. Applying feminist observations to the prevailing set of compliance theories, this thesis reveals some blind spots in current theories of compliance with international law, and illuminates some of the reasons why the due diligence standard has not been effective in eliminating violence against women.	LL.M.	women, rights	5, 16
Peasley, Elyse Michelle	Piran, Niva	Women's Experiences of Embodied Joy: Resisting the Cultural Dictate of Bodily Dissatisfaction	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2013-06	Among women in North America, body dissatisfaction is prevalent and well documented. Women are often unhappy with their bodies and strive to change their bodies to fit the dominant cultural ideal of beauty and femininity. Within this context, in which women are expected to focus tremendous resources, time, and energy on bodily striving and body dissatisfaction, some women are able to resist these expectations. They experience joy with their bodies—joy that is not contingent on their appearance, size, or weight. With respect to women’s embodied experiences of joy, a number of significant gaps exist in the research literature. The current study examined women’s experiences of embodied joy through the use of qualitative research methods, including individual interviews and a focus group. A feminist constructivist grounded theory frame was utilized. The findings of this analysis indicated the presence of four core dimensions of women’s joyful body experiences as a form of resistance to bodily dissatisfaction. The first core dimension addressed the experience of embodied joy, which included attunement, growth, liberation, and thriving. The second core dimension addressed participants’ active creation of environments that nurtured joy, including: creating spaces that facilitated embodied joy, creating internal openness to the experience of joy, and seeking supportive social relationships. The third core dimension addressed enacting joy in the context of resistance and struggle, specifically when navigating the imposition of the other’s external gaze. This core dimension included the themes of media deconstruction, disengagement from problematic relationships, personal practices of resistance, and critical political consciousness. The fourth core dimension involved enacting joy in the context of resistance and struggle as a journey towards joy, which included reclaimed childhood experiences, disruption and reconnection, and guiding other girls and women. The present study has implications for clinical work as well as for health promotion. Ultimately, women’s experiences of embodied joy both reflected their resistance to cultural dictates and further enabled them to resist the dictate of bodily dissatisfaction.	PhD	women	5
Peckham, Alexandra Lee	Williams, Paul A.	Caring for Caregivers: Establishing Resilience through Social Capital	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2016-06	There is growing agreement in the research literature that informal caregivers play a crucial role in supporting high needs populations as well as contributing to the sustainability of formal healthcare systems. This dissertation uses a convergent parallel design consisting of three main research phases: analysis of secondary qualitative data from two case studies providing supports to informal caregivers of community-dwelling high-needs persons, including both seniors and children with complex medical needs; collection and analysis of primary qualitative interview data from providers involved with the case studies; and qualitative interviews with informal caregivers and care providers from across Ontario. The dissertation applies social capital theory as a conceptual framework to analyze how care providers and informal caregivers perceive different formal approaches to supporting informal caregivers as contributing to caregiver resilience. Within the policy and academic literature, there has been increased recognition for supporting people and their informal caregivers. Yet, this focus remains largely at the individual level, and caregiver burden and burnout continues to be assessed solely as a byproduct of the complex (mainly medical) needs of the care recipient. The findings from this dissertation suggest the importance of cultivating broader understandings of the â caregiver problemâ in order to identify, support, and assess networks of support (both formal and informal). Applying social capital theory and the concept of resilience, this dissertation identifies the importance of the healthcare system and connecting people to it and within it. This dissertation provides evidence for supporting the development of formal and informal ties, particularly at the bridging and linking levels to improve a care networkâ s access to resources and produce longer-term capacity and resilience. The use of social capital presents a novel conceptual advance in research on caregiver resilience, the relationship between caregiver and system sustainability, and the benefits that can derive from the multidimensional aspects of social capital.	Ph.D.	health	3
Peer, Michal	Steiner, Meir	DOES PERCEIVED STRESS IN PREGNANT IMMIGRANT WOMEN PREDISPOSE THEIR INFANTS TO ALLERGIC DISEASE DEVELOPMENT?	Medical Science	2017-06	Prenatal maternal stress (PNMS) is linked with a multitude of negative outcomes in the exposed offspring, including allergic disease development. Pregnant Canadian immigrant women often experience high levels of stress; however, psychosocial contributors to PNMS and their physiologic sequelae remain understudied in this group. This pilot study prospectively examined whether PNMS in Canadian immigrant women was associated with allergic outcomes in their infants, focusing on potential mediators and underlying mechanisms. Seventy-eight women were examined in early-/mid-pregnancy, in late pregnancy, and at a minimum of one year postpartum. Assessments included questionnaires concerning PNMS and other psychosocial determinants of health, collection of saliva samples throughout the day for measurement of cortisol activity, collection of blood samples for measurement of serum cytokine levels, and administration of a skin-prick test on mothers and infants for measurement of allergic sensitization. Low levels of perceived stress in early-/mid-pregnancy were associated with a greater likelihood of allergic sensitization in infants, but this association was mediated by a lack of financial hardship (i.e., high socioeconomic status). Financial hardship and a greater number of prenatal stressful life events were associated with lowered cortisol activity in early-/mid-pregnancy. A trend was also seen for higher levels of IL-10 during late pregnancy in women reporting financial hardship. These results are limited by a small sample size that further decreased at each subsequent study (i.e., significant participant attrition). Nevertheless, the novelty of this study and the numerous strengths in its design (including women with a language barrier, objectively measuring atopy in mothers and infants, and examining underlying mechanisms) make this a unique contribution to the literature. Furthermore key facilitators and barriers to conducting health research in this group were identified that may aid future studies aiming to test these preliminary results in a larger sample size.	Ph.D.	socioeconomic, health, women	1, 3, 2005
Peixoto, Murilo	Sage, Rowan F	Low Temperature Performance of Leading Bioenergy Crops Utilizing the C4 Photosynthetic Pathway	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2015-06	The use of bioenergy has been considered one of the most important solutions for the reduction in the dependence on fossil fuels and to mitigate global climate change. C4 perennial grasses stands as the best alternative for biofuel feedstock and Miscanthus x giganteus has shown outstanding performance in cool climates. In addition, sugarcane has a history of high productivity and success in the biofuel industry of Brazil. The high photosynthetic rate at low temperature (14º to 20ºC) and radiation use efficiency of M. x giganteus allow this plant to build a vast canopy early in the spring, allowing it to intercept high amounts of solar radiation once temperature rise in summer, obtaining high yields of biomass by the end of growing season. It is unclear, however, how Miscanthus will tolerate the severe winter cold and frequent episodic frost in the spring of higher latitudes, like Canada. Here, I show that rhizomes of diploid Miscanthus can tolerate temperatures above -14ºC if sub-zero acclimation is allowed, while allopolyploid Miscanthus are tolerant to temperatures above -6.5ºC. Also, in contrary to M. sinensis, shoots of Miscanthus hybrids were killed when exposed to sunlight at temperatures below 10ºC in the spring. However, triploid Miscanthus showed great recovery and three weeks later plants had a vast and closed canopy while M. sinensis plants had a poor canopy. Lastly, I show that upland and lowland Hawaiian sugarcane grown at two moderate temperatures have little variation in temperature response and acclimation to low temperature. Because of its high productivity, Miscanthus should be considered in areas where it can securely be grown. According to the results found here, rhizomes of diploid Miscanthus have the potential to be grown up to 60ºN, but the frequency of episodic chilling events should also be taken into consideration. Here, I show that the genepool of the Miscanthus genus has the potential to increase cold tolerance in the most productive lines, which will increase the range for this crop. Sugarcane is still restricted to tropical and subtropical zones, but higher cold tolerance can be achieved by hybridizing this plant with Miscanthus.	Ph.D.	energy, climate, solar	7, 13
Peleato, Nicolas Miguel	Andrews, Robert C||Legge, Raymond L	Application and refinement of fluorescence spectroscopy for organic matter characterization in drinking water	Civil Engineering	2017-11	This research examined the use and advancement of fluorescence spectroscopy as an organic characterization method in drinking water treatment, providing novel insight into the performance of and fundamental mechanisms of water treatment processes. Using fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with analysis techniques including parallel factors analysis (PARAFAC) and peak shifts, biofiltration was found to have variable impact on individual fluorophores. The fluorescence method identified production of humic-like matter by the microbial communities, ultimately resulting in a unique treated organic character of the treated water. Through correlations with formation potentials of halogenated furanones, polysaccharides were identified as possible precursors. Pre-oxidation, was suggested to result in increased proportionality of carbonyl-containing functional groups and greater carbon oxidative state. A continuous fluorescence system was developed as part of this research and implemented in two studies focused on fouling mitigation of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes. A full-scale study was conducted that continuously monitored membrane feed water organic character. Utilizing the continuous fluorescence, improved prediction accuracy of membrane fouling was found using a neural network approach. A second study, conducted at bench-scale focused on understanding the role of organic surface changes and irreversible fouling potential. Low coagulant doses (	Ph.D.	water, production	6, 12
Peled, Inbar	Moreau, Sophia R	From Michael Brown To Yosef Salamsa: The Racialization of Ethiopian Jews in Israeli Law	Law	2018-11	This thesis presents a comparative analysis of the racialization of Israelis of Ethiopian descent in the Israeli justice system. Located at the intersection of criminal law doctrine and Critical Race Theory, the thesis analyses Israeli search and seizure cases by comparing them to Fourth Amendment law cases in the U.S. I argue that the lack of a lexicon with which to express harms caused to racialized minorities in the Israeli context stems, in part, from a reciprocal relationship between the Israeli national and legal cultures. I will show how aspects of this relationship can be used to reform the legal system. As the first extensive legal research on racial disadvantage faced by Ethiopian Israelis in the criminal justice system, this thesis seeks to add to the conversation regarding the lived experience of vulnerable communities of colour.	LL.M.	justice	16
Pelvin, Holly	Gartner, Rosemary I	Doing Uncertain Time: Understanding the Experiences of Punishment in Pre-trial Custody	Criminology	2017-11	On any given day in Ontarioâ s provincial prisons, there are more legally innocent people in prison than there are sentenced prisoners. Yet, little is known about the experiences of these prisoners and the challenges they pose for correctional institutions. I seek to fill this gap by drawing on in-depth interviews with 120 pre-trial detainees (60 men and 60 women) and 40 staff at four maximum-security facilities in Ontario. My analysis focuses on the three temporal dimensions distinctive to what is known as pre-trial custody or â remand imprisonmentâ that have been neglected by prior research: experiences of arrest and police custody, making bail and court appearances, and daily life on remand. My findings indicate that this process inflicts a series of state-sanctioned harms on legally innocent prisoners. Much of the harm of this experience can be traced back to the fact that the criminal justice system is ignorant of or unconcerned with the human costs of this process. Police, acting under their authority to arrest, can apprehend and hold an individual, and have no legal obligation to allow a personal phone call so that arrangements about their lives can be made. Court appearances typically require some advance preparation; yet remand prisoners in Ontario must grapple with an outdated phone system that permits collect-calls to landlines but not cellular devices, leaving many unable to contact lawyers or loved ones, and seriously limiting their ability to prepare for court. Daily life in these facilities is characterized by uncertainty for both prisoners and staff, who must grapple with whatever challenges come their way in the form of an unpredictable flow of new admissions. In this thesis, I argue that disruption and uncertainty are unique features of pre-trial imprisonment and I examine the costs of these on the individuals confined to and working inside these facilities.	Ph.D.	women, institution, justice	5, 16
Pelz, Michael E.	Hansen, Randall	Europeanization, National Party Systems and Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Rights: The Cases of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania	Political Science	2016-06	In recent years, there has been a growing divergence in national policies towards lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) persons within a growing European Union (EU). This variation is surprising given that support of LGBT persons, and more specifically, of state recognition of gender-neutral partnerships has become a widely disseminated EU value. In explaining why this variation has occurred, this dissertation forwards two central arguments: First, the EU’s ability to achieve policy convergence in the sphere of LGBT rights across all 28 member states is limited by a lack ‘hard tools’ at the EU’s disposal. In absence of a larger horizontal equality directive, the EU must increasingly rely on elite persuasion to achieve its goals in member states. This contrasts with the reality in applicant states, such as Montenegro, where the promise of eventual membership in the EU provides strong external incentives to comply with policies supported by Brussels. As this thesis finds, such direct pressure is absent for countries already within the Union, and elevates the importance of domestic factors that can challenge pro-LGBT EU norms. Secondly, through a closer examination of the Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, it is argued that the stability of national party systems, measured through the number of political parties, ideological polarization and issue cleavages, as well as system volatility, can significantly shape whether a country adopts EU LGBT norms or not. The relative stability and more programmatic nature of the Estonian party system made it easier for a minimal number of elites to adopt EU-supported gender-neutral partnerships. By contrast, the highly volatile and unstable Latvian and Lithuanian party systems made the passage of laws touching on socially contentious issues, such as gay rights, extraordinarily difficult, if not impossible to pass, despite a supranational environment strongly encouraging such laws. While this analysis derives centrally from the Baltic countries, it may have larger generalizable potential, as many countries within the EU with underdeveloped or unstable party systems have shown resistance to adopting pro-EU LGBT laws.	Ph.D.	rights, equality	5, 16
Peña, Jaime Camilo Sapag Muñoz de la	Rush, Brian	Developing a Framework to Evaluate Collaborative Mental Health Services in Primary Care Systems in Latin America	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2013-11	Mental health, including substance and concurrent disorders, is a major public health challenge worldwide. Approaches to collaborative mental health care (CMHC) are being implemented in Latin America to strengthen the accessibility and delivery of mental health services in primary health care settings. However, there are no well-defined frameworks to evaluate CMHC. Objective: To develop a feasible and meaningful evaluation framework to support the ongoing improvement and performance measurement of services and systems in Latin America regarding CMHC. Methods: Three public health networks were selected in Mexico, Nicaragua and Chile. The study included: (1) a critical review of the literature focused on relevant health services research approaches, theory and evaluation models; (2) an environmental scan at each of the three research sites, comprising document reviews, key informant interviews with decision makers, focus groups with front line clinicians, and a survey for other key stakeholders, to better understand the local context and evaluation needs, as well as to identify some implementation challenges and opportunities; (3) a Delphi group with experts to identify the main areas of consensus, as well as disagreements about the importance and feasibility of evaluation dimensions; and (4) a final consultation in the three sites aimed at discussing preliminary results and refining the evaluation framework. Quantitative and qualitative data were integrated in the analysis. Results: A comprehensive evaluation framework for CMHC in Latin America was developed. It includes 5 levels, 28 dimensions and 40 domains, as well as examples of indicators and an implementation plan. A knowledge exchange strategy was developed aimed at reaching the research sites as well as the academic community and other stakeholders. Conclusion: The evaluation framework represents an important effort to foster accountability and quality regarding CMHC in Latin America. Recommendations to build upon current capacity and to successfully address the existing implementation challenges are further discussed.	PhD	health	3
Perciani, Catia Taniela	MacDonald, Kelly S	Setting the Stage for a Potential Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV)- based HIV Vaccine: Characterization of the Mucosal Immune Response Induced by VZV Vaccination in Humans	Immunology	2019-06	In the face of enormous “Treatment as Prevention” efforts, we are still faced with new HIV infections every year. In 2017 alone, there were 1.8 million new HIV infections worldwide; experts feel we will never eliminate HIV in the absence of a vaccine. Among the vaccine strategies tested to date, those involving replicating recombinant viral vectors show the most promise. However, results obtained with multiple human adenovirus-vectored HIV vaccines raised concerns about the impact of pre-existing immunity boosted by the vector backbone on the safety and efficacy of an HIV vaccine. Studies in both human and non-human primates demonstrated that a protective HIV vaccine would most likely have to induce and sustain immunity at the genital and rectal mucosa, the portal of entry of HIV, without fueling disproportionate local inflammation. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), the causative agent of chickenpox, holds several advantages as a vaccine vector such as its long-standing record of safety and immunogenicity in humans and its ability to maintain long-term immunity. However, the mucosal immune response induced by live-attenuated VZV vaccination remains unknown. I conducted a primary human clinical trial in a cohort of healthy VZV- seropositive Kenyan women (n=45) to assess this response. The immune activation status and VZV-specific immune responses were characterized longitudinally in systemic and mucosal specimens, including cervical cytobrushes and rectal biopsies, pre- and post-vaccination with the commercial live-attenuated VZVOka vaccine. Our data revealed that vaccination with VZV significantly boosted VZV-specific antibody responses in blood and in the female genital tract. Importantly, VZV vaccination did not increase the frequency of activated CD4 T cells or CD4 T cells expressing the HIV co- receptor CCR5 in blood, cervix or rectum. Additionally, there was no significant vaccine- induced change in the concentration of the pro-inflammatory cytokines in either cervico- vaginal or rectal secretions. These results support the downstream development and evaluation of a VZV-vectored chimeric HIV vaccine.	Ph.D.	health	3
Peregrina-Kretz, Diliana	Seifert, Tricia	The Experiences of Postsecondary Students with Learning Disabilities in Summer Transition Programs: A Multi-case Study of Six Programs in Ontario	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2015-11	Students with Learning Disabilities (LD) are the largest and fastest growing sub group of students with disabilities in postsecondary education. Despite their increasing enrollment, students with learning disabilities remain an under-represented group, and are categorized at risk due to the low graduation rates compared to their peers, specifically at the university level. The first year is a critical year for all students entering postsecondary education as it is this year where students are most likely to drop-out. For students with learning disabilities, the first year is particularly important as they must adjust to a new academic environment and accommodations from what they are accustomed to in high school. Understanding what supports and influences improve these experiences for students with learning disabilities at the onset of their postsecondary education is a crucial step in augmenting their persistence and graduation prospects. Using a multi-case study design, I examine the experiences of students with learning disabilities in six summer transition programs in public universities in Ontario, Canada and how these programs prepared students in making the transition from high school to university. The summer transition programs under investigation resulted from the recommendations made by Ontario’s Learning Opportunity Task Force to the Ministry of Training Colleges and Universities to fund transition programs to increase the retention and graduation of students with learning disabilities. Findings from this study show that students with learning disabilities who participate in transition programs gain academic tools and strategies that help them transition into their first year of university (and beyond) such as time-management, note taking, and seeking disability related support services and accommodations; learn about the importance of self-advocacy and communicating with faculty, staff, and peers regarding their disability; and learn how to navigate the university and the services available to help them succeed. In addition, participants noted that attending the transition program helped them find new confidence in themselves and find a sense of community amongst other participants in the program.	Ed.D.	educat	4
Pereira Marsiaj, Juan Pedro	Rayside, David	Unpacking Social Movements' Democratizing Impact: The Case of the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Travesti Movement in Brazil	Political Science	2017-06	This dissertation examines the impact of the Brazilian lesbian, gay, bisexual, and travesti (LGBT) movement on the construction of a more inclusive democracy. In order to do this, I develop a framework for assessing the “whether,” “how,” and “why” of social movements’ democratizing impact, based on an understanding of substantive democracy that sees the inclusion of marginalized groups as a central test. Substantive democratic inclusion would require the autonomous agency of the social movement fighting for the interests of the marginalized group in question; public recognition of the marginalized group via the increased visibility and more widespread toleration of its members in the public sphere; the participation of marginalized groups in decision-making institutions, by increasing their access and influence over policy-makers, as well as their presence in relevant institutional spaces; concreteness of the gains made by the movement, particularly in the form of public policies; and universality in policy effect, addressing more systemic inequalities that affect those most strongly marginalized within that population. By focusing on the period from the emergence of the LGBT movement in 1979 to the end of the first term of Dilma Rousseff’s presidency in 2014, and examining movement activity in the public sphere and actions aimed at the State (federal executive, legislative, and judiciary branches), I argue that the movement has achieved an incomplete democratic inclusion of sexual minorities. This incompleteness is characterized by headway in terms of autonomous agency, recognition, and participation, but limitations on the concreteness and universality of gains. This pattern of impact is shaped by three broad factors, namely the historical structures of marginalization, the institutional framework activists face in their engagement with the State, and the dominant regime of interest mediation. In the conclusion, I engage in a comparison with other social movements in Brazil to contextualize these findings.	Ph.D.	inclusive	4
Pereira, David A	McCready, Lance T	Identity, Subjectivity, and Schooling: Portugueseness and the Educational Deselection of Portuguese-speaking Students in Toronto	Social Justice Education	2018-11	The academic trajectories of Portuguese-speaking students in Toronto, Canada, have been characterized as underachieving and truncated. Concurrently, the voices of Portuguese-speaking students themselves have been relatively absent from reports on their rates of underachievement and school dropout. This critical school ethnography explores Portuguese-speaking students’ school experiences in a Toronto high school to contextualize these statistics and expose how identity and subjectivity inform their school (dis)engagement. While peers and parents inform aspects of said (dis)engagement, thus far these have been the main if not only factors to explain this underachievement phenomenon. This ethnography, however, demonstrates that school personnel and their expectations appear to also play a role in some students’ decisions to deselect schooling. This dissertation exposes discourses that circulate in classrooms and other school spaces that construct Portuguese-speaking students and their parents in Toronto as working class immigrants. These discourses (inclusive of phrases and actions) draw on language, nationalism and diaspora, and class and labour to construct dominant depictions of what I and others (da Silva, 2012) have termed portugueseness. Portugueseness becomes a subjectivity that marks the Portuguese-speaking student subject for certain experiences in schools. In addition to reflecting on their experiences to illustrate how portugueseness is constructed, participants’ experiences and narratives revealed that association with portugueseness (or being marked as Portuguese(-speaking)) placed them disproportionately at risk of experiencing certain disciplinary practices in school. These disciplinary practices reference dominant depictions of portugueseness, namely disciplining language, dropout and disability. And, participants recounted both their defiant and compliant responses to these disciplining practices. Finally, disciplinary practices appear to inform educational deselection, a process that sees some students drop out of school and others remain enrolled despite deeply disengaging with school and putting forth a bare minimum of effort to be pushed through, rather than be pushed out of, their high school trajectory.	Ph.D.	inclusive	4
Perhar, Gurbir	Arhonditsis, George	Modelling the Effects of Seston Food Quality on Zooplankton Growth: Implications for Broader food Web Dynamics	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2012-11	An increasing number of contemporary studies in aquatic ecology emphasize the im- portance of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) at the plant-animal interface. Studies have demonstrated a wide range of fatty acid profiles in primary producers, forcing her- bivorous zooplankton to differentially retain fatty acids to meet somatic requirements. Herbivores also vary in their somatic fatty acid profiles; cladocerans collect Eicosapen- taenoic Acid (EPA), copepods prefer Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA). Fatty acid internal reserves can be broken down to meet structural needs (i.e. phospholipid synthesis), fuel reproduction and may play a role in cold weather adaptation. Several authors have noted increases in HUFA concentration with lowering ambient temperatures. Cladoceran membranes form a gel at lower temperatures, while copepod membranes remain fluid and allow active overwintering. Both fish and crustaceans accumulate high concentrations of HUFAs during periods of rapid growth, but colimitation with elemental resources may exist. Recent modeling results suggest food webs with high quality (nutritional and biochemical) primary producers can attain inverted biomass distributions with efficient energy transfer between trophic levels. The adoption rate for this material into man- agement studies remains low, and while other sectors of the scientific community thrive on the potential of HUFAs, planktonic food-web studies are choosing traditional view points over forward thinking. Bearing in mind the emerging hypotheses on the critical factors that drive the energy flow in the plant-animal interface, my dissertation will at- tempt to address the following general questions: What are the distinct signatures of food quality and food quantity on planktonic food web dynamics? How do nutritional and biochemical factors affect the flow of energy at the plant-animal interface? What is our current understanding of the role of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) in aquatic food webs? To what extent can the current generation of plankton models reproduce the lower food web patterns when explicitly accounting for HUFAs? Is the integration of the HUFA role into water quality management models feasible? Explicitly accounting for HUFAs requires integrating factors of animal physiology with macro-ecology: what are the ramifications? Finally, what are the evolutionary aspects of animals coping with food quality?	PhD	food, nutrition, water, energy, ecology	2, 6, 7, 14
Perrault, Andrew	Boutilier, Craig	Developing and Coordinating Autonomous Agents for Efficient Electricity Markets	Computer Science	2018-11	Whether for environmental, conservation, efficiency, or economic reasons, developing next generation electric power infrastructure is critical. Temporally relevant, granular data from smart meters provide new opportunities for data-driven management of the power grid. New developments—for example, electricity markets with multiple suppliers, the integration of renewable power sources into the system, and spikier demand patterns due to, say, electric vehicles—create new challenges for efficient grid operation. Computer science is uniquely positioned to assist with increasingly sophisticated techniques for handling and learning from large amounts of data. The methods of game theory and multi-agent systems provide a natural framework for modeling the competing incentives of electricity market participants. This thesis focuses on the use of learning, optimization, mechanism design, and preference elicitation methods to coordinate electricity demand and supply while respecting the incentives of market participants. Specifically, we propose an approach where an autonomous agent acts on behalf of each household, coordinating with inhabitants to relay information and make decisions on their behalf about electricity consumption. We focus on three problems that arise in developing such agents: (i) how to coordinate consumers' electricity use, (ii) how to share the costs of consumption among households (via their agents), and (iii) how to gather consumption preference data from consumers. Chapters 3 and 4 focus on different aspects of the first two problems. Both use a matching markets approach. In Chapter 3, we focus on the impact of demand smoothness and peaks on the supplier’s cost, and in Chapter 4, on the impact of predictability. In both chapters, we develop new cost sharing schemes that are resilient to certain forms of strategic behavior on the part of the agents and that achieve strong performance in experiments. Chapter 5 studies the third problem. Motivated by control of heating and cooling systems, we present a new approach to preference elicitation, where the cost and accuracy of query responses is dependent on the user’s familiarity with the conditions specified in the query. We show that despite the theoretical difficulty in this setting, we can build solvers that perform well in practice.	Ph.D.	renewable, infrastructure, resilien, environment, conserv	7, 9, 13, 14
Perreira, Tyrone	Berta, Whitney	Insights into Nurses’ Work: Exploring Relationships among Work Attitudes Work-related Behaviours	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2016-03	Work motivation has been associated with work productivity. In health care, low motivation levels are associated with low productivity and linked to poor performance, decreased patient safety, and overall poor quality care. Hence the importance, ascribed in the literature, to clearly identifying the relationships between and among factors associated with work motivation, including work attitudes, and behaviours linked to work performance such as extra-role behaviours. Despite their importance to performance in health care, these relationships are understudied and poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to better understand work attitudes and their relationships to one another and to extra-role behaviours amongst nurses working in hospitals, the community, and long-term care settings in Ontario. This study comprises two stages: first, a scoping review focused on identifying individual-, unit-level, and organization-level characteristics that influence work motivation in health service organizations. The findings from the scoping review, augmented by a more in-depth review of the literature, aided in the development of a conceptual framework that guided the second stage of the study, to examine relationships amongst a specific set of nurses’ work attitudes - including perceptions of organizational justice, perceived organizational support, and affective commitment - and extra-role behaviours – specifically, organizational citizenship behaviours - in Ontario health care settings. In the second stage of the study, a survey was developed and administered to frontline nurses actively working in hospitals, the community, and long-term care settings in Ontario. Relationships amongst the constructs of interest were examined using structural equation modeling and path analysis. Examining the relationships of these concepts in a single model is novel, and offers insights regarding their complexity. The analyses further suggest that prior studies may be under-nuanced, and approaches to conceptualizing the concepts of perceived organizational justice and affective commitment in particular may have led to erroneous conclusions regarding their associations with perceived organizational support and organizational citizenship behaviours. This study further addresses four significant gaps previously identified in the work motivation and work behaviour literature: (1) how affective commitment relates to behavioural efforts, specifically organizational citizenship behaviours; (2) utilization of reliable and validated instruments to study work motivation; (3) use of a sufficiently large sample to have empirical support for generalizability; and (4) examination of these phenomena, among nurses, across diverse health care settings.	Ph.D.	worker	8
Perrott, Katherine Joy	Rankin, Katharine	The Image of the Suburbs: Planning Urbanity in the Toronto Region	Geography	2018-11	This dissertation examines the discursive production of new developments and the reinvention of suburban image in the municipalities arcing around the City of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Planning policies promoting densification, alongside rising housing prices, and persistent concerns about car-dependence, set the context for aspirations of urbanity in planning and development. Discourses analyzed include transcripts of interviews with housing and community producers (planners, municipal councillors, and developers), the planning policies produced by government, and the marketing materials produced by the development industry. Studies examining the historic planning and promotion of the suburbs have shown the prominence placed on symbolic distinction from the city with references to nature, rurality and countryside, where residents are promised a healthy retreat, privacy, safety, and an ideal place to raise children. This dissertation argues that suburban planning and housing marketing discourses in the Toronto region reveal an emerging reversal in the suburban script that downplays the urban-suburban distinction and promotes a more urbane place image, representing a case study of broader contemporary efforts to urbanize the suburbs. In the first of three empirical papers, the research shows how stacked and back-to-back townhouses are planned and promoted by intertwining discourses of suburban "evolution" and "routes to maturity" through homeownership where smaller units offer a type of fix to market constraints, and young adults are produced as suburban-re-inventor subjects. The second paper demonstrates the importance of aesthetics and modern design in the discursive production of competitive and attractive world-class growth nodes and corridors as part of the ideological-political trajectory towards post-suburbanization. The third paper examines the gap that producers describe between the promises of compact city theory and the in-practice realities of car-dependence and separated land uses. While some marketing materials draw on the long-standing discursive production of the suburbs as the "best of both worlds," producers describe the contemporary suburbs as increasingly compact in residential areas, but still car-dependent leading to concerns about being "squished-in" and stuck in traffic. Practitioner perspectives on the successes and challenges of current strategies signal the need for additional theories and policies, beyond residential densification, to resolve the challenges of the suburbs.	Ph.D.	urban, industr, rural, production, land use	9, 11, 12, 15
Perry, Joseph Adam	Burstow, Bonnie	Bunkhouse Drama: An Examination of Control and Agency among Migrant Farm Workers in Ontario, Canada	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2015-06	This thesis examines workers' experiences of control and agency at the micro-political level of the dormitory/workplace in the context of Canada's Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program (SAWP). I ask: 1) How are individual migrant workers responding to workplace and (im)migration policies and practices that aim to produce a flexible and compliant workforce; and 2) what forms of creative research strategies are best suited to documenting and examining the private, largely hidden lives of migrant farm workers? The thesis sheds light on the daily forms of resilience, opposition and survival among an entrenched, yet largely hidden workforce on the margins of Canada's labour market. I conducted my fieldwork in the town of Leamington, Ontario, a well-established hub of Canada's greenhouse industry, and as such a significant terminus for SAWP workers. In order to fully engage workers in the research process, I incorporated a qualitative, embodied, active and participatory approach to research grounded in life history, personal narrative, and drama-based methods. Through my interactions with workers I explore in detail how colonial attitudes operate alongside Canada's official policy of multiculturalism in the context of migration and employment among `low-skilled' guest workers. Throughout the thesis I examine workers' stories through the conceptual lenses of worker agency, workplace relations and worker emancipation. My research reveals that in tightly controlled and surveilled workplace environments workers learn to be intensely competitive and to distrust each other as a means of survival, resulting in a deep sense of isolation among workers, thus stifling potential opportunities for building group solidarity. However, I found that workers' participation in non-work related activities during leisure hours produced small breaches in the accepted norms of control, offering potentially rich opportunities for critical reflection and dialogue. I argue that an analysis of complex and even contradictory worker subjectivities that are developed and performed in everyday life among Canada's SAWP workers offers a more nuanced understanding of worker solidarities, collective social movements and the potential for labour education at the margins of Canada's labour market.	Ph.D.	employment, labour, worker, industr	8, 9
Persaud, Malini	Pringle, Dorothy	Pleasure in the Daily Lives of People Living with Advanced Dementia in a Long-term Care Facility: A Multiple Case Study Approach	Nursing Science	2009-06	According to the Canadian Study of Health and Aging most of the 12,630 Canadians living with advanced dementia reside in long-term care facilities. This number is rising due to an aging population. The purpose of this study is to address an identified gap in our knowledge about what creates pleasure in people with advanced dementia, through first understanding family caregivers’ ways of eliciting and interpreting positive emotions in their relatives and then having the personal support worker (PSW) try these same approaches to see if similar responses are achieved. This study used a qualitative multiple case study design. Data collection methods included digitally recorded interviews and video-recorded observations of interactions between residents and caregivers. A case is defined as a resident with moderately to severely advanced dementia. Each case had two informants: a family member and a PSW meeting inclusion criterion. There were seven cases. The resident participants spanned a range from moderately advanced to severely advanced dementia. Data analysis used both inductive and deductive coding with sensitizing concepts of selfhood, personhood, continuity of personality and well-being. The results of this study centred on four main themes related to the research questions about the sources and indicators of pleasure and the potential for PSWs to replicate what family members did with residents. Some sources of pleasure were lost, some were maintained and new ones developed post-illness in all of the residents. Both family members and PSWs were knowledgeable about sources and indicators of pleasure for the people with dementia they were involved with. The analysis demonstrated that for individuals with very advanced dementia, the concept of pleasure or enjoyment is not applicable. The family members of the two residents with very advanced dementia used music, touch and sweets to elicit a pleasurable response but the resident did not display indicators of pleasure in response; instead, the residents responded with grasping or other responses which require further research to understand fully. Future research should build upon these findings in order to further understand the concept of positive affect: pleasure, interest and enjoyment in people with advanced dementia of the Alzheimer type.	PhD	health	3
Pervaiz, Muhammad	Sain, Mohini	Protein Recovery from Secondary Paper Sludge and Its Potential Use as Wood Adhesive	Forestry	2012-11	Secondary sludge is an essential part of biosolids produced through the waste treatment plant of paper mills. Globally paper mills generate around 3.0 million ton of biosolids and in the absence of beneficial applications, the handling and disposal of this residual biomass poses a serious environmental and economic proposition. Secondary paper sludges were investigated in this work for recovery of proteins and their use as wood adhesive. After identifying extracellular polymeric substances as adhesion pre-cursors through analytical techniques, studies were carried out to optimize protein recovery from SS and its comprehensive characterization. A modified physicochemical protocol was developed to recover protein from secondary sludge in substantial quantities. The combined effect of French press and sonication techniques followed by alkali treatment resulted in significant improvement of 44% in the yield of solubilized protein compared to chemical methods. The characterization studies confirmed the presence of common amino acids in recovered sludge protein in significant quantities and heavy metal concentration was reduced after recovery process. The sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis revealed the presence of both low and high molecular weight protein fractions in recovered sludge protein. After establishing the proof-of-concept in the use of recovered sludge protein as wood adhesive, the bonding mechanism of protein adhesives with cellulose substrate was further elucidated in a complementary protein-modification study involving soy protein isolate and its glycinin fractions. The results of this study validated the prevailing bonding theories by proving that surface wetting, protein structure, and type of wood play important role in determining final adhesive strength. Recovered sludge protein was also investigated for its compatibility to formulate hybrid adhesive blends with formaldehyde and bio-based polymers. Apart from chemical cross-linking, the synergy of adhesive blends was evaluated through classical rule-of-mixture. The findings of this study warrants further investigation concerning other potential uses of recovered sludge protein, especially as food supplements and economic implications.	PhD	waste, environment	12, 13
Peterson, Jessica Zara	Hall, Linda McGillis	Job Stress, Job Satisfaction and Intention to Leave Among New Nurses	Nursing Science	2009-06	The difficulties new nurses experience when first entering acute care work environments have been recognized since Kramer’s seminal work in the 1970s. Despite the implementation of interventions designed to help ease the transition, the literature continues to report that new graduates undergo stress when beginning their careers as nurses. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of perceived demands, control, social support and self-efficacy on the job stress, job satisfaction and intention to leave of new nurses. The conceptual framework used in the study was Karasek’s (1979) Job Demands-Control-Support (JDC-S) model. This model posits that job demands increase employee stress, but that increasing control can alleviate the negative effects of high demands. Social support and self-efficacy were included in this study as potential moderators of the relationships between demands and control and the outcome variables. This was an exploratory study that utilized a cross-sectional survey was used to gather data. Surveys were mailed to the homes of new nurses working in acute care hospitals across Ontario, Canada. Data were received from 232 new nurses, a response rate of 23.8%. Nurses in the sample had an average of 18.2 months of experience. Data were analyzed using separate hierarchical regression models for each dependent variable. The results showed that the main effects of job demands, social support and self-efficacy provided partial support for the JDC-S model when examining job stress, job satisfaction and intention to leave the job. Only self-efficacy was significantly related to intention to leave the profession. There was no evidence of moderating effects of social support or self-efficacy. An understanding of factors in the work environment that influence new nurses may assist in supporting them during the transition. By exploring the effects of demands, control, social support and self-efficacy on new graduates’ job stress, job satisfaction and intention to leave, this study may provide direction to nursing leaders who are working new nurses in acute care.	PhD	worker	8
Petrella, Anika Rae	Sabiston, Catherine M	The Ball’s in Our Court: The Development of a Sport-based Supportive Care Program for Testicular Cancer Survivors	Exercise Sciences	2020-06	The need for age-appropriate supportive care for young adults with cancer is well recognized given the number of life-years affected. Yet engagement by testicular cancer survivors has been historically low in available supportive care research initiatives and usual care programs. This lack of engagement may be credited, in part, to an absence of gender-sensitized programming. In non-cancer populations, physical-activity has been leveraged as a way to increase engagement from men in health-promotion initiatives. The purpose of this mixed methods, theoretically-informed program of research was to better understand the association between physical activity and survivorship experiences of young men diagnosed and treated for testicular cancer. In study one, the associations between psychological needs, exercise (a sub-component of physical activity), and self-rated physical and mental health among testicular cancer survivors were tested using a cross-sectional design. Needs satisfaction was positively associated with self-rated physical and self-rated mental health, and exercise mediated the relationship between needs satisfaction and self-rated physical health. Study two used a concurrent mixed methods design (qualitative interviews and a cross sectional survey). The survivorship experiences of men with testicular cancer were described, and information specific to supportive care intervention preferences were provided. In study three, the perspectives of key clinical (e.g., oncologists) and sport (e.g., coaches) stakeholders on the development and implementation of a physical activity-based supportive care program were explored. Buy-in from key stakeholders was identified, along with critical program components (e.g., psychoeducational workbook topics) and recommendations for intervention delivery. Results from studies one through three informed the foundation of the intervention design, which was then piloted and evaluated in study four. Findings supported the feasibility, acceptability and preliminary effectiveness of a group, sport-based supportive care model in this population. Collectively, this work highlights the unique survivorship profile of men with testicular cancer. Moreover, these studies identified barriers to supportive care engagement and the value of gender-sensitized care in addressing the needs of this underserved population. Findings suggest that physical activity can be used as a gender-sensitized approach to engage men in supportive care and may be useful for improving health and wellness throughout survivorship in this population.	Ph.D.	health	3
Petrescu, Maria Claudia	Rena, Helms-Park	Minority Language Acquisition and Retention: A study of Canadian-born Romanian Speaking Bilingual Children	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2014-11	Preserving a minority first language has been found to be very important for the overall personal and educational development of immigrant children. However, successful bilingual development involving a minority language is often challenging in situations where the majority language dominates communication not only provincially and nationally but also internationally. This dissertation investigates the conditions under which a first language (Romanian) can be acquired and maintained in an English-dominant setting as well as any impact that the L1 has on the L2 (English), to which the children are formally introduced upon entry to junior kindergarten. Three children participated in this longitudinal study from the commencement of junior kindergarten (~ 4;0) until the start of grade 1 (~ 6;0). For the purposes of charting development (or possible attrition), language proficiency was assessed in Romanian and in English through separate measures of lexical (PPVT and Romanian-adapted PPVT), phonological (CTOPP and Romanian-adapted CTOPP), and syntactic and narrative (picture-story based instruments) abilities. In addition, the children's communicative competence in the two languages was evaluated more holistically through audio recorded data of the children's interactions in various naturalistic situations. Information about the children's home language practices was also obtained through interviews conducted with their parents.The data collected allowed for a unique, psycholinguistically rich, and culturally well-rounded account of the bilingual development of Romanian-Canadian children. The results demonstrated that the children continued to develop their minority language alongside the majority language. However, the lack of formal schooling in Romanian seemed to have impeded the growth of the children's academic vocabulary and, possibly, narrative skills in Romanian. This could be rectified through formal minority language education. The findings also demonstrate that two years of schooling in English narrows and, in some respects, even erases the gap between the English-as-L2 children and their monolingual counterparts. This study provides unique data on bilingual Romanian-Canadian children. The specially adapted vocabulary and phonological tests in Romanian make it possible to examine the development of the minority and majority languages side by side. Also, the longitudinal design allows for capturing change over multiple points in time within each of the two languages.	Ph.D.	inclusive	4
Petrosyan, Yelena	Wodchis, Walter P	The quality of care among older adults with diabetes comorbid with other chronic conditions	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2017-06	The management of people with multiple chronic conditions requires understanding the extent to which concurrent chronic conditions contribute and interact to affect the patientâ s health status, as well as assessing the risk and benefits of various strategies for the treatment of complex needs in patients. A single condition focus in both clinical care and research remains and limits the assessment of care for people with multiple chronic conditions. The overall aim of this project was to evaluate the quality of overall care for older adults with selected disease combinations in ambulatory care settings. The first study aimed to identify a set of evidence-based and valid quality indicators for evaluating ambulatory care for older adults with selected chronic conditions, including diabetes, hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease, major depression and osteoarthritis. The second study aimed to critically appraise the identified quality indicators and select a set of indicators for evaluating the quality of care for older adults with diabetes with comorbid concordant and discordant chronic conditions. The third study aimed to examine the difference in the quality of care between patients with 2 vs. 1 selected concordant vs. discordant comorbid conditions, and to examine associations of quality of care and hospitalizations among older adults with selected disease combinations. The study findings suggest that older adults with diabetes are at risk of suboptimal care with additional selected comorbid conditions, especially those with discordant comorbid conditions. The study findings also support the importance of continuity of care for older diabetes patients with comorbid chronic conditions. The study findings suggest that the likelihood of hospitalizations increases with the number of prescribed drugs among older adults with comorbidities. There is a need for a holistic approach in education and clinical care of older adults with diabetes taking into account concomitant conditions that affect patientâ s health status. Future research is needed for measuring the quality of care in the larger diabetes population and reporting by different stratifications, including age, sex, primary care models to see if there are any patterns in certain groups and target the interventions towards improving practices for specific sub groups.	Ph.D.	health	3
Petrov, Andrey	DiFrancesco, Richard J.	Marginal Regions in Discursive Space: An Examination of Socio-economic Conditions, Development Paths and Spatial Differentiation in the Economic Systems of the Canadian and Russian North	Geography	2008-11	Marginal regions in discursive space: an examination of socio-economic conditions, development paths and spatial differentiation in the economic systems of the Canadian and Russian North Andrey N Petrov Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Department of Geography University of Toronto 2008 This dissertation is an effort to provide a new insight into the problem of regional development in remote areas under changing global and national political and economic conditions. It undertakes an assessment of shared economic histories, recent changes and future possibilities of socioeconomic prosperity and sustainability in marginal regions of Canada and Russia. The first chapter re-examines the structure of Canada’s and Russia’s space-economies by evoking the concept of regional multichotomies and economic marginality. I consider whether outcomes, geographic patterns and spatial logics of regional differentiation in the two countries are similar and explore the evidence of similarity between the North(s). Finding development outcomes in the Russian and Canadian North strikingly similar, the second chapter uses a combination of discursive analysis and regulation theory to re-interpret the origins of present-day problems and examine the genealogy of northern development. It argues that the Canadian and Russian northern development regimes shared profound commonalities. From these positions, the chapter compares and critiques past and present policies of regional development in the two Norths, and discusses their viability. The third chapter dwells upon a concept of ‘development regimes’ to analyze and compare contemporary regional development policies. It further investigates how recent economic development policies in the two Norths are adapting to changing economic and political realities, and if they were able to deliver desirable results to northern communities. The chapter compares and critiques contemporary policies and discusses possible alternative perspectives that reconcile an emerging postcolonial paradigm of development and realities of post-Fordism. It introduces the notion of the neo-staple development regime and describes its manifestations (Impact and Benefit Agreements). The fourth chapter presents a case for fostering knowledge based development and creative capital in the North. It builds on the innovation systems and institutional geography literatures to argue that the creative capital in the periphery is a pivotal factor of regional development. The chapter provides a conceptualization and empirical analysis of the creative class in remote regions. Contrary to the metropolitan bias, I argue that creative ‘hot spots’ beyond metropolis exist, and could become the centres of regional reinvention, if appropriate policies are introduced in support.	PhD	socioeconomic, innovation	1, 9
Pham, Quynh	Cafazzo, Joseph A	Innovative Research Methods to Evaluate Effective Engagement with Consumer Mobile Health Applications for Chronic Conditions	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2019-11	Consumer mobile health applications (mHealth apps) hold enormous potential to provide effective, efficient, economical, and scalable chronic health care. The opportunities afforded by these interventions to positively disrupt traditional chronic care models are significant, but require a cumulative evidence base to inform policy and practice. Evaluating these interventions, however, presents unique challenges. Traditional research methods are poorly suited to accommodate the rapidly changing technology landscape, which requires mHealth apps to constantly evolve and update just to remain usable, let alone effective. Moreover, they cannot characterize the complex, multilevel, and temporally dense patterns of effective engagement required to realize improved outcomes. This program of research sought to (1) investigate the complexity of conducting innovative evaluations of consumer mHealth apps for chronic conditions, and (2) build a research analytics platform to streamline evaluations and optimize mHealth apps. We established in Study 1 that mHealth evaluation methodology has rarely deviated from common methods, despite the need for more relevant and timely evaluations. This finding led us to explore the potential of analytic research methods in Study 2, where we discerned that digital health innovators were gaining nuanced insights into engagement, but had not yet characterized effective engagement for improved outcomes. To support innovators with this effort, our research in Study 3 focused on designing, developing, and evaluating a resource to consolidate, analyze, and visualize analytic indicators of effective engagement. The Analytics Platform to Evaluate Effective Engagement with digital health interventions—APEEE for short—provided innovators with a means to characterize the breadth and depth of mHealth app engagement required to achieve intended outcomes. Motivated by the potential for APEEE to power data-driven research methods, we directed Study 4 toward studying the implementation of the platform—and research analytics more broadly—in digital health evaluative practice, and surfaced the rich complexity of engaging in this practice to evidence mHealth apps. Raising the standard of mHealth evidence may enable greater confidence in the causal effect of apps on improved chronic health outcomes. It is this opportunity afforded by innovative research methods to close the gap between promised and realized health benefits that is most meaningful.	Ph.D.	health, innovation	3, 9
Phan, Diem	Dong, Vy Maria	Enantioselective Rhodium-catalyzed Hydroacylation of Alkenes and Ketones & Silver-catalyzed Hydroamination of Cyclopropenes	Chemistry	2012-06	Due to the scarcity of energy resources that we are facing today, there is an increasing need for new methodology developments that are green and sustainable while minimizing unnecessary substrate pre-functionalization, by-product formation and waste generation. In this context, asymmetric rhodium-catalyzed hydroacylation is an atom-economical method for the preparation of chiral ketone derivatives from aldehyde and olefin precursors. This transformation is also applicable to keto-aldehyde precursors en route to chiral lactones. This dissertation describes the development of three specific methodologies, namely: 1) the synthesis of enantioenriched cyclopropyl ketones by enantio- and diastereoselective intermolecular rhodium-catalyzed hydroacylation of cyclopropenes, 2) the synthesis of enantioenriched phthalides by enantioselective rhodium-catalyzed intramolecular hydroacylation of ketones, and 3) the synthesis of tertiary branched allylic amines by silver-catalyzed ring-opening hydroamination of cyclopropenes.	PhD	energy	7
Phillips, Anna	Cowling, Sharon A||Finkelstein, Sarah A	Modelling Riverine Dissolved Silica on Different Spatial and Ttemporal Scales using Statistical and Machine Learning Methods	Earth Sciences	2020-06	Changes in riverine delivery of dissolved silica (DSi) from continents to the ocean have consequences for the global carbon cycle and marine ecosystem health because (i) rivers are the main source of DSi to the oceans, (ii) diatoms, photosynthetic algae, depend on DSi to build their siliceous frustules, (iii) diatoms are an important foundation of many marine food webs, and (iv) diatoms dominate marine primary productivity and carbon export to the deep ocean. However, despite its importance, the controls of river DSi export are not fully constrained and there is no satisfactory model of riverine DSi yield (DSiY). This thesis investigates river DSiY using statistical and machine learning (ML) methods at different spatial and temporal scales. First, relationships between DSiY and environmental variables were analysed in western Canada to explore the controls of river DSiY on a regional scale. Statistical analyses indicated that land cover and climate are the best predictors of river DSiY in western Canada. Second, a ML model was developed to predict global river DSiY using 30 environmental variables including temperature, precipitation, land cover, lithology, and terrain. Of eight ML algorithms tested, one-step boosted random forest was the best method to predict river DSiY and climate and land cover were the most important predictors in the model, indicating that vegetation affects river DSiY on a global scale. Third, the ML model was used to predict changes in global river DSiY for the future (2090-2099, 2190-2199, and 2290- 2299) and mid-Holocene (6000 years ago). Global mean DSiY is projected to decrease in the future, but predictions have high spatial variability. And, global mean mid-Holocene river DSiY was estimated to be 30% lower than present-day, indicating that changes in paleo-river DSiY may be underestimated. This work demonstrates that DSiY is not only affected by climate and land cover, but that changes in climate and land cover have the potential to influence DSiY on different time scales. This thesis contributes the first study to use ML to model river DSiY and uses a more exhaustive set of variables than other studies, particularly a wider range of land cover variables.	Ph.D.	climate, environment, ocean, marine	13, 14
Phillips, Kaye	Kohler, Jillian	Canada's Contribution to Neglected Tropical Disease Research: A Co-authorship Network Analysis	Pharmaceutical Sciences	2014-11	Objective: NTDs are a group of thirteen communicable diseases that thrive in impoverished settings and are a prime example of a global health issue in need of collaborative research solutions. The aim of this study was to design and apply an accessible yet systematic approach for analyzing the publication trends and collaboration structure of Canada’s neglected tropical disease (NTD) research network. Co-authorship network analysis is an emerging technique for understanding the complex dimensions and results of collaborative research. Methods: Multiple methods and measures were used to support this study including: an academic and grey literature review; a systematic bibliometric procedure (publication activity, quality, specializations and collaboration rates) and a co-authorship network analysis (network size, components, density, cliques, clustering, centralization and core-periphery) of countries and institutions contributing to Canada’s NTD research. Results: Over the past sixty years (1950-2010) there has been a notable increase in Canada’s NTD publication activity. Canada’s NTD researchers specialize in Leishmania and African sleeping sickness research and are mainly affiliated with academic institutions within Canada (McGill University, Laval University and University of British Columbia). International co-authorship activity is largely with OECD countries (United States, United Kingdom and France) and some non-OECD countries (Brazil, Iran, and Peru). The core of Canada’s NTD research network includes a tightly connected group of OECD countries and two African countries (Uganda and Kenya). The countries on the periphery of the network are predominantly non-OECD countries which fall within the networks lowest GDP percentile. Canada’s Leishmania research network is regionally clustered with central ‘bridging’ and ‘bonding’ institutions. This contrasts to the more permeable structure of Canada’s African sleeping sickness institution network. Conclusion: The methods and findings from this study implicate Canada’s global health research and institutional policies. The findings suggest that if North-South research collaborations are a strategic global health funding priority, then methods and mechanisms to map existing networks and leverage the work of leading and emerging researchers and institutions are needed. Support to reform Canadian institutional policies related to inventions, patenting and technology transfer is required to transform existing insular practices and incentivize global health innovation and research partnerships.	PhD	health, institution	3, 16
Piche, Pierre Gilles	Jones, Glen	Systemic and Climate Diversity in Ontario’s University Sector	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2014-06	The extent and nature of institutional differentiation is a design choice among many that must be considered by policymakers not only when developing a higher education system but also when introducing policy changes to an existing system. Modifications to the design of Ontario’s higher education system have been suggested over the years in an effort to increase its quality (instruction and research) and accessibility in a cost effective manner. The fiscal climate of restraint has recently intensified the debate for structural changes through increased institutional differentiation in Ontario’s higher education system. Institutional diversity was examined using a mixed research method in two phases. This study first used hierarchical cluster analysis which suggested that there has been very little change in diversity between 1994 and 2010 as universities were clustered in three groups for both 1994 and 2010.However, by adapting Birnbaum’s (1983) diversity matrix methodology to Ontario’s university sector, there appears to have been a decrease in systemic diversity (differences in the type of institution and size of institution) and climate diversity (differences in campus environment and culture) between 1994 and 2010 and a projected further decrease to 2018. The second phase of this study used policy analysis and drew on mutually related theoretical perspectives from organizational theory as its primary conceptual framework to interpret and corroborate the decrease in diversity between 1994 and 2010. Interviews were also conducted with university presidents to gain a greater understanding of the key factors or barriers in Ontario’s reticence in proposing design changes in its higher education system. Having been informed by the policy analysis, interviews and projections of the extent of diversity to 2018, the study proposed a diversity policy for Ontario’s university sector. Diversity can be increased in Ontario’s university sector by providing institutions with competitive incremental funding allocations within each of three clusters that would specifically address government diversity objectives through a revised strategic mandate agreement process. Additional research funding should also be provided by the federal government to a limited number of research-intensive universities to ensure that Canadian institutions remain competitive on the world stage.	PhD	institution, climate, educat	4, 13, 16
Picton, Roger M.	Hackworth, Jason	“A Capital Experience:” National Urban Renewal, Neoliberalism, and Urban Governance on LeBreton Flats in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada	Geography	2009-06	This thesis investigates both Keynesian and neoliberal urbanism on LeBreton Flats, a mixed working-class district deemed a “blighted” slum unfit for a national capital. By studying the time-delayed embourgeoisement of the Flats, this study considers the production of the modern capital as an “event” with significant “afterlives” – both backwards and forwards. Using a historical and comparative perspective, this thesis engages with the literature on neoliberal urbanism and neoliberal urban governance to show how the NCC has adopted and adapted neoliberal practices and strategies of New Urban Policy (NUP) to postwar modernist planning imperatives. The initial expropriation of LeBreton Flats in April 1962, and the dislocation of its marginalized, stigmatized, and racialized residents emerged from an ambitious state-led initiative to remodel Ottawa into a centennial showcase. The model urban redevelopment was part of national subject formation anchored in “pedagogies of the nation.” Although the Keynesian dream ultimately faltered, three decades later, a new project to fill the “empty” national space was initiated. The NCC’s updated redevelopment plan promised to re-write the script, this time governed according to the “Golden Path” of urban entrepreneurialism. The present-day state-led redevelopment of LeBreton Flats can be considered simultaneously as part of the imagined community of nation-ness and as a variegated form of neoliberal policy experimentation. Both federal interventions on LeBreton Flats are part of a longer project of state-led intervention in the National Capital. These backwards and forwards governance timelines exemplify the many ways in which neoliberalism is not a radically new project, and how the enforcement of dispossession is part of an ongoing process of socio-spatial displacement. However, there are important distinctions. In the contemporary neoliberal redevelopment, cultural logic has merged with economic rational. Discourses and images of nature and culture have been mobilized to create a site-specific redevelopment for the expression of the nation. In the synergy of capital investments and cultural meanings, this thesis provides evidence on how nature and national pedagogy are mobilized as part “naturalized” behaviour and practices of urban neoliberalism.	PhD	urban, governance, inclusive	4, 11, 16
Pikkov, Deanna	Myles, John	The Practice of Voting: Immigrant Turnout, the Persistence of Origin Effects, and the Nature, Formation and Transmission of Political Habit	Sociology	2011-11	This dissertation is a multi-layered examination of the practice of voting, with a focus on the electoral turnout of immigrants. Chapter Two’s statistical analyses show that pre-migration cultural familiarity with democracy, formalized as levels of democratization in source countries, strongly shapes the likelihood of post-migration voting among Canadian immigrants. These origin effects, comparable in size to the best predictors of turnout that we have, exert a persistent influence – affecting turnout not only among the foreign-born, but also among the native-born second generation. Multilevel models demonstrate that the shifting source country composition of immigrant period-of-arrival cohorts provides an alternate explanation for what have previously been identified as generational, racial, and length of residence or ‘exposure’ effects among immigrant voters. This provides further evidence that voting is in most cases habitual, and raises questions about the acquisition, transmission, and reproduction of a voting practice. Chapter Three’s narratives of political development, gathered through in-depth, semi-structured interviews, confirm the importance of parental influence, and suggest that the ‘stickiness’ of practical capacities like voting may be the result of powerful processes of observational social learning. Providing a new twist on dominant models of political socialization, observation of parental voting appears to be the pivotal event in a path-dependent process of political learning, with acquisition of values and beliefs playing a supporting, rather than a leading role. Chapter Four reviews recent efforts among sociologists to amend action theory to make more room for habit, and these efforts are discussed in reference to contemporary research on turnout. I argue that these theoretical revisions still retain too sharp a focus on the cognitive aspects of practice. There is a lack of appreciation for the ways that action itself – our own previous actions and the actions of those close to us – can directly structure outcomes. Evidence from cognitive neuroscience is used to more precisely delineate habitual behaviour and thought. Where the intergenerational transmission of voting behaviour is concerned, culture is often coded directly into embodied practice. Efforts to encourage electoral participation should be built on a better understanding of voting’s substantial behavioural aspects.	PhD	institution	16
Pilkington, Richard David	Pruessen, Ronald	A "Time When Principles Make Best Politics"? The Western Response to "Genocide" in East Pakistan	History	2016-11	This study examines the formulation of and interplay between the US, Canadian, and British policies generated in response to the mass atrocities perpetrated by Islamabad authorities in East Pakistan during 1971. It focuses on the reactions of these three closely-connected North Atlantic powers to the gross human rights abuses, analyzing the decision-making processes in Washington, Ottawa, and London during the crucial first few months of the crisis, identifying the forces at play in determining policy, and investigating the nature, development, and resolution of debates over national interests and ethical concerns. The analysis is built primarily upon documentary evidence from the US National Archives, the Nixon Presidential Materials Project, Library and Archives Canada, and the National Archives of the United Kingdom. In Washington, President Richard Nixon and his national security advisor, Henry Kissinger, exerted great personal influence over the determination of policy and favored a strategy of appeasement. Importantly, their secret initiative to secure rapprochement with China, which only sprang into life at the end of April, did not drive their thinking during the vital first month after the clampdown began as Kissinger has previously claimed. In Ottawa, the Canadian government developed a tentative four-strand response, unwilling to hazard bilateral ties with Islamabad or draw attention to its own separatist issue in Quebec. In the UK, notably strong public sympathy for the victims of the clampdown only influenced policy to a limited extent. Nevertheless, Londonâ s response, though similar in form to that of Ottawa, in substance demonstrated a greater willingness to coerce Islamabad into ending its oppressive action. This work considers the limited interplay between the North Atlantic powers in determining their reactions, discussing the collaborative opportunities both accepted and spurned. The overall conclusion compares policies and their determinants, assesses the alternative options available, considers the blinkered nature of government institutional cultures formed around the protection of national interests narrowly construed, and explains the techniques of obfuscation and excuse employed by officials to avoid demands for firmer action.	Ph.D.	rights, institution	16
Pinto, Meital	Weinrib, Lorraine	Equality of Cultural Identity	Law	2009-11	I address claims of offence of feelings, religious freedom and language rights, which are all ‎justified by the intrinsic interest individuals attach to their culture. I call them ‘claims from ‎cultural identity’. I develop a conception of substantive equality, understood as distributive ‎justice and underpinned by dignity, for regulating claims from cultural identity in the legal ‎system of multicultural states. I call it Equality of Cultural Identity. ‎ It is a ‘complex equality’ model, which takes cultural identity to be a sphere in ‎peoples’ lives. Unlike majority members, cultural minority members are usually under ‎constant pressure to compromise their cultural identity and assimilate in the majority ‎culture to succeed in other spheres of their lives like education and career. In accordance ‎with Walzer’s theory of Spheres of Justice, I propose a regulative principle to determine ‎the extent of cultural protection minority members deserve, according to which the ‎influence of other spheres of their lives on their sphere of cultural identity should as ‎minimal as possible. ‎ I apply this principle to claims of offence to feeling, which I re-conceptualize as ‎claims from integrity of cultural identity. I suggest the vulnerable identity principle: The ‎more vulnerable a person’s cultural identity, the stronger her claim from integrity of ‎cultural identity. This principle enhances a just distribution of symbolic goods between ‎majority and minority members, is based on objective evaluation standards, and avoids ‎legal moralism. Thus, it overcomes the major liberal worries about regulating speech. ‎ With respect to the language rights and religious freedom, I comparatively analyze ‎them qua cultural rights. I argue that the right to religious freedom, which is generously ‎interpreted by courts, bears all of the allegedly unique features of language rights that are ‎used to support their restrained judicial interpretation. Thus, the existing arguments for ‎their restrained interpretation are not valid. I identify a novel argument for their restrained ‎interpretation, which is that they impose a cultural burden on majority members, but ‎drawing on my conception of equality, I argue that it is not sound as the burden they ‎impose is not great.‎	SJD	equality, justice, rights	5, 16
Piryonesi, Sayed Madeh	El-Diraby, Tamer	The Application of Data Analytics to Asset Management: Deterioration and Climate Change Adaptation in Ontario Roads	Civil Engineering	2019-11	Infrastructure asset management is the science and practice of driving the maximum value and levels of service from physical infrastructure systems (e.g. roads, bridges, water and wastewater). This is not limited to regular maintenance, however, and expands to assessing actual conditions, predicting future deterioration, estimating the risks of failure or reduced levels of service, considering the impacts on sustainability and using financial and life-cycle analysis tools to allocate budgets. This field of practice is based on data-intensive analyses. Nonetheless, because of the limited investments and attention paid to this field, the available data is typically inadequate, and what is available is not reliable in most cases. This study therefore aims to explore and exploit advances in data science to address these two obstacles. First, can future deterioration be predicted through noncausal (circumstantial) attributes when more data is already available? In other words, can climate and generic roadway attributes (which are freely and reliably available) be used to predict future deterioration? Examples of such attributes are temperature ranges, freeze–thaw cycles, levels of precipitation, road functional class and traffic counts. Second, having linked deterioration to climatic attributes, this research examines whether the proposed approach could be used to study the impact of climate change on road infrastructure. It is crucial to point out that the developed models are not causal. Instead of relying on a single equation or a causal relationship, machine learning algorithms predict outcomes by discovering patterns in data. In other words, what are the typical values of certain attributes that have been observed or co-occurred with historical levels of deterioration (not necessarily causing deterioration)? To this end, this study did not attempt to investigate the main causes of deterioration. Rather, in line with new data-driven decision-making practices, this study investigates which attributes increase the quality of pattern detection, without any claims on causation. This study focused on analyzing performance indicators for asphalt pavements—particularly, pavement condition index (PCI) and the international roughness index (IRI). The data used was extracted from the Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) database. The LTPP database is one of the largest, most reliable and well-maintained datasets in the domain. In analyzing LTPP data, the study examined the following machine learning algorithms: decision trees, logistic regression, naïve Bayes classifier, naïve Bayes classifier with kernel estimation, random forest, gradient boosted trees, k-nearest neighbours, linear regression and random forest regression. The conducted analyses show that the following attributes can be used to predict asphalt pavement deterioration: initial condition, annual average of daily minimum (and maximum) air temperatures, number of freeze–thaw cycles, annual average daily traffic (AADT), annual precipitation, functional class of road, number of years since last remedial action, type of last remedial action, granular base equivalence (GBE) and pavement type. Among the most informative attributes were the initial condition, maintenance history (type and interval), traffic and GBE. The accuracy varies depending on algorithm, prediction interval, data size, data quality and the type of performance indicator. Therefore, the effect of each of these factors was studied one by one. Increasing the size of the training set increased the accuracy, and so did segmenting the data into smaller climatic regions. For instance, the mean accuracy of a gradient boosted trees algorithm for predicting the PCI in three years was 82 percent and reached 91 percent in a certain climatic region. The numbers for IRI prediction were 85 and 94 percent, respectively. An observation with regard to type of performance indicator was that simpler algorithms, such as linear regression or decision tree, had a higher performance when predicting the IRI. Considering the range of variation in these predictive attributes, the impact of a sample climate change scenario was analyzed. The focus of the analysis was Ontario asphalt roads. However, a base (control) set of roads with a significant climate difference (in Texas) were also analyzed to put the Ontario results in perspective. In general, while precipitation is expected to increase, Ontario roads will have lower deterioration levels in the future, possibly due to the increase in temperature and the reduction in freeze–thaw cycles. Texas roads will experience a more aggressive deterioration. بەڕێوەبەرایەتیی سامانی ژێرخانەکان زانست و کاری دەرھێنانی زیاترین بەھا و ئاستی خزمەتە لە ژێرخانە فیزیکییەکان (وەکوو ڕێگە، پرد و ژێرخانی ئاو و ئاوەڕۆ). ئەم زانستە تەنیا لە بازنەی نۆژەنکردنەوەی بەردەوامدا نامێنێتەوە و دەگاتە بوارەکانی تر وەک ھەڵسەنگاندنی بارودۆخی ژێرخانەکان، پێشبینیی داوەشانی داھاتوو، مەزەنە کردنی ئەگەری تێکشکان یا ھاتنەخوارەوەی ئاستی خزمەتی ژێرخانەکان، بەرچاوگرتنی کاریگەریی ژێرخانەکان لەسەر پەرەسەندی بەرقەرار و بەکارھێنانی ئامرازەکانی فاینانس و بازنەی ژیان بۆ تەرخان کردنی باجێتەکان. بەڕێوەبەرایەتیی سامان بوارێکە کە بە چڕوپڕی دراوەی تێدا بەکار دێت. بەڵام، لەبەر کەمتەرخەمی و سنوورداربوونی باجێتەکان لە بەشی ژێرخانە شارییەکاندا، ئەو دراوەیەی کە لە بەردەستدایە یا کەمە یا جێی بڕوا نیە. بۆیە ئەم توێژینەوەیە دەیھەوێت بە بەکارھێنانی شیکاریی دراوە ئەم دوو کۆسپە تەخت بکات. بۆیە، یەکەم دەپرسین ئایا دەکرێت داوەشانی داھاتوو لە ڕێگەی تایبەتمەندییە ناھۆییەکانەوە پێشبینی بکرێت کاتێک کە دراوەی زیاترمان ھەیە؟ یانی ئایا دەکرێت کەڵک لە تایبەتمەندییە ئاووھەواییەکان یا تایبەتمەندییە گشتییەکانی ڕێگەکان (کە دراوەکەی خۆڕایییە) وەربگیرێت بۆ پێشبینیی داوەشان؟ نموونەی ئەو تایبەتمەندیانە بریتین لە پلەی گەرمی، بارین، سیکلەکانی بەستن-توانەوە، پۆلی ڕێگە و ترافیک. دووھەم، ئایا دەکرێت ئەم شێوازە بەکار بھێنرێت بۆ توێژینەوە لەسەر کاریگەریی گۆڕانی ئاووھەوا لەسەر ڕێگەکان. پێویستە ڕوون بکرێتەوە کە مۆدیلە پێشکەشکراوەکان لەم توێژینەوەیەدا ھۆیی نین. لەجێی پشتبەستن بە ھاوکێشەیەک یا دروستکردنی پەیوەندییەکی ھۆیی، ئەلگۆریتمەکانی فێربوونی ماشین لە ڕێی دۆزینەوەی پەتێرن لە دراوەکاندا پێشبینی دەکەن. واتە، ئەو تایبەتمەندیانەی کە لەگەڵ داوەشانی مێژوویی ڕێگەکاندا پەیوەندییان ھەیە دەدۆزنەوە، بێ ئەوەی کە بڵێن کە ئەو تایبەتمەندیانەن کە دەبن بە ھۆی داوەشانەوە. بۆیە ئەم توێژینەوەیە نایھەوێت ھۆکارە سەرەکییەکانی داوەشان بدۆزێتەوە، بەڵکوو ھاوشێوەی بڕیاردانی پشتبەستوو بە دراوە، لەم لێکۆڵینەوەیەدا تەنیا جەخت لەسەر ئەو تایبەتمەندیانە دەکرێت کە کاری پێشبینی ئاسانتر و دروستتر دەکەنەوە، نەک ئەوانەی دەبن بە ھۆی ڕوودانی دیاردەی داوەشانەوە. ئەم لێکۆڵینەوەیە سەرنجی وردی دایە سەر شیکاریی پێوەرەکانی کارایی ڕێگە – بە تایبەت نیشانەی بارودۆخی ڕووی ڕێگە (PCI) و نیشانەی نێودەوڵەتیی زبری (IRI). ئەو دراوەیەی لەم لێکۆڵینەوەیەدا بەکارھات لە بنکەدراوەی کارایی درێژخایەنی ڕووی ڕێگە (LTPP) دەرھێنرا. بۆ شیکاریی دراوەکە ئەم ئەلگۆریتمانە بە کار ھێنران: درەختی بڕیار، ڕیگرێشنی لۆجیستیک، پۆلێنکەری بەیزی ساویلکە، پۆلێنکەری بەیزی ساویلکە لەگەڵ کێرنێڵ، دارستانی بەھەڵکەوت، درەختەکانی گرادیانی بەھێزکراو، k-نزیکترین ھاوسێکان، ڕیگرێشنی ھێڵی و ڕیگرێشنی دارستانی بەھەڵکەوت. بەرھەمی شیکارییەکان نیشانیان دا کە ئەم تایبەتمەندیانە دەکرێ بۆ پێشبینیی داوەشانی ڕووی ڕێگەی ئاسفاڵتی بە کار بێن: بارودۆخی سەرەتایی، ئەڤریجی کەمترین (و زۆرترین) پلەی گەرمیی ڕۆژانە لە ساڵدا، ژمارەی سیکلەکانی بەستن-توانەوە، ترافیکی ڕۆژانەی ئەڤریج لە ساڵدا (AADT)، پۆلی ڕێگە، ژمارەی ساڵەکان لە دوایین نۆژەنکردنەوەوە، جۆری دوایین نۆژەنکردنەوە، بنکەی داناری ھاوتا (GBE) و جۆری ڕووی ڕێگە. پڕزانیاریترین تایبەتمەندییەکان بریتی بوون لە بارودۆخی سەرەتایی، مێژووی نۆژەنکردنەوە، GBE و ترافیک. ڕاستیی مۆدیلەکان فەرقی کرد بە گۆڕینی جۆری ئەلگۆریتمەکان، مەودای پێشبینی، ئەندازەی دراوەکان، کواڵیتیی دراوەکان و جۆری پێوەری کارایی. بۆیە کاریگەریی ھەرکام لەم فاکتەرانە یەک بە یەک بە وردی سەرنجی پێدرا و باس کرا. زیادکردنی ئەندازەی دراوەکە بوو بەھۆی بەرزبوونەوەی ئاستی ڕاستیی مۆدێلەکانەوە، ھەروەک دابەشکردنی دراوەکە بەسەر بەشی ئاووھەوایی بچووکتردا کە ھەمان ئەسەری بوو. بۆ نموونە ڕاستیی ئەلگۆریتمێکی درەختەکانی گرادیانی بەھێزکراو بۆ پێشبینیی PCI لەدوای سێ ساڵ ٨٢ لەسەددا بوو و لە بەشێکی ئاووھەوایی تایبەتدا گەشتە ٩١ لەسەددا. ئەم ژمارانە بۆ پێشبینیی IRI، بە تەرتیب، گەشتنە ٨٥ و ٩٤ لەسەددا. سەبارەت بە کاریگەریی جۆری پێوەری کارایی، تێبینییەک ئەوە بوو کە ئەلگۆریتمە ساکارترەکان، وەک ڕیگرێشنی ھێڵی و درەختی بڕیار، کاراییەکی باشتریان بوو لە پێشبینیی IRIدا. بە بەرچاوگرتنی ئاستی گۆڕانی ھەرکام لەم تایبەتمەندیانە، کاریگەریی سیناریۆیەکی گۆڕانی ئاووھەوا وەک نموونە خرایە بەر توێژینەوە. سەرەتا ڕێگە ئاسفاڵتەکانی ئانتەریۆ وەک نموونە بە کار ھێنران. بەڵام دواتر نموونەیەکی ھاوئەندازە لە ڕێگەکانی تێگزاس، کە ئاووھەوایەکی تەواو جیاوازی ھەیە، بە کارەکە زیاد کرا کە بەرھەمی شیکارییەکان ڕوونتر دەرکەوێت. بە گشتی ئەگەرچی چاوەڕێ دەکرێت کە بەفر و باران لە ئانتەریۆ زیاد بکات، بەڵام ڕێگەکانی ئانتەریۆ تووشی داوەشانێکی کەمتر دەبن، کە ڕەنگە لەبەر بەرزبوونەوەی پلەی گەرمی و کەمبوونەوەی ژمارەی سیکلەکانی بەستن-توانەوە بێت. لە بەرامبەردا، ڕێگەکانی تێگزاس تووشی داوەشانێکی توندوتیژتر دەبن.	Ph.D.	water, infrastructure, waste, climate	6, 9, 12, 13
Pitt, Gabrielle Erica	Mishna, Faye	Living with Uncertainty: The Experiences of Parents and Children When a Parent is Living with and Dying from, Advanced cancer	Social Work	2017-11	Living with Uncertainty: The Experiences of Parents and Children When a Parent is Living with and Dying from, Advanced cancer Gabrielle Erica Pitt Doctor of Philosophy, 2017 Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work University of Toronto Abstract Advanced cancer and its progression and treatment deeply affect members of a family, especially the children. The limited research contends that the complexities of advanced cancer and the anticipated loss of a parent result in greater psychosocial vulnerability for children, compromising their well-being (Beale et al., 2004; Bugge et al., 2008; Christ, 2000). Conducted at the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, the purpose of this interpretive research was to investigate the experiences of parents and children six to eighteen years coping with a parent living with, and dying from, advanced cancer. This study focused on the meaning children and parents ascribe to this time of uncertainty, in addition to aspects such as emotional security, and the role of parents in understanding, and ameliorating, potential effects to children. Seven families participated in the study (seven parents with advanced cancer, four children, and four well parents). A review of the existent literature was presented thematically, and demonstrated critical gaps and meagreness of the research. The theoretical framework encompassed social constructivism and sociocultural theory, in addition to the relational theories of attachment and intersubjectivity. Aspects of neurobiology underpinned the framework. Each facet of the framework was situated within the context of children and parents coping with advanced cancer and anticipatory loss. A theoretical model depicts this framework. Hermeneutic interpretive phenomenology was the methodology incorporated in this study. The primary method of data collection was semi-structured interviews with children and parents separately. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (Smith et al., 2009) guided the data analysis and interpretation. Results of the study are presented as a discussion of the themes, illustrated in an accompanying map. A review of the findings in relation to the research questions, the empirical literature, and theoretical framework reveals potential contributions of this research. This study concludes with implications for scholarly knowledge, social policy, social work education and practice, and recommendations for future research. Results of this research will advance the understanding of the experiences of parents and children, inform social work education and practice, and facilitate the development of interventions promoting positive outcomes for children and families.	Ph.D.	health	3
Pitzul, Kristen Blythe	Jaglal, Susan B	Outcomes and Costs of Post-Acute Care Pathways in Hip Fracture Patients: Implications of Trade-Offs in Resource Allocation	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2017-06	There is a gap in evidence with respect to the delivery of quality post-acute care for hip fracture patients. The primary objective of this thesis is to describe the post-acute care pathways of hip fracture patients and their associated outcomes (i.e., mortality and re-hospitalizations) and health system costs. The secondary objective is to explore the use of system dynamics modelling to determine the impact of trade-offs in resource allocation on patient outcomes and health system costs. Population-level administrative databases were used to capture older adults admitted to acute care for hip fracture between 2008 and 2012 in Ontario, Canada. Study one describes the variation in post-acute care pathways for hip fracture patients and concluded that four health regions discharge a relatively higher proportion of patients to inpatient rehabilitation (IPR) compared to the remaining 10 health regions. In study two, patients discharged directly from acute care to the community (i.e., community patients) were matched to patients discharged directly from acute care to IPR (i.e., IPR patients). A substantially higher proportion of community patients died or re-hospitalized and had substantially lower health system costs compared to their matched IPR counterparts. Results of study three suggest that only 60% of community patients receive post-acute rehabilitation, and of the community patients who do receive it, they have substantially lower rehabilitation intensity and specialistsâ visits compared to their matched IPR counterparts, regardless of health region. Study fourâ s system dynamics model predicts the increased health system costs required to increase the number of hours of home-based rehabilitation to attenuate these differences in re-hospitalizations. Taken together, results suggest that the variations in hip fracture post-acute delivery are pervasive in Ontario and that the impact of this variation on patient outcome may be attenuated through increased allocation of resources to home-based rehabilitation. Results can be used by policymakers, clinicians, and researchers to further improve and understand the post-acute quality of care delivered to hip fracture patients.	Ph.D.	health	3
Pleet, Jordan Joseph	Rodd, Helen F||Shuter, Brian J	Some Causes and Consequences of Non-random Animal Movement	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2015-11	Throughout the animal kingdom, individuals have been found to move non-randomly in response to the environment and differ in movement strategies from other individuals in the population. Chapter 2 uses a two-patch consumer-resource model to investigate how phenotypic variation in movement can evolve when the consumers are able to sense the patches and move adaptively to the more resource abundant patch. Considering the case when dispersers are inferior competitors compared to less dispersive phenotypes, variation in dispersal behaviours can evolve and persist when dispersal is cost-free, fast, and adaptive. In the other case, when dispersers are superior competitors compared to less dispersive phenotypes, variation in dispersal behaviours can evolve and persist when dispersal is more costly, slow, and random. Chapter 3 and 4 are case studies of non-random movement in two fish species. Chapter 3 examines lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) telemetry data to determine the daily movement patterns of the fish and infer how smaller morphs are able to persist in the presence of larger, cannibalistic morphs. In the summertime---when the water temperatures force the small and large lake trout morphs into the same parts of the lake---the small morphs avoid the large morphs by using shallower waters in the day, but when the larger cannibals have poorer vision at night, both morphs overlap in the same part of the lake. This daily routine movement of the small lake trout morphs away from the larger cannibals is probably critical in maintaining the size variation within the population. Chapter 4 examines some factors that influence dispersal in guppies (Poecilia reticulata) and predicts the long-term consequences of dispersal on population dynamics in natural stepping-stone metapopulations. Guppy dispersal between pools can depend on intrinsic factors, like physiology and sex, and extrinsic factors, like the type of stream environment, season, and the conditions in the pools. The individual dispersal events can influence population dynamics: without dispersal, guppy pool populations within most metapopulations are predicted to be sinks in the wet season and at equilibrium in the dry season; therefore, dispersal may play a role in the persistence of these guppy populations.	Ph.D.	water, environment, fish	6, 13, 14
Plitman, Eric	Graff-Guerrero, Ariel	Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Study Neurometabolic and Neuroanatomical Alterations in Patients with Schizophrenia	Medical Science	2018-11	Schizophrenia is a debilitating mental illness that places a large burden on patients, their families, and society-at-large. The glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia puts forth a compelling mechanism to characterize features of the illness. To this end, we explored the neurometabolic and neuroanatomical profiles of patients with schizophrenia using magnetic resonance imaging, with a particular focus on the glutamatergic system. First, we explored associative striatum neurometabolite levels using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) within a sample composed of antipsychotic-naïve patients experiencing their first-episode of psychosis (FEP) and age- and sex-matched healthy controls. The FEP group had elevated myo-inositol, choline, and glutamate levels compared to the healthy control group. Second, again within a sample of antipsychotic-naïve patients with FEP and age- and sex-matched healthy controls, we investigated whether elevated levels of glutamatergic neurometabolites within the precommissural dorsal caudate (PDC), as assessed by 1H-MRS, were related to measures of brain structure. In addition to widespread cortical thinning and suggestions of possible precommissural caudate volume (PCV) deficits within the patient group, a negative association between PDC glutamate+glutamine levels and PCV was found in the FEP group. Third, striatal neurometabolite levels were examined using 1H-MRS within a sample of patients with schizophrenia who had undergone long-term antipsychotic treatment and healthy controls. No group differences in neurometabolite levels were identified. Multiple study visits permitted a 1H-MRS reliability assessment. Taken together, the results from this body of work suggest elevated levels of striatal glutamatergic neurometabolites within the early, antipsychotic-naïve stages of schizophrenia, which are contrastingly shown to be comparable to those of healthy controls in the later, medicated stages of illness. Findings also provide evidence for glial activation that may resultantly disrupt glutamatergic tone, as well as a striatal excitotoxic mechanism that may account for some of the vast structural compromise that exists in patients with schizophrenia.	Ph.D.	health	3
Polak, Shely	Alaggia, Ramona	Mental health professionals' practice of reintegration therapy for parent-child contact disputes post-separation: A phenomenological study	Social Work	2017-06	Over the last decade, family courts have seen an increase in the number of parent-child contact problems and allegations of alienation. Children resisting or refusing contact with a parent post-separation pose considerable challenges to the mental health professionals tasked to work with them. Reintegration therapy (RT) has recently evolved to help ameliorate parent-child contact issues and alienation. However, little is known about what consensus exists on RT, or how it is defined and delivered by mental health practitioners. Limited evidence exists on treatment models, or evaluations of RT, and no standards or practice guidelines are available for the treatment of parent-child contact issues. The purpose of this study was to: 1) Explore how RT is defined and practiced among experienced mental health professionals in Canada and the United States; 2) identify underlying theory informing practitionersâ understanding of the issues and on clinical practice in RT; and 3) use findings for practice recommendations to advance knowledge for clinical practice with this population. To this end a hermeneutic, phenomenological design was chosen to elicit thick descriptions for a phenomenological analysis and theme development. A purposive sample of fourteen (14) practitioners was obtained. Initial analysis revealed substantial variance among practitioners' training, underlying theoretical frameworks, clinical approaches and service delivery models utilized. Three distinct themes/subthemes emerged from in-depth analyses representing a measure of consensus among respondents. First, RT is generally viewed as a therapeutic process to help improve family relationships as a whole. Second, participants identified frequently used assessment criteria necessary for determining suitability for RT. Finally, agreement on overall treatment goals for families participating in RT was identified. These study findings illustrate the need for more and better-developed training in RT, integrated theory development, and the creation of best practice guidelines based on scientific and rigorous evaluation preferably using a longitudinal approach.	Ph.D.	health	3
Pollex, Erika	Koren, Gideon	Fetal Exposure to Antidiabetic Drugs: The Role of the Placenta	Pharmaceutical Sciences	2010-06	Gestational diabetes, a common medical complication in pregnancy, may lead to severe fetal consequences if left untreated. A major concern with the use of antidiabetic drugs in pregnancy is the potential for placental transfer and fetal toxicity. The presence of endocytic pathways and several ABC transporter proteins has been demonstrated in the human placenta and are believed to play an important role in determining fetal exposure to drugs used in pregnancy. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the safety and transfer of the oral hypoglycemic agent, glyburide, and the new long acting insulin analog, insulin glargine, across the human placenta. The oral antidiabetic, glyburide, has been shown to be actively effluxed across the placenta in the fetal to maternal direction. The transport of glyburide in the presence of a breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) inhibitor was investigated in the dually perfused human placenta model. The results of the perfusion studies indicate that BCRP plays a role in protecting the fetus from the accumulation of glyburide. Subsequently, cellular studies were carried out to determine the effect of the naturally occurring single nucleotide polymorphism within the coding region of BCRP (C421A/Q141K) on glyburide transport. Results suggest that glyburide transport may be reduced in the presence of the Q141K polymorphism. While insulin remains as the gold standard, the potential for maternal hypoglycemia with insulin injection has resulted in the development of insulin analogs. Insulin glargine, a human insulin analog, has a long half life with no pronounced peak when compared to currently used NPH insulin. Human placental perfusion experiments examining the extent and rate of transfer of insulin glargine across the placenta demonstrated that, at therapeutic concentrations, insulin glargine does not cross the placenta to a measurable extent. To further determine the fetal safety of insulin glargine therapy compared with NPH insulin, a systematic review and meta-analysis were performed. No evidence was identified for increased adverse fetal outcomes with the use of insulin glargine during pregnancy. Overall, the results of this research serve to provide improved treatment options for women with diabetes in pregnancy.	PhD	women	5
Polonyi, Anna Elizabeth	Luong, Hy Van	Contradictions of Neoliberal Development Interventions and Market Transition in Northern Lao PDR	Anthropology	2012-03	This thesis examines the trajectory and role of development within the context of transition from a command to market economy, in a northern region of the Lao PDR. It looks at how the long-term effects of development interventions have contributed to a context of regional integration where the role of foreign investment and the private sector are increasing. In particular, it examines the role of development interventions in the processes of diversification and differentiation that accompany market integration. The village of Ban Jai illustrates this process as a site where despite the failures of development projects a diversification of livelihoods have developed. The implementation of UNDP projects in Ban Jai raises questions regarding the role of international projects and suggests that rather than alleviating poverty they produce a chain of effects that contribute to the tensions that result from structural changes to the village household economy. My analysis examines the tensions produced by such shifts and how villagers negotiate their engagement with the market economy. The experience of women traders illustrates how relations of solidarity are reworked in an attempt to negotiate tensions produced through processes of market integration. As structural shifts take place with increasing economic integration, international agencies also respond in particular ways by shifting strategies. I also ask what changes shifts in strategy introduce at the local level and how this intersects with the way policies are rationalized by local officials and the UNDP. An examination of this trajectory over a period of two decades, suggests that changing strategies in development have involved a shifting role between international development organizations and the private sector. I ask what kind of context this intersection of structural shifts, policy shifts and institutional shifts produces on the ground and how such shifts are negotiated locally.	PhD	poverty, women, institution	1, 5, 16
Polsky, Yavgenia Jane	Glazier, Richard H||Booth, Gillian L	The Retail Food Environment in Relation to Socio-economic Characteristics, Weight Status and Diabetes	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2017-06	The food environment is drawing increasing attention as an important population-level determinant of diet, obesity and related health outcomes. Using retail food data sourced from a commercial database, we examined several dimensions of the local retail food environment in relation to area socio-economic characteristics, and weight status and diabetes risk among adult residents of three urban regions in southern Ontario. The first study showed that local access to different types of food retail was patterned by level of neighbourhood material deprivation. More deprived neighbourhoods generally provided better access to stores and restaurants of all types, including those selling more or less healthful foods. These patterns were partially explained by urban form factors. Relative access to unhealthy food retailers (as a proportion of all outlets) showed little variation by level of neighbourhood material deprivation. In the second study, we found that measures of absolute and relative availability of different types of restaurants (volume and proportion) within walking distance of residential areas had differential effects on the weight status of local residents. We also identified a novel interaction between absolute and relative restaurant measures, whereby exposure to a higher proportion of fast-food relative to all restaurants was directly related to excess weight, particularly in areas with high volumes of fast-food restaurants (e.g. odds ratio for obesity=2.55 in areas with 5+ fast-food restaurants, 95% confidence interval: 1.55-4.17, across the interquartile range). The third study showed a similar synergistic effect between absolute and relative dimensions of fast-food restaurant exposure in relation to the development of diabetes. Among younger adults (20-65 years), a greater proportion of fast-food restaurants was directly associated with incident diabetes after adjustment for individual- and area-level covariates, but only in areas with high volumes of fast-food outlets (hazard ratio=1.79, 95% confidence interval: 1.03-3.12, across the interquartile range). No significant associations were observed in areas with low volumes of fast food or among older adults. This dissertation contributes to a better understanding of how different aspects of the retail food environment relate to health, which may help to guide the design of programs and policies to create healthier and more equitable food environments.	Ph.D.	health, equitable, socio economic	1, 3, 2004
Polvi, Elizabeth Johanna	Cowen, Leah E	Dissecting Mechanisms of Echinocandin Drug Resistance and Filamentation in the Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans	Molecular and Medical Genetics	2018-06	Invasive fungal infections have a devastating impact on human health worldwide, in part due to the limited repertoire of antifungal drugs available to treat these infections. Candida albicans is a primary cause of systemic mycoses with mortality rates of ~40%, even with current treatment options. Thus, the development of novel therapeutic strategies to combat fungal infections is of utmost importance. My research aims to explore novel therapeutic approaches to treat mycotic infections. This includes strategies to combat antifungal resistance and strategies to target a key C. albicans virulence trait, the ability to transition between yeast and filamentous states. To uncover novel therapies to combat resistance, I explored compounds that potentiate activity of the cell wall-targeting echinocandin antifungal drug caspofungin. A screen of 1,280 pharmacologically active compounds identified 19 that reduced caspofungin resistance. The most potent molecule was a chelator, DTPA, which potentiated echinocandin activity via chelation of magnesium, modulating signaling through the Hog1 stress response pathway. DTPA also induced C. albicans filamentation through zinc chelation, and the combination of caspofungin and DTPA had in vivo therapeutic utility in a murine model of candidiasis. Further, to explore genetic circuitry governing C. albicans morphogenesis, I characterized the role of the transcriptional regulator Mfg1 in mediating filamentous growth. Mfg1 is a core regulator of filamentation in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in C. albicans, and interacts with Flo8 and Mss11 to form a complex important for regulating morphogenesis. Unexpectedly, I identified divergent roles for these complex members in regulating C. albicans filamentation. Experimental evolution exploiting a novel selection strategy revealed triplication of chromosome 6, the genomic location of FLO8, as an adaptive mechanism enabling filamentation in the absence of MFG1. Collectively, this research uncovered new circuitry governing C. albicans drug resistance, evolution, and virulence, suggesting novel therapeutic strategies to treat fungal infections.	Ph.D.	health	3
Pong, Steven Michael	Fernie, Geoff	Increasing Hand Hygiene Performance in Health Care Workers with Electronic Real-time Prompting	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2019-06	Poor hand hygiene (HH) by health care professionals is a major cause of healthcare-acquired infections. Improving HH compliance among staff is the most effective way to reduce healthcare acquired infections. This thesis evaluates the ability of an electronic monitoring system with real-time prompting capability, to improve HH behaviours, its ability to capture high resolution audit data, and presents alternate system deployment strategies. To investigate HH behaviours, 120,441 dispenser activations on a nursing unit were counted before, during, and after installation of the system. The effect of changing the prompt duration on HH performance was determined by a randomized control trial including 90,776 HH opportunities from 185 participants on three nursing units. Sustainability of performance and participation was observed on four nursing units including observations from 419 participants over a year. Results showed that real-time prompts of 20 seconds’ duration nearly doubled HH activity and caused HH to occur sooner after entering a patient room. These improvements were sustainable over a year. Analysis of HH audit capabilities was conducted on data collected on a musculoskeletal rehabilitation unit over 12 weeks. Results showed that continuous collection of HH data that included temporal, spatial, and personnel details provided information on actual HH practices, whereas direct observation or dispenser activation counts showed only aggregate trends. Aggregate performance at patient and soiled utility rooms were both 67%, although individual compliance varied greatly. The number of HH events that occurred inside patient rooms increased with longer visits, whereas HH performance at patient room exit decreased. Eighty-three percent of missed HH opportunities occurred as part of a series of missed events, not in isolation. The system was deployed two more times on the unit at six month intervals. There was a significant increase in aggregate dispenser use with every deployment and a decrease over several weeks following each withdrawal. Intermittent deployment of the system counteracted potential declines in participation rates sometimes seen with continuous system use.	Ph.D.	health	3
Poon, Maurice Kwong-Lai	George, Usha	The social construction of gay male partner abuse: Power, discourse and lived experience	Social Work	2010-11	Recent research has found high rates of abuse in gay male relationships; however, little is known about their lived experience. This study aims to explore (1) the social construction of abuse in gay male relationships, (2) its discursive effects on clinical practice and (3) the lived experience of gay men involved in abusive relationships. This study included three sets of data. Using a discourse analysis, articles published in popular queer media and academic literature were analyzed to understand the social construction of partner abuse. Three focus groups, with 16 service providers, were conducted to examine the discursive effects of partner abuse on clinical practice. In-depth interviews with 21 gay men involved in partner abuse were conducted to understand their lived experience. Transcripts of the focus groups and interviews were reviewed in detail to highlight themes and concepts. Analysis revealed that gay male partner abuse is not a self-evident or natural category but, rather, socially constructed. Current discourse created two opposite categories (the victim who is powerless and helpless; the perpetrator powerful and evil) that both informed and limited the way in which service providers saw and, thus, worked with gay men involved in partner abuse. Yet, as shown in the analysis, the lived experience of partner abuse does not always fit neatly into the rigid victim and perpetrator roles. Instead, the roles are frequently unclear and contradictory. We social workers need to be aware of the discursive effects of gay male partner abuse and critically examine how they impose certain assumptions on us. Instead of seeking a “true” experience of partner abuse, we need to help these men search for meaning within the events that are relevant to them, regardless of how they fit into the normative discourse of gay male partner abuse.	PhD	queer	5
Poon, Yeesha	Krahn, Murray	Relative Effectiveness of Osteoporosis Treatments to Reduce Hip Fractures in Patients with Prostate Cancer on Continuous Androgen Deprivation Therapy:	Pharmaceutical Sciences	2018-11	Background: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is widely used in men with advanced prostate cancer, and can lead to loss of bone mineral density (BMD) and fractures. Osteoporosis treatments are effective in improving BMD, and reducing risk of hip fractures. Given the potential benefits, risks, and widely varying costs of osteoporosis treatments in our population, we assessed the effects and cost-effectiveness of treatments. Methods: A systematic review and a network meta-analysis were conducted using randomized controlled trials (RCT) that evaluated bisphosphonates, denosumab, toremifene, and raloxifene in patients with non-metastatic prostate cancer on ADT. Outcomes included percentage change in BMD from placebo at different bone sites and incidence rates of any fractures. A cost-utility model was developed using a state transition model simulating the progression of prostate cancer, the incidence of hip fractures and an adverse event from osteoporosis treatments. The risk of fracture was conditional on BMD changes, which were modeled as the means of determining the effect of treatment on health and cost outcomes. The outcomes were predicted hip fracture incidence, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), expected costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. Results: Thirteen RCTs were included for analysis. The largest BMD improvement compared to placebo at 12-month at femoral neck site was risedronate 6.77% (95% CrI:-6.87-20.27%). Two studies reported fractures; toremifene and denosumab studies reported improved incidence of new vertebral fracture outcome vs placebo (2.5% vs 4.9%;p	Ph.D.	health	3
Poos, Mark S.	Jackson, Donald Andrew	Conservation by Consensus: Reducing Uncertainty from Methodological Choices in Conservation-based Models	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2010-06	Modeling species of conservation concern, such as those that are rare, declining, or have a conservation designation (e.g. endangered or threatened), remains an activity filled with uncertainty. Species that are of conservation concern often are found infrequently, in small sample sizes and spatially fragmented distributions, thereby making accurate enumeration difficult and traditional statistical approaches often invalid. For example, there are numerous debates in the ecological literature regarding methodological choices in conservation-based models, such as how to measure functional traits to account for ecosystem function, the impact of including rare species in biological assessments and whether species-specific dispersal can be measured using distance based functions. This thesis attempts to address issues in methodological choices in conservation-based models in two ways. In the first section of the thesis, the impacts of methodological choices on conservation-based models are examined across a broad selection of available approaches, from: measuring functional diversity; to conducting bio-assessments in community ecology; to assessing dispersal in metapopulation analyses. It is the goal of this section to establish the potential for methodological choices to impact conservation-based models, regardless of the scale, study-system or species involved. In the second section of this thesis, the use of consensus methods is developed as a potential tool for reducing uncertainty with methodological choices in conservation-based models. Two separate applications of consensus methods are highlighted, including how consensus methods can reduce uncertainty from choosing a modeling type or to identify when methodological choices may be a problem.	PhD	conserv	13
Poshtkouhi, Shahab	Trescases, Olivier	Modular AC Nanogrid with Four-quadrant Micro-inverters and High-efficiency DC-DC Conversion	Electrical and Computer Engineering	2016-06	A signicant portion of the population in developing countries live in remote communities, where the power infrastructure and the required capital investment to set up local grids do not exist. This is due to the fuel shipment and utilization costs required for fossil fuel based generators, which are traditionally used in these local grids, as well as high upfront costs associated with the centralized Energy Storage Systems (ESS). This dissertation targets modular AC nano-grids for these remote communities developed at minimal capital cost, where the generators are replaced with multiple inverters, connected to either Photovoltaic (PV) or battery modules, which can be gradually added to the nano-grid. A distributed droop-based control architecture is presented for the PV and battery Micro-Inverters (MIV) in order to achieve frequency and voltage stability, as well as active and reactive power sharing. The nano-grid voltage is regulated collectively in either one of four operational regions. Effective load sharing and transient handling are demonstrated experimentally by forming a nano-grid which consists of two custom 500 W MIVs. The MIVs forming the nano-grid have to meet certain requirements. A two-stage MIV architecture and control scheme with four-quadrant power-flow between the nano-grid, the PV/battery and optional short-term storage is presented. The short-term storage is realized using high energy-density Lithium-Ion Capacitor (LIC) technology. A real-time power smoothing algorithm utilizing LIC modules is developed and tested, while the performance of the 100 W MIV is experimentally verifed under closed-loop dynamic conditions. Two main limitations of the DAB topology, as the core of the MIV architecture's dc-dc stage, are addressed: 1) This topology demonstrates poor efficiency and limited regulation accuracy at low power. These are improved by introducing a modified topology to operate the DAB in Flyback mode, achieving up to an 8% increase in converter efficiency. 2) The DAB topology needs four digital isolators for driving the active switches on the other side of the isolation boundary. Two Phase-Locked-Loop (PLL) based synchronization schemes are introduced in order to reduce the number of required digital isolators, hence increasing reliability and reducing the implementation costs. One of these schemes is demonstrated on a discrete 150 W DAB prototype, while both of them are implemented on-chip in a 0.18um 80V BCD process. In addition, the power-stage of the primary-side of a 1 MHz, 50 W DAB converter is fully integrated on the same die. By using such a high switching frequency, the size of passive elements in the DAB is reduced, resulting in further cost reductions for the MIV. The results of this dissertation pave the way for affordable nano-grids with minimal capital cost, reliable performance and reduced complexity.	Ph.D.	energy, infrastructure	7, 9
Pottruff, Benjamin Wray	Halpern, Rick	The Anarchist Peril: Industrial Violence and the Propaganda of Fear in Turn of the Century America, 1886-1908	History	2015-06	Between 1886 and 1908, in the crossover between the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, people all across America felt the growing pains wrought by the second industrial revolution. Overproduction, exploitative working conditions, labor shortages, and increased rural and foreign immigration all made the country ripe for civil unrest to burst through the cracks of the Gilded Age. In particular, assassinations and bombings followed by murmurs of anarchist conspiracies within the labor movement gave social elites cause to fear for the stability of their nation-building project. The Anarchist Peril examines five sets of violent outbursts that disrupted the status quo: the 1886 Haymarket bombing, the 1892 assault on Henry Clay Frick, President William McKinley's assassination in 1901, the assassination of Frank Steunenberg in 1905, and the 1908 anarchist scare. In reaction to these events, journalists, police officers, court officials, and state and federal legislators, who feared the effects of the anarchist tactic of Propaganda by Deed, used their powers to shape public opinion against anarchy. These acts of violence, which were endorsed by a minority within radical circles, took on greater significance when emerging ranks of middle-class professionals reshaped the meaning of anarchists' deeds to legitimize their own competing claims to power. Since they placed so little value on anarchism's political critique, social elites ignored the class implications of anarchists' words and deeds and instead examined their bodies for signs to marginalize their actions, silenced them in the courtroom, and legislated against further acts of violence. While this approach did disrupt the propaganda of their deeds, it did not deter further acts of violence.	Ph.D.	production, rural, industr	9, 11, 12
Poudineh, Mahla	Sargent, Edward H	On-chip Manipulation and Sorting of Cancer Cells for Next-generation Diagnostic Technologies	Electrical and Computer Engineering	2017-03	Cancer is a leading cause of death and disability. Early detection can significantly improve long-term survival in cancer patients. The advent of point-of-care technologies, which are typically based on lab-on-chip tools, enables convenient and real-time healthcare at or near the patient bedside. Development of point-of-care cancer testing can keep the advantages of, but overcome the high cost of, existing expensive genetic analysis methods. It can do so while providing the results promptly to physicians as they seek to customize and improve disease treatment. The central aim of this thesis is to develop new strategies to detect cancer prior to the spread of cancer cells to the distant organs. Metastasis relies on the release of migratory cancer cells, and is responsible for as much as 90% of cancer associated mortality. The factors that determine the invasiveness of these circulating cells remain poorly defined, and it is difficult to distinguish cancer cells having high versus low metastatic potential. New technologies are required that sort heterogeneous cancer cells into relevant subpopulations, and profile thereby small numbers of cells according to their phenotypes. Herein we describe a powerful new capability for the monitoring of cancer progression. We developed a novel fluidic chip that selectively isolates rare cancer cells that exhibit different levels of phenotypic surface markers. We show that the device successfully profiles the surface expression of very small numbers of cells; and it accomplishes this directly from whole blood. We couple the surface marker profiling approach with a migration platform with single cell resolution: this allows us to characterize more deeply, still on-chip, the biological behavior of invasive cancer cells. We deploy these new techniques to reveal the dynamic phenotypes of these rare cells. We prototype the system and prove it out using samples of unprocessed blood from mice. We characterize the samples as a function of tumor growth and aggressiveness and prove that the new profiling technology provides powerful and relevant information that correlates with tumor stage and aggressiveness. The strategies presented offer to guide the development of sensitive and specific approaches for cancer diagnosis that provide new information not available using prior methods.	Ph.D.	health	3
Poulin, Patricia Anik	Schneider, Margaret	Mindfulness-based Wellness Education: A Longitudinal Evaluation with Students in Initial Teacher Education	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2009-11	Mindfulness-based wellness education (MBWE) is an 8-week program teaching formal mindfulness practices as a foundation for cultivating an awareness of one’s health or ill-health in the physical, social, emotional, ecological, vocational, mental and spiritual domains of human existence. It is designed as a health promotion intervention for individuals who are at risk of developing stress related problems, such as is the case of human services professionals. This dissertation focuses on teachers-in-training. Two groups of teacher trainees completed MBWE as part of an elective course focusing on stress and burnout. In comparison to control participants, who completed other optional courses, MBWE participants experienced improvements in mindfulness, health, and teaching self-efficacy. In one group, the intervention was also effective in reducing psychological distress and augmenting satisfaction with life. Interviews with participants after graduation revealed that although they struggled with independent mindfulness practice, they benefited from their participation in the class, which led to specific health behavior changes such as increased physical activity. Some participants reported that they relied on their mindfulness practices in times of crisis; others shared the knowledge they learned with their students and observed that this was an effective and beneficial response to the needs of their classrooms. Ideas for future inquiries include the need to explore factors influencing participants’ responses to the MBWE program and how to support on-going practice.	PhD	well being	3
Pouliot, Vincent	Adler, Emanuel	Security Community in and through Practice: The Power Politics of Russia-NATO Diplomacy	Political Science	2008-11	How do security communities develop in and through practice? For more than forty years, security relations between Russia and NATO member states were structured by the spectre of mutual assured destruction as symbolized by thousands of nuclear missiles targeted at each other. Less than a generation after the end of the Cold War, the possibility of military confrontation between these former enemies has considerably receded. Taking inspiration from Pierre Bourdieu, this dissertation develops a theory of practice of security communities that argues that on the ground of international politics, the social fact of peace emerges when security practitioners come to debate with diplomacy—the non-violent settlement of disputes—instead of about diplomacy. It is doxa, a relationship of immediate adherence to the order of things, that makes such a peaceful practical sense possible. In the empirical analysis, the dissertation reveals an intriguing paradox in the post-Cold War Russian-Atlantic relationship. On the one hand, over the last fifteen years Russia and NATO member states have solved each and every one of their disputes, including fierce ones over the double enlargement, by nonviolent means. Such a track record of peaceful change is testimony to security-communitybuilding processes. But on the other hand, diplomatic success was often bought at the price of a growing mistrust on the Russian side. As the Russian Great Power habitus resurfaced, hysteresis—a disconnect between players’ dispositions and their positions in the game—steadily increased to the point of inconclusive symbolic power struggles over the rules of the international security game and the roles that each player should play. A decade and a half after the end of the Cold War, Russian-Atlantic relations have left the terrain of military confrontation but have yet to settle on that of mature peace. Building on several dozen interviews with Russian and NATO security practitioners, the dissertation discovers that diplomacy has become a normal though not a self-evident practice in Russian-Atlantic dealings.	PhD	peace	16
Preston, Michael David	Basiliko, Nathan	Microbial Community Composition and Activities Across Northern Peatlands	Geography	2013-11	Northern peatlands are large repositories of carbon and little is known about the effect the microbial community has on carbon mineralization rates, and there is concern that a loss of microbial diversity due to environmental change may lead to reduced ecosystem functioning. Microbial communities vary among peatland types and abiotic variables such as temperature and pH have a large influence on carbon dioxide production, but distinguishing between abiotic controls and the role of microbial community structure has proved challenging. Microbial activity and community composition was characterized in three peatlands within the James Bay Lowlands, Ontario. Similar dominant microbial taxa were observed at all three peatlands despite differences in nutrient content and substrate quality and geographic location. In contrast, microbial activity differed among the sites, indicating that it is influenced by the quality of the peat substrate and the presence of microbial inhibitors. A series of reciprocal field and laboratory transplant experiments were conducted at a rich and poor fen near White River, Ontario to more explicitly distinguish between the abiotic and microbial controls on carbon mineralization. The effect of transplantation differed between the laboratory and field studies and when viewed individually could lead to different interpretations of the effect of substrate change. Surprisingly, intensive sampling within both fens was unable to reveal a difference between the rich and poor fen microbial community due to high within site temporal and spatial variation. Thus studies with small sampling effort will have a very incomplete understanding of microbial community structure and thus microbial ecology. A reciprocal sterilization transplant experiment was also conducted to examine how different microbial communities adapted to various peat substrates influenced C-mineralization patterns. Post-inoculation/incubation bacterial communities across peatlands converged towards a similar community structure, suggesting that abiotic variables are the dominant control on peatland microbial activity and community composition. The studies presented in this thesis collectively show that across a broad range of temperate and sub-arctic peatland types dominant members of the microbial community are generally similar, and decomposition rates can be predicted by broader controlling environmental factors rather than temporal niche or distributional constraints of the microbial community.	PhD	production, environment, ecology	12, 13, 14
Price, Alex P.	Schwartz, Robert	Chasing the Promise of Performance: A Case Study Exploring the Implementation of a Standards-Based Accountability Policy Intervention in the Ontario Public Health System	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2015-11	OBJECTIVE: This research project examines the development and implementation of Ontario’s system of public health accountability and performance management through two cross-cutting themes: control and results. This research project represents one of the first attempts to bridge the fields of public administration and new public management, policy implementation, and quality improvement in an examination of accountability and performance improvement in the public health sector. METHODS: This study involved semi-structured, in-depth interviews with informants in three public health units (n=20) and with representatives from the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care (MOHLTC) (n=4). A web-survey of public health managers (n=53) was also carried out. Document review supplemented these two main data sources. Qualitative data were coded and analyzed using Atlas.ti 6.2 and quantitative data were exported to SPSS for descriptive and bivariate analysis. FINDINGS: Control, emphasizing compliance-based accountability, top-down implementation, and performance measurement for quality assurance had a dominant presence in policy development and implementation that negatively affected the pursuit of results (i.e. emphasis on performance, bottom-up implementation, and measurement for quality improvement). Pre-existing accountability structures challenged efforts to establish performance improvement as a key consideration. Despite evidence of consultation with the field, the MOHLTC’s exercise of final decision rights in policy development reinforced limitations on managerial discretion. Top-down implementation featured considerable conflict over the means of policy achievement (i.e. measurement components, resources, timelines, and some service protocols). Conflict was often met with concern amongst local public health informants over the prospective utility of performance information for improving population health outcomes. The province’s adoption of continuous quality improvement, presenting both barriers and facilitators, also confounded the prospect of substantial systemic improvement. CONCLUSION: This empirical examination of a nascent and evolving system of public health accountability and performance management strongly emphasized a control orientation with some elements supporting results. The bridging of these three fields and the application of these two cross-cutting themes provided a useful basis on which to understand public health accountability and performance improvement in Ontario. This approach merits use in future examinations of this or similar systems, particularly where performance output and outcome information is available.	Ph.D.	health	3
Price, Jennifer Anne Devereux	Doran, Diane	A Pilot Trial of a Coaching Intervention Designed to Increase Women's Attendance at Cardiac Rehabilitation Intake	Nursing Science	2012-11	Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be the leading cause of death of Canadian women and while treatment for CVD has improved dramatically, women typically fare worse than men with regards to morbidity following cardiac event. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is well established as a key intervention in the treatment of coronary artery disease and has been shown to be effective in both men and women. CR remains largely underutilized, especially in women who comprise only 12 – 24% of contemporary CR programs, even though the prevalence of CVD in men and women is similar. The objectives of this pilot trial were to test the feasibility of all procedures, specifically to determine: 1) an estimate of patient recruitment rates, 2) acceptability and feasibility of the intervention and 3) barriers to CR attendance and resources required. Additionally, exploratory research questions were used to determine the effects of telephone coaching on women’s attendance at CR intake appointment, self-efficacy for cardiac exercise and self-efficacy to attend CR. A RCT design enrolled women with CVD referred for CR at a single site in Ontario. Patients were randomized, stratified for age, to either a usual care group or an intervention group. Participants allocated to usual care received a referral to CR. In addition to usual care, women assigned to the intervention group received individualized telephone coaching, designed to support self-management prior to CR intake. Eighty-three patients were approached and 70 consented to participate (usual care n = 36, intervention n = 34). Participants in the intervention group were significantly more likely to attend CR intake (p = 0.048). Participants were highly satisfied with their coaching experience; they found the information provided to be helpful with goal setting, action planning and assisted them in their interactions with their health care providers. Barriers to attendance identified included transportation, health concerns, timing and lack of physician endorsement. Most common resources identified included problem solving support, assistance with communication with physicians and information concerning CR. The evidence obtained from this pilot trial suggests that a telephone coaching intervention designed to enhance self-management is feasible and may improve attendance at CR intake for women following hospital discharge with a cardiac event.	PhD	health, women	3, 5
Price, Sheri	Hall, Linda McGillis	The Experience of Choosing Nursing as a Career: Narratives from Millennial Nurses	Nursing Science	2011-11	The critical and growing shortage of nurses is a global concern. The growth and sustainability of the nursing profession depends on the ability to recruit and retain the upcoming generation of professionals. Understanding the career choice experiences of Millennial nurses is a critical component of recruitment and retention strategies. An interpretive, narrative methodology, was used to understand how Millennial explain, account for, and make sense of their choice of nursing as a career. Individual, face to face interviews were conducted with 12 Millennial Nursing students (born 1980 or after), for whom nursing was their preferred career choice. Participants were interviewed twice and chronicled their career choice experiences within reflective journals. Data was analyzed using Polkinghorne’s method of narrative configuration and emplotment. The participants’ narratives present a shift from understanding career choice within a virtuous plot to one of social positioning. Career choice was initially emplotted around a traditional and stereotypical understanding of nursing as a virtuous profession: altruistic, noble, caring, and compassionate. The narrative scripts evolved from positioning nursing as virtuous towards understanding the meaning of career choice in relation to one’s position in the social world. The narratives position career choice in relation to the participants’ desire for autonomy, respect and quality of life. Pragmatic considerations such as lifestyle, job security, salary and social status were also emphasized. The narratives represent career choice as a complex consideration of social positioning, fraught with hopes, dreams, doubts and tensions. The participants’ perceptions and expectations in relation to their future nursing careers were influenced by a historical and stereotypical understanding of nursing; an image that remains prevalent in society. Insight gained from this inquiry can inform recruitment, education, socialization and retention strategies for the upcoming and future generations of nurses.	PhD	employment	8
Priyo, Asad Karim Khan	Xiaodong, Zhu	Essays on Macroeconomics and Finance	Economics	2014-11	This dissertation expands our understanding of the determinants of cross-country sectoral productivity differences, excess reserve holdings of U.S. commercial banks and excessive continuation by U.S. firms. In the first chapter I employ a two-sector general equilibrium model to investigate the roles of sectoral human capital, sectoral physical capital and labor market distortions in explaining the large disparities in agricultural and aggregate labor productivity that exist between the rich and the poor countries. Using a sample of 43 countries and calibrating the model to the U.S. economy, I demonstrate that the impact of labor market distortions is more prominent than both sectoral physical and human capital in explaining international productivity differences. In the second chapter using U.S. banking institution-specific data for the period 1999 to 2009, I observe that reserve and lending behaviors of large and small commercial banks are significantly different. The data suggest that the sizeable increase in excess reserves and substantial decrease in real sector lending of the U.S. commercial banking industry during the financial crisis of 2007-2008 are driven by large as opposed to small banks. Employing a two-stage model of the banking industry and calibrating the model to the U.S. banking sector, I show that volatility of deposit and short term funding and investments in risky trading securities play major roles in explaining the patterns observed in data. In the third chapter I, along with two co-authors, investigate the pervasiveness of the problem of excessive continuation among U.S. firms and study its effects and potential determinants. Using firm-specific data for the period 1970 to 2011, we employ a discrete-time hazard model using multi-period Logit regressions and find that greater liquidity, greater debt maturity, weaker debt covenants and greater principal-agent conflict are all positively associated with excessive continuation.	Ph.D.	industr	9
Proctor, Cameron	He, Yuhong	Quantification of Belowground C Flow from Root Exudation of Peatland Sedges and Shrubs	Geography	2017-11	A large range of labile organic compounds are secreted by roots into the soil, which inevitably leads to changes in nutrient availability and C cycling. Little is known about root exudation variability among species, or at the individual root level, hampering estimates of total C deposition. Environmental controls are believed to influence root exudation at the single root scale, yet are rarely accounted for. Quantifying exudation heterogeneities within the root system permits more accurate upscaling to the whole plant and landscape level, provided the sites of exudation and belowground biomass are well quantified. Root exudate composition was characterized in two model organisms - Eriophorum vaginatum and Rhododendron groenlandicum utilizing localized sampling of root segments. E. vaginatum roots were distinguished into three classes by age, and R. groenlandicum into four classes by fine root abundance and root diameter. Considerable variations in the total efflux, as well as the composition of exudates, was documented at both the species and root class level, confirming that exudation is not homogenous within the root system. Existing root biomass data has little correlation with the vertical gradients of exudation. Whole plant root systems were excavated and digitally mapped at sufficient detail to explicitly distinguish the depth distribution of the roots associated with exudation. Measurements of the normalized root length fraction per depth interval were tested against a variety of density distribution models to infer a suitable function to represent roots for upscaling a single root to the landscape scale. The abundance of key species such E. vaginatum that deposit C directly into the anoxic zone are poorly mapped in peatlands. A new detection methodology, based on phenological timing and the spectral contrast of decomposing litter, was investigated utilizing an expanded version of PROSAIL. Close range imagery indicated the calibrated model was capable of quantifying decaying monocot litter as a unique class, which bodes well for detection at the landscape scale. The studies presented in this thesis document root exudation rates and root distribution data necessary to conduct a simple upscaling from the single root to the landscape level. Collectively, they permit the C flow via the exudation pathway to be estimated, with consideration for vertical gradients that partition exudation into the oxic and anoxic zone.	Ph.D.	environment	13
Prodger, Jessica L	Kaul, Rupert	Defining Immune Correlates of HIV Susceptibility in the Foreskin	Medical Science	2014-06	HIV is a predominantly sexually transmitted infection that has infected over 60 million people and been responsible for 60 million deaths. To date, non-antiretroviral microbicides have failed to prevent HIV acquisition, or even increased it. This is likely because HIV preferentially infects activated immune cells (CD4+ T cells), taking advantage of the body’s attempts to defend itself. Therefore, relative immunoquiescence, as opposed to immune activation, may be protective. I hypothesized that men who are biologically more susceptible to HIV would have increased foreskin CD4 T cell activation, while the opposite would be true of men who are relatively resistant. The foreskin has recently been identified as a major site of HIV acquisition, but little previous research has been performed on this tissue. I therefore developed novel techniques to isolate viable, immunologically functional T cells from foreskin tissue. I then worked with the Rakai Health Sciences Program in Uganda to identify men undergoing elective circumcision who are HIV-Exposed but have remained SeroNegative (HESN, relatively resistant to HIV), and men with Herpes Simple Virus-2 infection (HSV-2+, relatively susceptible to HIV). I collected sub-preputial swabs and foreskin tissue from these men, and characterized numerous immune parameters in their samples. I found that HSV-2+ men had an increased relative abundance of CD4 T cells co-expressing the HIV receptor CCR5. In contrast, I found that HESN men had a decreased relative abundance of activated T cells (CD4/8 T cells producing TNFα) and Th17 cells (a pro-inflammatory T cell subset known to be particularly susceptible to HIV). Additionally, foreskin secretions from HESN men were more likely to have antibodies (IgA) able to neutralize HIV, and had more innate anti-viral peptides. I therefore propose HIV resistance may be driven by decreased T cell activation in genital tissue, in combination with increased secretion of anti-HIV immune proteins.	PhD	health	3
Puentes Jacome, Luz Adriana	Edwards, Elizabeth A	Anaerobic Biodegradation of Chlorinated Benzenes and Hexachlorocyclohexane by Mixed Microbial Cultures Derived from Contaminated Field Sites	Chemical Engineering Applied Chemistry	2019-11	Environmental contamination with toxic organohalides is of worldwide concern. Chlorinated ethenes, benzenes, and pesticides are organohalides frequently found in contaminated soil and groundwater. Bioaugmentation with mixed microbial cultures derived from contaminated sites has been successfully applied to remediate groundwater contaminated with chlorinated ethenes and ethanes, in which the halogenated compounds are electron acceptors in microbial respiration. On the other hand, in situ bioremediation of soil, sediment, and groundwater contaminated with chlorinated benzenes and the pesticide γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane) has yet to be comprehensively explored. Hexachlorocyclohexane has been reported to dechlorinate into a mixture of chlorinated benzenes, so the bioremediation of these two types of organohalides is highly interrelated. In this thesis, the organohalide bioremediation potential of previously established and novel anaerobic mixed cultures was investigated using analytical and molecular omics techniques. In the commercial chlorinated ethene-to-ethene dechlorinating culture KB-1, cobalamin (vitamin B12), an essential corrinoid cofactor for the reductive dehalogenation of vinyl chloride, was determined to be supplied to organohalide-respiring Dehalococcoides by a growing Acetobacterium population. After switching the electron acceptor from trichloroethene to 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, native KB-1 Dehalobacter populations that respire chlorinated benzenes were identified along with a KB-1 reductive dehalogenase enzyme that dechlorinates 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene to 1,3- and 1,4-dichlorobenzene. In addition, the metagenome-assembled genomes of three distinct KB-1 Dehalobacter spp. were shown to contain more than 70 reductive dehalogenase genes (rdh) which considerably increases the number of known KB-1 rdh genes and will allow for the examination of evolutionary relationships in Dehalobacter genomes. A Dehalobacter-containing culture (referred to as GT), enriched from soils and sediments contaminated with hexachlorocyclohexane, was shown to dechlorinate lindane to monochlorobenzene and benzene, and was found to contain a Dehalobacter population that use γ-hexachlorocyclohexane as terminal electron acceptor. A GT culture was combined with a KB-1 subculture that dechlorinates monochlorobenzene to benzene, and a benzene-degrading culture, to achieve complete biotransformation of lindane to non-toxic end products. Using metagenomics and proteomics data, a novel reductive dehalogenase enzyme, HchA, was for the first time identified. Altogether, this body of work demonstrates that the mixed cultures KB-1 and GT have bioremediation potential against the chlorinated benzenes and hexachlorocyclohexane, respectively.	Ph.D.	water, environment	6, 13
Pugliese, Stephanie Christina	Murphy, Jennifer	Observational constraints on air quality and greenhouse gases in the Greater Toronto Area	Chemistry	2017-11	Urban areas are highly complex environments that are large sources of a variety of atmospheric pollutants. To better understand the spatial and temporal variability of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the GTA, we developed the Southern Ontario CO2 Emissions (SOCE) inventory, a fine resolution inventory based on emissions from seven source sectors for the year 2010. When the SOCE inventory was used in combination with a chemistry transport model, agreement with mixing ratios measured in southern Ontario was strong. We found that contributions from area sources (primarily natural gas combustion) played a dominant role overnight (contributing >80 %) while on-road sources played a significant role during the day (contributing >70 %). When a fine-resolution CO2 inventory is not available, stable carbon isotopes (δ13CO2) are often used as tools to source apportion CO2. We combined model output CO2 mixing ratios with GTA-specific δ13CO2 signatures of the dominant anthropogenic sources of CO2, determined as part of this work, to simulate hourly δ13CO2. When the simulated δ13CO2 was compared to measurements at the Downsview site, the agreement was generally good. To evaluate the use of Keeling and chemical mass balance (CMB) analyses, we estimated the δ13CO2 signature of the local enhancement from both model output and measurements and found that it was heavier (~3 per mil) than that calculated by the SOCE inventory. The emission of primary pollutants in urban areas (e.g. nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO)) can also contribute to the production of secondary pollutants such as ozone (O3). Data from a governmental monitoring network in the GTA from 2000-2012 were used to explore the impact of O3 precursors on local O3 levels. Non-linear chemistry and influence of meteorology explained why reductions in precursor levels did not lead to improvements in O3, particularly for 2012.	Ph.D.	urban, environment, pollut	11, 13
Pulido-Santacruz, Paola	Weir, Jason T	Dynamics of Speciation in Neotropical Birds: Diversification Rates, Introgression and Reproductive Isolation	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2017-06	Tropical rainforests â covering 7% of the earth's surface â are areas of exceptionally high biodiversity compared to other ecosystems. However, no consensus has been reached as to the primal cause of high tropical diversity. In this thesis, I used a combination of phylogenetic and population genetic methods to address whether speciation is an important driver of diversification patterns and to determine the genetic architecture of reproductive isolation and the frequency of introgression during the diversification process in the species-rich Neotropics. I developed and fit a character-state dependent diversification model to a global avian phylogeny and found consistent support across replicate clades for extinction as a key driver of species richness gradients. In contrast, an association between speciation or dispersal rates with species richness was not consistently found. To better understand the process of speciation in the tropics, I studied reproductive isolation in two genera of suboscine birds. My results showed that pre-zygotic reproductive barriers play a less important role in the tropical speciation process than at high latitudes, with reproductive isolation driven largely by post-zygotic genetic incompatibilities. I also found evidence of frequent introgression events during the diversification process in the Neotropical genus Dendrocincla. My analyses showed different instances of historical introgression events among closely and distantly related lineages of Dendrocincla, demonstrating that introgression may often be a common phenomenon during the diversification process in the Neotropics. These results contribute to our understanding of the evolutionary processes that drive diversification and how speciation evolves in areas of high species richness.	Ph.D.	forest, biodiversity	15
Purandaré, Nanda	Nedelsky, Jennifer ||Kopstein, Jeffrey	Democracy by Association: A Comparative Exploration of the Effects of Inequality and the State on Civic Engagement	Political Science	2011-11	The dominant civic engagement literature has focused on the many positive outcomes that stem from leading an active associational life, linking it to lower crime rates, economic growth and a healthy democracy. However, it has been less effective at recognizing how much of a dependent variable civic engagement actually is, exploring what shapes it and how. Yet, in light of its centrality to the democratic process and the benefits that accrue from strong, active communities, it is important to understand what shapes civic engagement to establish who is in a better position to participate and why. Drawing on personal interviews with single mothers, policy analyses, and World Values and ISSP survey data, this dissertation explores how inequality and the state shape civic engagement. The findings underscore the impact of class- and status-based inequalities on civic engagement, focusing on women as a case study. Women’s dual roles as caregivers in the home and paid workers in the labour market contribute to the gender gap in participation. However, the presence of children is linked to higher levels of participation for women, and parent-, child- and care-related groups are found to build trust, foster a sense of community, and act as a catalyst for civic involvement. The thesis also highlights the extent to which the state structures citizenship and participation, focusing on welfare regimes as case studies. It develops theories that test the effect of interventionism, egalitarianism and statism on the civic engagement levels of welfare regime-types. The findings suggest that while egalitarian policies may help reduce the impact of inequality on civic life, comprehensive social policies alone do not necessarily lead to more active societies. The way political authority is structured can have a deep impact on civic habits, and creating openings and opportunities for citizens to participate can inspire collective action.	PhD	inequality, worker, economic growth, equality, women, gender	5, 8, 10
Purdon, Mark	Bernstein, Steven Franklin ||Handley, Antoinette ||Skogstad, Grace	State Power for Low-Carbon Development: A Comparative Investigation into the Effectiveness of Carbon Finance Projects in Tanzania, Uganda and Moldova	Political Science	2013-11	Empirical investigation into afforestation and bioenergy carbon finance projects in Tanzania, Uganda and Moldova demonstrates that effective projects—both in terms of sustainable development and the generation of genuine carbon credits—are more likely to result when the state is able to bring carbon finance initiatives into alignment with national development objectives. Amongst the countries investigated, the most important factor in such alignment was, paradoxically, commitment liberal economic reforms. Contrary to the expectation that the performance of projects under the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) would be the same in states with similar administrative capacities, carbon finance projects were more effective in Uganda and Moldova than Tanzania. Commitment to liberal economic reforms in Uganda functions as an animating set of ideas that allows the state apparatus to work in a more purposeful manner and establish institutions and organizations which allow it to generate state power for low-carbon development. For CDM forest and bioenergy projects, the risk of unsustainability is mitigated by a land tenure system and investment regime that (i) offer opportunities for individual smallholders to engage directly with the carbon market and create incentives for domestic investors while (ii) also accommodating historical land governance practices. Genuine carbon credits were associated with project developers who possessed a latent organizational capacity for implementation and were motivated to pursue market opportunities—state forest agencies in Uganda and Moldova. However, the ability of the state to retain latent organizational capacity was restricted to sectors such as forestry that are less sophisticated technically; in the energy sector, such capacity was ceded to the private sector in Uganda and Moldova during structural adjustment. More skeptical of liberal economic policy, Tanzania has retained capacity in the energy sector; however, for the same reasons, it has not treated the CDM as a genuine opportunity. At current carbon prices, CDM projects investigated were effective when the state was able to play a developmental role in the economy. Whether commitment to liberal economic reforms can have similar developmental effects in other parts of the developing world is questionable—a different animating set of ideas may be important.	PhD	energy, sustainable development, cities, institution	7, 8, 11, 16
Qian, Miao	Lee, Kang	Reducing Implicit and Explicit Racial Biases among Young Children	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2019-06	Racial biases exist in our society. These biases, when left unchecked, exert far-reaching adverse impacts at personal and societal levels in education, health care, employment, and justice. The preschool period is formative in the development of racial bias. Until the present thesis, it was unknown whether children at preschool-age would display racial biases against other-race people, and if yes, how to reduce them. In Chapter 2, I developed a child-friendly implicit racial bias test and found the early emergence of implicit and explicit racial biases among children as young as 3-years old. The same pattern was consistently found in three distinct cultures: China, Cameroon, and Canada. I also found that the level of racial bias was affected by perceived social status between own- vs. other-race and their level of contact with other-race members. It was the first set of studies that examine the phenomenon of racial bias in preschool-age children from various cultures. In Chapter 3, I developed a novel training method, referred to as individuation training, in which children practiced the process of treating other-race members as unique individuals rather than members of social groups. I provided the evidence that individuation training reduced implicit racial biases among children in China (Experiment 1) and Canada (Experiment 2), and that the training effects were sensitive to children’s exposure to racial diversity. In Chapter 4, I further examined the long-term effects of the novel individuation training method. I found that repeated individuation training reduced Chinese children’s implicit racial bias for the long term (60 days). Together, my thesis suggests that racial bias emerges early in preschool-age and training children to treat other-race members as unique individuals reduce implicit racial bias in both short and long terms.	Ph.D.	health, employment	3, 8
Quinio, Ariel Evalle	Gagne, Antoinette	From Policy to Reality: A Study of Factors Influencing the Employment Trajectories of Internationally Educated Professionals	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2015-11	Over the past decade there has been a changing policy landscape in Ontario that aimed at assisting foreign-trained immigrants to integrate into their intended professions. However, many foreign-trained immigrants continuously face barriers in the labour market such that their employment experiences are often contrary to their expectations. This study explores and examines the factors influencing the employment trajectory of Internationally Educated Professionals (IEPs) in Canada. In particular, the study focuses on selected Filipino immigrants and IEPs from other cultures, and examines their employment trajectories and shifts in professional status. Recent literature indicates that there is a widening gap between the policies of immigrant inclusion and equity in many Western countries and the social realities of immigrants in the workforce. This study is an interpretive qualitative research with a critical orientation using Bourdieu’s theory of social reproduction as a lens. A total of 30 participants were divided into three categories according to their year of arrival in Canada. Interview data were analyzed using critical discourse analysis and grounded theory. Findings reveal four broad sets of factors (socio-demographic, individual, sociolinguistic and contextual) influencing the employment trajectories of IEPs and their resulting shifts in professional status. Government immigration policies and economic conditions at the time of participants’ arrival were found to be important influences on IEPs employment success. The contented IEPs and struggling IEPs who had both different years of arrival experienced frequent changes in employment. High achieving IEPs who arrived in Canada between 1988-1994 and 2002-2008, had successfully navigated the employment trajectory with frequent job changes. However, low achieving IEPs, were also found among immigrants arriving between 2002-2008 who experienced less and/or no movement in their occupations. Findings are discussed in relation to relevant policy implications for the economy, educational practice, curriculum, theory-building and new knowledge construction for socioeconomic equity.	Ph.D.	socioeconomic, employment, labour	1, 8
Quiñonez, Carlos	Locker, David	The Political Eeconomy of Dentistry in Canada	Dentistry	2009-06	Publicly financed dental care has recently increased its profile as a health policy issue in Canada. The media have championed the challenges experienced by low-income groups in accessing dental care. Governments across the country have responded with targeted funds. Social concern has even promoted the Canadian Medical Association to call for the inclusion of dental care within Medicare, and in changing a policy position that is over one hundred years old, the Canadian Dental Association now recommends that governments establish a dental safety net for all disadvantaged Canadians. In this environment, important questions have emerged: Why did Canada never incorporate dental care into Medicare? How have governments been involved in dental care? What are governments doing now? What are the disparities in oral health and dental care? What gaps exist in the system? What does the profession think? What does the public think? Through a document review, administrative survey, expenditure trend analysis, and public and professional opinion surveys, this dissertation answered these questions with the aim of clarifying the many issues that surround publicly financed dental care in Canada. It appears that dental care was not included in Medicare due to material and ideological reasons; namely decreases in dental caries and human resource limitations, the belief in viable options to large-scale service delivery, and the belief that maintaining one’s oral health and the ability to seek out dental care are individual responsibilities, not social ones. As such, there has developed in policy and programming a predilection to support dental care for children, for social assistance recipients, for seniors, and for select marginalised groups, or those groups where personal responsibility is not totalising. There is also a bias, developed over the last thirty years, towards structuring publicly financed dental care in private ways. This has resulted in a system that has certain biases, inconsistencies, and gaps, such that it cannot clearly and fully respond to current disparities. It is in the conciliation of public and private approaches to care that publicly financed dental care can achieve a stable footing and a clear direction forward.	PhD	health	3
Qutob, Akram	Leake, James ||Birch, Stephen ||Zakus, David ||Ghaznawi, Hassan	A Needs-based Approach for Health Human Resources Planning for Dentistry in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia	Dentistry	2009-06	This study aims to provide a human resource planning example to inform government bodies in Saudi Arabia to reallocate community resources towards better dental health. This was achieved by: conducting an inventory on government human and structural oral health care resources in Jeddah and Bahrah; assessing the oral health status and treatment needs for Saudi citizens following the WHO criteria for oral health surveys; exploring the potential differences between oral health supply and treatment needs; and providing 16 models of the number and mix of dentists and hygienists to balance requirements and supply. We conducted a population-based sample survey to collect data on dental status and service requirements through self-administered questionnaires and clinical examinations. We also conducted a census of dentists and assessed their total service output by means of self-administered questionnaires. The population’s treatment needs time was estimated using the clinically assessed treatment needs multiplied by time units contained in the 2001 ODA fee-guide. Dentists’ available time was calculated from dentists’ questionnaires and the activity assessment forms. The times for treatment needs and supply of services were compared to identify differences in treatment hours. Of the 2000 participants aged 6, 12, 16, 24-29 and 35-44, 76.8% rated their oral health as excellent and 29.2% reported visiting the dentist at least once a year. The prevalence of periodontal conditions as described by the CPITN was 86.1%. The caries prevalence for the permanent and deciduous dentitions was 71.3% (mean DMFT=4.92) and 85.5% (mean dmft=5.45) respectively. One hundred seventy-five government and university dentists (56.6% response rate) completed the total service output instruments. When the projected total FTE-dentists needed to treat the incidence of oral diseases/ conditions (11,214) is contrasted with the total available supply in Jeddah and Bahrah (289 dentists) the remaining FTEs needed to meet the needs becomes 10,925 FTE-dentists. Health promotion strategies and increased productive hours could reduce this to 2,729 dentists and 1,595 hygienists. The General Directory of Health Affairs of Jeddah will need to develop different approaches to oral health promotion and/or care provision to meet the population needs.	PhD	health	3
Racey, C.Sarai	Gesink, Dionne	The Use of Self-sampling for HPV Testing to Improve Cervical Cancer Screening Participation among Under-screened Women Living in Rural Ontario	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2017-11	Papanicolaou (Pap) testing has greatly reduced the incidence of and mortality due to cervical cancer. However, human papillomavirus (HPV) testing is being increasingly recommended for primary cervical cancer screening. One benefit of HPV testing is the opportunity for self-sampled specimen collection. The purpose of this dissertation was to determine if HPV self-sampling can improve participation in cervical cancer screening in under-screened rural communities. A systematic literature review and mixed methods study design addressed three objectives. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis calculated a pooled estimate of HPV self-sampling uptake in under-screened women (objective 1). Qualitative thematic analysis of community focus groups explored barriers to cervical cancer screening in an under-screened rural population and described women’s initial attitude towards HPV self-sampling (objective 2). These findings supported the design and implementation of a pragmatic randomized HPV self-sampling pilot study that determined the feasibility and acceptability of at-home HPV self-sampling to increase uptake of cervical cancer screening in an under-screened rural community (objective 3). Meta-analysis of the literature found under-screened women were 2.1 (95%CI 1.3 – 3.5) times more likely to participate in screening when HPV self-sampling was offered compared to re-call letters for Pap testing. Thematic analysis found logistical, procedural, and knowledge barriers to cervical cancer screening. HPV self-sampling addressed logistical barriers, such as inconvenient clinic hours, and procedural barriers, such as embarrassment and lack of privacy. However, self-sampling does not address knowledge barriers, specifically a women’s fear of cancer or lack of awareness of the benefits of screening. The HPV self-sampling pilot study included 818 eligible women. Women who received a HPV self-sampling kit were RR=3.7 (95%CI 2.2 – 6.4) times more likely to be screened (HPV self-sampling or Pap testing) compared to women with no intervention, and RR=2.1 (95%CI 1.5 – 2.8) times more likely to be screened compared to women who received a Pap test reminder letter. The absolute participation with HPV self-sampling was moderate at 20.9% (95% CI 16.7–25.7%), indicating that barriers to screening remain. Together these results contribute further evidence for the use of HPV self-sampling to increase uptake of cervical cancer screening in under-screened rural women.	Ph.D.	health	3
Rachlis, Beth Stephanie	Cole, Donald	Losses to Follow-up from an Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Program in the Zomba District of Malawi	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2013-11	Losses to Follow-Up from Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) programs remain a challenge in Malawi. The objectives of this doctoral project were to explore factors that influence loss to follow-up, to describe patterns of follow-up, to identify a definition of lost to follow-up (LTFU) that predicts whether a patient will return to care and to determine the predictors of becoming and remaining LTFU, among patients receiving ART through Dignitas International (DI) in Zomba, Malawi. DI has been working with the Malawi Ministry of Health since 2004 to deliver comprehensive HIV/AIDS care. In collaboration with DI, this project used a mixed-methods approach to explore losses to follow-up from ART. New data collection in the form of concept mapping with Malawian stakeholders was first used to determine why patients on ART become LTFU. Descriptive analyses involving Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) was used to describe patterns of follow-up among patients who initiated ART from 1 January 2007 to 1 July 2010. Survival functions were plotted to identify the cut-off that can be used to define LTFU. GEE logistic regression was used to model the predictors of becoming and remaining LTFU at each FU visit. In concept mapping, 90 participants consisting of ART patients, ART providers, Health Surveillance Assistants and Zomba District Health Office team members participated. A nine-cluster concept map solution was generated. In the descriptive analyses, n =7,815 patients with n =76,417 follow-up visits were included. Patients did not show a consistent pattern of follow-up over time (e.g., not always late). Plotted survival functions indicated that a LTFU cut-off of ≥9 weeks late was relevant in this context. Based on the GEE models, 5 factors that were explored were consistent in predicting both LTFU risk and a return to care within 12 months of an expected visit (transferring in, duration on ART, World Health Organization stage at ART initiation, duration on ART and being in centralized care). Five variables demonstrated statistical differences across models (female gender, being married, cumulative proportion of non-adherent visits, a ≥10% weight gain and reporting side effects, and being in centralized care). This dissertation points to the dynamic complexities which individuals face during the course of their treatment that affect their ability to return to the clinic for scheduled follow-up. There is a need for a variety of program strategies to adequately address the diverse challenges faced by patients.	PhD	health	3
Radmilovic, Vuk	Hirschl, Ran	Between Activism and Restraint: Institutional Legitimacy, Strategic Decision Making and the Supreme Court of Canada	Political Science	2011-11	Over the last couple of decades or so, comparative public law scholars have been reporting a dramatic increase in the power and influence of judicial institutions worldwide. One obvious effect of this “judicialization of politics” is to highlight legitimacy concerns associated with the exercise of judicial power. Indeed, how do courts attain and retain their legitimacy particularly in the context of their increasing political relevance? To answer this question I develop a novel theory of strategic legitimacy cultivation. The theory is developed through an application of the institutionalist branch of the rational choice theory which suggests that institutional structures, rules, and imperatives provide behavioural incentives and disincentives for relevant actors who respond by acting strategically in order to attain favourable outcomes. The theory shows that courts cultivate legitimacy by exhibiting strategic sensitivities to factors operating in the external, political environment. In particular, legitimacy cultivation requires courts to devise decisions that are sensitive to the state of public opinion, that avoid overt clashes and entanglements with key political actors, that do not overextend the outreach of judicial activism, and that employ politically sensitive jurisprudence. The theory is tested in the context of the Supreme Court of Canada through a mixed-method research design that combines a quantitative analysis of a large number of cases, case-study approaches, and cross-policy comparisons. One of the central findings of the dissertation is that understanding judicial institutions and judicial policymaking influence requires taking close accounts of external contexts within which courts operate.	PhD	institution	16
Radsma, Johanna	Livingstone, David W.	Clerical Workers: Acquiring the Skills to Meet Tacit Process Expectations Within a Context of Work Undervaluation and Job Fragility	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2010-06	Since the late nineteenth century, clerical work has transformed from a small cluster of respected occupations dominated by men to a rapidly changing group of occupations 90 percent of which are held by women. Due to bureaucratization and the feminization of clerical work, clerical jobs are assumed to be routinized and simple, and clerical workers deemed easily replaceable. With further changes to the occupation caused by technology and globalization, clerical workers today have become increasingly vulnerable to unemployment, precarious employment and underemployment. In this research, an Ontario-wide survey with approximately 1200 respondents (including 120 clerical workers) and in-depth interviews with 23 Toronto clerical workers were combined to explore the employment situation of Ontario clerical workers. It is apparent that clerical workers are underemployed along all measured conventional dimensions of underemployment, including credential, performance and subjective as well as work permanence, salary levels and job opportunities. Relational practice is a largely unexamined aspect of clerical work that is often essentialized as a female trait and seldom recognized as skilled practice. In this dissertation, I argue that relational practice is critical to the successful performance of clerical roles and that relational practices are not innate but rather learned skills. I explore some ways in which clerical workers acquire these skills. I conclude by noting that recognizing and valuing relational skills will make the value of clerical workers more apparent to their employers, potentially reducing for clerical workers both their subjective sense of underemployment and their vulnerability to job loss.	PhD	worker, employment, women	5, 8
Raitsin, Sofia	Meyer, Jeffrey H	Influences On Monoamine Oxidase Activity In The Brain And Translation Into Major Depressive Disorder	Medical Science	2018-03	Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the 3rd-leading cause of disease burden worldwide. It is frequently treatment resistant, which could be explained by poor pathology targeting. Human brain imaging studies implicate elevated monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) density, particularly in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), in the development of MDD. While MAO inhibitor antidepressants are available, their utility is limited by dietary restrictions and medication contraindications. Finding novel ways of normalizing MAO-A could have great clinical benefits. First, we investigated the influence of several alterations underlying important pathologies of MDD on MAO-A activity in rats to better understand factors affecting MAO-A. Glucocorticoids increased MAO-A activity in the PFC and ACC, glutathione depletion increased MAO-A activity in the PFC, a simulated pseudopregnancy model lead to elevated MAO-A activity in the ACC days 4 to 7 postpartum, while serotonin supplementation and depletion had no effect. Second, since glutathione depletion increased MAO-A activity and low PFC glutathione levels have been shown in MDD, we hypothesized that glutathione loss may contribute to elevated MAO-A density in MDD and attempted normalizing it with adjunct N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a glutathione precursor. NAC did not affect MAO-A VT in MDD, an index of MAO-A density measured with positron emission tomography. Third, we explored several directions to improve interpretation of this negative result. Applying magnetic resonance imaging in an overlapping sample, we found that NAC did not increase glutathione levels. Subsequently, a higher dose of NAC also had no effect on MAO-A activity in rats. Finally, in an expanded sample, glutathione levels did not overall differ between MDD and health, but decreasing glutathione levels were associated with increasing duration of untreated illness. This has implications for using NAC in MDD, because it has been posited that NAC may only restore deficiency of glutathione rather than achieve elevated levels.	Ph.D.	health	3
Rajan, Doris	Mojab, Shahrzad	A Pedagogy of Solidarity: Indigenous, Refugee Women and Women with Intellectual and Psychosocial Disabilities and Structural Violence	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2019-06	Strategies to-date have been ineffective in curtailing violence against Indigenous and refugee women and women with intellectual and psychosocial disabilities in Canada. Such strategies aim to address the manifestations, rather than the foundation of the problem, namely, the relationship between capitalism, patriarchy, poverty and violence against women. Motivated by the need to address the persistent violence against these populations of women, this research offers the theoretical and practice foundations for a critical-feminist pedagogy of solidarity that would unite these groups of women to challenge structural violence. The research design employs secondary research and the primary qualitative data collection methods of focus groups and semi-structured key informant interviews. A marginalized women’s solidarity aims to refute uncritical understandings of why violence occurs, recognizing that how we understand violence informs the types of strategies we develop to address it. The findings purport that it is imperative that this feminist solidarity be exclusive to grassroots women from these specific populations, to avoid dominant ‘white’ and middle-class distractions, encouraging a narrow focus on the core structural inequities that maintain oppressive relations. The learning and critical engagement pedagogic processes aim to support women to think through the contradictions between women’s material reality and hegemonic messaging from the state. Theatre and film is highlighted as an effective tool to use in the engagement process. Solidarity learning can lead to a local to national community development strategy, led by grassroots marginalized women working on a common local need. This strategy supports local lead activities to expand nationally, resulting in a growing presence of marginalized women’s issues and dreams. The study concludes with a call for a transnational marginalized women’s solidarity that nurtures a shared understanding of structural violence against women with the aim of enacting global actions.	Ph.D.	poverty, women	1, 5
Ralevic, Peter	Smith, Tat	Evaluating the Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Potential and Cost-competitiveness of Forest Bioenergy Systems in Ontario	Forestry	2013-06	Recent literature has recommended that life cycle assessments (LCA) of forest bioenergy supply chains consider the impact of biomass harvest on ecosystem carbon stocks as well as the net emissions arising from combustion of various forms of biofuels compared with reference fossil fuel systems. The present study evaluated the magnitude and temporal variation of ecosystem C stock changes resulting from harvest of roadside residues and unutilized whole trees for bioenergy. The Carbon Budget Model (CBM-CFS3) was applied to the Gordon Cosens Forest, in northeastern Ontario, along with the Biomass Opportunity Supply Model (BiOS-Map), for cost analysis of different types of biomass comminution. Natural gas (NG) steam and electricity, grid electricity, and coal electricity reference systems were analyzed for a pulp and paper mill. The findings showed that the forested landscape becomes a net sink for carbon following the 20th year of roadside residue harvest, compared to whole-tree harvest, where the forested landscape remained a net source of carbon over the entire 100 year rotation. The cumulative ecosystem carbon loss from whole-tree harvest was 11 times greater compared to roadside residue harvest. BiOS-Map analysis suggested that due to technical and operational limits, between 55%-59% and 16%-24% of aboveground biomass was not recovered under roadside residue and whole-tree harvest respectively. The cost of delivering roadside residues was estimated at $52.32/odt–$57.45/odt, and for whole trees $92.63/odt–$97.44/odt. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis showed break-even points of 25, 33 and 6 years for roadside residues displacing NG steam, NG electricity, and coal, respectively. No GHG reduction was achieved when forest biomass was used to displace grid electricity that is generated in Ontario. Whole-tree bioenergy resulted in no GHG reduction for NG displacement, and a break-even point of 70-86 years for coal. A net GHG reduction of 67% and 16% was realized when roadside residues and whole trees were used to displace coal, compared to 45% and 38% when roadside residues were used to displace NG steam and NG electricity, respectively. Therefore, it is recommended that bioenergy deployment strategies focus on the utilization of roadside residues, if the main goal is GHG mitigation.	PhD	energy, forest	7, 15
Ramsingh, Brigit Lee Naida	Mazumdar, Pauline M. H. ||Dacome, Lucia	The History of International Food Safety Standards and the Codex alimentarius (1955-1995)	History and Philosophy of Science and Technology	2012-03	Following the Second World War, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) teamed up to construct an international Codex Alimentarius (or “food code”) in 1962. Inspired by the work of its European predecessor, the Codex Europaeus, these two UN agencies assembled teams of health professionals, government civil servants, medical and scientific experts to draft food standards. Once ratified, the standards were distributed to governments for voluntary adoption and implementation. By the mid-1990s, the World Trade Organization (WTO) identified the Codex as a key reference point for scientific food standards. The role of science within this highly political and economic organization poses interesting questions about the process of knowledge production and the scientific expertise underpinning the food standards. Standards were constructed and contested according to the Codex twin goals of: (1) protecting public health, and (2) facilitating trade. One recent criticism of Codex is that these two aims are opposed, or that one is given primacy over the other, which results in protectionism. Bearing these themes in mind, in this dissertation I examine the relationship between the scientific and the ‘social’ elements embodied by the Codex food standards since its inception after the Second World War. I argue that these attempts to reach scientific standards represent an example of coproduction– one in which the natural and social orders are produced alongside each other. What follows from this central claim is an attempt to characterize the pre-WTO years of the Codex through a case study approach. The narrative begins with a description of the predecessor regional group the Codex europaeus, and then proceeds to key areas affecting human health: 1) food additives, 2) food hygiene, and 3) pesticides residues.	PhD	agriculture, food, health, trade	2, 3, 2009
Ranasinghe, Ashantha	Restuccia, Diego	Idiosyncratic Distortions, Misallocation and TFP Losses	Economics	2013-03	How resources are allocated across plants is crucial for understanding cross-country output and productivity differences. This thesis contributes to the growing literature on resource misallocation by studying the particular channels through which misallocation can arise. In Chapter 1, I examine extortion at the plant-level, its effects on individual incentives to become an entrepreneur, and how production is affected by the presence of extortion. I show that extortion is especially burdensome on moderate-ability entrepreneurs forcing them to either forgo entry into entrepreneurship or produce at an inefficiently small scale. When property rights are weak, the frequency of extortion is higher producing a society where much of it's entrepreneurial talent is heavily under-utilized. In Chapter 2, I study plant-level distortions and it's effects on incentives to improve productivity. I build a model where plant innovation improves future productivity so that productivity dynamics are endogenous. Distortions that are tied to productivity are introduced to the model to examine how plant innovation is affected. All plants lower innovation resulting in a distribution over productivity that is right-skewed and a distribution over plant size that is left-skewed, consistent with empirical findings in developing countries. The final Chapter is closely related to Chapter 1 but is more empirically focused. I study the role of theft as a means to explaining the abundance of small plants in developing countries and estimate the causal effect of theft on plant capital demand. I find that plant capital would be significantly higher if theft is eliminated.	PhD	production	12
Rancourt, Laurie-Anne Marie	Sa, Creso	Who Decides and Why it Matters: Institutions, Differentiation and Northern Rural Higher Education	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2019-11	The purpose of this research was to study the impact of institutional forces on higher education policy processes. The project involved a case study analysis of the alignment between intention and perceived impact, focused specifically on the implementation of higher education differentiation policy within two of Canada’s provincial norths (Northern Alberta and Northern Ontario). These provinces were chosen because they represent two of the largest jurisdictions in Canada by population, and because they have both implemented differentiation policy frameworks within the last decade and a half. The research was undertaken within a theoretical framework that combined elements of new institutionalism (North, 1990; DiMaggio Powell, 1991; Thelen, 1999; Peters, 2012; Lowndes Roberts, 2013; Scott, 2014), strategic reaction theory (Oliver 1991), pragmatism (Allison Pomeroy, 2000; Duemer Zebidi, 2009; Anderson Shattuck, 2012; Kaye, 2013), and power (Foucault, 1980; Mills, 2003). Through examination of the ways in which similar policy goals were implemented in Northern and Rural Central Alberta, and in Northern Ontario, it was possible to identify institutional forces that impacted the policy process in each jurisdiction. The central argument of this study was that, in order to improve alignment between policy intentions and policy outcomes, policy makers (political decision makers) and policy implementers (organizational decision makers) must take these institutional forces into account at every stage in the higher education policy process.	Ph.D.	educat, rural	4, 11
Rangel, Jaime Cristian	Korteweg, Anna	Reluctant Subjects: The Place of Gay Men in Canadian Media Discourse on HIV	Sociology	2018-03	This dissertation maps the struggles for gay menâ s inclusion into the national and global health imaginaries of HIV/AIDS over the past three decades. I order to do so, the author analyzes three instances of public discourse on vulnerability and risk, and their representation in the continuum between individual and collective victimhood and responsibility in the aftermath of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, as reported in Canadian media. The central claim is that national and global health discourses are underpinned by the double helix of biopolitical and humanitarian imaginations, which I argue, require the production of morally worthy subjects for anchoring political and material responses to the pandemic. This is the case because biopolitical and humanitarian imaginations nurture specific ways of collecting, understanding, reporting, and responding to epidemiological data. Equally important, these ways of imagining morally worthy subjects nurture the symbolic, that is, political and cultural moves that inform priority setting and shape resource allocation for different populations.	Ph.D.	health	3
Rao, Meghana	Valverde, Mariana	Troubling Suicide: Law, Medicine and Hijra Suicides in India	Criminology	2017-06	Attempting suicide is a criminal offense in India, although in the recent past there have been many public and legal discussions considering decriminalizing suicide attempts. How is suicide conceptualized within criminal law? What are the knowledges that inform the complex and shifting views, claims, and legal decisions that constitute the legal regulation of suicide, in India today? Informed by Foucauldian works on governmentality and biopolitics, postcolonial studies, sociolegal scholarship, and queer theory, this dissertation attempts to answer these questions by tracing the discourses that inform the regulation of suicide in India and showing how they are put together (or kept apart) in various legal and governance networks. In addition to a systematic, original study of how suicide appears in criminal court decisions, law reform documents, and proposed laws, this dissertation also studies the framing of suicide within psychiatric and psychosocial public mental health programming. Along with studying the framing and the governance of suicide within law and medical systems, I also study a kind of suicide that exists at the edges of both medical and legal rights systems: hijra suicides. “Hijra” is a gender/sexual identity specific to the South Asian region that does not necessarily fit well under the label of ‘transgender’ (a label that has come into prominence in Indian rights law in recent years). Based on my fieldwork in Bangalore, I study hijra suicides to demonstrate that these experiences exist at the edges of both public health programs and rights/legal discourses. In existing at the fringes of all current forms of governmentality, I demonstrate that hijras continue to exert their personhood through expressing their experiences with suicide, which makes the more general point that sociolegal studies of medical-legal assemblages should not be reduced to studies of successful governmentalization.	Ph.D.	health, gender, queer, governance, rights	3, 5, 16
Raponi, Sandra	Heath, Joseph	The Global Rule of Law: Between a State of Nature and a World State	Philosophy	2010-11	Based on the domestic model of law, many assume that the global rule of law requires a world government with a central law-making body, a hierarchical court system, and a supranational system of coercive enforcement. Since there are important problems with the practicality and desirability of a world government, I defend a decentralized conception of the global rule of law without a world government. I begin by examining Immanuel Kant’s theory since he argued that a supreme sovereign is required for a lawful condition within states while recognizing certain limitations with applying this idea to the international level. I argue that Kant proposed a voluntary league of states without coercive public law in part because a supreme coercive authority at the global level would conflict with the sovereignty of nation-states and undermine the civil condition within states. In Chapter Two, I argue that theories of dispersed or shared sovereignty can resolve this problem. However, since there are further problems with even a federal world government, I consider whether the rule of law can be developed without a world government. I argue that the most important feature for the global rule of law is the impartial determination, interpretation and application of international law by various authoritative adjudicative and administrative institutions. There are two important challenges to my view. First, many argue that international law is not really “law” unless it is effectively enforced through a central system of sanctions; without this, it can at most create moral obligations but not true legal obligations. To the extent that such arguments assume a coercion-based conception of law, my response draws on H.L.A. Hart’s rejection of the command theory of law. The second challenge concerns democratic legitimacy. I argue that global administrative law can partly address concerns with legitimacy by using rule of law principles to limit the arbitrary exercise of power by transnational institutions and increase their accountability.	PhD	institution	16
Rashad, Ramy	Zingg, David W	High-fidelity Aerodynamic Shape Optimization for Natural Laminar Flow	Aerospace Science and Engineering	2016-06	To ensure the long-term sustainability of aviation, serious effort is underway to mitigate the escalating economic, environmental, and social concerns of the industry. Significant improvement to the energy efficiency of air transportation is required through the research and development of advanced and unconventional airframe and engine technologies. In the quest to reduce airframe drag, this thesis is concerned with the development and demonstration of an effective design tool for improving the aerodynamic efficiency of subsonic and transonic airfoils. The objective is to advance the state-of-the-art in high-fidelity aerodynamic shape optimization by incorporating and exploiting the phenomenon of laminar-turbulent transition in an efficient manner. A framework for the design and optimization of Natural Laminar Flow (NLF) airfoils is developed and demonstrated with transition prediction capable of accounting for the effects of Reynolds number, freestream turbulence intensity, Mach number, and pressure gradients. First, a two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) flow solver has been extended to incorporate an iterative laminar-turbulent transition prediction methodology. The natural transition locations due to Tollmien-Schlichting instabilities are predicted using the simplified e^N envelope method of Drela and Giles or, alternatively, the compressible form of the Arnal-Habiballah-Delcourt criterion. The boundary-layer properties are obtained directly from the Navier-Stokes flow solution, and the transition to turbulent flow is modeled using an intermittency function in conjunction with the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model. The RANS solver is subsequently employed in a gradient-based sequential quadratic programming shape optimization framework. The laminar-turbulent transition criteria are tightly coupled into the objective and gradient evaluations. The gradients are obtained using a new augmented discrete-adjoint formulation for non-local transition criteria. Using the e^N transition criterion, the proposed framework is applied to the single and multipoint optimization of subsonic and transonic airfoils, leading to robust NLF designs. The aerodynamic design requirements over a range of cruise flight conditions are cast into a multipoint optimization problem through a composite objective defined using a weighted integral of the operating points. To study and quantify off-design performance, a Pareto front is formed using a weighted objective combining free-transition and fully-turbulent operating conditions. Next we examine the sensitivity of NLF design to the freestream disturbance environment, highlighting the on- and off-design performance at different critical N-factors. Finally, we propose and demonstrate a technique to enable the design of airfoils with robust performance over a range of critical N-factors.	Ph.D.	energy, industr	7, 9
Ravensbergen-Hodgins, Lea	Buliung, Ron N.	Toward Feminist Geographies of Cycling	Geography	2020-06	Transport cycling uptake is on the rise in many cities; in Toronto, Canada, cycling is the fastest growing mode of transportation. In many of these cities there is evidence that cycling participation rates are not distributed equally across the population. Notably, a gender-gap in cycling has been observed in many cities with low cycling rates, including Toronto, whereby approximately two thirds of commuter cyclists identify as men and one third identify as women. This thesis is concerned with gender and cycling. Drawing from perspectives from feminist geography, this research examines how the embodied experience of cycling shapes, and how is it shaped by, intersecting axes of identity. A critical literature review of articles concerned with gender and cycling finds that two hypotheses are commonly explored to explain the gender-gap in cycling: (1) that women cycle less than men due to greater concerns over safety and (2) due to their tendency to complete more household-serving travel, a type of travel said to be more challenging to do by bike because it often involves carrying goods and/or children. The social factors underpinning these trends, as well as the ways in which other axes of identity intersect with gender to shape cycling behaviours is lacking from the current literature. This research aims to address this research gap by providing a feminist geography of cycling. To do so, a research project was completed in collaboration with Bike Host, a cycling mentorship program targeting immigrants and refugees in Toronto, Canada. Amongst other research activities, semi-structured interviews were completed with participants to explore the embodied experience of cycling. Key results from this study are presented in three chapters. The first examines the gendered and classed embodied practices that shape and are shaped by cycling. Then, the social, temporal, and spatial dimensions of many different types of fear of cycling are explored. Finally, the ways in which participants used bicycles to complete household-serving travel, a gendered mobility, are reported. Taken together, this dissertation demonstrates the role patriarchal and classist power relations play in shaping who cycles.	Ph.D.	gender, cities	5, 11
Rawlings, Gertrude	Mojab, Shahrzad	A Critical Exploration of Contingent Workers' Training and Access to Information and Communication Technology	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2011-06	In the late 1990s, many Western governments introduced policy programs to make information and communication technology (ICT) accessible to all. More than a decade later, however, such universal access is far from a reality. Between 2002 and 2005, in response to a request from a group of contingent workers who felt excluded from effective access to ICT training, a university research group on contingency conducted an applied research project in the form of a series of basic ICT courses. This qualitative dissertation both critically examines the training process and treats it as a case study for exploring broader issues of exclusion and resistance in the context of access to ICT. Specifically, it explores: (1) the symptoms of exclusion as they relate to ICT, social capital, and the community; (2) possibilities for resistance that can alleviate the conditions of exclusion; (3) the assumptions, theories, knowledge construction, policy methods, and processes that underlie the symptoms of exclusion; and (4) alternative assumptions, strategies, and activities that offer possibilities for resistive action. The case study provided an environment in which exclusionary and resistive experiences with access to ICT and training were examined from the perspective of excluded contingent workers, as supported by a university research group. A key finding is that generational behaviour in the domestic sphere erects barriers that contribute to the silencing and exclusion of immigrant contingent women; these barriers then reinforce similar patterns of exclusion in institutionalized ICT training. Another major finding is the need for alleviating the barrier that limited English skills create for ICT learning; addressing this issue must be part of any recommendations for curricular change. Guided throughout by a critical approach that focuses on the concept of ruling relations, this dissertation marshals critical knowledge gained from below in support of change by policymakers, educators, and community practitioners.	PhD	institution, worker, women, educat, inclusive	4, 5, 8, 16
Rawlins, Renée Nicole	Guttman, Mary Alice	African/Caribbean-Canadian Women Coping with Divorce: Family Perspectives	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2012-11	In this dissertation, African/Caribbean-Canadian women’s experiences of coping with divorce were explored using a qualitative methodology. This study was approached from a Black Feminist paradigm using the lived experiences of Black women as a source of knowledge. Divorce and coping literature provided a theoretical framework for understanding the issues related to divorce in the Black community and effective coping efforts among Black women, particularly as it pertains to divorce. Six separated/divorced women from the same family, representing two generations, were interviewed individually and as a group using a semi-structured interview guide. The participants discussed their reflections on marriage and marital disruption, their post-separation experiences and challenges, and the coping resources they accessed during the divorce process. The participants also discussed how their own marriages and divorces were influenced by the marriages and marital disruptions of their family members. The results from the interviews were reported in a case study format using the voices of the participants to tell their own stories. A grounded theory analysis found that Black women faced the common challenges of starting over, single parenting, financial loss, lifestyle adjustment, and emotional adjustment during the divorce process. To cope with these challenges, the majority, if not all, of the women cited a support network, a sense of responsibility, a positive perspective, spirituality, and independence as effective coping resources. It was the hope of the participants and the researcher that this study would help other women experiencing divorce by illustrating how effective coping efforts can lead to greater happiness after divorce.	EDD	women	5
Rawn, Barry Gordon	Maggiore, Manfredi ||Lehn, Peter W.	Ensuring Safe Exploitation of Wind Turbine Kinetic Energy : An Invariance Kernel Formulation	Electrical and Computer Engineering	2010-03	This thesis investigates the computation of invariance kernels for planar nonlinear systems with one input, with application to wind turbine stability. Given a known bound on the absolute value of the input variations (possibly around a fixed non-zero value), it is of interest to determine if the system's state can be guaranteed to stay within a desired region K of the state space irrespective of the input variations. The collection of all initial conditions for which trajectories will never exit K irrespective of input variations is called the invariance kernel. This thesis develops theory to characterize the boundary of the invariance kernel and develops an algorithm to compute the exact boundary of the invariance kernel. The algorithm is applied to two simplified wind turbine systems that tap kinetic energy of the turbine to support the frequency of the grid. One system provides power smoothing, and the other provides inertial response. For these models, limits on speed and torque specify a desired region of operation K in the state space, while the wind is represented as a bounded input. The theory developed in the thesis makes it possible to define a measure called the wind disturbance margin. This measure quantifies the largest range of wind variations under which the specified type of grid support may be provided. The wind disturbance margin quantifies how the exploitation of kinetic energy reduces a turbine's tolerance to wind disturbances. The improvement in power smoothing and inertial response made available by the increased speed range of a full converter-interfaced turbine is quantified as an example.	PhD	wind	7
Ray, Monali	Thorsteinsdottir, Halla	Canada Reaching Out? A Study of Collaboration between Canada and the Emerging Economies in Health Biotechnology	Medical Science	2011-11	This dissertation discusses research on Canada’s collaboration with emerging economies, specifically Brazil and India, in the field of health biotechnology. In recent years Canada has shown interest in engaging with emerging economies including Brazil and India in S&T fields. However, little is known about the levels and characteristics of such collaboration. Without greater understanding of this phenomenon it is difficult to inform public policy on how to best encourage collaboration. In this dissertation, the levels of Canada-emerging economies research and entrepreneurial collaboration are gauged. The motivations driving Canada-emerging economies research as well as entrepreneurial collaboration, its challenges and outcomes are examined. The roles of wider institutional actors – funding agencies, intellectual property experts, regulators, etc – in both Canada and the two emerging economies that support international collaboration are analyzed. The research reveals that north-south collaboration in health biotechnology has the potential to lead to a wide range of scientific and commercial benefits for both partners. They include access to expertise, technologies, biodiversity, as well as increasing potential to publish in high impact journals. The benefits are mutual. Northern academics and entrepreneurs are not necessarily in a dominant position in the partnerships, thus contradicting stereotypical notions of partners in north-south relationships. The systems of innovation conceptual framework is useful to uncover how institutions in both the north and the south shape S&T collaboration, and also to develop multi-pronged policy approaches to promote such partnerships and mitigate risks. The framework enables moving away from a donor-recipient, linear model of S&T interactions between the north and the south, and towards conceptualizing north-south collaboration as complex interplay of two innovation systems.	PhD	health, innovation, biodiversity	3, 9, 14
Rayfield, Bronwyn	Fortin, Marie-Josee	Maintaining Habitat Connectivity for Conservation	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2009-11	Conserving biodiversity in human-dominated landscapes requires protecting networks of ecological reserves and managing the intervening matrix to maintain the potential for species to move among them. This dissertation provides original insights towards (1) identifying areas for protection in reserves that are critical to maintain biodiversity and (2) assessing the potential for species' movements among habitat patches in a reserve network. I develop and test methods that will facilitate conservation planning to promote viable, resilient populations through time. The first part of this dissertation tests and develops reserve selection strategies that protect either a single focal species in a dynamic landscape or multiple interacting species in a static landscape. Using a simulation model of boreal forest dynamics, I test the effectiveness of static and dynamic reserves to maintain spatial habitat requirements of a focal species, American Marten (Martes americana). Dynamic reserves improved upon static reserves but re-locating reserves was constrained by fragmentation of the matrix. Management of the spatial and temporal distribution of land-uses in the matrix will therefore be essential to retain options for re-locating reserves in the future. Additionally, to include essential consumer-resource interactions into reserve selection, a new algorithm is presented for American marten and its two primary prey species. The inclusion of their interaction had the benefit t of producing spatially aggregated reserves based on functional species requirements. The second part of this dissertation evaluates and synthesizes the network-theoretic approach to quantify connectivity among habitat patches or reserves embedded within spatially heterogeneous landscapes. I conduct a sensitivity analysis of network-theoretic connectivity analyses that derive least-cost movement behavior from the underlying cost surface which describes the relative ecological costs of dispersing through different landcover types. Landscape structure is shown to aff ect how sensitive least-cost graph connectivity assessments are to the quality (relative cost values) of landcover types. I develop a conceptual framework to classify network connectivity statistics based on the component of habitat connectivity that they quantify and the level within the network to which they can be applied. Together, the combination of reserve design and network connectivity analyses provide complementary insights to inform spatial planning decisions for conservation.	PhD	resilien, conserv, biodiversity	14
Raykov, Milosh M.	Livingstone, David W.	Underemployment and Health-related Quality of Life	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2009-11	Considering the increasing levels of unemployment and underemployment, and the limited evidence concerning the impact of underemployment on health, my study examines the relations between subjective, objective, and time-related underemployment and employees’ health-related quality of life, as manifested through self-rated health, activity limitations and work-related stress. The study compares an expanded model of work-health relations that, along with the factors addressed by control-demand, and social capital theories, includes characteristics of the physical work environment, and employees’ economic class. In addition to the commonly examined factors related to employment and health (control-demand and social capital), my study explores the impact of the work environment (hazards, discomfort and physical demands) and economic class to determine the specific effects of underemployment on an employee’s health-related quality of life. My main argument is that underemployment, in conjunction with lower economic class, higher exposure to a harmful work environment, lack of control over work, and lower social capital, contributes to increased work-related stress and diminishes health-related quality of life. The study applies a mixed methodological approach based on data from the Canadian Work and Lifelong Learning Survey and the US General Social Survey, and qualitative analysis of interviews from the Ontario Survey on Education-Job Requirements Matching. Evidence based on cross-sectional and qualitative data analysis provides consistent findings and confirms the main assumption that high levels of underemployment have a significant effect on employees’ health-related quality of life. The study shows that employees’ economic class, characteristics of work environment and control over work carry the highest associations with health-related quality of life, while underemployment has a significant additive association with health-related quality of life, most importantly with work-related stress.	PhD	employment, health	3, 8
Read, Robyn	Mundy, Karen	KNOWLEDGE COUNTS: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE EDUCATION FOR ALL GLOBAL MONITORING REPORTS	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2017-06	Empirical evidence has a vital role to play in the international development of education. However, knowledge production in development involves important issues of power and vested interests, and is often viewed as a North / South asymmetrical process where knowledge production is dominated by the Northern elite. This study examines the evidence-base informing one of the most influential publications in the field of international education development, the Education for All Global Monitoring Reports (EFA GMRs), and illuminates broader discussions in the development literature as to what knowledge counts and who gets to decide? Through the application of bibliometric methods, this study examines the combined 8271 references listed in the 12 EFA GMRs published between 2002-2015 to gain empirical insight into (a) individual and organizational knowledge actors engaged in the production and dissemination of the evidence referenced, (b) the knowledge networks, or underlying patterns of relationships between actors and organizations, (c) the extent of the influence wielded by individual and organizational actors over the knowledge network, and (d) how the EFA GMR knowledge networks changed over time. In addition to a range of descriptive statistics, this study calculated for Lotkaâ s Law of authorship distribution and Bradfordâ s law of publisher distribution, and utilized network analysis to provide a deeper look at the EFA GMR knowledge networks. Several organizations were found to be far more central to the EFA GMR knowledge networks than others, with the most central being the World Bank, UNESCO and the EFA GMR. Despite the prominence of these organizations, this study found that EFA GMR knowledge networks grew over time, with more actors (and more types of actors) joining the reports each year. However, while the knowledge networks underpinning the EFA GMRs grew over time, network density and fragmentation measures conclude these networks are not becoming increasingly interconnected. This study adds to our empirical understanding of what capacity for knowledge production and mediation currently exist, and where is it located. This in turn allows us to identify what levers exist that could potentially help create a more equitable and inclusive version of evidence-based development, particularly in the education sector.	Ph.D.	inclusive, equitable	4
Reaume, Michele	Flessa, Joseph	Listening, Learning and Relationships: An Investigation of How Principals Facilitate Student Voice	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2017-11	The idea that students should play a greater role in their educational experience has emerged with fervor over the past twenty years. The importance of consulting students about their views of school and learning is not only progressively more accepted, it is becoming inscribed within policies and directives. Student voice is defined as pedagogies in which youth have the opportunity to influence decisions that will shape their lives and those of their peers inside and outside of school settings. The research shows an abundance of benefits that consulting students offers to both the students themselves and to schools. Lacking in the literature is research specifically examining the role of the school administrator in student voice initiatives. This qualitative study sought to investigate the experiences of elementary administrators who were committed to student voice. Twelve administrators from a variety of school boards in Ontario were interviewed about their experiences facilitating student voice. It was found that participants used similar strategies, and experienced comparable supports and constraints. When examining the external constraints, a richer picture emerged, which led to the examination of the student experience using a spectrum of student voice proposed by Toshalis and Nakkula (2012). Based on this, four participants were examined in further detail because they were the only administrators who experienced student voice within the classroom domain. The importance of bringing student voice into the classroom domain is discussed. The role relationships play in student voice was highlighted; parents, teachers, administrators, and of course students all impact student voice initiatives. In order for partnerships to happen, various stakeholders need to play a role, and thus suggestions are offered. Recommendations have been made for teaching the necessary skills to students, professional development for staff, parent involvement, suggestions for boards and Ministry and the necessity for developing the climate of the school. When relationships are at their best, it is more likely that student voice will meaningfully occur in both the school and the classroom domains.	Ed.D.	educat	4
Rebeira, Mayvis A	Coyte, Peter	Essays on the Economics of Longevity	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2015-11	The dissertation focuses on the topic of longevity and aging; specifically, how changes in pension income and income inequality affect mortality and the risk factors associated with chronic health conditions. Through three separate essays, I examine the impact of the aforementioned factors on three, disparate population cohorts in Canada, the United States and in developed countries. In the first essay, I investigate risk factors for chronic physical and mental health conditions in an understudied group: Canadian veterans. My research helps identify high-risk veterans as they transition from military to civilian life. The findings show the importance of service-oriented factors, notably military branch (land forces) and overseas deployment as significant risk factors for a subset of chronic health conditions. In addition, veterans experienced improved health as their income levels increased. In the second essay, I investigate how differences in pension income affect mortality by analyzing pensions received by US Confederate veterans. I exploit exogenous variation in pension income across two adjacent states (Texas and Oklahoma), as a result of regional differences in pension laws, to determine the effect of pension income on health. I compiled a novel database through primary data collection that details dates of birth and death of veterans. I show that receiving higher pension increased longevity in Texan veterans by 1.23 years relative to their counterparts in Oklahoma. The results remain significant after controlling for county-level differences in the two states. In the third essay, I focus on the effect of macroeconomic conditions – specifically income inequality on mortality risk for men and women in a subset of OECD countries from 1950-2008. Using the latest available data on the inverted Pareto-Lorenz coefficient and a panel co-integration framework, I address econometric challenges (e.g. causality, omitted variable bias) posed by more conventional methods. I show that for industrialized countries with co-integrated series, income inequality has a long-run significant negative effect on mortality risk for both men and women, that is, an increase in income inequality lowers annualized adult mortality risk. These essays fill a major gap in the health economics literature on factors that affect health and longevity in understudied populations.	Ph.D.	inequality, industr, equality, women, health	3, 5, 9, 10
Reda, Frank	Green, Andrew	Trade and Economic Growth: A Latin American Perspective	Law	2015-03	Although the World Trade Organization has played a significant role in world trade and in the development of world economies it has not been able to evenly distribute the gains from trade across both the developed and developing world. With the effects of the 2008 financial crises still encumbering economic growth for many countries, Mercosur members face serious challenges to accessing world trading markets, attracting foreign direct investment and promoting competition for domestic industries. As such, for Mercosur to recapture the economic growth experienced in the 1990s Mercosur must abandon hopes of achieving success through the special and differential treatment provisions within the WTO and instead pursue a trade liberalization agenda, one which includes negotiating a free trade agreement with the European Union and implementing comparative advantage based structural, social and political reforms.	LL.M.	economic growth, trade	8, 10
Reeser, Dorea Irma	Donaldson, D. James	Effects of Aqueous Organic Coatings on the Interfacial Transport of Atmospheric Species	Chemistry	2013-11	Species must interact with air—aqueous interfaces in order to transport between either phase, however organic coated water surfaces are ubiquitous in the environment, and the physical and chemical processes that occur at organic coated aqueous surfaces are often different than those at pure air—water interfaces. Three studies were performed investigating the transport of species across air—aqueous interfaces with organic coatings in an effort to gain further insight into these processes. Gas and solution phase absorption spectroscopy were used to study the effect of octanol coatings on the formation of molecular iodine (I2) by the heterogeneous ozonation of iodide and its partitioning between phases. Compared to uncoated solutions, the presence of octanol monolayers had a minor effect on the total amount of I2 produced, however, it did significantly enhance the gas to solution partitioning of I2. Incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (IBBC-EAS) was used to measure the gas-phase nitrogen dioxide (NO2) evolved via photolysis of aqueous nitrate solutions either uncoated or containing octanol, octanoic acid and stearic acid monolayers. Both octanol and stearic acid reduced the rate of gaseous NO2 evolution, and octanol also decreased the steady-state amount of gaseous NO2. Alternatively, octanoic acid enhanced the rate of gaseous NO2 evolution. Finally, the loss of aqueous carbon dioxide (CO2) from aqueous solutions saturated with CO2 was measured using a CO2 electrode in the absence and presence of stearic acid monolayers and octanol coatings, and a greenhouse gas analyzer was used to measure the evolution of gaseous CO2 from solutios with octanol monolayers. Enhanced losses of aqueous and evolved gaseous CO2 were observed with organic coated solutions compared to those uncoated. The results of these studies suggest that organic coatings influence the transport of I2, NO2 and CO2 via one, or a combination of: barrier effects, surface tension effects, chemistry effects and aqueous – surface – gas partitioning effects. These results, particularly the enhanced partitioning of these species to octanol coated aqueous surfaces, have important implications for species transport at air—aqueous interfaces, and may provide useful insight for future studies and parameters for atmospheric models of these species.	PhD	greenhouse gas	13
Reeves, Allison	Stewart, Suzanne	Biskanewin Ishkode (The Fire that is Beginning to Stand): Exploring Indigenous Health and Healing Concepts and Practices for Addressing Sexual Traumas	Human Development and Applied Psychology	2013-11	Multiple traumas, including sexual vulnerabilities, sexual abuse, and sexualized violence, remain substantially higher among Indigenous peoples in Canada than among non-Indigenous peoples. These trends are rooted in a colonial history that includes systemic racism, a deprivation of lands and culture and other intergenerational traumas. Mental health sequelae following sexual vulnerabilities such as abuse and violence may include mood disorders, low self-worth, posttraumatic stress and a range of issues related to anxiety—yet Western mental health services are typically under-used by Indigenous peoples managing these issues. Indigenous mental health and healing services are explored as a more culturally appropriate and successful alternative for Indigenous clients experiencing multiple traumas.	PhD	health	3
Regan, Anne Elizabeth	Rittich, Kerry	Examining the Delineation of Jurisdiction Between Human Rights and Labour Arbitration After Figliola and Penner	Law	2015-11	There has been a long-time debate over whether issues conclusively decided at labour arbitration should be subject to a subsequent proceeding before a human rights tribunal. The author examines Supreme Court of Canada decisions dealing with re-litigation of issues before multiple decision-makers, and demonstrates how they are interpreted by the human rights tribunal. This paper identifies principles from cases before other decision-makers that can be applied to the problem of shared jurisdiction between labour arbitration and human rights.	LL.M.	rights	16
Reid-Musson, Emily R.	Walks, Alan R.	Claiming the Road: Intersectional Mobilities and Unfreedom among Migrant Farmworkers in Canada	Geography	2017-06	This study considers the travel patterns, practices and conditions that shape how migrant farmworkers circulate in rural southwestern Ontario. While migrants in Canada’s Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP) do not exercise occupational mobility and are housed in employer-provided accommodations, they are otherwise legally entitled to circulate freely in Canada. In practical terms, however, most experience significant mobility barriers. The study investigates the mechanisms by which migrant farmworkers are confined and immobilized to farm spaces on systemic levels, contributing to a vein of research on the immobilities that pervade everyday life for transnational, low-wage labour migrants. I show how localized mobility controls placed around migrants as well as inadequate transportation create a “mobility fix” for farm operators and state actors. Technologies of confinement that immobilize migrant farmworkers are justified through racial and sexual ideologies about migrants being a threatening presence in rural Canada, while permitting high levels of value to be extracted from migrants’ labour. The dissertation is organized as three empirical journal articles which are preceded by a chapter on research methods. In the first article I document how a purported problem with transient farm labour migration to Ontario from Quebec and Atlantic Canada was constructed in the 1960’s and 1970’s. In response, the Canadian government devised the SAWP as an institutional mechanism to undercut transnational migrants’ constitutional and practical mobility rights, rights that transients harnessed. This chapter reveals how enacting controls around migrants’ local mobilities has been crucial to the “making” of migrant agricultural workforces in Canada. In the second article I identify how systemic immobilities for SAWP workers are enacted by Canadian family farm operators. I show how Canadian family farms benefit from high levels of personal and intimate interaction with SAWP employees. I identify how operators impose high limitations and constraints as to when, where, and how migrants can travel beyond formal work hours. Finally, the third article examines how migrants have forged bicycling geographies in rural places and how migrant bicyclists are perceived in Canadian communities. Migrants are more vulnerable as bicyclists, do not bike out of choice, and have become subjects of bike safety education. I argue that racial and economic forms of exploitation as well as socio-spatial exclusions inflect actually existing bicycling geographies.	Ph.D.	educat, labour, worker, wage, rural, rights	4, 8, 11, 16
Reid, Audrey Helen	Sprules, W. Gary	The Influence of Spatial Heterogeneity of Prey on Predator Growth and Energetics	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2016-11	Ecosystems are inherently heterogeneous, with organisms distributed in an uneven manner due to physical and biological forces. Animals have evolved to exploit the â patchinessâ of prey items to increase food consumption, yet the energetics associated with foraging in a patchy environment, along with the relationship between prey patches and consumer growth, is not fully understood. To investigate how the patchiness of food influences consumer consumption and growth I devised a series of experiments utilizing the common freshwater cladoceran	Ph.D.	food, consum, water	2, 6, 12
Reid, Nadine	Cockerill, Rhonda||Durbin, Janet	A Realist Evaluation of Family Navigation in Youth Mental Health and Addictions	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2017-11	In Canada today, many families of youth with mental health and/or addiction concerns are struggling to access the care they need. The Family Navigation Project is a service affiliated with Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre in Toronto, Ontario, which aims to provide needs-based, family-centred system navigation to families of youth aged 13 to 26 with mental health and/or addiction concerns. The current study is a Realist Evaluation of the Family Navigation Project. The objectives of this study were a) to describe the population being served by the Family Navigation Project; b) to develop a conceptual framework for family navigation and a program theory for the Family Navigation Project; and c) to test the program theory, and refine it based on the results. This multi-phase, mixed methods study applied a Realist Evaluation framework and a cross-sectional methodological design in which both quantitative and qualitative data were collected through an online survey package in order to evaluate the sample characteristics; perception of navigation; the impact of perceived experience on family empowerment, family quality of life, and service satisfaction; and the influence of context. Data was collected from a convenience sample of 134 families seeking care on behalf of youth, who were registered with the Family Navigation Project at the time of the study. Descriptive, inferential and qualitative analyses were performed. Results indicated that the Family Navigation Project reached its target population in this sample; that families in this sample were highly satisfied with the services they received; that most families in this sample perceived care to be accessible, continuous, and family-inclusive; that this perceived experience significantly influenced family empowerment, family quality of life, and service satisfaction; and that both individual and systemic-level contexts influence experience and outcomes to varying extents. The conceptual framework and program theory were subsequently refined. Applications, contributions and limitations are noted.	Ph.D.	health, inclusive	3, 4
Reid, Sarah M.	Wheaton, Blair	Women, Work, and Family: Estimating Married Women's Status Achievement Over Their Careers	Sociology	2013-11	My dissertation project examines women’s family lives, career trajectories, and status attainment. I draw on the concept of the work-family interface to highlight how work and families operate as contextual layers that cross-over in shaping definitions and appraisals of mothers as workers and workers as mothers. Utilizing data on married mothers’ complete working histories, I demonstrate that job exits due to motherhood negatively impact women’s occupational status attainment (SES), but I also show that women face penalties when changing jobs involuntarily and also due to personal reasons not tied to the maternal role. Importantly, in each instance, I demonstrate that these effects operate independently of the non-employment durations they engender, offering broad support for the status characteristics framework which points to the role of employer appraisals of women’s work commitment in shaping their SES outcomes. I also bring families back into the discussion of the work-family interface via the construction of a family-level framework that draws on mothers’, fathers’ and children’s attitudes about maternal employment as a platform for the development of discrete family configurations. I reveal a wide array of family attitude configurations that underscore that maternal employment continues to be contested moral terrain in some families while it is ii supported in others. In particular, I show that in egalitarian families—where maternal employment is not seen as a risk to ‘good’ mothering—mothers report more positive experiences of family and marital relations, less housework and more paid work, and higher earnings. I argue that family contexts represent an important yet understudied contextual reality that is more than the sum of individual views and which have unique consequences for women’s family lives and status trajectories.	PhD	worker, employment, women, gender	5, 8
Reilly, Katherine Margaret Anne	Deibert, Ronald J.	Open Networking in Central America: The Case of the Mesoamerican People's Forum	Political Science	2010-06	This dissertation considers the case of the Mesoamerican People’s Forum (MPF), a Central American ‘cousin’ of the World Social Forum, and manifestation of the Global Justice Movement. It argues that the MPF cannot be adequately understood as a transnational social movement or as an ‘open space.’ Rather, it is best understood as a political playing field on which the leaders of locally rooted social movements contested the future of the Central American left within an uncertain and changing political context. Based on extensive ethnographic field work and grounded analysis, it argues that well-placed actors within forum spaces can best be thought of as ‘mediators’ between state and society. The emergence of de facto federated governance structures in Central America, plus weak democratic institutions, have placed new pressures on mediators. Leaders within the Central American left find that they need to build up and/or maintain power bases to shield their positions within an uncertain political environment. They mobilize people to participate in transnational forum spaces because of the legitimating benefits, but shape networked flows within these spaces to limit the potential for networking to erode established positions. Thus I conclude that openness is neither the condition nor the objective of social forums, but rather a pawn strategically deployed or retracted in the course of networked interactions. The work advances thinking about the nature of collective political subjectivity in an era of transformationalist globalization. It also argues in favor of critical realist perspectives on collectivization in a post-development, globalizing world. Specifically, scholars can best advance an ‘epistemology of the south’ by promoting and protecting cognitive justice, which in turn can be achieved through the use of realist approaches that serve to uncover the practices of power at work within networked spaces.	PhD	institution, justice	16
Reist, Thomas A	Zingg, David W	Scaling of Hybrid Wing-body-type Aircraft: Exploration Through High-fidelity Aerodynamic Shape Optimization	Aerospace Science and Engineering	2016-11	Unconventional aircraft configurations have the potential to reduce aviationâ s contribution to climate change through substantial reductions in fuel burn. One promising configuration which has received much attention is the hybrid wing-body (HWB). Due to the lack of design experience for unconventional configurations, high-fidelity design and optimization methods will be critical in their development. This thesis presents the application of a gradient-based aerodynamic shape optimization algorithm based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations to the aerodynamic design of conventional tube-and-wing (CTW) and HWB aircraft. The optimal aerodynamic shapes and performance for a range of aircraft sizes including regional, narrow-body, midsize, and wide-body classes are found so as to characterize the aerodynamic efficiency benefits of the HWB configuration with respect to equivalent CTW designs. Trim-constrained drag minimization is performed at cruise, with a large design space of over 400 design variables. The smaller optimized HWBs, including the regional and narrow-body classes, while more aerodynamically efficient, burn at least as much fuel as to the equivalently optimized CTWs due to their increased weight, while the larger wide-body-class HWB has almost 11% lower cruise fuel burn. To investigate alternative configurations which may yield improved efficiency, exploratory optimizations with significant geometric freedom are then performed, resulting in a set of novel shapes with a more slender lifting fuselage and distinct wings. Based on these exploratory results, new lifting-fuselage configurations (LFCs) are designed. The slenderness of the LFC fuselage decreases with aircraft size, such that, for the largest class, the LFC reverts to a classical HWB shape. This new configuration offers higher aerodynamic efficiency than the HWBs, with the smaller classes seeing the largest benefit from the new configuration. This new lifting-fuselage concept offers 6% lower cruise fuel burn than the CTW in the regional class, and a marginal benefit in the narrow-body class. The effects of cruise altitude, stability requirements, and weight sensitivity are also examined.	Ph.D.	climate	13
Rekers, Josephina Veronica Maria	Gertler, Meric S.	Considering Adoption: How are Innovations Validated in Cultural and Science-based Industries?	Geography	2010-11	This thesis examines the process by which innovative new products come to be accepted and adopted in the marketplace. As these products are inherently uncertain and not readily accepted and adopted, market intermediaries play an important role in the validation and subsequent diffusion of innovations. In this thesis I demonstrate that these social processes have significant impact on the spatial organization of the market development process. Drawing on a diverse but complementary set of literatures – including the economic geography of innovation, communities of practice, social networks, the sociology of scientific knowledge and reception studies – I sketch out an adoption-centric approach to understanding the social dynamics of the innovation process. Using comparative case studies of musical theatre and pharmaceutical vaccines, this research finds that the process of market development involves a range of participants that are each embedded in their own distinctive community. The social and geographic configuration of these intermediaries varies for different knowledge-intensive products: validating expertise for cultural products such as theatre is situated predominantly in ‘global nodes of excellence’, whereas for science-based goods such as vaccines this is situated in the local marketplace. These findings have implications for marketplaces in ‘beta-cities’ such as Toronto, which are not global nodes of excellence. Without these validating intermediaries, what role do beta cities play in the development and diffusion of cultural products? Akin to research on users’ involvement in the development of innovations, findings suggest there are qualities that make beta cities important sites for experimentation and the testing of new theatrical works. An adoption-centric perspective such as the one developed in this thesis sheds light on the social and geographic forces that shape the uptake of innovations. Application of this perspective has potential to significantly strengthen policy initiatives in support of the demand-side of regional innovation systems.	PhD	innovation, production	9, 12
Rennie, Michael	Sprules, W. Gary ||Johnson, Timothy	Influence of Invasive Species, Climate Change and Population Density on Life Histories and Mercury Dynamics of Two Coregonus Species	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2009-06	Non-indigenous species can profoundly alter the ecosystems they invade and impact local economies. Growth and body condition declines of commercially fished Great Lakes lake whitefish coincide with the establishment of non-native dreissenid mussels and the cladoceran Bythotrephes longimanus. Declines in lake herring abundance—a key prey item for other commercially important species—have also been reported. Though additional stressors such as climate change may have contributed to changes in coregonid populations, they have not been thoroughly evaluated. Here, I present data that condition and contaminant declines in coregonids are associated with increasing density or warming climate, but growth declines in lake whitefish are likely due to ecosystem changes associated with dreissenids and Bythotrephes. In South Bay, Lake Huron, changes in lake whitefish diet composition and stable isotope signatures were consistent with increased reliance on nearshore resources after dreissenid establishment; lake whitefish occupied shallower habitats and experienced declines in mean diet energy densities post-dreissenid invasion. Growth of South Bay lake whitefish declined after environmental effects were statistically removed, whereas condition declines were explained best by changes in lake whitefish density. Among four lake whitefish populations, growth declined after dreissenids established, but not in uninvaded reference populations. Growth also declined among four lake whitefish populations after the establishment of Bythotrephes relative to reference populations. In contrast with growth, condition of lake whitefish did not change as a result of dreissenid or Bythotrephes invasion. Bioenergetic models revealed that activity rates increased and conversion efficiencies decreased in lake whitefish populations exposed to dreissenids, despite higher consumption rates in populations with dreissenids present. Condition declines among many lake whitefish and lake herring populations (and declines in mercury among herring populations) reflected regional differences and were not related to the presence of Bythotrephes or Mysis relicta. Declines in condition were more pronounced in northwest Ontario populations where climate has changed more dramatically than in southern Ontario. This work suggests that projected range expansions of dreissenid mussels and Bythotrephes will likely affect native fisheries, and their effect on these fisheries may be exacerbated by declining fish condition associated with climate change.	PhD	energy, consun, environment, fish	7, 12, 13, 14
Reny, Marie-Eve	Bertrand, Jacques	Thinking Beyond Formal Institutions: Why Local Governments in China Tolerate Underground Protestant Churches	Political Science	2012-06	That authoritarian regimes adopt various strategies of societal control to secure their resilience has been widely explored in comparative politics. The scholarship has emphasized regimes’ reliance upon tactics as diverse as cooptation, economic and social policy reforms, and multiparty elections. Yet, existing comparative studies have predominantly focused on formal institutions, largely ignoring authoritarian states’ resort to informal rules as effective governance and regime preservation strategies. Local governments in China have tolerated underground Protestant churches, and in doing so, they have failed to enforce the central government’s policy of religious cooptation. This dissertation explores the reasons underlying local government tolerance of underground churches. I argue that accommodative informal institutions emerge out of a bargaining process involving agents (state and society) with a mutually compatible set of interests. Both parties need to reduce uncertainty about the other’s political intentions, and for that reason, they are likely to choose to cooperate strategically with one another. On the one hand, local officials view policies of religious cooptation as ineffective to curb the expansion of underground religion, and as increasingly risky to enforce in a context where an extensive use of coercion could be subject to severe professional sanctions. On the other hand, underground pastors seek to maximize their autonomy under authoritarian constraints; to that extent, they have used informal compliance as a strategy to earn local government acceptance. Compliance manifests itself in four ways: openness to dialogue with local authorities, the proactive sharing of sensitive information about church affairs, gift-giving and -receiving, and the maintenance of a low profile in terms of church size and rhetoric. Strategic cooperation brings benefits to both parties. It provides local public security officials’ with a stable source of intelligence about the underground space, which is key to ensuring an effective management of religious affairs. Moreover, it allows underground churches to remain autonomous from the state and decreases risks that they face coercion. Yet, inasmuch as informal arrangements are self-enforcing and rule-bound, they ultimately serve regime interests by increasing the costs of political mobilization for the compliant clergy, and by accentuating divisions between the latter and politicized pastors.	PhD	institution	16
Reza Ugalde, Arturo	Naguib, Hani||Kesler, Olivera	Fabrication of Carbon-based Nanocomposite Materials for Energy Storage Processes	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2020-06	Our society’s development depends on the way we use, store, and transform the energy. Currently, we have multiple sources of clean energy to cover the demand of a growing population. However, a big gap remains in the technology to efficiently store the energy that is not being consumed. The purpose of this thesis is to explore carbon-based composite materials to promote the development of new systems for the efficient conversion, use, and storage of energy: first, at small-scale storage (batteries) and second, at large-scale storage (power to gas). In both cases, different carbon allotropes and functionalization methods were considered. The first half of the thesis describes materials and methods to improve the air cathode in Zn-air batteries. These batteries are considered promising energy storage devices because of the numerous advantages such as high energy density, low-cost and abundance of Zn, environmental friendliness, and safety. The first study is focused on developing a double layer membrane fabricated with thermoplastic polyurethane, carbon nanotubes, and activated carbon membrane to improve the oxygen diffusivity and to prevent electrolyte leakage. For the second study, we developed a bifunctional electrocatalyst to promote the oxygen reactions in Zn-air batteries and achieve an electrically rechargeable configuration. The electrocatalyst was fabricated with Co3O4 particles attached to a functionalized carbon support. The second half of the thesis is focused on the catalytic methanation of CO. This process allows the reduction of the main greenhouse gas, through the power-to-gas technology. Renewable energy can be used to power a reactor where the CO/CO2 is reduced to methane, which can be transported and stored in current systems. We considered Ni-based catalysts and carbon-based supports with the purpose of improving the CO conversion, the selectivity to CH4, and the catalyst stability. This study first compares Ni supported on AC and Ni3Sn supported on AC to determine the effectiveness of Sn as a carbon fiber suppressor. In a second step, the study describes the fabrication method and catalyst performance of a core-shell structure using silica spheres grown on SWCNTs coated with the catalysts Ni3Sn and FeNi3 to improve the thermal stability and catalyst activity.	Ph.D.	environment, greenhouse gas, renewable, energy	7, 13
Rezaee, Kasra	Baher, Abdulhai	Decentralized Coordinated Optimal Ramp Metering using Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning	Civil Engineering	2014-11	Freeways are the major arteries of the transportation networks. In most major cities in North America, including Toronto, infrastructure expansion has fallen behind transportation demand, causing escalating congestion problems. It has been realized that infrastructure expansion cannot provide a complete solution to congestion problems owed to economic limitations, induced demand, and, in metropolitan areas, simply lack of space. Furthermore, the drop in freeway throughput due to congestion exacerbates the problem even more during rush hours at the time the capacity is needed the most. Dynamic traffic control measures provide a set of cost effective congestion mitigation solutions, among which ramp metering (RM) is the most effective approach. This thesis proposes a novel optimal ramp control (metering) system that coordinates the actions of multiple on-ramps in a decentralized structure. The proposed control system is based on reinforcement learning (RL); therefore, the control agent learn the optimal action from interaction with the environment and without reliance on any a priori mathematical model. The agents are designed to function optimally in both independent and coordinated modes. Therefore, the whole system is robust to communication or individual agent's failure. The RL agents employ function approximation to directly represent states and action with continuous variables instead of relying on discrete state-action tables. Use of function approximation significantly speeds up the learning and reduces the complexity of the RL agents design process. The proposed RM control system is applied to a meticulously calibrated microsimulation model of the Gardiner Expressway westbound in Toronto, Canada. The Gardiner expressway is the main freeway running through Downtown Toronto and suffers from extended periods of congestion every day. It was chosen as the testbed for highlighting the effectiveness of the coordinated RM. The proposed coordinated RM algorithm when applied to the Gardiner model resulted in 50% reduction in total travel time compared with the base case scenario and significantly outperformed approaches based on the well-known ALINEA RM algorithm. This improvement was achieved while the permissible on-ramp queue limit was satisfied.	Ph.D.	environment, cities, infrastructure	9, 11, 13
Rezaie, Abdolrahim	Singer, Peter	Health Technology Innovation by Enterprises in China, India and Brazil	Medical Science	2011-06	This thesis explores health technology innovation within indigenous enterprises in China, India, and Brazil. The main discussions are presented in five papers/manuscripts. The first is a case study of Brazil’s health biotechnology sector. It concludes that systemic tensions between the country’s public and private sectors may be detracting from its overall innovative success. The second paper gauges vaccine and medicinal innovation within enterprises in the stated countries by analyzing new technologies in their pipelines or on the market. It concludes that that a growing number of health enterprises in these countries are tackling more technologically challenging and costly innovations. The third paper explores how national institutions and industry globalization interact to shape commitments to new drug and vaccine innovations by enterprises in the three countries. It concludes that; a) the introduction of pharmaceutical product patent regimes has had a modest impact on entrepreneurial attempts to develop new technologies, b) key challenges that diminish patent incentives tend to be institutional in nature and, c) the increasingly globalized nature of health product innovation limits what countries can achieve independently. The fourth paper analyzes key issues and trends in health biotechnology firms’ transition to innovation in China, India, Brazil, and South Africa. It concludes that this transition often entails greater integration into the global system. The fifth paper ponders the implications for global health of the emerging market firms’ transition to innovation. It concludes that these enterprises have the potential to simultaneously address global health needs while exploiting global markets, provided support mechanisms are put in place to enable product development for the poorest market segments. This research suggests that to succeed in biopharmaceutical innovation, nations need to adjust scientifically, sectorally and globally all at the same time. Also, that national governments and the global health community need to enhance engagement of emerging market enterprises in related efforts.	PhD	health, innovation, industr	3, 9
Rice, Kathleen Frieda	Boddy, Janice||Wardlow, Holly	"Most of them, they just want someone to under them:" Gender, Generation, and Personhood among the Xhosa	Anthropology	2015-06	Drawing on seventeen months of ethnographic fieldwork, this dissertation focuses on gendered and generational conflicts about social reproduction in a rural Xhosa community in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. By exploring locally-contentious topics such as human rights, gender equality, love marriage, bridewealth, bride abduction, and the deployment of sexuality, I make several related arguments about personhood, the deployment of tradition, and the experience of modernity. The forms of personhood, tradition, and modernity that I discuss are all vernacular concepts, and are not overarching analytic tools. Firstly, I show that local people interpret these contests in generational, gendered, and also temporal terms, framing rural life and the will of elders as timeless tradition, in contrast with modern city life, and with the habits and aspirations of youth. The predilections of elders thus bear the moral authority of both imagined history, and ancestral will. Secondly, I show various ways in in which experiences of and aspirations about tradition and modernity are themselves deeply gendered, and that these divergent aspirations are sources of considerable interpersonal conflict. Thirdly, I demonstrate that inequality is intrinsic to the subject positions through which people understand their identity. Accordingly, idioms such as gender equality and (egalitarian) human rights render the meaning of these subject positions unclear. Accordingly, sociality between genders and generations is often characterized by antagonism and uncertainty. Finally, I identify a deep, ironic contradiction at the core of domestic life: worsening economic austerity means that people of all ages and genders are becoming more interdependent. However, this increasing interdependency, which has historically been central to local forms of personhood, is concurrent with the rising prominence of an ideological system which privileges autonomous, independent, choice-oriented forms of personhood as the cornerstone of a worthy self. Thus, South Africa's economic crisis is also a crisis of meaning about equality, gender, age, sexuality, and spirituality, played out through the messy intimacy of social reproduction and rural domestic life.	Ph.D.	gender, equality, inequality, rural, rights	5, 10, 11, 16
Richard, Nadine Marie	Levine, Brian	Rehabilitation of Executive Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis: Cognitive, Behavioural and Neurophysiological Effects of Goal Management Training	Psychology	2013-11	Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, progressive central nervous system disease characterized by distributed white matter injury. Particularly prevalent in Canada, MS is a leading cause of disability with extended personal and societal costs given its early onset (on average between 20-40 years of age). Deficits in executive functioning are common and detrimental to employment, daily functioning and quality of life, however their precise nature remains underspecified. Two studies were undertaken to: (1) describe the executive processes affected in MS, including neurophysiological correlates, and (2) explore, in a double-blind randomized controlled trial, patients' response to an intervention for improving behavioural self-regulation. Study 1 described significant functional limitations and impairments in processing speed and executive control of attention, memory and working memory in MS patients, both relative to neurologically healthy controls and as a monotonic function of disease severity. Mean amplitudes for event-related potentials (ERPs) including the P3 and the error-related negativity and positivity (ERN, Pe) were linked to behavioural markers of attention control and performance monitoring. ERP amplitudes and ERP-behavioural associations appeared sensitive to the presence and severity of executive dysfunction related to disease progression. In Study 2, these impaired MS patients were randomly assigned to a modified version of Goal Management Training (GMT) or a psycho-educational control group (Brain Health Workshop, BHW). In GMT, patients learned stepwise strategies (Stop-State-Split) to keep on track in their daily activities, including mindfulness training to enhance attentional awareness and control. Rehabilitation outcomes were assessed post-training and at a 6-month follow-up using a multi-level battery. Compared to BHW, GMT was associated with greater improvement on tests of executive-attentional processes as well as functional task performance and observable functioning in daily life activities. ERP-behavioural changes provided corollary evidence of improved self-regulatory processing. This study is among the first to demonstrate improvement in executive functioning compared to an active control condition in MS patients with a range of disease severity and with effects remaining visible at six months. While replication in a larger sample size is needed, results suggest GMT as a potentially effective approach for executive and self-regulatory impairment in people with MS.	PhD	health	3
Richardson, David B	Harvey, Danny	Modeling, Optimization and Large-scale Grid Integrations of Solar Photovoltaic Energy in Ontario's Electricity System	Geography	2016-06	Modern societies' increasing demand for and reliance on energy, primarily supplied by fossil fuels, and the resulting carbon dioxide emissions that lead to climate change is a complex issue with significant implications for the future well-being of society and the environment. Decoupling economic activity and energy production from carbon is essential to effectively deal with both issues simultaneously. Solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity has the potential to help meet future energy demands while significantly reducing the climate impact of energy production; however, large-scale integration of solar PV into existing electricity systems presents technical challenges that must be addressed if solar is to contribute to a sustainable energy future. This thesis presents four research modules that form a comprehensive evaluation of the technical and economic feasibility of integrating renewable energy, specifically solar PV energy, into the Ontario electricity system. The findings indicate that solar PV can supply a significant portion (8-30%) of total electricity supply if substantial changes are made to the existing grid. Specifically, energy storage and more flexible supply are required to deal with increased ramping rate requirements. As the effects of global warming and peak oil become apparent, and as new technologies for smart grids and distributed generation are introduced into the grid, it will be useful to have a comprehensive understanding of how to plan for the integration of renewables from an electricity generation perspective. The research in this thesis is a thorough analysis of one aspect of solar PV deployment that will be useful to encourage grid integration. This research can be combined with similar assessments by others of storage, demand management, wind and biomass energy sources to give a comprehensive understanding of how to plan energy generation investments to sustainably meet future needs.	Ph.D.	energy, renewable, solar, production, environment, climate	7, 12, 13
Richardson, Emma	Kenneth, R Allison	‘Uno tiene que cuidar también de sí mismo’: Guatemalan Family Planning Decisions in the Context of Social Cognitive Theory and a Political Economy Approach	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2014-11	Understanding the persistent inequalities in family planning rates between indigenous and non-indigenous women in Guatemala requires localized explorations of the specific barriers faced by indigenous women. This thesis presents, across three papers, a novel framework for simultaneously considering proximal, intermediate and distal factors affecting family planning.Based on Social Cognitive Theory, elicitation interviews were carried out with 16 young women, aged 20 to 24, married or in union, from rural districts of Patzun, Chimaltenango in Guatemala. Content analysis was carried out using the constant-comparison method to identify the major themes raised by participants in terms of barriers to accessing and using family planning. Barriers not directly mentioned by participants were distinguished through the application of a political economy approach. The first paper presents this augmented elicitation interview methodology and the resulting family planning self-efficacy scale.In the second paper, a political economy approach contextualizes structural issues that affect current family planning decisions, including: social exclusion and repression of indigenous people dating back to colonial times and exacerbated by the recent civil war; gender inequity; the influence of the Catholic Church at the state level, and on individual beliefs; and the evolution of population politics at the global and national levels.The third, methodological, paper draws on this inter-cultural research to highlight recommendations for: early involvement of a local team in preparing research instruments, recruitment and conducting interviews; multilingual interviewing, transcription and team analysis; and inclusive reporting and dissemination.The combination of theoretical approaches extends the application of either perspective in isolation: Social Cognitive Theory incorporates more structural influences on individual decisions about family planning and the political economy perspective links impacts and interactions at the individual level. This approach may be useful for a more complete understanding of health issues both within and outside the realm of reproductive health.	Ph.D.	inclusive, inequality, gender, women	4, 5, 10
Richardson, Murray	Branfireun, Brian	Landscape Structure and Watershed Mercury Sensitivity in Boreal Headwater Regions	Geography	2010-11	Aquatic mercury (Hg) contamination caused by industrial Hg emissions, atmospheric transport and deposition to sensitive ecosystems is an ongoing concern in many parts of the world. Boreal ecosystems are particularly sensitive to Hg deposition, and large soil-Hg burdens in these regions may prolong recovery of Hg impacted surface waters for many decades. Four studies were undertaken to examine interactions between watershed characteristics, hydro-climatic variability and terrestrial-aquatic export of key chemical parameters linked to watershed Hg sensitivity. Two new quantitative techniques, hydrogeomorphic edge detection and characteristic morphology analysis, were developed to explicitly map and characterize the spatial distribution, geomorphic form and hydro-biogeochemical function of forested wetlands using airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) surveys. The results demonstrate the critical contribution of forested wetlands and upland-wetland interactions to the production and mobilization of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and methyl-mercury (MeHg) - respectively - to downstream surface waters. Results of strategic, event-based hydrochemical sampling also demonstrate the critical contribution of summer high-flow periods to terrestrial-aquatic MeHg export. Finally, an analysis of historical monitoring databases of streamflow volume, hydrochemistry and Hg concentrations in yearling perch in two contrasting headwater lake basins was conducted. The results indicate strong potential for short-term, hydrologically-driven shifts in terrestrial-aquatic coupling and watershed Hg sensitivity, but only for the wetland-dominated, humic lake that exhibited consistent, summertime hypolimnetic anoxia. These various findings suggest that accurate characterization of watershed structure can help researchers identify first-order limitations on whole-watershed methylation efficiency, particularly in relation to hydro-climatic drivers of terrestrial-aquatic coupling in Boreal headwater regions.	PhD	industr, water, production	6, 9, 12
Richmond, Sonya	Malcolm, Jay R.	Effects of Single-tree Selection Harvesting on Rose-breasted Grosbeaks (Pheucticus leudovicianus) in a Predominantly Forested Landscape	Forestry	2011-11	Single-tree selection harvesting is frequently used in the tolerant hardwood forests of North America but relatively little is known about how this silvicultural system affects wildlife, including many avian species. I investigated Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Pheucticus leudovicianus) habitat use, survival, and nestling provisioning behaviour in twelve hardwood stands in Algonquin Provincial Park which had been harvested by single-tree selection 0-5, 16-20, 21-25, and > 50 years previously. Density, pairing success, and the number of fledglings per successful nest were all significantly lower in the > 50 years post-harvest stands than in at least one other post-harvest treatment. Density and pairing success were significantly higher in the 16-20 year post-harvest stands than in other treatments. Neither nest nor fledgling survival differed significantly among post-harvest treatments, but all stands were population sinks except those cut 16-20 years previously. Nests that were initiated earlier in the season and built in areas with higher basal area were more likely to survive, whereas fledgling survival increased with days since fledging. Nest sites had higher cover from regenerative growth, saplings, and understory, and lower basal area than random locations. During their first week out of the nest, fledglings used locations with significantly higher cover from regenerative growth, saplings, small shrubs, and raspberry and elderberry bushes than were present at random locations. Habitat characteristics at nest and fledgling locations were significantly different, and estimates of nest and fledgling survival were not correlated among harvested stands. Nests attended by after-second-year (ASY) males were initiated significantly earlier, and territory density and productivity were significantly higher for ASY males than for second-year (SY) males. Nestling provisioning rates, male contribution to nestling provisioning and nest attendance, and mean nestling weights at the time of fledging were also significantly higher at nests attended by ASY males than at nests with SY males. This study found that single-tree selection did not have significant negative effects on Rose-breasted Grosbeaks breeding in a predominantly forested landscape, but like many other species of birds, experienced breeders were more successful than less experienced breeders were.	PhD	forest	15
Ridgley, Jennifer	Ruddick, Susan M. ||Daniere, Amrita	Cities of Refuge: Citizenship, Legality and Exception in U.S. Sanctuary Cities	Geography	2010-11	In the 1980s, in support of the Sanctuary Movement for Central American refugees, cities across the United States began to withdraw information and resources from the boundary making processes of the federal state. Inspired in part by a 1971 initiative in Berkeley, California to provide sanctuary to soldiers refusing to fight in Vietnam, “Cities of Refuge” issued statements of non-cooperation with the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). They passed policies that prevented police and service providers from asking the immigration status of the people they came into contact with in the course of their daily duties, and limited information sharing with the federal authorities. Drawing on archival research and interviews, this dissertation maps the shifting meaning of Sanctuary as a constellation of practices and logics which has troubled the boundaries of national citizenship. Struggles to establish Cities of Refuge reveal the complex interplay between two different political trajectories in the United States: one deeply implicated with the state’s authority over migration controls and what Agamben has understood as the sovereign exception, and the other with city sanctuary, as a form of urban citizenship. The genealogy of city sanctuary reveals the multiple and sometimes contradictory threads or genealogies that have been woven into American citizenship over time, raising questions about the ostensibly hardened relationship between sovereignty, membership, and the nation state. Exploring the interactions between the daily practices of state institutions and Sanctuary reveals the performative aspects of exception: it is produced and maintained only through the constant repetition of discourses and practices that maintain the boundaries of citizenship and reproduce the state’s authority to control the movement of people across its border. Bringing the study of sovereignty into the city, and exploring alternative assertions of sovereignty reveals the exception not as an underlying logic, but a geographically specific, ongoing struggle.	PhD	cities, institution	11, 16
Riley, Nicole Marie	Chipman, Mary	Injuries Among Elderly Canadians: Psychotropic Medications and the Impact of Alcohol	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2011-11	Psychotropic medication use is widely implicated as a risk factor for injuries, and it is believed that the adverse effect profiles of these medications are exacerbated by the consumption of alcohol. The objectives of this study are (a) to examine the associations between the use of specific classes of psychotropic medications and injuries among elderly participants of the National Population Health Survey (NPHS), and (b) to determine whether and how associations between psychotropic medications and injuries are modified by the consumption of alcohol. Data from Cycles 1 (1994/95), 2 (1996/97), and 3 (1998/99) of the NPHS household longitudinal file were used in this study, selecting community-dwelling participants aged 65 years of age and older in 1994/95. Among antidepressant medications, the magnitude of the risk of injuries was higher for users of tricyclic derivatives (OR=1.4; 95%CI: 0.7 – 2.9) than SSRIs (OR=0.3; 95%CI: 0.1 – 1.0). Benzodiazepine use for any indication increased the risk of injuries, but that effect was not consistent across indications. The use of benzodiazepine antianxiety medications resulted in an increased risk of injuries (OR=2.0; 95%CI: 1.3 – 3.1), but there were no significant effects on the injury risk among benzodiazepine hypnotic and sedative users (OR=0.8; 95%CI: 0.4 – 1.7). Results pertaining to the second objective of this study raised as many questions as they resolved. Alcohol consumption decreased the odds of injury among hypnotic and sedative users, but otherwise, no consistent results were observed. Findings from this study underscore the importance of identifying appropriate alcohol measures for research among elderly populations. They also stress the need to separately consider the impact of different classes of psychotropic medications on injuries (tricyclic antidepressants separate from SSRI antidepressants and antianxiety benzodiazepines separate from hypnotic and sedative benzodiazepines).	PhD	health, consum	3, 12
Ritchie, Allison	Esmonde, Indigo	Participation, positioning, and power: Opportunities to learn in a university Kinesiology Classroom	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2018-06	Past studies in science education research have documented that people of colour and women continue to be underrepresented in science-related university programmes and careers. To better understand issues of equity and student achievement, providing equitable opportunities to learn (OTL) in diverse, content-focused classrooms has been recognized as an important aim in educational research. This critical microethnographic study examines a Canadian, undergraduate, Kinesiology classroom and how the professor’s framing of science learning made space for a range of OTL. Then I explore how students’ navigation of scientific discussions shaped their access to particular OTL. Drawing from cultural-historical activity theory and positioning theory, this dissertation brings into focus the sociohistorical and discursive practices of students and teachers in a science classroom. The research draws data from classroom videotapes, interviews, and stimulated recalls, wherein two participants were the foci of analysis. The analyses consider students’ verbal and non-verbal acts of positioning, highlighting how these positions can facilitate and/or constrained their access to OTL. In one group, a focal student appeared to take up the position of a facilitator, and in another, there appeared to be no expert or facilitator. The second student adopted a powerful role in one activity, then shifted from an initially more passive role to a mediator position in another group. My findings show how a common task led to differential contexts for learning. In particular, conflicts and student differential uptake of positions in small-group settings are examined for their ability to potentially foster unique OTL. My study’s theoretical contributions include a synthesis of sociocultural theories of learning, as well as how these theories can be strengthened through sustained attention to multi- levels of inquiry. The different grains of video analysis afford a broader look at how students learn together in scientific discussions; what resources they draw upon to make meaning; how they negotiate the multiple, interactional demands of the task; and how power and social relations shape available OTL. Implications for science education research are also raised, including suggestions for a greater analytic focus on student-led spaces, and bringing together conversations of learning, identity, and power.	Ph.D.	equitable, women	4, 5
Ritchie, Lisa M. Puchalski	Zwarenstein, Merrick	Development and Evaluation of a Tailored Knowledge Translation Intervention to Improve Lay Health Workers Ability to Effectively Support TB Treatment Adherence in Malawi	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2013-03	Background: Task shifting provision of basic health care services to lay health workers (LHWs) is increasingly employed to combat the global shortage of skilled health workers, particularly in low and middle income countries, where the shortage is greatest. Despite evidence for the effectiveness of LHWs in improving access to basic health services and positively impacting a variety of health outcomes, questions remain as to how recognized weaknesses in training and supervision are best addressed. This thesis employed a sequential-concurrent mixed-methods design and is composed of 3 studies with the objective of designing and rigorously evaluating a knowledge translation (KT) intervention tailored to address identified barriers to LHWs ability to function optimally as TB adherence supporters in Zomba district, Malawi. Methods & Findings: The first study utilized the qualitative methods of focus groups and interviews conducted with LHWs routinely involved in provision of care to TB patients. Lack of TB knowledge and job-specific training were identified as the key barriers to LHWs in their role as TB adherence supporters. Based on these findings, a KT intervention was developed and tailored to the identified training gaps. The second study, evaluated the effectiveness of the intervention in improving TB treatment adherence in a cluster randomized controlled trial, which showed no evidence for effectiveness of the intervention. The third study, conducted concurrently with the cluster trial, employed qualitative interviews to explore LHWs experiences with the intervention to identify ii aspects of the intervention found to be helpful and areas in need of improvement. Study 3 found that the intervention was well received and valued, with reported benefits to LHWs through improved knowledge and skills, and increased confidence. Suggestions for improvement varied considerably, with an anticipated concern with the lack of stipends and conduct of training on-site, raised as an issue by a minority of participants. Conclusion: This thesis suggests that a multi-component KT strategy tailored to address local barriers, was well received and valued by LHWs, and may represent a cost-effective approach to LHW training. However, given the trend for effectiveness did not reach significance in this underpowered study, further research is needed.	PhD	health, worker	3, 8
Ritter, Moritz	Shi, Shouyong	Essays on Money, Trade and the Labour Market	Economics	2010-03	This dissertation consists of three essays in Macroeconomics. The first essay assesses the impact of offshoring on aggregate productivity and on labour market outcomes by developing a dynamic general equilibrium model in which workers acquire task-specific human capital. The dynamic nature of the model allows for differentiation between short and long run effects. While the welfare effects are unambiguously positive and independent of the skill-content of the offshored and inshored tasks, the distribution of the gains from trade critically depends on the time horizon. Workers with human capital specific to the inshored tasks gain over those performing offshored tasks in the short term. In the long run, the gains from trade are equally distributed among ex-ante identical agents. The model is calibrated to the U.S. economy; welfare gains from increased offshoring are found to be substantial even after taking into account losses in specific human capital for workers in the offshored occupations along the transition path. The second essay integrates the insight that exporting firms are typically more productive and employ higher skilled workers into a directed search model of the labour market. The model generates a skill premium as well as residual wage inequality among identical workers. Trade liberalization will cause a reallocation of workers both within and across industries, which will affect both types of inequality in a way that is consistent with findings from the empirical literature on trade and inequality. A calibrated version of the model can account for much of the effect of the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement on the Canadian labour market. The final essay incorporates a distortionary tax into the microfoundations of money framework and revisits the optimum quantity of money. An optimal policy may consist of both a positive tax rate and a positive nominal interest rate: if the buyer's surplus share is inefficiently small, the intensive margin is distorted and the constrained optimal policy combines a sales tax with a money growth rate above that prescribed by the Friedman rule. Monetary, but not fiscal, policy alters the agent's bargaining position, leaving a special role for a deviation from the Friedman rule.	PhD	inequality, trade, industr, wage, worker, equality	5, 8, 9, 10
Rivas Vera, Maria José	Lemmens, Trudo	Sexuality Education in Paraguay: Using Human Rights and International Policies to Define Adolescents' Right to Sexuality Education	Law	2015-03	This dissertation explores the issue of sexuality education through the lens of international human rights obligations and policy commitments, with a focus on the Paraguayan context. It identifies relevant international human rights instruments and international policy commitments related to sexuality education, and explores their legal and political value. Making use of human rights analytical frameworks, it elaborates on Paraguay's concrete obligations with regards to sexuality education. It argues that standards reveal a clear link between sexuality education and adolescents' enjoyment of their fundamental rights. Taking a substantive equality approach, it argues that the lack of sexuality education policies has a disproportionate effect on certain groups. The dissertation concludes by offering concrete standards for the implementation of sexuality education policies.	LL.M.	rights	16
Rizvi, Ali	Park, Chul B	Functional Polymer Foams from In-situ Fibrillated Polymer Blends	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2015-06	Polymer foams are utilized in a range of applications such as absorption, mechanical cushioning, thermal and sound insulation, and medical devices. In comparison with amorphous polymer foams, foams of semicrystalline polymers are desirable in applications that require higher service temperatures and chemical resistance, but preparing foams of semicrystalline polymers is challenging due to their weak melt strength near processing temperatures. Blending of immiscible polymers has emerged as a convenient route to tune the viscoelastic and crystallization properties of polymers. Here we show that the in-situ generation of a fibrillar morphology during physical blending of immiscible polymers can broaden the foam processing window of semicrystalline polymers. These results formed the basis for a W.O. Patent. We anticipate that these results will help in the development of alternative polymer formulations and optimization of existing ones for the large-scale manufacture of semicrystalline polymer foams with unique properties for advanced applications. For example, novel superhydrophobic and oleophilic open-cell foams were obtained from polypropylene (PP) containing polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fibrillar dispersed phases in a fully scalable extrusion process. These open-cell foams are technologically promising for applications such as oil-spill cleanup, organic pollutant removal, and field water remediation.	Ph.D.	pollut, water	13, 14
Roach, Lisa Aretha Nyala	Edwards, R. Nigel	Temporal Variations in the Compliance of Gas Hydrate Formations	Physics	2012-03	Seafloor compliance is a non-intrusive geophysical method sensitive to the shear modulus of the sediments below the seafloor. A compliance analysis requires the computation of the frequency dependent transfer function between the vertical stress, produced at the seafloor by the ultra low frequency passive source-infra-gravity waves, and the resulting displacement, related to velocity through the frequency. The displacement of the ocean floor is dependent on the elastic structure of the sediments and the compliance function is tuned to different depths, i.e., a change in the elastic parameters at a given depth is sensed by the compliance function at a particular frequency. In a gas hydrate system, the magnitude of the stiffness is a measure of the quantity of gas hydrates present. Gas hydrates contain immense stores of greenhouse gases making them relevant to climate change science, and represent an important potential alternative source of energy. Bullseye Vent is a gas hydrate system located in an area that has been intensively studied for over 2 decades and research results suggest that this system is evolving over time. A partnership with NEPTUNE Canada allowed for the investigation of this possible evolution. This thesis describes a compliance experiment configured for NEPTUNE Canada’s seafloor observatory and its failure. It also describes the use of 203 days of simultaneously logged pressure and velocity time-series data, measured by a Scripps differential pressure gauge, and a Güralp CMG-1T broadband seismometer on NEPTUNE Canada’s seismic station, respectively, to evaluate variations in sediment stiffness near Bullseye. The evaluation resulted in a (- 4.49 x10-3± 3.52 x 10-3) % change of the transfer function of 3rd October, 2010 and represents a 2.88% decrease in the stiffness of the sediments over the period. This thesis also outlines a new algorithm for calculating the static compliance of isotropic layered sediments.	PhD	energy, climate, greenhouse gas, ocean	7, 13, 14
Roberts, David Jay	Mahtani, Minelle	(Un)Mapping The Contested Geographies Of Urban Knowledge Production During the 2010 World Cup In South Africa	Geography	2012-06	In 2010, South Africa became the first country on the continent of Africa to host a World Cup. This thesis analyzes aspects of the planning process for this mega-event. My analysis focuses on three interrelated phenomena: public order policing and re-branding through the control of public space; policy transfer and the attempt to clone the 'world-class' city in South Africa; and, the influence of consciously planning for an external television audience on the uneven geographies and temporalities of the mega-event. First, in analyzing the processes of public order policing and its connection to city branding in Durban, South Africa during the World Cup, I trace three mechanisms: the regulation of nuisance behaviors, the restriction of social movement activities, and the introduction of welcome ambassadors. I argue that this policing strategy reveals what city planners believe to be appropriate uses of public space as well as a future vision of the city. Second, using “cultural cloning” as a metaphor, I argue that policy mobility and the valorization of “best practices” can reinforce hegemonic conceptions of a 'world class' city that exacerbate already existing social inequalities. Such notions, also, work to foreclose on alternative visions of how a 'world class' World Cup host city might act such as those articulated in the World Class Cities for All campaign. Third, I examine how the particular medium of television works to shape urban planning, the production of space and the processes of urban knowledge production during mega-events. Such a theoretical approach necessitates closer examination of the relationship between urban planning and urban knowledge production through television. In the conclusion of my dissertation, I put my work in context of recent events and struggles that have emerged in Brazil as that country gets set to host the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics. Additionally, I highlight what I believe to be the key scholarly contributions of this project and outline a future research agenda that emerges from this work.	PhD	cities, urban	11
Robinson-Vincent, Krystie	Hodnett, Ellen	A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effects of Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Metabolic Control in Children with Type 1 Diabetes	Nursing Science	2015-11	Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is one of the most common chronic illnesses affecting children. Rigorous metabolic control helps delay longterm health complications in children with T1D. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) provides information not available with self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) alone. Few studies have evaluated the effectiveness of CGM on metabolic control in children using CSII. A 12-week multi-site pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) was carried out in order to provide preliminary indicators of the effects of CGM compared to SMBG on metabolic control and fear of hypoglycemia, as well as provide an estimate of recruitment rates, assess compliance with allocated treatment, and determine participants’ satisfaction with allocated treatment. Children in the intervention group were asked to wear CGM for up to five days per week and perform three SMBG calibration checks per day. Children in the usual care group were asked to perform three SMBG checks per day. Forty children and adolescents participated, 24 in the intervention group and 16 receiving usual care. After 12 weeks of CGM use, there was no statistically significant difference between groups in changes in mean HbA1c (CGM, -0.32 + 0.89; SMBG, -0.05 + 0.70; -0.27 [-0.83, -0.28], t=-0.99, p=0.33). There was a statistically significant difference between groups, favouring the intervention group, in changes in mean fear of hypoglycemia scores (CGM, -5.00 + 6.89; SMBG, 3.13 + 10.49; 8.13 [-13.92, -2.34], t=-2.85, p=0.007). The findings from the pilot trial addressed several feasibility questions. Enrollment rate (48% of those eligible) and percentage of children who would participate again in a larger trial (n = 27; 71%) approached pre-set acceptability parameters, but compliance was low (only 9 participants met pre-set parameters; 39%). Currently, a larger RCT is not warranted until further studies evaluate methods to improve compliance with CGM.	Ph.D.	health	3
Roblin, Blair Arthur	Deber, Raisa	Ontario's Retirement Homes and Long-Term Care Homes: Policy Implications for Care Services, Funding and Governance Regimes	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2017-11	Abstract Purpose: The Province of Ontario is experiencing substantial growth in the seniors’ population requiring care, with capacity, cost and regulatory pressures across all settings. This study compares long-term care homes (LTCHs) and retirement homes (RHs), significant residential care alternatives for seniors in Ontario, regarding pricing, levels of care and availability of services, in the context of different government funding and regulatory oversight. Attention is given to the way owners of homes shape their services in response to prevailing policy instruments and other environmental factors. Methods: The research uses an explanatory sequential mixed methods design, with a first phase involving the analysis of quantitative data regarding LTCHs and RHs, and a second phase involving qualitative (interview) data from key informants. The first phase informs the interview questions for the second phase, with integration occurring after Phase 2. Results: Substantial overlaps exist in the characteristics of the two resident populations (LTCHs and RHs), which are most evident among the population of seniors requiring high levels of care and support. However, the two sectors are funded and regulated differently, which affect how services are delivered. Most care costs in LTCHs are publicly funded, while residents in RHs generally cover these expenses personally. Equity of access issues arise from shortages of beds in LTCHs and limited government funding for care services in RHs. LTCH owner strategies are affected by excess demand for beds and by regulatory instruments that limit profit for care and accommodation. With RHs, more flexible owner strategies are evident for care levels, pricing and location. However, without public funding, availability and affordability of RHs to the resident suffer and owner strategies focus on areas of higher income, population density or community infrastructure. The two sectors are also regulated differently in respect of care standards, security and enforcement. Conclusions: Policy instruments influence the features of residential care service offerings by shaping how the owners of seniors’ residential care offer services, with important consequences regarding access to those services. Policy instruments play an important part in determining the availability and affordability of seniors’ residential care, and consistency of governance.	Ph.D.	infrastructure, governanxe	9, 16
Rocksborough-Smith, Ian Maxwell	Halpern, Rick	Contentious Cosmopolitans: Black Public History and Civil Rights in Cold War Chicago, 1942-1972	History	2014-06	This dissertation looks at how teachers, unionists, and cultural workers used black history to offer new ways of thinking about racial knowledge from a local level. Numerous efforts to promote and teach this history demonstrated how dissident cosmopolitan political currents from previous decades remained relevant to a vibrant and ideologically diffuse African American public sphere despite widespread Cold War dispersions, white supremacist reactions, and anticommunist repressions. My argument proceeds by demonstrating how these public history projects coalesced around a series of connected pedagogical endeavors. These endeavors included the work of school teachers on Chicago's South side who tried to advance curriculum reforms through World War II and afterwards, the work of packinghouse workers and other union-focused educators who used anti-discrimination campaigns to teach about the history of African Americans and Mexican Americans in the labor movement and to advance innovative models for worker education, and the activities of important cultural workers like Margaret and Charles Burroughs who politicized urban space and fought for greater recognition of black history in the public sphere through the advancement of their vision for a museum. Collectively, these projects expressed important ideas about race, citizenship, education and intellectual labors that engaged closely with the rapidly shifting terrains of mid-20th Century civil rights and international anti-colonialisms. Ultimately, this dissertation offers a social history about how cosmopolitan cultural work in public history and similar forms of knowledge production were at the intersections of political realities and lived experience in U.S. urban life.	PhD	rights, urban, worker	8, 11, 16
Rodney, Ruth	Gastaldo, Denise	BUILDING HEALTHIER RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN COMMUNITIES: THE CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF GUYANESE PERSPECTIVES ON ADOLESCENT DATING VIOLENCE AND ITS PREVENTION	Nursing Science	2017-11	Dating in adolescence is an experience that has been thought to provide positive opportunities to learn and enhance social and interpersonal skills. However, some adolescents are exposed to physical, psychological, sexual, and economic forms of violence in their dating relationships, which can lead to poor health outcomes for both perpetrators and victims regardless of gender, race, or class. To prevent such negative outcomes, adolescents as well as their communities need community-specific opportunities to discuss and tackle dating violence. While adolescent dating violence research has increased internationally, there remains a paucity of information for the Caribbean region. For this reason, I completed a critical exploratory qualitative study in Guyana, a country that has the highest reported incidence of domestic violence for the Caribbean. The aim of my study was to provide a contextualized understanding of the phenomenon, by examining how discourses on race, gender, age, and class shape perspectives on adolescent dating violence and its prevention. A postcolonial feminist lens guided this study and data collection included 6 key informant interviews and 8 focus group discussions with parents, teachers, school officials, and adolescents at a public secondary school. Students who attended this school were from low-to-middle income families in the city of Georgetown and surrounding areas. In total, the study had 36 participants (5 boys and 8 men; 10 girls and 13 women). Three key findings emerged: 1) community perspectives on dating violence are primarily shaped by dominant discourses on respectability, colonial discourses on gender norms, family, and education, resulting in dating being unacceptable during adolescence; 2) Current authoritarian interpersonal relationships between adults and adolescents limit the possibility of engaging in conversations on dating violence; 3) Adolescents are yearning for more information on dating relationships, however, parents and teachers lack institutional and social support to promote healthy relationships and environments, which leads to frustration and fatigue. I suggest that a more effective way of addressing adolescent dating violence in Guyana is to approach it as a community issue. This approach includes continuously questioning dominant discourses and social systems in Guyanese society and creating more opportunities for people to relate to each other in ways that promote less authoritarian interactions in the current environment.	Ph.D.	institution, women, gender, health	3, 5, 16
Rodrigues Aragao, Rodrigo	El-Diraby, Tamer E.	Using Network Theory to Manage Knowledge from Unstructured Data in Construction Projects: Application to a Collaborative Analysis of the Energy Consumption in the Construction of Oil and Gas Facilities	Civil Engineering	2018-11	This research provides an approach to capture the knowledge in unstructured data related to the energy consumption in the construction of oil and gas projects. Because of the challenges of this industry in managing knowledge more efficiently, this work is relevant for planning/assessments during the construction of future projects. As a starting point, a concept map, which organizes thirty-four construction activities, systems, and factors that influence energy consumption during the construction, is presented. This concept map is a simplified taxonomy that guarantees consistency across different projects. As such, three case studies of oil and gas projects are conducted based on semi-structured interviews to design the respective concept networks. The method represents the concepts in the form of a network. The nodes of the network are the thirty-four concepts, and a tie is defined whenever there is a relationship between two concepts that impact the energy consumption in the construction stage. Network analysis is used to retrieve the knowledge, which is contextualized in the case-based projects. Then, the networks of the three cases are compared with a baseline, which was developed using an expert survey. With the survey focusing on the experts' general knowledge, blockmodeling is used to capture knowledge constructs in each case network. The research is evaluated using a test with one of the case studies and a system as an online interface for collaboration. The results collected from a questionnaire and a focus group with the participants of the test indicate that the proposed approach is satisfactory. Although this study is not an energy assessment, each project has its unique, contextual network; therefore, comparing them with the network of future projects constitutes a valuable source of knowledge. This work also highlights the importance of supporting collaboration between project team members to study and decide on the plans to manage/reduce energy consumption during the construction phase in oil and gas facilities. While the energy savings are smaller than the upstream and operation phases, it has received much less attention. It is also a phase with much more subjective and contextualized knowledge – making the use of case-based analyses more suitable.	Ph.D.	energy, industr, consum	7, 9, 12
Rodriguez, Uribe Arturo	Sain, Mohini	Fundamentals and Characterization of Fungally Modified Polysaccharides for the Production of Bio-plastics	Forestry	2010-06	Starch and microbial exo-polysaccharides produced by prokaryotes (i.e. Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) and eukaryotes (i.e. phytoplankton, fungi, and algae) are recognized as a permanent source of biopolymers for the packaging industry. However, the unsuitable mechanical properties for thermoplastic applications and/or high cost of production have restricted their generalized use. Fungal isolates of the genus Ophiostoma are able to produce exo-polysaccharides or protein-like compounds in a medium containing starch as the substrate. Various analytical techniques were used as an approach to investigate the interaction between starch and the fungal extracellular metabolites and the effect of the molecular-structural modifications on the functional properties of the materials. Native starches were used as control in all experiments. Analyses performed by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), which provides information related to the viscoelastic properties, showed that the storage modulus (E') increased substantially after the modification of the starch showing a process of chain stiffness. The determination of the glass transition temperature (Tg) by tan d and loss modulus (E'') peaks showed various thermal transitions indicating a complex molecular aggregation due to the potential presence of dissimilar amorphous polymers. Experiments performed in DSC confirmed the presence of the various thermal transitions associated to the Tg of these materials. The first derivative of mass loss with respect to temperature during the thermogravimetric (TG) analysis was slightly lower compared with native starches (at ~630 and 650°C). However, modified starches can withstand high temperatures showing residues up to 20% at 1000°C. Studies on the characterization of the flow properties of the polymers by capillary rheology showed in both samples a shear thinning behavior. The double logarithmic plot of the shear rate vs. shear viscosity produced a straight line and in consequence a power law equation was used to describe the rheological behavior (s = Kg'n). The results showed that in order to achieve the same shear rate (g') in both samples (modified and native starches) it is necessary to apply a higher shear stress (s) in the fungal treated materials. As a result, the consistency power law index (n) decreased and the consistency value increased (K). The practical consequence is that the melting point of these polysaccharides shifted to higher temperatures. By using various analytical techniques (including chromatography, spectroscopy, spectrometry) it was found that these phenomena may be due to the interaction of starch with protein-like or exo-polysaccharides or both which may influence the viscosity, bind adjacent molecules (i.e. network-like) and restrict the molecular motion. Evidences of the presence of pendant groups attached to high molecular weight compounds were also found. This information will give guidance to further structural studies and it is intended to pave the way for a variety of industrial applications.	PhD	industr	9
Roerecke, Michael	Rehm, Jürgen	Heavy Drinking Episodes and Heart Disease Risk	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2013-03	Background: The relationship between average alcohol consumption and heart disease is well researched, showing a substantial cardioprotective association. This dissertation examined the epidemiological evidence for an effect of heavy episodic drinking (HED) over and above the effect of average alcohol consumption on heart disease. Methods: Electronic databases were systematically searched for epidemiological studies on the effect of HED on heart disease and identified articles were quantitatively summarized in a meta-analysis. Meta-regression models were used to examine the effect of characteristics of primary studies. Using individual-level data, semi-parametric Cox regression models were used to investigate HED exposure within narrow categories of average alcohol consumption in a US national population sample (n = 9,937) in relation to heart disease mortality in an 11-22 year follow-up. Frequency of heavy drinking episodes was used to identify latent classes of drinking history using growth mixture modeling in a sub-sample of this US cohort. Retrieved classes were used as independent variables in Cox regression models with heart disease mortality as the outcome event. Results: A pooled relative risk of 1.45 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.24-1.70) for HED compared with non-HED drinkers with average alcohol consumption between 0.1-60 g/day was derived in a meta-analysis. A strong and consistent association with HED was found among current drinkers consuming an average of 1-2 drinks per day in the US cohort. There was no evidence of increased heart disease mortality resulting from the frequency of heavy drinking episodes before the age of forty. Conclusions: There is reasonable and consistent evidence for an association of HED and heart disease in current drinkers, negating any beneficial effect from alcohol consumption on heart health. History of frequency of heavy drinking episodes, however, showed no evidence for such an effect modification.	PhD	health	3
Rogachov, Anton	Davis, Karen D	Regional and Cross-Network Brain Dynamics in Acute and Chronic Pain	Medical Science	2019-11	Chronic pain is a major societal burden, affecting nearly 1 in 5 Canadians. Chronic pain patients demonstrate a great degree of variability in the way they perceive and cope with pain, experience symptoms, and respond to treatment. These individual differences may in part be due to the brain dynamics associated with the processing and modulation of nociceptive signals. Thus, the overall goal of this thesis was to understand the role of regional brain dynamics in acute and chronic pain. Towards this goal, I first established a link between regional BOLD signal variability and pain sensitivity and the effect of pain on cognitive performance in healthy individuals. I then examined frequency-specific regional BOLD signal variability abnormalities in chronic pain patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and related these abnormalities to pain intensity. Finally, I investigated the brain plasticity in regional and cross-network brain dynamics that subserve successful response to ketamine therapy in patients with refractory chronic neuropathic pain (NP). Healthy individuals and chronic pain patients (AS and NP) underwent a resting-state fMRI scan and completed a psychophysical session and a battery of questionnaires (e.g., assessing pain intensity etc.). The main findings of this thesis are: 1) Regional BOLD signal variability within the ascending nociceptive pathway and networks of the dynamic pain connectome are increased in healthy individuals who are less pain sensitive and have good cognitive performance during a pain-interference task; 2) Patients with AS exhibit elevated regional frequency-specific BOLD signal variability in the ascending nociceptive pathway and networks of the dynamic pain connectome; these abnormalities are related to chronic pain intensity; 3) Ketamine reduces regional BOLD signal variability within the default mode network (DMN); and 4) Effective ketamine-treatment outcome is associated with decreased static functional connectivity of the DMN with the salience network and with the sensorimotor network. Therefore, this thesis demonstrates that regional BOLD signal variability serves as a functional metric that underlies individual differences in acute pain, and the clinical symptoms and treatment outcomes in chronic pain. These findings provide novel insight into chronic pain etiology that serve to advance the knowledge base needed to develop new treatment options.	Ph.D.	health	3
Rogers, Luke	Krkosek, Martin	Complex Dynamics of Exploited Populations: Tipping Points, Instability, and Phenological Diversity	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2019-03	Understanding the consequences of complex population dynamics for population persistence, ecosystem functioning, and wildlife management is vital as our biosphere becomes increasingly shaped by anthropogenic change. Exploited populations are commonly recognized to exhibit complex population dynamics, which often affect the harvest of economic and culturally important species. How social learning, harvest, and population diversity shape population dynamics are not well understood, and I therefore undertook studies to investigate their effects. (1) I developed novel theory to assess the population dynamic consequences of migratory homing acquired via social learning, called the adopted migrant life history. Simple mechanistic assumptions led to dynamical behaviours ranging from stable coexistence of local populations to local extirpations, depending on the encounter potential between dispersing juveniles and migrating adults. Local populations were especially vulnerable under unequal adult survival, suggesting that uneven harvest pressure could exacerbate the risk of local collapses that are difficult to reverse. (2) I verified that harvest can increase temporal variability in the abundance of exploited populations by analyzing a harvest experiment on Daphnia magna. Harvest elevated population variability by amplifying deterministic nonlinear dynamics rather than increasing the effect of environmental stochasticity alone. This implies high short-term predictability but also the possibilities of oscillations, tipping points, and hysteresis. (3) I identified a large contraction in Pacific herring spawning phenology between 1951 and 2016 in British Columbia, Canada. Herring are a vital forage fish in northeast Pacific food webs, and support fisheries both directly and indirectly. The contraction represents a type of population diversity loss, which may impact population stability via erosion of portfolio effects. My results show the dynamic consequences of social learning and harvest, and identify a population diversity decline in an important forage fish. Together these results open a new perspective on complex population dynamics in exploited populations.	Ph.D.	environment	13
Rogers, Nelson Paul	Bascia, Nina	Campus in the Country: Community College Involvement in Rural Community Development	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2010-11	This study is an investigation into college involvement in rural community development through an examination of three cases in eastern, western and northern Canada where this work was reported to be going well. The inquiry revolved around what colleges do, that is, what kinds of approaches and projects are undertaken, how this work is supported or constrained, how college staff are recruited and trained for this work, and how well it is being done, or how success is defined and evaluated. The observations from these cases were compared with relevant research around the roles of community colleges, the nature of rural challenges, and the field of community development. Community development revolves around increasing the skills, knowledge, and abilities of residents, and building the ability of the community to respond to changing circumstances. The cases in this study were in contexts of resource industries in transition, usually related to trends in economic globalization. The communities were also impacted by their distance from urban economic and political centres. As community needs were identified, it was apparent that economic and social challenges were inter-related, and that available opportunities required specialized workforce training or retraining, as well iii as supports for business development. Although community development activities were not well supported by public policy and programs, the colleges were involved in a wide range of development approaches, some embedded into regular college operations, and others specifically organized for particular purposes. Theories of forms of capital, particularly those based on the writings of Bourdieu (1986, 1993) enhance the understanding of college involvement in rural community development. College staff, particularly rural campus managers, took the lead in community work, and relied heavily on their connections and networks, or social capital, as well as “border knowledge”, or local cultural capital, to facilitate community projects. However, the reliance on local social and cultural capital was often associated with the neglect of some important groups and issues. But overall, in spite of many challenges, these colleges were key players in their communities and demonstrated the value of the diverse and flexible roles that community colleges can play.	EDD	rural	11
Rokeach, Alan	Wiener, Judith	Friendship Quality in Adolescents with Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	Human Development and Applied Psychology	2019-06	The majority of research investigating the social functioning of youth with ADHD has examined peer rejection and social skills deficits while generally overlooking their friendships. The goal of this dissertation was to provide detailed information about friendship quality in adolescents with and without ADHD. The first manuscript compared ratings of social support and negative interactions in same- and other-sex friendship dyads in adolescents with and without ADHD, while examining the potentially moderating effects of age and gender. The second manuscript examined empirically supported correlates of friendship quality including friendship stability, co-morbid psychopathology, and interpersonal competence. A sample of 115 adolescents, ages 13-18, were recruited to participate in the present study of whom 61 were classified as having ADHD (21 female) and 54 without ADHD (29 female). The measures used included parent and self-report rating scales and questionnaires assessing ADHD symptoms, friendship quality, friendship stability, externalizing behaviour (conduct problems, oppositional behaviour), internalizing behaviour (anxiety, depression), and interpersonal competence (social skills, social perspective taking). Results from study one indicated that ratings of friendship social support diminished across age groups in youth with ADHD, but increased in typically developing youth. Adolescents with and without ADHD, however, did not differ on ratings of negative interactions experienced in their friendships. Compared to males, females rated their friendships to be more supportive, irrespective of ADHD status. Adolescents with and without ADHD rated their same-sex friendships to be simultaneously more supportive and more conflictual than their other-sex friendships. Results from study two indicated that friendship stability, social skills, social perspective-taking, oppositional behaviour, and anxiety explained unique variance in the prediction of friendship social support. However, results of exploratory mediation analyses indicated that the direct effects of oppositional behaviour and anxiety were no longer significantly predictive of friendship quality, after controlling for the mediators social skills and social perspective-taking, respectively. These findings, clinical implications, and future directions are discussed within the context of the existing peer relations literature.	Ph.D.	health	3
Rolfe, Danielle Elizabeth	Thomas, Scott ||Yoshida, Karen	Meeting Women’s Health Needs in the Community: Assessment of the Physical Activity and Health Promotion Practices, Preferences and Priorities of Older Women Living with Cardiovascular Disease	Exercise Sciences	2012-11	Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among Canadian women, and accounts for up to 30% of deaths among women worldwide. Women with CVD are typically older than their male counterparts, experience worse functional status, are more likely to experience non-CVD health conditions such as diabetes or arthritis, and will live with these health conditions for more years than men. Physical activity (PA) and cardiac rehabilitation (CR) participation is lower among women compared to men, but little is known about the PA and health promotion experiences, priorities and practices of older women living with CVD. Guided by a socioenvironmental approach to health promotion, a mixed method design involving a mail survey (N=127) and qualitative interviews (N=15) was employed to describe and explore the PA and health promotion practices, preferences and priorities of older women (≥65 years) living with CVD in the Champlain health region of Ontario. Nearly 60% of survey respondents were referred to CR. Logistic regression analysis revealed urban residence as a predictor of CR referral (p<0.01, OR=3.24; 95% CI: 1.44-7.30). Nearly 55% of respondents attended CR, which was predicted by CR referral (p<0.01, OR=32.26; 95% CI: 9.26-111.11), availability of transportation (p<0.05, OR=9.96; 95% CI: 1.22-81.41), and a history of structured PA (p<0.05, OR=3.64; 95% CI: 1.16-11.36). Respondents were more active than their peers, but received little support from their physician for PA. Older women’s incidental PA (walking six or more hours/week for transportation) was predicted by their sense of community belonging (p<0.05, OR=2.6; 95% CI: 1.05-6.29) and having energy for PA (p<0.05, OR=5.8; 95% CI: 1.21-27.92). Interview participants (including four who had attended CR) described health as a resource that enables them to lead busy, active lives. Most participants attributed CVD to genetics or stress, but still engaged in health-promoting activities, including structured and incidental PA. Participants engaged in ‘incidental’ activities such as walking, gardening, and housekeeping tasks purposefully, with the intention of maintaining or improving their health. This research can inform public health initiatives and health care services (including CR) to better meet the needs and preferences of the growing population of older women with CVD.	PhD	health, women	3, 5
Romain, Sandra Jane	Schillaci, Michael A	The Delivery of Pharmaceutical Health Care in Nunavut, Canada: Language, Culture and Policy	Anthropology	2016-11	Pharmaceuticals are an essential component of modern health care as their therapeutic properties are often required to achieve optimal health outcomes. The pharmaceutical market is also a significant contributor to health care expenditures, with global sales exceeding US$300 billion and expenditures predicted to increase. These global factors necessitate the development of pharmaceutical policies that are adaptive to local contexts and address the complexities of purchasing, distribution, prescribing and administration practices that best suit the needs of local populations. Through multi-method research, my doctoral thesis explores three areas of pharmacy health care in Nunavut, Canada: policy and practice, discordance in health models, and language translation. First, this research examines the pharmacy policy currently serving remote communities in Nunavut, a territory affected by weather-related access issues, scarce human resources and complex financial allocations. Current policies are often in conflict with patient-centred care and result in significant pharmaceutical waste. Revised policies may better support health providers, and address distribution issues to optimize financial expenditures. Second, pharmaceutical health care is part of biomedicine, which offers sharp contrast to the more holistic Inuit wellness model. In Nunavut, although the majority of inhabitants are Inuit, biomedical health care is delivered primarily by Qallunaat (non-Inuit) health providers. This research uses a comparative framework to contrast these two health models to explain how multiple levels of cultural discordance layered with postcolonial inequalities may influence patient-provider relationships and patient adherence to pharmacotherapy. Third, this research considers language discordance in pharmacy health care in Nunavut, where pharmacy services are delivered in English to predominantly Inuit language speaking patients. Pharmacy language discordance can result in adverse drug events and serious patient harm. This situation is currently in transition as language legislation in Nunavut will soon require pharmacy services to be available in Inuit languages and efforts are underway to standardize Inuit-language pharmaceutical terminology. Together, these three issues influence the quality of pharmacy health care in Nunavut and this thesis contributes to a greater understanding of issues which hold the potential to direct future endeavours towards the optimization of pharmacy health care in Nunavut.	Ph.D.	health, weather	3, 13
Romano, Donna M.	Goering, Paula N. ||McCay, Elizabeth	Reshaping an Enduring Sense of Self: The Process of Recovery from a First Episode of Schizophrenia	Medical Science	2009-06	Although many advances in the treatment of schizophrenia have been made over the past decade, little is known about the process of recovery from a first episode of schizophrenia (FES). To date, the study of recovery in the field of mental health has focused on long-term mental illness. This in depth qualitative study drew upon Charmaz’s (1990) constructivist grounded theory methodology to address the following questions: How do individuals who have experienced a FES describe their process of recovery? How does an identified individual (e.g. friend, family member, teacher, or clinician) describe their role during the participant’s process of recovery, and their perception of the recovery process? Ten primary participants (who self-identified as recovering from a FES) had two interviews; in addition, there was a one-time interview with a secondary participant, for a total of 30 interviews. Data collection sources included participant semi-structured interviews, participant selected personal objects that symbolized their recovery, and clinical records. The results provide a substantive theory of the process of recovery from a FES. The emergent process of recovery model for these participants is comprised of the following phases: ‘Lives prior to the illness’, ‘Lives interrupted: Encountering the illness’, ‘Engaging in services and supports’, ‘Re-engaging in life’, ‘Envisioning the future’; and the core category, ‘Re-shaping an enduring sense of self,’ that occurred through all phases. A prominent distinctive feature of this model is that participants’ enduring sense of self were reshaped versus reconstructed throughout their recovery. The emergent model of recovery from a FES is unique, and as such, provides implications for clinical care, future research, and policy development specifically for these young people and their families.	PhD	health	3
Root, Jennifer Lynn	Ramona, Alaggia	Building Conditional Safety "Brick by Brick": Conceptualizing Safety among Women who Experience Intimate Partner Violence	Social Work	2014-11	Empirical evidence and practice wisdom indicates women simultaneously endure and resist intimate partner violence (IPV) in an effort to protect themselves - to be safe. But what does it mean to be safe? Contemporary discourses and interventions often position physical safety, and reducing the threat of future harm, to be the primary goal of women's help-seeking behaviour, and by extension, the primary feature of what it means to be safe. However, there is no evidence indicating the elimination or minimization of direct physical harm is the primary feature of feeling safe. The purpose of this study was to examine 1) women's conceptualizations of safety and 2) how safety was achieved, in order to theorize about the broader construct of safety. Underpinned by intersectional and feminist theories, and guided by grounded theory methodology, 14 semi-structured interviews were conducted with women who self-identified as experiencing IPV. Analysis revealed women who experience IPV conceptualized safety in complicated, complex, and conditional ways. A key finding of this study revealed the notion of safety goes beyond the direct, embodied harms inherent in many abusive relationships. A broader formulation of safety emerged suggesting the concept spans economic, physical, emotional, psychological, and social domains. Building conditional safety across these various domains contributed to a variety of possible safety dispositions ranging from provisional safety to considerable safety. Data suggested women feel safest when they have power to make decisions; access to information about IPV; time and space to heal; housing and economic self-sufficiency; access to unconditional support; and most importantly no ongoing experience of IPV. While working to eliminate the impacts and consequences of IPV should certainly remain at the core of social work prevention and intervention strategies, the dynamic and ever-changing sense of safety women experience over the course of an abusive relationship must be more fully considered in future practice with survivors.	Ph.D.	women	5
Rosenberg-Yunger, Zahava R. S.	Martin, Douglas K.	Priority Setting for Expensive Biopharmaceuticals: An Analysis of Six Drug Case Studies	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2009-11	Priority setting for expensive biopharmaceuticals is one of the most important challenges for publicly funded health systems. One of the drivers of rising healthcare expenditures is pharmaceuticals (i.e., drugs). Moreover, people are living longer and their expectation of, and demand for, health care, drugs, and services are continually increasing. The overall aim of this research was to describe and evaluate reimbursement decisions for six expensive biopharmaceuticals across five countries in order to ascertain if the processes were legitimate and fair. I conducted qualitative case studies of six expensive biopharmaceuticals in order to describe and evaluate the priority setting activities of eight committees across five countries, including Canada, England and Wales, Australia, Israel and the United States. Data sources included: 1) 32 documents and 2) 56 interviews with informants. The recommendations process of each committee partially met the four conditions of ‘accountability for reasonableness’. My main finding is that, while a number of values were considered by committees when making reimbursement decisions, committees tended to focus on values of evidence, effectiveness and efficiency, but not the full range of relevant values. Thus, these contexts did not fully meet the conditions of legitimacy and fairness. I have provided an in-depth description of the eight committees’ priority setting activities regarding the study drugs, as well as committee members’, patients’ and industry representatives’ views regarding the process. I developed practical guidance for leaders for improving reimbursement decisions for expensive biopharmaceuticals, the implementation of which would enhance the fairness and legitimacy of priority setting. This study has demonstrated that in order to create a fair and legitimate drug reimbursement process, we need to ensure the incorporation of a wide range of values, and the involvement of multiple stakeholder groups within the deliberative and appeals/revisions processes.	PhD	health, industr	3, 9
Ross, Michael Stephen	Bickmore, Kathy	Building Peaceful Secondary School Climates: A Comparison of Anti-violence, Equity, Engagement and Community-Building Practices	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2015-06	Regularized daily practices in schools that exacerbate competition and exclusion in social relationships create environments in which conflicts are more likely to escalate into severe violence (Aronson 2000). School practices that rely on harsh punishment to prevent violence are often ineffective because punishment tends to fracture or impede the development of healthy relationships (Gladden 2002). This qualitative case study research examines various practices employed in three Ontario public high schools, linked to reducing the incidence of violence. Based on semi-structured interviews with school administrators, staff members and students, contextualized in relation to analysis of publicly-available documents, I describe, compare and analyze anti-violence, relationship-building, engagement and community-building practices and their perceived effectiveness in building peaceful school climates. Results show that proactive opportunities for students to develop a strong sense of attachment to their school, practice cooperation, and develop positive student-student and adult-student relationships seemed to be associated with building and/or sustaining peaceful school climates. School practices that placed students in cooperative horizontal relationship structures with peers, and communicative vertical relationship structures with adults, seemed to encourage peaceful interactions and support the development of social capital (relationship resources) for some student participants. In contrast, punitive practices to conflict and violence, such as suspensions, showed no evidence of building peace. Opportunities to engage in restorative peacemaking dialogue practices, although minimally used, seemed promising to resolve broken relationships in each school. This research supports the theory that reducing competition and exclusion and cultivating cooperative social relationships are promising practices that can reduce the risks of physical violence, bullying and other forms of aggression in schools. Unlike correlative survey research that may link incidence of aggression to individual student characteristics, this research points to proactive patterns of policy implementation and practice by school-based staff--based on inclusive interaction instead of harsh and exclusionary punishment--that may contribute to the achievement of sustainably peaceful climates.	Ed.D.	inclusive, peace	4, 16
Rotberg, Shahar	Kuruscu, Burhanettin||Kambourov, Gueorgui	Essays on Housing Markets, Housing Market Policies, and Taxation	Economics	2019-06	This thesis collects three papers studying topics related to housing markets, taxation, and macroeconomics. In Chapter 1, I study how capital and housing should be taxed. I formulate a housing model where credit is limited and the ability to invest capital varies across households. I calibrate the model to U.S. data and use it to determine the effect of housing and capital income taxation on the housing market and societal welfare. My main finding is that housing should be taxed at a positive rate and capital income should be subsidized. On the one hand, the housing tax raises housing costs for both renters and home-owners. On the other hand, the capital income subsidy encourages the most productive households to increase their capital investments, and thus, wages paid to labor rise. Since wages rise more rapidly than housing costs, overall welfare rises. In Chapter 2, I examine the misallocation of residential land in Israel and its implications for income taxation and societal welfare. I develop a methodology to calibrate a housing model to a transition path of over 50 years of Israeli data on land sales and show that Israel's government substantially oversold land and could have reduced its income tax rate by 1.8 percentage points. Restricting land sales is optimal because initial retired households own little land, initial housing demand is low and grows faster than interest rates, and because of the need to preserve land for large future generations. In Chapter 3, I explore the effect of wage income expectations on housing prices. I build a housing model, calibrate it to U.S. data, and show that wage income expectations alone can explain about 20% of the 2008 boom-bust in U.S. housing prices. The result is an outcome of households' perception that their expected life-time wage income is going up (down) during a sequence of good (bad) income shocks, which leads to a rapid increase (decrease) in housing demand and thus housing prices. This phenomenon is absent with rational expectations.	Ph.D.	wage, taxation	8, 10
Rottmann, Cynthia	Bascia, Nina	Organized Leadership for Equitable Change: Union-active Teachers Dedicated to Social Justice	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2011-06	Historically, teachers’ unions have been some of the major organizational sites of social justice leadership in K-12 education (Kuehn, 2007; M. Murphy, 1990; Urban, 1982), but until the mid 1990s, the term “social justice unionism” (Peterson & Charney, 1999) had little currency in teacher union circles. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to examine the concept of social justice unionism in context. In particular, I asked how teacher union activists contributed and responded to the institutionalization of social justice in their organization. I used a critical constructionist (Ball, 1987; Berger & Luckmann, 1966; D. E. Smith, 1987) perspective to analyze 25 career history (Goodson, 1994) interviews with teachers, staff and elected officials affiliated with the British Columbia Teachers’ Federation between 1967 and 2007, and found that successive generations of union-involved activists dedicated to labour solidarity, feminism, multiculturalism, anti-colonialism and anti-homophobia used networks of like-minded colleagues to counter bureaucratic norms within their organization, the education system and society. A qualitative depiction of these changes suggests that they were layered, multi-dimensional and uneven. They played out on a contested, uphill gradient shaped, but not determined, by four factors: the organizational prioritization of teacher welfare over social justice; historically persistent micro-political struggles between two federation caucuses; the centralizing tendencies of union leadership in response to the provincial government’s centralization of educational authority; and broader ruling relations in Canadian society. Still, despite this uphill gradient, all activist networks left a durable trace on federation history. The major significance of this finding for critical theorists and social justice activists is a modestly hopeful alternative to the traditional conceptions of change embedded in organizational theory: revolution, evolution or despair.	PhD	justice	16
Rouf, Kazi	Quarter, Jack	The Impact of the Grameen Bank upon the Patriarchal Family and Community Relations of Women Borrowers in Bangladesh	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2011-11	The purpose of the study is to: (1) examine the degree to which women borrowers of the Grameen Bank are being empowered to participate in familial decision-making around the management of income and expenditures like food, children’s education, dowry and teenage marriages; and (2) to examine women borrowers’ engagement in community activities such as the degree of freedom women are granted to visit public places like schools, local councils, banks and markets. In particular, the study explores the role of the Grameen Bank (GB) in women’s empowerment through the Sixteen Decisions, an educational program designed to empower women in the family and community. This study used a mixed-methods research design that included 61 GB women borrowers selected through purposive sampling. The data suggest that the participants have assumed leadership roles within their families: more than 80% of the study’s participants led decision making within their family; more than 90% supported their children’s education financially; 91% reported that they worked together with family members to manage day-to-day expenses; 80% reported that they manage their family incomes; 98% reported they do not like dowry marriages and teenage marriages; and 33% view male-dominant values as a hindrance to women’s development. The findings indicated that 98% of GB women borrower participants are engaged in community organizations and 94% do not face problems with this engagement. In the 2009 UpZilla (Municipal Sub-district) Election, out of 481 seats, 114 Female Chairs (25% of the total) were elected from the GB women borrowers and their families (Grameen Bank, 2009). In addition, the number of women borrowers serving as councilors has increased from 1,572 in 1997 to 1,950 in 2003; these data indicate that the number of women borrowers acting in formal leadership roles is increasing (Grameen Bank, 2009). The study finds the GB program has had a positive impact upon the borrowers’ relations in the family and community. In spite of these developments, one-fifth of GB women borrowers’ husbands control their wives’ loan money, an indication of the strength of patriarchy in Bangladesh. Although GB’s Sixteen Decisions have included economic issues and other social issues, none directly discusses gender inequality, which the study findings suggest is important. Hence a revision of the Sixteen Decisions is suggested.	PhD	inequality, equality, women, educat	4, 5, 10
Rozanski, Erin	Nyquist, Mary	Gender, Race and Reading: Relationality in Alice Munro, Joan Riviere, Jane Campion and Alice Walker	English	2017-11	This thesis considers the question of femininity in psychoanalysis and cultural life, through an analysis of how short stories by Alice Munro and Alice Walker and film by Jane Campion stage and engage with it. In chapters one and two, I argue that Munro’s stories in Open Secrets assemble myths of feminine survival that take on a truth value as plausible alternative descriptions of culture to those stories which psychoanalysis describes as ultimate. As such, “The Jack Randa Hotel” and “Open Secrets” provide a complex commentary on gender and its relationship to questions of knowledge. My contention is not so much that Munro’s stories “resist” or parody psychoanalytic understandings of gender, as that they disclose latent possibilities in the original that are not fully available to distanced, linear/discursive thought. Correspondingly, my work considers psychoanalysis not as a closed or discrete set of textual practices, but as a cultural text open to continual signification and resignification by successive generations of writers – and thus, to ameliorative reinterpretations. This approach offers a way of moving beyond the false dualism of a “psychoanalytic” perspective which disregards the claims of history and an historical one which reifies a transparently self-available subject – by embracing, in order to qualify, the validity of each. Chapters three and four consider the normativity of “whiteness” in the construction of gender in the West, as it bears on a specific psychoanalytic text and concept (chapter three) and shows up in the grammar of Jane Campion’s film (chapter four). Chapter three reads Joan Riviere’s “Womanliness as a Masquerade” (1929) in terms of how it encodes this norm. Chapter four considers the implications of my reading of feminine masquerade in chapter three for film theory. I analyze how Campion’s In the Cut deploys signifiers of racial difference to foreground its white female lead’s crisis of subjectivization. In a final chapter, I conclude the thesis with a reading of Alice Walker’s “Advancing Luna—and Ida B. Wells,” which speaks to the possibilities for (or limitations on) solidarity between white and black women, and to the omissions of white feminist theory with which Campion’s film contends.	Ph.D.	gender	5
Ruben, Nicolás Ernesto Jose Campione	Evans, David C.||Reisz, Robert R.	Inferring Body Mass in Extinct Terrestrial Vertebrates and the Evolution of Body Size in a Model-Clade of Dinosaurs (Ornithopoda)	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2013-11	Organismal body size correlates with almost all aspects of ecology and physiology. As a result, the ability to infer body size in the fossil record offers an opportunity to interpret extinct species within a biological, rather than simply a systematic, context. Various methods have been proposed by which to estimate body mass (the standard measure of body size) that center on two main approaches: volumetric reconstructions and extant scaling. The latter are particularly contentious when applied to extinct terrestrial vertebrates, particularly stem-based taxa for which living relatives are difficult to constrain, such as non-avian dinosaurs and non-therapsid synapsids, resulting in the use of volumetric models that are highly influenced by researcher bias. However, criticisms of scaling models have not been tested within a comprehensive extant dataset. Based on limb measurements of 200 mammals and 47 reptiles, linear models were generated between limb measurements (length and circumference) and body mass to test the hypotheses that phylogenetic history, limb posture, and gait drive the relationship between stylopodial circumference and body mass as critics suggest. Results reject these and instead recover a highly conserved relationship that provides a robust method to estimate body mass in extinct quadrupedal tetrapods. The constrained model is then used to derive a mathematical correction that permits the body mass of bipedal taxa to be estimated from the quadrupedal-based equation. These equations thus form the empirical baseline dataset with which to assess the accuracy of mass estimates derived from volumetric reconstructions, which, although subjective, are crucial for interpreting biomechanical and physiological attributes in extinct forms. The models developed through this research provide accurate and consistent estimates of body size in terrestrial vertebrates, with important implications for generating large datasets aimed at reconstructing macroevolutionary patterns of body size in association with changing Earth systems.	PhD	ecology	15
Rubenstein, Richard Samuel	Arnold, Mary Louise	Different But Equal? A Developmental Analysis of Variability in Adolescents' Understandings of Social Justice	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2016-06	Coming of age in an increasingly diverse social world, contemporary youth must make sense of the complexities of social differences and the disparities that exist between privileged and marginalized groups. This mixed methods study had two main objectives: (1) to examine adolescents’ understandings of social justice through their social awareness and perspective taking in the areas of racism, sexism, and classism; and (2) to assess whether these understandings varied as a function of cognitive (critical thinking, moral judgment) and affective (empathy) skills. Ninety-eight adolescents in Grades 9 and 12, evenly divided by sex, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, completed a questionnaire measuring their awareness of social (in)justice in society at large and also participated in a semi-structured interview designed to assess their perspective-taking in hypothetical peer conflicts depicting these problems. Results showed that adolescents were moderately aware of social injustice overall, demonstrating greatest awareness of classism and least awareness of sexism. Qualitative analyses of interview responses revealed five levels of perspective taking, signifying increasingly mature interpretations of group differences. On average, participants assumed a `nominal` perspective that was naïve to social disparities and emphasized concerns about ‘equality’ over ‘equity’. Perspective taking was most sophisticated in the area of racism and least regarding sexism. Variability was also observed across grade, social location, and cognitive and affective skills. As expected, older adolescents demonstrated more mature understandings of social justice than younger adolescents. Furthermore, age-related differences were larger among adolescents attending higher SES schools. Minority youth showed greater awareness of racism than majority participants. Females demonstrated more mature understandings of sexism than males, and adolescents attending higher SES schools showed more mature understandings of classism than their lower SES counterparts. In addition, controlling for the effects of grade moral judgment predicted both social awareness and perspective taking, having the greatest effect in the area of classism and weakest in the area of sexism. Similarly, adolescents’ empathy levels predicted perspective taking in the area of sexism. These findings underline the importance of fostering adolescents’ understandings of social justice for the development of attitudes and behaviours that promote equity among all members of society.	Ph.D.	justice, socioeconomic, equality	1, 5, 16
Rudoler, David M.	Deber, Raisa||Laporte, Audrey	Paying for Primary Care: The Relationship between Payment Change and Primary Care Physician Behaviour	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2015-11	The Ontario government introduced several alternatives to fee-for-service (FFS) payment for primary care physicians (PCPs), including age-sex adjusted capitation (CAP). There is concern that this reform encouraged PCPs to avoid sicker, more complex patients due to incentives inherent in the new payment schemes. This dissertation analyzed the extent to which this occurred. We conducted a series of studies using patient and PCP level administrative data (1999/00 â 2010/11) from the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences to analyze changes in patient cost and case-mix across payment models in Ontario. Our data captured all Ontarians and PCPs in FFS, enhanced- FFS and CAP payment models during the study period. To ensure our findings were robust we analyzed PCP characteristics associated with selection into different payment models, and controlled for this selection effect in our analysis of the impact of the payment incentives. In our studies, we used both non-parametric (relative distribution) and parametric methods (multinomial selection models). Our results demonstrate that there are differences in cost and case-mix across payment models and that these differences were both pre-existing and a result of responses to payment incentives. PCPs who self-selected into CAP models were more likely to have healthier and wealthier patients than PCPs in FFS models. Furthermore, we found that PCPs who treated healthier patients, benefited financially from payment reform. We did find evidence that PCPs altered the composition of their rosters because of payment incentives; however, the effects were small and largely accounted for by PCP self-selection effects. The mixed CAP payment scheme allowed PCPs to treat sicker patients off roster, which may have ameliorated some of the financial incentives to risk select. Our findings demonstrate that PCPs did respond to financial incentives. In particular, PCPs self-selected into payment models, based on pre-existing characteristics that allowed them to maximize their preferences for consumption and leisure. We did not find strong evidence in support of risk-selection, but did find evidence that age-sex adjusted capitation disproportionately benefited PCPs with pre-existing patient rosters that were less complex. Future reforms to PCP payment should take into account how PCPs sort themselves into payment models, and better account for the heterogeneity of PCP and patient populations.	Ph.D.	health	3
Rudzik, Nicholas James	Smith, Sandy	Temporal Changes in Reproduction, Competition, and Predation after Establishment of Introduced Populations of the greater European Pine Shoot Beetle, Tomicus Piniperda (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae)	Forestry	2009-11	The establishment of exotic species in novel environments is a major environmental concern, however, few long-term studies have examined the effects of these species on their host environment and community, especially in forest ecosystems. The arrival and subsequent spread of the greater European pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), into southern Ontario pine forests provided a natural experiment to assess biotic interactions between an exotic species and its new community over several years. Reproductive success of Tomicus piniperda colonies of various ages was studied between 2001 and 2004. The size and composition of competitor and natural enemy complexes present in these communities were also quantified over time. The impact of the natural enemy complexes on T. piniperda reproduction was assessed, Brood production (no. eggs and galleries/female) by T. piniperda populations rapidly approached those reported from its native range in Europe, with lower densities of parental adults. Thus, reproduction remained consistently above the replacement level for this beetle over all four years of study suggesting that these recently-introduced populations were growing rapidly and at a greater rate than in their country of origin. Tomicus piniperda successfully integrated into a large bark beetle community, and appeared to be capable of displacing native beetles to more marginal bark habitats, however, these competitors were not eliminated during the course of the study. The long-term effect of this marginalization on populations of native beetles is uncertain. Tomicus piniperda rapidly acquired natural enemies in the introduced areas, however, natural enemy-caused mortality did not show a regulating effect on its populations. It seems that intraspecific competition, rather than predation, regulates T. piniperda populations following introduction. The implications of these findings for the establishment and spread of exotic species in forest systems are examined, especially with reference to a prominent theory for success, the Enemy Release Hypothesis. In short, the Enemy Release Hypothesis is not applicable to an exotic species that is not regulated by natural enemies in its native range, and assessments of the Enemy Release Hypothesis should always include a determination of enemy regulation of the exotic in its native range.	PhD	forest, environment	13, 15
Rueda, Sergio Ismael	Mustard, Cameron	Labour Force Participation and Health-related Quality of Life in People Living with HIV	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2011-11	This dissertation consists of four papers aimed at understanding the complex relationship between employment and health. One paper is a systematic review of the return to work literature, while the other three papers used secondary data from three cohorts of people with HIV to examine the association between employment and health-related quality of life. The systematic review looked at longitudinal studies that reported health outcomes associated with return to work in relation to other employment trajectories. This review supported the beneficial effect of return to work on health in a variety of populations, times, and settings, and also found evidence that poor health interferes with the prospects of returning to work. Two other papers looked at the association between employment and health-related quality of life in people with HIV; one paper used a cross-sectional sample of people with HIV, while the other paper used a longitudinal sample of men who have sex with men. These two studies found evidence to support the association between employment and both physical and mental health-related quality of life. They also found that employment had a stronger relationship with physical than mental health, suggesting an adaptation process to the experience of unemployment. Finally, another paper examined the cross-sectional association between job security and quality of life in men and women living with HIV. This study found that job security offered additional mental health quality of life benefits, over and above participation in employment alone, for men living with HIV. On the other hand, women benefited from the availability of work, but the perception of job security failed to offer additional health benefits. The current level of evidence on the relationship between work and health in HIV needs to be strengthened by further research to develop and support practical clinical and policy recommendations.	PhD	employment, women	5, 8
Ruppert, Jonathan Leo William	Fortin, Marie-Josée	Top-predators as structuring agents in dynamic marine environments	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2013-11	Global declines in top-predators are occurring due established and ongoing fisheries throughout the world’s oceans. In particular, dramatic declines have been observed for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the boreal sub-arctic and for reef sharks (mostly Carcharhinidae spp.) in coral reefs. The impact of these declines on marine communities still remains largely unclear due to food web complexity, interacting factors, confounding variables, and fluctuating ecosystem states. Furthermore, as the impact of disturbances on communities can be press (e.g. fisheries), pulse (e.g. environmental variability) or combine, fisheries contribute to disturbance regimes that can generate heterogeneity in communities, meaning that their effects are likely not uniform across space and time. Determining the ecological role of top-predators, as top-down structuring agents, alongside ecosystem disturbances is fundamental to understanding baseline conditions and ultimately may help to inform conservation efforts. This thesis investigates the relative roles of top-predators and disturbances to build an understanding of how marine communities and food webs may be structured. This thesis aims to address: (i) how environmental variability may impact the role of top-predators, (ii) determine the ecological role of top-predators in coral reef environments, (iii) how top-down and bottom-up structuring agents impact variability in food webs, and (iv) how humans are modifying the role of top-down and bottom-up structuring agents. In this thesis I present three main findings: (i) top-predators have a strong top-down influence on marine communities and food webs alongside other disturbances, (ii) combined effects (between top-down and bottom-up structuring agents) can impact communities at broad and fine spatial scales, and (iii) spatial heterogeneity in structuring agents caused by human activities, impacts food web dynamics across multiple spatial scales. The findings in this thesis provide a foundation from which management decisions can be made to ultimately address restoration and conservation goals.	PhD	food, urban, environment, ocean, conserv, fish	2, 11, 13, 14
Russel, Gail	Sawchuk, Peter	Canadian Arctic Policy and Program Development and Inuit Recognition: A Neoliberal Governmentality Analysis of Canada's Northern Strategy and "The Missing Piece"	Social Justice Education	2015-06	In 2007, the Canadian government announced its commitment to the development of the Canadian North through launching Canada's Northern Strategy. The purpose of the Strategy was to address the issue of climate change and its associated effects of increased natural resource extraction and shipping activity in the Canadian Arctic region. Different from past federal government policy and program development initiatives in the Canadian Arctic, this Strategy appeared to make central Inuit voices by way of involving them in the four pillars that constituted the Strategy: Exercising our Arctic sovereignty, promoting social and economic development, protecting our environmental heritage, and improving and devolving northern governance. As the Strategy began to unfold, however, responses from Inuit communities suggested otherwise. Current literature in regards to this issue agrees that Inuit have been placed on the periphery of Canada's Northern Strategy. Instead of asking how this took place, focus has been placed on ways to better insert Inuit voices into the Strategy as it moves forward. As a consequence, this issue does not get fully resolved. My dissertation examines the question: How do Inuit get positioned on the periphery of Canada's Northern Strategy in the first place? I posit that it is in illuminating the political rationale that underpins the Strategy where this question can be addressed. Using a neoliberal governmentality framework, I examine three case studies from Canada's Northern Strategy that are all in their beginning stages of development, in order to reveal how a neoliberal political rationale is operating within each of these projects and, consequently, how it defines the way in which Inuit communities are able to participate. The intention of this analysis is to illuminate both the objective and associated technologies that are responsible for placing Inuit communities on the periphery, in order to be able to reconsider how these aspects influence the Strategy and its relationship with Inuit communities moving forward.	Ph.D.	climate, environment, governance	13, 16
Rutledge, Lynn Margaret	Rappolt, Susan G||Bisaillon, Laura	Everyday Tragedies: People with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in the Liminal Spaces of a Level I Trauma Centre	Rehabilitation Science	2019-06	Sustaining a severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) can have a devastating and permanent impact on a person’s ability to function, on their selfhood, on their families, and on the spaces where they can exist in the world. Individuals with sTBI in Ontario are often transported to Level I Trauma Centres, as textually mediated by the provincial Life or Limb Policy, to ensure access to expert lifesaving medical care. After entering these trauma centres, transitions across the spaces of the trauma centre, from critical care to intensive care to a trauma ward, can signify recovery through decreased reliance on medical technology and medical care. Rehabilitation is required as individuals with sTBI become medically stable to ensure further improvement. This rehabilitation is needed to prepare these individuals to move to other healthcare spaces, such as inpatient rehabilitation, repatriation hospitals, or to return home. Textually mediated institutional relations through the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care (MOHLTC), specifically the Acquired Brain Injury (ABI) Resource Rehab Tool, ignite sites of struggle in the provision of rehabilitation for individuals with sTBI. These sites of struggles reveal ruling relations that remain hidden until the institution is brought into view using an empirical method of inquiry, institutional ethnography. Specific methods in this dissertation included: participant observation, interviews, a focus group, and analysis of texts. Findings of this study suggest language in the ABI Resource Rehab Tool, specifically the discursive organizer “rehab ready” cleaves individuals with sTBI into two groups: (1) those with faster recoveries able to gain access to inpatient rehabilitation, and (2) those with slower recoveries who do not meet these restrictive guidelines and become unaccounted for in healthcare spaces, with limited options for rehabilitation. Trauma centres are medicalized spaces, whereby provincial funding is distributed on the basis of medical procedures, not rehabilitation. One notable contradiction in funding is revealed for individuals with stroke, who access beds for rehabilitation in acute care and other initiatives outlined by the provincial stroke strategy. No such provincial strategy exists for individuals with sTBI, leaving these individuals marginalized through more limited access to rehabilitation within the healthcare continuum.	Ph.D.	health	3
Ryan, Kathleen	Smith, Sandy ||Groot, Peter de	Interactions between the Woodwasp Sirex noctilio and Co-habiting Phloem- and Woodboring Beetles, and their Fungal Associates in southern Ontario	Forestry	2011-06	In its introduced southern hemisphere range, Sirex noctilio causes considerable mortality in non-native pine forests. In its native Eurasian range however, S. noctilio is of little concern perhaps due to interactions with a well-developed community of pine-inhabiting insects and their associated microorganisms. If such interactions occur, they may limit the woodwasp’s impact in its newly introduced range in North America. My research addresses two broad questions: 1) Does S. noctilio share its habitat with other insects and if so, with whom? 2) Is there evidence that co-habitants affect S. noctilio, and if so how might such interactions occur? Field studies undertaken to describe the woodwasp’s host-attack ecology in Pinus sylvestris showed S. noctilio activity occurred between mid-July and late August, and other phloem- and woodborers sometimes entered the tree after the woodwasp. Tree mortality occurred from two weeks to several months after initial woodwasp symptoms. Suppressed or intermediate trees, those with ≤ 25% residual foliage, or those with stem injury or previous woodwasp symptoms were most likely to have symptoms of woodwasp attack. A second field study conducted to identify associated insect species in S. noctilio-infested Pinus sp. showed the wasp was sometimes found alone, but usually shared the tree with other phloem- or woodboring insects, most commonly the curculionids Tomicus piniperda, Pissodes nemorensis and Ips grandicollis and the cerambycid Monochamus carolinensis. I found no indication that wasps were absent when beetles were present, but there was evidence that woodwasps were less abundant, but larger, when beetles were present. Experiments showed that indirect interactions can occur between the two insect groups via fungal associates of one or both. In the laboratory, the woodwasp symbiont was outcompeted by two beetle-associated fungi, Leptographium wingfieldii and Ophiostoma minus, over a range of temperatures. Under field conditions the woodwasp was able to detect and avoid ovipositing in P. sylvestris inoculated with L. wingfieldii, but its oviposition was unaffected by O. minus. My results show that insects co-habiting pine with S. noctilio have potential to exert a measure of biological control on the woodwasp and may help to limit its impact in North America.	PhD	forest	15
Saadatnia, Zia	Naguib, Hani E||Esmailzadeh, Ebrahim	Design and Development of Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Water Wave Energy Harvesting	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2019-11	Mechanical energy harvesting from the motion of water waves is a very promising direction toward the replacement of batteries and fossil fuels with a clean and sustainable energy resource. Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has been introduced recently as a novel and potent technology for this purpose, and the use of TENG for water wave energy harvesting has been investigated to some extent. However, there are two main challenges in this path including: A) design of advanced TENG systems for effective wave energy harvesting, and B) development of novel methods and materials for improving the performance of TENG systems. This research addresses the two challenges in three directions including development and analysis of advanced structural designs for TENG-based wave energy harvesters, development of a surface modification technique for the TENG improvement, and development of advanced materials for high performance TENG systems. For the advanced structural design direction, initially a comprehensive analysis is carried out on the performance of a hybridized TENG and electromagnetic (EMG) wave energy harvester based on the duck-shaped structure. Then, a hybridized TENG-EMG wave energy harvester is developed and analyzed based on the heaving point absorber mechanism. Lastly, the heaving hybridized TENG-EMG is fabricated and experimentally evaluated to demonstrate the application of proposed design. For the surface modification direction, a novel and facile method is developed for improving the surface morphology of polymeric layers which are embedded into the TENG. This method is based the hot embossing of polymers on self-assembled micro particles which can effectively boost the output performance of TENG systems. For the advanced materials direction, highly porous polymeric aerogels namely polyimide and polyurethane aerogels are developed and synthesized to be used as the main contact materials in the TENG which can remarkably enhance the TENG electrical output characteristics. In overall, this research provides guidelines toward design and development of high performance TENG-based systems for wave energy harvesting.	Ph.D.	water, energy	6, 7
Saari, Margaret Elizabeth	Tourangeau, Ann E	Home and Community-Based Service Utilization Patterns for Seniors with Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias	Nursing Science	2017-11	Background: Half a million Canadians are living with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. Approximately half these individuals live in the community, supported by informal caregivers. In this population, utilization of formal services is low and patterns of utilization are not well understood. Previous studies examining predictors of service use have examined services in isolation however, often multiple services are utilized, with little coordination between services. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide a better understanding of the community-based services utilized concurrently by seniors with dementia and their caregivers. Methods: Administrative data were utilized to conduct a secondary analysis. Using latent class analysis, cases were categorized into patterns of home and community-based health and support service use. Multinomial logistic regression was employed to identify predictors of identified service use patterns. Results: A broad range of services were utilized by seniors with dementia in this sample. Services supporting patients’ functional needs were utilized most frequently, while services addressing patients’ medical needs, rehabilitation and caregiver relief were used less often. Utilization of all services, except nursing and occupational therapy, varied by level of cognitive impairment. Seven unique patterns of home and community-based service use were identified. Key patient and caregiver characteristics impacting service use patterns included living arrangement, functional impairment, location of care, cognitive impairment, age, continence, and caregiver relationship. Conclusions: The majority of community-based seniors with dementia did not access formal services. For those who did access formal services, availability of informal caregivers, living arrangement, caregiver relationship and location of care impacted the pattern of service use. A proactive approach to supporting caregivers and reducing the impact of functional limitations is recommended. Further research is needed to understand caregivers’ decision-making processes affecting service utilization and to assess the impact of patterns of service utilization on both patient and caregiver outcomes.	Ph.D.	health	3
Saary, Maria Joan	Holness, Dorothy Linn	A New Conceptualization of Occupational Outcome	Medical Science	2008-06	This thesis presents a new conceptual model of occupational outcome based on the results of input from 5 key stakeholder groups in the field of occupational health including patients, healthcare providers, employers, unions, and insurers. Data from 77 participants who took part in one of either 18 individual interviews or 11 focus groups were qualitatively content analyzed. The goals were to: 1) compare the range of meanings given to the concepts of health, occupational health, and occupational outcome, 2) understand the range of opinions among stakeholders and identify areas of agreement or disagreement and, 3) to develop a framework of occupational outcome incorporating the views of all key stakeholders. Health, occupational health, and occupational outcome were found to have different and complex meanings that extended beyond those in existing research, and that related to the role a variable is hypothesized to have in a larger framework. Stakeholders differed in the depth, breadth, and qualitative nature of the themes discussed. Natural alignments among some stakeholder groups emerged which varied depending on the context, however a specific focus could be identified for each group. No single stakeholder group alone expressed all the themes and the complexity of the relationships among them; the whole could only be understood in terms of the sum of the stakeholder parts. A new model emerges in which occupational outcome is encompassed by the interactions of 3 key factors: Function and Ability, Individual Behaviours, and Environmental Factors. These are embedded within larger models of both occupational health that includes both individual health and workplace health, and of quality which is comprised of the interactions between structure variables, system participant factors, and outcome. The new model and the process undertaken to develop it meet two important needs for occupational health; enhancing understanding and conceptualization of occupational outcome, and enhancing understanding of the perspectives of stakeholders in the occupational healthcare system. The findings have implications for research, and delivery of quality care to patients with occupational disease or injuries. Some next steps include model validation and testing, measurement scale development, clarifying new variables through ongoing stakeholder discussion, and model application.	PhD	health	3
Sabaliauskas, Kelly	Evans, Greg J	Toronto Residents' Exposure to Ultrafine Particles	Chemical Engineering Applied Chemistry	2015-06	In urban areas, ultrafine particles (UFP: defined as particulate matter with diameters less than 100nm) are emitted in significant quantities from vehicles and form through a complex series of secondary reactions in the atmosphere. Large uncertainties surrounding the long-term behaviour and spatial distribution of UFP in urban areas have been a significant obstacle for exposure assessment. This research examined one of the longest existing urban UFP data sets, collected at a roadside location in downtown Toronto. Between 2006 and 2011, the concentration of particles with diameters	Ph.D.	urban	11
Sabbahi, Dania Abdulelah	Lawrence, Herenia	Association between Oral Health Literacy and Patient-Centred and Clinical Outcomes	Dentistry	2013-11	During the last decade, oral health literacy (OHL) has received significant attention as an important factor that might affect oral health outcomes. Few published instruments are available to measure OHL. Most of these instruments focus on measuring the functional OHL (word recognition, comprehension and numeracy skills) with no attempt in the literature to measure other levels of oral health literacy (communicative and critical OHL). The aim of this PhD thesis was to cover some of the deficiencies in OHL research. A conceptual framework for the factors or outcomes affecting or affected by OHL was developed. Several factors and outcomes were included in the model, including: socio-demographics, dental usage and oral health behaviour variables, self-perceived oral health status, dental knowledge, oral health impact, quality of patient-dentist communication, caries experience and periodontal condition. In the first part of the project, a new communicative and critical OHL instrument (CCOHLI) was developed. CCOHLI displayed high internal consistency and good test-retest reliability. Construct validity of the CCOHLI was established against other health literacy and OHL instruments. Predictive validity was established by significant associations with oral hygiene behaviours, self-perceived oral health status, and caries experience at a multivariate level. The aim of the second part was to confirm the predictive and construct validity of the previously developed and validated OHL instrument (OHLI). The construct validity of the OHLI was confirmed against medical and dental word recognition tests. The predictive validity of the OHLI was confirmed with significant associations with some of the socio-demographics, oral health knowledge, prevalence of oral health impact, and caries experience at multivariate level. In the third part, the validity of a set of questions as a quick tool to identify patients with limited OHL was established. These screening questions can provide a rapid and inexpensive way to identify patients with limited oral health literacy in a busy clinical setting or to conduct large-scale studies. The fourth part shed light on patient-dentist communication as one of the factors that might be influenced by the level of OHL. This area requires special attention in order to improve the quality of the communication process.	PhD	health	3
Sabin, Jerald Jeffery Devlin	White, Graham	Contested Colonialism: The Rise of Settler Politics in Yukon and the Northwest Territories	Political Science	2016-06	Despite forty years of institutional innovation across Northern Canada â including the creation of Indigenous governments and Nunavut â why do the governments of Yukon and the Northwest Territories (NWT) so closely conform to the established norms of Canadian parliamentary and bureaucratic governance? In this study, I argue that these governments reflect the political preferences of non-Indigenous settlers, and that these preferences were embedded in the design of territorial institutions during their formation in the 1960s and 1970s. The institutional legacy of this period continues to structure political and economic dynamics in the territories today. To make this argument, I develop the theoretical concept of contested colonialism, which explains the distinct position of non-Indigenous peoples in Northern society as actors who simultaneously bring colonialism to the North, while also contesting elements of that same colonial order. It is marked by the emergence of a stable settler society, the structural alignment of settler interests with those of colonial federal administrators, and the capacity of settlers to take advantage of political opportunities to further their own interests. Using interpretivist and qualitative methods, including extensive archival research, I trace the rise of settler politics through the prism of liberal autonomy movements and the development of responsible government in both territories. Demographic, geographic, and economic factors account for differences in the effectiveness of settler movements across Yukon and the NWT.	Ph.D.	innovation, governance	9, 16
Sacco, Jocelyn	Tarasuk, Valerie	An Examination of the Population Health Implications of Voluntary Food Fortification and Nutrition-related Marketing Practices in Canada.	Nutritional Sciences	2012-11	The 2004 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) revealed many indicators of poor diet quality in Canada which, together with the high rates of obesity and diet-related chronic disease, suggest that shifts in dietary patterns are urgently needed. Given the widespread promotion of foods on the basis of nutrition and health, the aim of this work was to explore the population health implications of voluntary food fortification and nutrition-related marketing in Canada. Using the CCHS, the potential impact of a proposed discretionary food fortification policy on nutrient inadequacies and excesses was examined, in addition to the relationship between consumption of foods eligible to be fortified under this policy and indicators of dietary quality. To better understand the potential risk associated with liberal fortification practices, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-08) was used to examine potential for risk of excess associated with voluntarily fortified food consumption in the US, where these practices have long been permitted. The results suggest that proposed changes to voluntary fortification may reduce inadequacy and increase excess, and may reinforce poor diet patterns. Excessive nutrient intakes were also found to be associated with consumption of voluntarily fortified foods in the US, particularly among children. Therefore, there appears to be real potential for risk associated with voluntary fortification practices in Canada. The extent, nature, and population health implications of nutrition marketing in Canada was examined, using a survey of front-of-package nutrition-related marketing on foods within three large grocery stores in Toronto. Nutrition-related marketing was found on 41% of all foods surveyed, and was widely found on highly processed, often fortified foods. References to nutrients of public health concern (e.g. sodium, vitamin D) were infrequently found. Overall, this practice provides limited nutritional guidance. Current directions in nutrition policy in Canada should be re-evaluated, to ensure that they support healthy diet patterns.	PhD	consum, nutrition, health	2, 3, 12
Sadat, Somayeh	Carter, Michael W.	Theory of Constraints for Publicly Funded Health Systems	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2009-06	This thesis aims to fill the gaps in the literature of the theory of constraints (TOC) in publicly funded health systems. While TOC seems to be a natural fit for this resource-constrained environment, there are still no reported application of TOC’s drum-buffer-rope tool and inadequate customizations with regards to defining system-wide goal and performance measures. The “Drum-Buffer-Rope for an Outpatient Cancer Facility” chapter is a real world case study exploring the usefulness of TOC’s drum-buffer-rope scheduling technique in a publicly funded outpatient cancer facility. With the use of a discrete event simulation model populated with historical data, the drum-buffer-rope scheduling policy is compared against “high constraint utilization” and “low wait time” scenarios. Drum-buffer-rope proved to be an effective mechanism in balancing the inherent tradeoff between the two performance measures of instances of delayed treatment and average patient wait time. To find the appropriate level of compromise in one performance measure in favor of the other, the linkage of these measures to system-wide performance measures are proposed. In the “Theory of Constraints’ Performance Measures for Publicly Funded Health Systems” chapter, a system dynamics representation of the classical TOC’s system-wide goal and performance measures for publicly traded for-profit companies is developed, which forms the basis for developing a similar model for publicly funded health systems. The model is then expanded to include some of the factors that affect system performance, providing a framework to apply TOC’s process of ongoing improvement in publicly funded health systems. The “Connecting Low-Level Performance Measures to the Goal” chapter attempts to provide a framework to link the low-level performance measures with system-wide performance measures. It is claimed that until such a linkage is adequately established, TOC has not been fully transferred to publicly funded health systems.	PhD	health	3
Saebimoghaddam, Abdolreza	Grabinsky, Murray	Liquefaction of Early Age Cemented Paste Backfill	Civil Engineering	2010-06	Modern mines require systems that quickly deliver backfill to support the rock mass surrounding underground openings. Cemented Paste Backfill (CPB) is one such backfilling method, but concerns have been raised about CPB’s liquefaction susceptibility especially when the material has just been placed, and if it is exposed to earthquakes or large mining induced seismic events. Conventional geotechnical earthquake engineering for surface structures is now relatively advanced and well accepted, and so the objective of this thesis is to consider how that framework might be extended to assess the liquefaction potential of CPB. Seismic records were analyzed for earthquakes and for large mining induced events. Important seismological trends were consistent for rockbursts and earthquakes when the signals were recorded at distances as proximate as one kilometre, suggesting that the conventional earthquake engineering approach might plausibly be adapted for such design situations. For production blasts and for more proximate locations to rockbursts, much higher frequencies dominate and therefore new design methods may be required. Monotonic triaxial tests conducted on normally consolidated uncemented mine tailings demonstrated that the material is initially contractive up to a phase transition point, beyond which dilation occurs. Most importantly the material never exhibits unstable strain softening behaviour in compression, and only temporary or limited liquefaction in extension. The addition of 3% binder results in initial sample void ratios that are even higher than their uncemented counterparts, and yet the material friction is slightly enhanced when tested at 4 hours cure. These results suggest that the flow liquefaction phenomenon commonly associate with undrained loose sand fills will not occur with paste backfill. Cyclic triaxial test results analyzed in terms of number of cycles to failure for a given cyclic stress ratio exhibited a trend consistent with previous tests on similar materials. However, the addition of 3% binder and testing at 4 hours cure resulted in an order of magnitude larger number of cycles to failure – a surprising and dramatic increase, suggesting good resistance of the material to cyclic mobility. Future research is recommended to build on these results and develop more robust methods for liquefaction assessment of CPB.	PhD	production	12
Safieddine, Hicham	Hanssen, Jens	Economic Sovereignty and the Fetters of Finance: The Making of Lebanon's Central Bank	Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations	2015-06	Lebanon gained formal political independence from France in 1943. Yet, its Central Bank, Banque du Liban, was not founded until 1964. This study is a critical history of the making of Banque du Liban. I trace the Central Bank's formation from its Ottoman origins in the mid-19th century up to its inauguration in 1964 and restructuring a few years later following a major banking crisis. I analyze this history in the context of theoretical questions of state formation and institution-building in a Middle Eastern context. Employing a structural empiricist approach, I argue that Banque du Liban, as an instrument of monetary policy and a set of rules and regulations governing banking operations, was constituted by a complex interaction of war economies, international financial regimes, post-colonial state-building, global currents of technocratic knowledge, and private business interests. I show that despite its representation by Lebanese authorities as a symbol of economic sovereignty and growth, the resultant institution seldom acted as a lever for asserting monetary autonomy or pursuing economic development. It was, to a large extent, an apparatus that reproduced colonial monetary policies and, more significantly, served rather than challenged the interests of the indigenous banking class. My study questions dominant accounts of Lebanon's post-WWII political economy. It eschews a sectarian framework of analysis, challenges the division of Lebanon's post-WWII economic history into a laissez-faire period and a later planned phase, and emphasizes the institutional dimension of how political and economic forces shape the state. The study also aims to illustrate the historical specificity of the process of state building and the limits of economic sovereignty in a neo-colonial setting while simultaneously probing the degree of rupture and continuity in the evolution of financial institutions over time.	Ph.D.	institution	16
Sagaris, Lake	Sorensen, Andre	Citizens, Complexity and the City Lessons from Citizen Participation in Urban (Transport) Planning in Santiago Chile, 1997-2012	Planning	2013-06	Abstract Twentieth century, citizen “revolts” against highway projects have influenced thinking about public transport (Toronto, Vancouver, New York), governance (Portland), and cycling (The Netherlands) to this day. Less is known about how these emerge in developing countries, and what they can tell us about citizens’ role in innovation to achieve more socially just, good and livable cities. Using a complexity-based approach, this dissertation explores lessons from an anti-highway movement in Santiago, Chile (1997), which challenged authoritarian planning paradigms inherited from the Pinochet regime (1973-1990). In 2000, these leaders of diverse communities founded a citizen institution, Living City (Ciudad Viva), which today is a prize-winning, citizen-led planning institution. Participation is recognized as important to community development, health and urban planning. Nonetheless, a rich literature notes many limitations. Is improving participation just a matter of “getting the process right”? Or does it require re-formulating frameworks to redistribute power, fostering self-generating civil society organizations, and treating democratization as ongoing rather than a “steady state”? Re-formulating frameworks has far-reaching implications. It requires acting consistently with the premise that the local is central to change in human living systems, and the need to create the civic “infrastructure” conducive to citizen learning and the emergence of multiscalar citizen organizations, able to mobilize ecology of actors for innovation. To effectively address the challenges of climate change, loss of biodiversity, the social determinants of health, the “obesity epidemic” and other issues, the answers lie in city neighbourhoods and human settlements. If we aspire to good, just and livable cities, uncertain futures require planning for change. This research suggests that we can identify dynamics likely to leverage significant change and activate capacities throughout a system. This requires moving to an inclusive planning paradigm that fully integrates citizen planners.	PhD	inclusive, infrastructure, innovation, cities, urban, climate, biodiversity, governance	4, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16
Sage, Michael Douglas	McIlroy, William E||Roy, Eric A	Priming the Brain for Recovery from Stroke: The Role of Aerobic Exercise as an Adjunct to Upper-limb Therapy	Rehabilitation Science	2015-06	Following a stroke, the majority of individuals are left with residual deficits and there is a need to continue to improve strategies to augment recovery. This dissertation explores the approach of optimizing central nervous system conditions using aerobic exercise prior to task training. In healthy individuals a single session of aerobic exercise influences arousal and attention however, it is unknown if these effects translate to a stroke population. Further, little is known about the effect of a single bout of aerobic exercise on subsequent skill adaptation. Therefore, the main objectives of this thesis were to investigate the effect of a single bout of aerobic exercise on: (1) CNS arousal and attention in a stroke population; and, (2) short-term skill adaptation in healthy individuals and those who have suffered a stroke. Overall, for individuals recovering from a stroke, CNS arousal may be augmented as indicated by faster reaction times in some conditions and consistently faster movement times across conditions following exercise. However, attention did not appear to be influenced by the exercise bout as reaction time variability was unchanged in study 1 and absolute change was comparable across tasks with differing attentional demands in study 2. While exercise positively enhanced short-term adaptation in healthy individuals, for individuals recovering from stroke the exercise bout did not appear to benefit upper-limb movement adaptation compared to a control condition. This dissertation highlights the potential for using exercise to influence CNS state after stroke, though results revealed significant between and within-subject variability in this population. Future work should progress to evaluating the longitudinal multi-session effects of pairing aerobic exercise with ecologically valid task training to determine if the observed single session benefits augment neurorehabilitation and aid long-term recovery from stroke.	Ph.D.	health	3
Salama, Yasmin	Brunnee, Jutta	The Worst Is Still Ahead: The Privileging of Free Investment over Environmental Protection under NAFTA	Law	2015-03	When created, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was considered historic since it was the first multilateral trading regime to incorporate environmental considerations. This dissertation argues that NAFTA's model of liberalized investment has instead given priority to economic growth over environmental protection.It is true that in some cases, foreign investment triggered through NAFTA brought clean technologies; however, these gains are exceptions rather than the rule. I contend that economic stimulation under NAFTA is coupled with a weak environmental institutional framework, made up of side agreements and institutions that are inhibited by, inter alia; the uncertainty of interpretation of its environmental provisions; the expansive definitions of measures covered, and is exacerbated by the existence of Chapter 11 dispute settlement mechanism.	LL.M.	economic growth, trade, institution	8, 10, 16
SALAMANCA-BUENTELLO, FABIO	Upshur, Ross E. G.	The Ethical, Social, and Cultural Dimensions of Screening for Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Developing World	Medical Science	2018-11	This thesis formally and systematically identifies and prioritizes, for the first time, the most pressing ethical, social, and cultural challenges related to the screening for mental, neurological, and substance abuse disorders (MNSDs) in children and adolescents (C&A) living in the developing world, and proposes targeted strategies to address them. C&A mental health has been sadly neglected despite the severe life-long burden of C&A MNSDs and the large and growing number of C&A living in low- and middle-income countries. I carried out a three-round international Delphi survey completed by 135 experts from 37 countries. This multi- and inter-disciplinary panel selected and ranked 39 challenges, organized into eight themes, and 32 related solutions, arranged into seven topics. A 100% response rate was attained in Round 3. Near consensus was achieved in several areas, and a high degree of correlation was found between the challenges and their proposed solutions. The experts recommended integrating screening into primary health care; addressing potential sociocultural dissonances by designing and implementing accessible, affordable, cost-effective, and culturally and socially appropriate screening tools and programs, and post-screening follow-up; addressing resource issues by securing long-term programs funding, strengthening education and training for mental health, and incorporating well-supervised local non-specialists and lay individuals in the screening programs; increasing trust and decreasing stigmatization of at-risk C&A, their families, and their communities by engaging stakeholders throughout the screening initiatives, protecting the rights of the C&A screened, guaranteeing privacy, confidentiality, and free, uncoerced informed consent and assent, and determining the baseline acceptance, motivation, and support for screening programs in target populations; and regularly implementing empowering, culturally sensitive public and community engagement initiatives. My findings encompass all MNSDs, focus on developing countries, and represent the combined global wisdom of the leading authorities in C&A mental health. They can become a guide for policy- and decision-making, resource allocation, and international cooperation in global mental health, offering a novel approach to reduce the burden of C&A MNSDs by encouraging timely and context-sensitive prevention and management of MNSDs, and helping to mitigate the lifelong suffering that they inflict on C&A and their families in the developing world.	Ph.D.	rights, health	3, 16
Salami, Oluwabukola Oladunni	Nelson, Sioban	“All for the Family”: A Case Study on the Migration of Philippine Educated Nurses to Ontario through the Live-in Caregiver Program	Nursing Science	2014-06	Despite evidence that suggests that nurses migrate to Ontario through the Live-in Caregiver Program, no research has been conducted on this group of nurses in Ontario. This study addresses that gap utilizing the transnational feminist concept of “global care chains” in a single holistic case study design to explore the experience of nurses who migrate to Ontario through the Live-in Caregiver Program (2001-2011), and examine the diverse perspectives of stakeholders on issues of rights and obligations of these nurses. Fifteen live-in caregivers and nine policy stakeholders were interviewed, and an analysis undertaken of immigration and nursing policy documents. Findings indicate that familial discourses and perspectives on global social status shape these women’s decision to migrate from the Philippines to Canada, often via a second country (especially Saudi Arabia), as well as their subsequent Canadian experiences. Results are consistent with Rhacel Parrenas’ idea of ‘contradictory class mobility’ that describes the phenomenon of decrease in social status coupled with an increase in financial status among immigrant care workers. As professional women undertaking unskilled work, the nurses’ contradictory class status was reinforced by the emotional labour and domestic work they were required to perform. Furthermore, as temporary workers on a path to permanent residency, their professional integration as nurses was complicated by Canada’s immigration policy and the paradox between the government’s stated short-term goal (to address labour force shortage of live-in caregivers) versus its long-term goal (to ensure the integration of permanent residents). Within this policy paradox immigration policy makers emphasized the short-term obligation of fulfilling labour needs, while live-in caregivers and advocacy groups emphasized the long-term obligations of the Canadian government related to gaining permanent residence status. The lack of congruence between the Live-in Caregiver Program policy and nursing policy concerning internationally educated nurses, as well as prioritization of their familial obligations complicated the process of professional integration for this group of women. Recommendations arising from the study concern the need to bridge these policy gaps and address the shortcomings of the Live-in Caregiver Program to leverage the integration of this group of internationally educated nurses in Canada.	PhD	women, worker, rights	5, 8, 16
Salvador, Rommel	Rogerson, Carol	Child Participation in the Philippines: Reconstructing the Legal Discourse of Children and Childhood	Law	2013-11	This thesis explores the participation of children within legal discourse by looking at how laws and policies engage or disengage children. The basic premise is that to understand children’s participation is to confront the discourse of children and childhood where we uncover underlying assumptions, interests and agendas that inform our conception of who the child is and what the experience of childhood entails. Specifically, the thesis examines child participation within the Philippine legal framework by looking at the status, conditions and circumstances of children in four contexts: family, educational system, work environment and youth justice system. It argues that our conceptions of children and childhood are not only produced from a particular discourse but in turn are productive of a particular construction and practices reflected in the legal system. In its examination, the thesis reveals a complex Philippine legal framework shaped by competing paradigms of children and childhood that both give meaning to and respond to children’s engagements. On the one hand, there is a dominant discourse based on universal patterns of development and socialization that views children as objects of adult control and influence. But at the same time, there is some concrete attraction to an emerging paradigm influenced by childhood studies and the child rights movement that opens up opportunities for children’s participation. In advocating for broader acceptance of the emerging paradigm, the thesis identifies distinctive understandings of this paradigm in the Philippine context. A central argument is that in reconstructing the legal discourse of children and childhood, children’s participation grounded on the emerging paradigm does not necessarily introduce “new” understandings of children and childhood in the Philippines but, in fact, confirms existing beliefs and practices that articulate deeply held indigenous relational values. Within this contextualized understanding of the emerging paradigm, the thesis articulates children’s participation as: recognition of children as rights-bearers; acknowledgment of children’s realities as lived and experienced by them; and respect for the meaningful and constitutive relationships that children establish. Consequently, the intrinsic quality and meaning of actions of the child and towards the child take on a significant legal, social and moral value.	SJD	justice, rights	16
Salway, Travis James	Gesink, Dionne	Stigma, Stress, and Stories: Refining our Understanding of Suicidal Behavior among Adult Gay, Bisexual, and other Sexual Minority Men	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2017-06	Background: Sexual minority men are approximately four times more likely than heterosexual men to have attempted suicide. Epidemiologic evidence of this disparity is robust; however, research exploring how and why this disparity persists is sparse. Objective: To refine our understanding of suicidal behavior in adult sexual minority men, with the goal of improving relevant public health strategies to prevent suicide. Methods and aims: Data were drawn from adult sexual minority men who participated in: the population-based Canadian Community Health Survey (N=4675), a gay menâ s community-based national online survey (N=7872), and in-depth interviews with men who attempted suicide (N=7). Quantitative bias analysis was used to estimate the degree of misclassification of sexual orientation and associated bias in estimates of suicidal ideation among sexual minority men in general population-based surveys (Aim 1). Structural equation modeling was used to identify specific psychosocial challenges that mediate relationships between constructs of sexual stigma and recent suicide attempts (Aim 2). Dialogical narrative analysis was used to construct life narratives used by sexual minority men with histories of suicide attempts (Aim 3). Results: Disparities in suicidal ideation comparing bisexual (odds ratio[OR]=4.91) and gay (OR=3.63) to heterosexual men persisted after adjustment for misclassification bias but were attenuated, with greater attenuation for bisexual (adjusted OR=3.53) than for gay (adjusted OR=3.52) men. Three measured constructs of sexual stigma (enacted stigma, anticipated prejudice, and sexuality concealment) were associated with suicide attempts (p	Ph.D.	health	3
Samarasin-Dissanayake, Pasan	Rodd, Helen||Shuter, Brian J	From Genes to Communities: Effects of Habitat Change over Space and Time on Fish Diversity	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2015-11	Rapid habitat changes, caused by human activities within the last century, have resulted in biodiversity loss at all levels of biological organization. In light of these changes in the recent past, this thesis explores some of the effects of such changes on fish and wildlife populations, species, and communities using theoretical and empirical approaches. Using simulated genetic data, I first investigated the effects of recent population connectivity changes on the reliability of genetic inferences about connectivity. I found that, when connectivity has declined in the recent past, commonly-used genetic methods for estimating connectivity tend to overestimate current connectivity and underestimate historical connectivity. This could lead to incorrect inferences about gene flow and have negative consequences for conservation of populations and species at risk. Next, I conducted two empirical studies focusing on Canadian fishes that are threatened by habitat changes, making them excellent systems to investigate the effects of habitat change on their ecology and evolution. For Sockeye salmon populations in the Fraser River, I found that hydroelectric dams have fragmented habitats, changed connectivity among populations, and had significant effects on the ecology and evolution of some populations. Based on molecular data, I found evidence indicating very early differentiation between anadromous and resident forms of Sockeye salmon within one reservoir, where a dam has prevented the historically anadromous salmon from migrating to the ocean. In a second case study, on freshwater fish communities in northern Canadian lakes that were thought to be depauperate in biodiversity, I found higher species diversity and fish biomass than expected based on species-energy theory. My analyses indicate that fish diversity and biomass in northern lakes are not substantially lower than southern Canadian lakes. Thus, northern lakes could be important reserves of coldwater fish in light of climate change. In summary, I examined some effects of habitat change on populations, species and communities, and my thesis highlights: (i) areas for the improvement of methodologies and inferences used by conservation biologists; and (ii) specific northern communities of Canadian fishes that warrant attention to preserve Canadian fish diversity.	Ph.D.	water, energy, hydroelectric, climate, ocean, conserv, fish, biodiversity	7, 13, 14
Sameni, Javad Khadem	Sain, Mohini||Krigstin, Sally	Physico-chemical Characterization of Lignin Isolated from Industrial Sources for Advanced Applications	Forestry	2015-11	Lignin is generated in large quantities as by-products in pulping industries and biorefineries through various processes. Lignin is currently isolated from the by-products but its application is limited due to non-uniform structure and unique chemical reactivity. However, advanced pulping industries and biorefineries involve improvement of the value derived from their lignin-containing by-product by converting them into new, advanced and high-value added products. This endeavor not only improves resources but also return revenue to their operations. The important strategy in this research is the isolation of lignin from pulping industry and biorefinery by-products and its further conversion into advance products such as microspheres. The specific objective was to investigate the physico-chemical and thermal characteristics of isolated lignin as well as fundamental studies of lignin solubilization in different organic solvents for the synthesis of lignin microspheres. The physico-chemical properties and the thermal behavior of lignin samples were characterized by using different analytical and thermal techniques. The solubilities of lignin samples were determined in different organic solvents and compared with the computed solubility parameter. For synthesis of lignin microspheres, either lignin was modified to lignin acetate to improve its solubility or the the soluble part of lignin in organic solvent was used in the process. The results showed that the molecular structure, functional groups, molecular weight, glass transition temperature and onset decomposition temperature of isolated lignins depend on the extraction process and plant source. Solubilities of lignins isolated from different sources vary in different organic solvents. However, the solubility of lignin in organic solvents is not predictable due to poor correlation between the solubilities of lignins and their solubility parameters. Uniform lignin acetate microspheres were synthesized with a size of about 1 μm and narrow size distribution by using dichloromethane independent on the lignin source. Ethyl acetate was found as an alternative organic solvent useful in preparing lignin microspheres, which has relatively lower toxicity to human and the environment than dichloromethane. Finally, uniform lignin microspheres were synthesized from solubilized parts of two industrial lignins (hardwood kraft and non-wood soda lignins) in ethyl acetate under controlled conditions which have not been reported before.	Ph.D.	industr, environment	9, 13
Sampson, Kathleen Louise	Bender, Timothy P	Solution-Processable Boron Subphthalocyanines for Organic Photovoltaics	Chemical Engineering Applied Chemistry	2018-11	Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) are cheaper, less energy intensive manufacturing, and solution- printable options compared to current for solar energy generation technologies and can provide solutions to the growing global energy demand. Boron subphthalocyanines (BsubPcs) are an organic material of interest for OPVs due to their strong absorption near the maximum irradiance from the Sun and ability to fine-tune their properties, such as electronic and solubility, using various straightforward organic chemistry techniques. For example, substituents in the axial (to the boron center atom) and peripheral (outside aromatic groups) positions can be altered to improve solubility for solution-deposition methods and to lower the frontier energy levels, enabling BsubPc to function as a non-fullerene acceptor. Typical fullerene electron acceptor derivatives have weak absorption in the visible spectrum, require high energy and low yielding synthetic steps, and lack the ability to fine-tune the energy levels for OPV performance optimization. By screening both soluble polymer and small molecule versions of BsubPc with the optimal energy levels, electrochemical and absorbance stability, polymer electron donor pair, and OPV device architecture type, it was found that small molecule BsubPc electron acceptors in solution-deposited BsubPcs hold promise, with performance close to a fullerene baseline. In particular, a BsubPc derivative with a phenoxy or chlorine axial ligand and peripheral chlorine substituents demonstrated ideal solubility, electrochemical oxidation and reduction reversibility, and overall OPV device results when paired with high performing benzodithiophene-based polymer electron donors in orthogonally solution-printed OPVs. These conclusions pave the way for future developments in device processing conditions for solution-deposited BsubPcs as well as for the overall OPV field.	Ph.D.	solar, energy	7
Samuel, Jeannie	Birn, Anne-Emanuelle||Myers, Ted	Struggling with the State: Rights-based Governance of Reproductive Health Services in Puno, Peru	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2015-06	This dissertation explores the complex process of how socially excluded women carry out rights-based governance in state-operated health facilities. It addresses a central tension: how can marginalized actors exercise a governance influence over institutions that have systemically excluded them? The study examines the efforts of a group of Quechua-speaking indigenous women in the southern Peruvian Andes who act as citizen monitors of their reproductive health services. In a country where profound inequalities are embedded in the health care system, the monitors (aided by a network of strategic allies) seek to combat abuse and strengthen health service provision. Key to their governance strategy is the use of a human rights-based approach to health, intended to influence monitors' power by repositioning them as rights holders. Theoretically, the dissertation draws on feminist political economy to examine the emergence of reproductive health care as a site of struggle between civil society and the state in Puno, Peru since the 1990s. It examines the monitoring initiative in Puno as an example of ongoing struggles with the state for the provision of quality reproductive health care. Methodologically, it uses institutional ethnography to link the work of citizen monitors with broader social, political and economic forces that shape their governance efforts. The study's findings suggest that human rights-based approaches can help monitors to exercise power in governance struggles. Citizen monitoring in Puno has produced some important gains, including curbing everyday injustices such as discriminatory treatment and illegal fees in health facilities. Monitors have been less effective at influencing other types of systemic problems, such as understaffing. The initiative has created opportunities for hands-on learning and the creation of new kinds of alliances. More broadly, the study suggests that rights-based governance can contribute to the democratization of reproductive health service delivery and the promotion of inclusive citizenship.	Ph.D.	health, inclusive, women, justice	3, 4, 5, 16
San Martin, Ruth Magaly	Bakan, Abigail	Transnational Latina Feminism in Toronto, Canada, 1970s–2000s: Treading the New Avenues	Social Justice Education	2018-06	Latin American women have a long history of anti-imperialist and anti-capitalist political engagement, expanding into feminist praxis with diverse women’s movements across Latin America. Following connections with the Chicana cannon and establishing connections with other racialized grassroots groups in Canada, a particular Latina feminist subjectivity emerged that complicates Canadian feminism and challenges dominant narratives of Latin American political activities. Canadian feminist historiographies regularly engage in processes of erasure that inscribes Whiteness and imperialism into the Canadian landscape. In this context, Latin American women’s agency, experience, and lives have tended to disappear—along with other racialized women—from Canadian consciousness and literature, relegating them to the perpetual and exclusive role of victims. In this dissertation, four historical junctures have been selected that illustrate the transnational praxis of Latin American women’s feminist subjectivities in the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. These key moments showcase complex political debates, including the political crisis in Latin America, the imposition of neo-liberal policies, political repression, and exile. Diasporic Latin American women from the 1970s to the early 2000s developed organizations that responded to the political exigencies of the times, maintaining transnational connections with women’s and feminist movements in Latin America while also creating new spaces in Canada, ultimately evolving a unique diasporic Latina feminist subjectivity. These junctures are: (1) the solidarity movement of the 1970s to the 1990s, focusing on two women’s organizations; (2) the formation of the Latin American Coalition to End Violence against Women and Children (LACEV) in the 1990s; (3) the organization of the First Latin American and Caribbean Women’s Encounter in 1995; and (4) the foundation of MUJER in 2003. These four examples are neither linear nor lacking in controversy. This study is based on a mixed methodology that includes interviews with leading activists, document analysis, and personal experience. Throughout their historical journeys, Latin American women contributed not only to the processes of democratization in their countries of origin but also to Toronto’s feminist political milieu, providing a vital contribution and translating into invaluable organizations that continue to support Latin American women’s agencies and political praxis.	Ph.D.	women	5
Sander, Beate	Krahn, Murray	Supporting Public Health Policy Decision-making through Economic Evaluation: Applications and Methods	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2011-11	The extent to which economic evaluations of public health programs in Ontario are conducted and used by decision makers is currently very limited. This thesis supports public health decision-making through applied and methodological work. The applied work demonstrates different methods to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of public health interventions using the examples of seasonal and pandemic influenza immunization programs. The methodological component explores whether time horizon choice, one methodological consideration in economic evaluations, introduces bias. The economic evaluation of Ontario’s universal influenza immunization program (UIIP) uses primarily provincial health administrative databases to assess the impact of UIIP on health outcomes (quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), mortality), health care resource use (physician office visits, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations), and costs due to seasonal influenza. Ontario’s UIIP was found to be cost-effective compared to a targeted program. The economic evaluation of Ontario’s H1N1 (2009) mass immunization program uses a mathematical modeling approach to describe the pandemic as observed in Ontario. By removing immunization from the simulation, the impact of the program was evaluated. Outcome measures include health outcomes (attack rate, deaths, QALYs), resource use, and cost (physician office visits, emergency department visits, hospitalizations). The analysis found Ontario’s mass immunization program to be highly cost-effective despite high program cost. The methodological component investigates whether time horizon choice, a major methodological choice, introduces bias to economic evaluations. The existence, magnitude and direction of time horizon bias are demonstrated using a formal model. This work supports current guidelines in recommending a lifetime time horizon and provides a framework to discuss bias in economic evaluations. This thesis demonstrates different approaches to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of public health interventions, informs decision-making, and establishes the groundwork to guide future economic evaluations of public health interventions.	PhD	health	3
Sanders, Rebecca	Welch, David A.	Exceptional Security Practices, Human Rights Abuses, and the Politics of Legal Legitimation in the American “Global War on Terror”	Political Science	2012-06	Given the contradictory reality of a well-developed human rights and humanitarian regime alongside extensive human rights abuses committed in the “Global War on Terror,” the dissertation asks how and why law has shaped contemporary security policy. Focusing on the American case over time, I examine this problem empirically by tracing the changing impact of both international and domestic legal and normative constraints on torture and interrogation, detention and trial, and surveillance practices, culminating in post-9/11 counterterrorism doctrine. I find that policy makers have increasingly violated rules with the adoption of controversial security and intelligence policies, but have simultaneously employed legalistic arguments to evade responsibility for human rights abuses. Using contrasting realist, decisionist, liberal, and constructivist accounts of the nature of state compliance with norms and law found in International Relations and legal scholarship, the dissertation theoretically explains this outcome and with it, law’s ability to moderate national security practice. In so doing, I propose an original reading of law as a permissive constraint, which challenges us to rethink paradigmatic assumptions in a way that accommodates both strategic and normative factors and recognizes the role of practice in giving content to rules.	PhD	rights	16
Sanford, Sarah	McDonough, Peggy	Integrating Pandemic through Preparedness: Global Security and the Utility of Threat	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2013-03	Emerging infectious disease has become a paradigmatic way of thinking about disease in recent years. In response to the widely-held view that an emerging pandemic is an imminent, albeit uncertain, event linked to global interconnectedness, pandemic preparedness has been the target of considerable political concern and economic investment. To date, there has been relatively little critical research questioning the broader social and political implications of this seemingly natural undertaking. My research addresses this knowledge gap by exploring pandemic influenza planning as a global approach to the regulation of emerging infectious disease. I investigate how pandemic is framed and the ways in which these framings link to broader political and economic contexts. I undertake a Foucauldian-informed, critical discourse analysis of four key pandemic planning documents produced by the World Health Organization between 1999 and 2009. I ask how infectious disease is constructed in particular ways, and how these constructions can be interpreted in relation to broader global contexts. My findings, which describe a range of discursive strategies in governing pandemic, are four-fold. First, I examine the characterizations of the influenza virus, and their effect of rendering normal and pandemic circumstances as indistinct. I describe how these constructions are implicated in the framing of preparedness as a continuous engagement with the process of emergence. Next, I explore how the delineation and regulation of boundaries simultaneously constitutes bodies and territories as distinct. Third, I describe the discursive construction of a particular kind of global geopolitics which represents vulnerability according to the interconnectedness of states. Finally, the pandemic virus acquires a form of utility that portrays preparedness as having the potential for securing society against a broad range of potential threats. Anticipating the exceptional features of pandemic is to be achieved through the integration of contingency mechanisms into existing systems of preparedness whose objective is continued economic and social functioning. The regulation of circulation central to pandemic preparedness establishes an ongoing engagement in decisions about freedom and constraint in relation to different forms of mobility or circulation. My findings are interpreted in light of their implications for understanding the global regulation of, and intervention into, molecular life.	PhD	health	3
Santhosh Thomas, Agnes	Sawchuk, Peter	Immigrant Women and their Work in the Informal Economy in Toronto: Impacts and the Potential for Critical Transformations	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2014-11	This research examines the everyday experiences of immigrant women working informally in the City of Toronto (Canada). The study is based on analysis of original in depth interview (n = 27) and focus group data (n = 19). The thesis begins from the belief that the choice of highly educated immigrant women, with and without professional work experiences from their home countries, to do informal work in Canada is part of a fact that they are going through a particularly intensive process of change. With special attention to the potential for critical transformative learning (e.g. Mezirow; Freire) - how this change is produced, experienced, and addressed is the key focus in this study. The study considers three avenues of experience potentially influencing change in the lives of immigrant women post-immigration: i) the ways of knowing, frames of reference, and worldviews of these women as shaped by the complex relationship between their private (e.g. as mothers and wives) and public (e.g. as community members and informal product/service workers) lives; ii) the various economic and cultural relations and shifting locations that mediate how the individual makes choices regarding (formal and/or informal) work activities; and, iii) the social relations shaping the changing experiences and interpretations of interlocking systems of power relations involving gender, race, class and disability.Agentive participation and learning in the context of economic participation are key in understanding women's choices, experiences, and outcomes in the context of their work and life experiences in Canada. This study reveals the multidimensional, often contradictory, processes of change that individuals in marginalized situations post-immigration go through and their awareness of and influence over these change processes. The analysis suggests a multilayered process that supports and sometimes inhibits the creation of a new foundation for various types of transformative learning trajectories; one that keeps the loose threads together and moves people towards and along a path they individually or collectively choose to follow in order to find meaning and realize positive change.	Ph.D.	gender, women, worker	5, 8
Santokie, Kara	Nedelsky, Jennifer	"Caring" Global Policy? Sex Trafficking and Feminist International Ethics	Political Science	2012-11	Current approaches to sex trafficking appear to be neither very successful in stopping sex trafficking nor, more importantly, very effective in helping those women for whom it is intended. Rather, the overwhelming focus on the issue of prostitution obscures the more fundamental issue of providing relevant assistant to trafficked women. The theoretical debates among academics and feminist activists do not delve sufficiently deep enough into this issue, while the policy discussions and the resulting international policy reflect the moral positions of abolitionist activists and policy-makers regarding the unacceptability of prostitution as a legitimate income-generating activity— a debate that is distinct from the issue of sex trafficking. I will argue that existing national anti-sex trafficking policies in India and Nepal, the regional policy for the South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation, and the United Nations Trafficking Protocol are ineffective because they reflect an association of sex trafficking with prostitution. A more effective policy would dissociate sex trafficking from moral judgments about prostitution. This can be accomplished by applying a feminist ethic of care as a methodology and as a political practice. Trafficked women emerge from a context of complex life histories and decision-making processes. Anti-sex trafficking governance structures are meant to provide care for trafficked women. As a methodology, an ethic of care would employ a critical moral ethnography to distill the experiences and articulated needs of trafficked women in order to show whether this is being accomplished and, if not, why. As a political practice, it can use the information that its methodology necessitates to provide guidance on how these governance structures might best be designed to provide care for trafficked women.	PhD	women, governance	5, 16
Sarathy, Subram Maniam	Thomson, Murray J.	Chemical Kinetic Modeling of Biofuel Combustion	Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry	2010-06	Bioalcohols, such as bioethanol and biobutanol, are suitable replacements for gasoline, while biodiesel can replace petroleum diesel. Improving biofuel engine performance requires understanding its fundamental combustion properties and the pathways of combustion. This study's contribution is experimentally validated chemical kinetic combustion mechanisms for biobutanol and biodiesel. Fundamental combustion data and chemical kinetic mechanisms are presented and discussed to improve our understanding of biofuel combustion. The net environmental impact of biobutanol (i.e., n-butanol) has not been studied extensively, so this study first assesses the sustainability of n-butanol derived from corn. The results indicate that technical advances in fuel production are required before commercializing biobutanol. The primary contribution of this research is new experimental data and a novel chemical kinetic mechanism for n-butanol combustion. The results indicate that under the given experimental conditions, n-butanol is consumed primarily via abstraction of hydrogen atoms to produce fuel radical molecules, which subsequently decompose to smaller hydrocarbon and oxygenated species. The hydroxyl moiety in n-butanol results in the direct production of the oxygenated species such as butanal, acetaldehyde, and formaldehyde. The formation of these compounds sequesters carbon from forming soot precursors, but they may introduce other adverse environmental and health effects. Biodiesel is a mixture of long chain fatty acid methyl esters derived from fats and oils. This research study presents high quality experimental data for one large fatty acid methyl ester, methyl decanoate, and models its combustion using an improved skeletal mechanism. The results indicate that methyl decanoate is consumed via abstraction of hydrogen atoms to produce fuel radicals, which ultimately lead to the production of alkenes. The ester moiety in methyl decanoate leads to the formation of low molecular weight oxygenated compounds such as carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, and ketene, thereby reducing the production of soot precursors. The study concludes that the oxygenated molecules in biofuels follow similar combustion pathways to the hydrocarbons in petroleum fuels. The oxygenated moiety's ability to sequester carbon from forming soot precursors is highlighted. However, the direct formation of oxygenated hydrocarbons warrants further investigation into the environmental and health impacts of practical biofuel combustion systems.	PhD	environment, production, consum	12, 13
Sarmadi, Behzad	Barker, Joshua	Transformation and Standstill: Iranian Experiences of Splintering Urbanism in Dubai	Anthropology	2016-11	This dissertation focuses on Dubai’s recent urban transformation, and its descent into crisis. Conducted between 2010 and 2012, it examines how the city splintered into a series of upscale “mega-projects” in the periphery known as “New Dubai”, while inner city neighborhoods grew congested with “unskilled” labor and targeted for policing. Through political economic analysis, I argue that New Dubai was not just a geographic category but a techno-political regime working to conflate local real estate with global capital through strategies of flexible sovereignty. Through ethnographic analysis focusing on middle and working class Iranian immigrants I show how immigrants in Dubai variously engaged with or were marginalized by this urban transformation as they inhabited new relations of debt and property in pursuit of “the good life,” or found themselves at risk of eviction, debtor’s jail, and deportation.	Ph.D.	urban	11
Sasaki, Aya	Erb, Suzanne	Influence of Maternal High Fat Diet, Stress and Cocaine on Neural Mechanisms of Reward and Anxiety in Rat Offspring	Cell and Systems Biology	2017-06	Maternal obesity has important health consequences for the mother and her offspring. Experiments presented in this dissertation explored the role of maternal overnutrition with a high fat diet (HFD) on several aspects of offspring phenotype: reward- and stress-related behaviours, the endocrine stress response, and associated neural gene expression. First, I examined maternal HFD effects on offspring phenotype in stress-related brain regions. Maternal HFD was associated with altered expression of stress-related genes, a heightened endocrine stress response and increased anxiety behaviour in adult offspring. Genes central to stress and drug addiction (TH and CRF) were upregulated in HFD offspring, suggesting that maternal HFD alters neural systems underlying related processes. Second, I investigated the role of maternal HFD on offspring phenotype following chronic cocaine exposure. Maternal HFD increased anxiety in saline-treated control females, reduced anxiety in cocaine-treated females, but did not interact with cocaine-primed locomotor activity or neural gene expression. These findings suggest that maternal HFD modulates offspring anxiety behavior with chronic cocaine exposure. Third, I investigated the role of maternal HFD and maternal stress on offspring phenotype given acute cocaine exposure. Maternal HFD did not interact with cocaine at the level of behavior or gene expression. However, there was an increase in locomotor activity in males exposed to maternal HFD, and with maternal stress at a high dose of cocaine. These findings suggest that, overall, maternal HFD and stress increase cocaine-induced locomotor activity in offspring through common but not identical neural mechanisms. Finally, in parallel I investigated the role of pre-gestational cocaine on offspring phenotype, and demonstrated an effect on the locomotor activating effects of cocaine in adult male offspring, as well as dopamine receptor 1 expression in the medial prefrontal cortex. These findings suggest increased sensitivity to cocaine in the male offspring of mothers given pre-gestational cocaine. The collective findings are discussed within a framework of maternal influences on cocaine sensitivity in offspring, wherein maternal HFD and pre-gestational cocaine confer increased sensitivity of stress- and reward-related responses in offspring.	Ph.D.	health	3
Sattar, Schroder	Puts, Martine	Falls in Community-dwelling Older Adults with Cancer: Impact on Cancer Treatment, Circumstances, Assessment, Management, and Reporting	Nursing Science	2018-11	Falls are major health issues among older adults and even more so in older cancer patients due to cancer and its treatment. Knowledge on circumstances surrounding falls and fear of falling is vital for understanding how various factors may precipitate falls and for informing development of effective interventions to prevent falls in this population. Delays in cancer treatment caused by fall injuries may have significant implications on disease trajectory and patient outcomes. However, a systematic review found gaps in knowledge in terms of how falls impact cancer treatment in this population. The aim of this research was to explore the circumstances of falls and fear of falling in community-dwelling older adults with cancer, as well as to examine how falls are assessed, reported, and managed in outpatient oncology clinics, and how falls might impact cancer treatment in this population. A cross-sectional study using a convergent-parallel mixed-methods design was conducted at the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre in Toronto, Canada. Data were collected by self-reported survey, chart review, and open-ended interviews. One hundred older adults (aged >=65) and 14 oncologists participated in this study. Falls were not commonly reported by patients to their oncologists (43%), and were rarely assessed by oncologists (7%). One in twenty who fall appears to lead to change in cancer management. However, falls were not commonly reported by patients nor prioritized by oncologists. Older patients perceived falls as minor incidents not worth mentioning (57%). When a fall was reported, oncologists’ actions included determining cause of falls (64%), asking circumstances of falls (36%), and referrals (29%). Oncologists indicated that the majority of older patients were not forthcoming in reporting falls. Circumstances of falls seem to be similar to those in the general geriatric population. This research shows that incorporating routine fall assessment in oncology clinic appointments may help identify those at risk for falls so that timely interventions can be triggered. Additionally, strategies for fall prevention and management used in the general geriatric population can potentially benefit this population as well. Attention may be warranted regarding medication review, health-teaching on fall safety, home evaluation, and referral for balance training.	Ph.D.	health	3
Saunders-Currie, Avril	Bascia, Nina	Alternative Education for Low German Mennonite Students: A Negotiation of Education for Equity and Inclusion	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2017-06	ABSTRACT Research on inclusive education indicates that education goals of most Westernized nations are aimed at developing the potential of students to be the most knowledgeable and skilled citizens, prepared for their participation in a global society. However, educational processes pay little attention to broader conceptions of what students need in order to achieve academic, social, and economic success other than for this end. Most educators have not been suitably prepared to respond to student needs as these relate to culture, ethnicity, language, or religion that complicate the reach for successful outcomes. The tension created by difference in school communities is often due to narrow interpretations of policies, often leaving students who do not meet the expectations of public systems of education systemically marginalized, if not excluded. This qualitative case study explores the perceptions of educators of a secondary alternative education program (AEP) of what Low German-speaking Mennonite (LGM) students need to achieve academic, social, and economic success, and how they respond to these in their practices. In response to the Ontario Ministry of Education’s equity and inclusive education policy calling for more schooling options, the number of alternative education programs offered has increased. Through this study, I highlight one AEP in a rural region of southwestern Ontario, initiated primarily in response to the issue of poor attendance of LGM students. Their ethno-culturally oriented worldview and lifestyle have not fit well into the structure and value system of mainstream public schools, keeping them out of school. Taking work of the AEP administrative team and teachers as the case, the data for this study have been triangulated from three sources: semi-structured one-on-one interviews with three secondary school administrators, a district school board superintendent, nine teachers, two Low German Mennonite community leaders, and two cooperative education workplace supervisors; field notes from18 observation sessions at various off-campus locations (e.g., at public libraries and the homes of LGM students); and collections of documents, such as local newspaper articles, data graphs of graduation rates, newsletters, course booklets, and improvement plans available within the environment of the AEP. The data were analyzed using the constant comparative method. Coded data assisted in profiling the AEP educators and responding to the research inquiry using emergent themes. Four main findings from this research include: (1) the role of advocacy, adopted by AEP educators for LGM non-mainstream students, negotiating the two worldviews of their social contexts; (2) recognition of relationships of trust as leverage for the consent of LGM families for their children to be educated within a system of public education; (3) the need for professional knowledge capacity building or “cultural proficiency” for educators to respond to perceptions of LGM student needs; and (4) professional accountability that recognizes the knowledge and skills that LGM students demonstrate outside of public school as legitimate demonstrations of student achievement. I offer recommendations for policy and practice, including designing policies that offer spaces for expanded definitions of terms that take into account other ways students experience the world and achieve success.	Ed.D.	inclusive, rural	4, 11
Sauter, Gabriela	Daniere, Amrita	Resort Urbanism: Understanding the Power, Planning and Politics of Urban Development in Bávaro-Punta Cana, Dominican Republic	Geography	2014-06	In many developing countries, particularly Small Island Developing States (SIDS), coastal tourism impacts local economies and societies in significant ways, and plays an important role in transforming the environment. Rather than simply interpreting the changes that occur around coastal tourist enclaves as impacts, I argue that it is important to recognize the urban nature of spaces proliferating around these enclaves and to understand the role of the actors of coastal tourism in the production of these spaces. Utilizing a case study (Bávaro-Punta Cana, Dominican Republic), my research draws from over one year of fieldwork, including 97 semi-structured interviews with local residents, researchers, and various stakeholders. I examine the power relations between the private sector, local residents, and different levels and sectors of the State in the area’s urban development process. The context of Bávaro-Punta Cana is characterized by the following three issues. First, the newly established local government is generally impotent vis-á-vis other State actors and powerful private sector interests, and is unable to ensure the public good for its citizens. Second, many local residents live in conditions that are worse than traditional urban areas in the country. Third, the private sector has inserted itself as pivotal actor in the development and governance of the newly urbanizing area through practices of corporate social responsibility. Based on my analysis, I refer to the realities of Bávaro-Punta Cana as ‘resort urbanism.’ I utilize this term to illustrate the manifestations of tourism-related urbanization. Drawing from planning concepts, namely splintering urbanism, informality and citizenship, I analyze the physicality and spatiality of urbanization, the processes of urban development, and the rights of citizens and the relations between actors in the production of this new urban space. First, I argue that urban space in Bávaro-Punta Cana is produced as a form of ‘splintered urbanism.’ Second, this space is materially shaped by practices of informality or what is known locally as arrabalización. Last, the area lacks a local governance structure through which residents can adequately make claims to fulfill their basic needs, raising important questions regarding the rights and responsibilities of different actors in urban development.	PhD	urban, environment, governance	11, 13, 16
Savage, David William	Martell, David Lee	Strategic Forest Management Planning Under Uncertainty Due to Fire	Forestry	2009-11	Forest managers throughout Canada must contend with natural disturbance processes that vary over both time and space when developing and implementing forest management plans designed to provide a range of economic, ecological, and social values. In this thesis, I develop a stochastic simulation model with an embedded linear programming (LP) model and use it to evaluate strategies for reducing uncertainty due to forest fires. My results showed that frequent re-planning was sufficient to reduce variability in harvest volume when the burn fraction was low, however, as the burn fraction increased above 0.45%, the best strategy to reduce variability in harvest volume was to account for fire explicitly in the planning process using Model III. A risk analysis tool was also developed to demonstrate a method for managers to improve decision making under uncertainty. The impact of fire on mature and old forest areas was examined and showed that LP forest management planning models reduce the areas of mature and old forest to the minimum required area and fire further reduces the seral area. As the burn fraction increased, the likelihood of the mature and old forest areas satisfying the minimum area requirements decreased. However, if the seral area constraint was strengthened (i.e., the right hand side of the constraint was increased) the likelihood improved. When the planning model was modified to maximize mature and old forest areas, the two fixed harvest volumes (i.e., 2.0 and 8.0 M. m3/decade) had much different impacts on the areas of mature and old forest when the burn fraction was greater than 0.45%. Bootstrapped burn fraction confidence intervals were used to examine the impact of uncertain burn fraction estimates when using Model III to develop harvest schedules. I found that harvest volume bounds were large when the burn fraction was ≥0.45%. I also examined how the uncertainty in natural burn fraction (i.e., estimates of pre-fire suppression average annual area burned) estimates being used for ecosystem management can impact old forest area requirements and the resulting timber supply.	PhD	forest, urban	11, 15
Savage, Michael Gray	Kazal, Russell A	“The Metropolitan Moment: Municipal Boundaries, Segregation, and Civil Rights Possibilities in the American North”	History	2018-11	Exploring battles over school desegregation in metropolitan Boston, Detroit, and Philadelphia in the 1960s and 1970s, “The Metropolitan Moment” examines how black and white city dwellers at odds over integration within the city pursued – and sometimes allied over – efforts that crossed municipal lines to incorporate the suburbs in desegregation remedies. Though possessing divergent motivations, such as the white tactical aim of ensuring white majorities in all area schools by enlarging the desegregation area and the black desire for improved educational opportunities, both groups sought access to white suburban schools and at times acted together in court in an attempt to implement metropolitan desegregation. The search for such solutions opened a “metropolitan moment” across the urban North in the late 1960s and early 1970s when proposed regional remedies offered real possibilities of heading off white flight, fostering interracial coalitions, and substantively combatting segregation. Though this moment was foreclosed by the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1974 decision in Milliken v. Bradley – a case prompted in part by just such a surprising urban black-white alliance in Detroit – its legacies, including suburban anti-busing movements that helped fuel the rise of the New Right and the transformation of the Democratic Party, and the larger retreat from metropolitan solutions to metropolitan dilemmas of race, schooling, services, and inequality, echo down to today. The findings complicate several historiographies pertaining to the long civil rights movement, post-World War II urban and suburban history, the rise of the right, and representations of the “busing” controversy. Throughout, “The Metropolitan Moment” broadens the conception of the municipal reformer to include both ordinary black parents and white reactionaries.	Ph.D.	educat, equality, inequality, urban	4, 5, 10, 11
Savage, Rachel Deanne	Crowcroft, Natasha S||Rosella, Laura C	Reducing the impact of imported infections in Ontario	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2018-06	Public health must remain responsive to the population’s changing health needs. As Canada’s diversity grows through immigration, protecting the health of immigrants when they travel to visit friends and relatives (VFR) is one such need. Immigrants comprise a growing proportion of international travelers and experience disproportionate travel-related infectious disease morbidity and mortality. While many infections are preventable, few immigrant travelers access pre-travel health services, in part because they are not covered under provincial health insurance plans. In my dissertation, I present three studies designed to respond to current gaps in evidence regarding how immigrant travelers perceive and respond to travel health risks, and how to measure travel-related disease burden. In the first study, I use qualitative methods to explore how South Asian travelers in Peel region conceptualize travel health risks. I found that travelers face many health challenges when traveling but adjust their behaviours to avoid or minimize key risks where possible. Their responses to risks, however, can be constrained by competing concerns (e.g. rushed travel, wanting to avoid family conflicts, cost, and a desire to enjoy traditional cuisine). These results highlight the importance of the social context in which travelers make health decisions. In the second study, I use novel data linkages to evaluate the utility of health administrative data for identifying hepatitis A, malaria and enteric fever infections. While diagnostic codes were sensitive, and additionally identified individuals who were likely unreported to public health, I found that their predictive value for accurately identifying cases was low. These results caution against the use of health administrative data, on its own, for this purpose. In the third study, I use a matched cohort design to estimate the health care utilization and attributable cost of hepatitis A, malaria and enteric fever infections in Peel region. Over three years, 318 cases resulted in more than $2 million dollars in direct health care spending, and attributable medical costs ranged from $4,500 - $8,000 per case. These results highlight that travel-related infections require substantial resources for diagnosis and treatment as most medically-attended cases require inpatient health care. Together, results from this dissertation advance our understanding of the complex social settings in which immigrant travelers make health-related decisions, and identify how much these avoidable infections cost Ontario’s health care system. Findings point to concrete opportunities to reduce disease burden through tailored health promotion strategies that are sensitive to the unique challenges immigrant travelers face. Costing estimates provide necessary model parameters to explore the cost-effectiveness of policies designed to improve access to pre-travel health services for high risk travelers.	Ph.D.	health	3
Savia, Roy Della	Peter, Sawchuk	Job Developers in Transition: A Study of Informal and Nonformal Job Skills Training of Job Developers in Nonprofit Organizations in Ontario	Social Justice Education	2014-11	Job Developers have complex and demanding jobs that require balancing the needs of organizations, employers, and job seekers. Job Developers must meet new employers and potential employees every day, earn their trust, and learn their needs. A common role Job Developers play is helping people find jobs and helping employers find employees. Job Developers attempt to learn what employers and job seekers need and what each can offer to match the right applicants to the right employers.Competent Job Developers must have organization, research, marketing, selling, communication, and negotiation skills. Job development has become a high growth occupation. Because the nature of their jobs changes constantly, Job Developers must also stays updated on employment trends and labor market information. While these changes provide opportunities for practitioners to expand their roles, they also impose increased demands and challenges to build their skills and capacity to perform their jobs. The job developer profession (also known as employment specialist) is a recently new concept in the nonprofit sector. Job Developers' potential as advocates for the unemployed, those with disabilities, and new immigrants is fundamental in today's competitive job market and in the context of equitable opportunity for employment. Informal and nonformal learning are well-recognized and well-used in the job development field. Job Developers rely on informal and nonformal learning for professional development and occupational autonomy.	Ed.D.	equitable, employment	4, 8
Sawchuk, Elizabeth Anne	Pfeiffer, Susan	Social Change and Human Population Movements -- Dental Morphology in Holocene Eastern Africa	Anthropology	2017-11	Millions of Eastern Africans are pastoralists, yet the origins of mobile herding in this region are unclear. Global climate change at the end of the African Humid Period pushed humans and their livestock out of desiccating areas of the Sahara, Sahel, and/or Ethiopian Rift. Herding subsequently entered Eastern Africa through the Turkana Basin, where the earliest domesticated animals coincide with the construction of megalithic â pillar sitesâ between 5200-4200 BP. The appearance of monumentality, along with new ceramic and lithic technologies, is used to argue that the first herders were migrants. Other lines of evidence support diffusion and local adoption. Excavations at three pillar sites have revealed dense cemeteries with zoomorphic artifacts and goat remains, suggesting those interred engaged in herding. This new skeletal sample can be compared to earlier foragers and later pastoralists to determine whether the arrival of herding technologies is associated with a population shift. Tooth size and morphology are often used to study population relationships in the past because they are highly heritable, minimally impacted by natural selection, and preserve well in archaeological contexts. To test the migration hypothesis, dental metric and non-metric traits are compared between the pillar sites (n=25 dentitions) and archaeological skeletons from Holocene Later Stone Age (n=40), early herder (n=53), and Pastoral Neolithic (n=91) sites from Kenya and Tanzania. The results suggest that the transition to food production in Eastern Africa did not involve population replacement. Biological affinity among these archaeological samples indicates that herding likely spread through small-scale population movements with gene flow between herders and foragers. However, there are significant differences between these pre-Iron Age Eastern Africans and contemporary North, sub-Saharan, and Southern Africans, suggesting diachronic changes in African dental complexes. Recent Africans may therefore be poor proxies for genetic relationships in antiquity, particularly in high contact zones like Eastern Africa.	Ph.D.	climate, food	2, 13
Sawyer, Cindy	Flessa, Joseph	Making Sense of the First Nation, Metis, and Inuit Education Policy Framework	Leadership, Higher Education and Adult Education	2013-06	Abstract In 2007 the Ministry of Education in Ontario identified Aboriginal education as one of its key priorities with the release of the First Nation, Métis and Inuit Education Policy Framework (FNMI). Improving educational outcomes and closing the achievement gap between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal students is the focus of this policy. This study examines the policy implementation process in one school board in Ontario by focusing on how teachers in two elementary schools made sense of the policy expectations and how this sense-making impacted their professional practice. In order to examine how implementation was understood and acted upon by these teachers, the sense-making/co-construction model developed by Datnow, Hubbard, & Mehan (2002) provides the starting point for analysis. This study seeks to make visible the sense-making cues that teachers used to notice and select new information and to examine how these cues impacted teacher enactment of the FNMI policy. Sense-making theory supports the examination of change at the micro level of local policy actors; while the co-construction model with its meditational system of individual agency, organizational structure/culture, and environmental messaging contextualizes the individual sense-making of teachers within a larger social environment. The research methodology included teacher interviews designed to collect evidence of teacher sense-making during the policy implementation process, and school visits to observe evidence of school culture and structure. Interview responses of 15 elementary teachers and 2 principals were analyzed for sense-making cues. The findings revealed clusters of sense-making cues connected to three main sense-making frameworks or discourses. These discourses included the teacher as professional, equity and inclusion, and leadership and change. These findings support previous research on sense-making and policy implementation and contribute further insight into the micro processes of policy implementation, which could be leveraged to improve policy implementation. Key Words: policy implementation, teacher sense-making, leadership, co-construction model	EDD	educat	4
Scheepstra, Traci Laine	Gaztambide-Fernández, Rubén	Making meaning of gender-based violence: Elite subjectivity and gender performance in a Canadian private school	Philosophy	2018-11	School-related gender-based violence is a global epidemic that affects students at all levels of public and private education. The study outlined in this dissertation started from a need to understand the scope of sexual harassment and sexism in schools to support my daughter through her experience of gender-based violence. Situated in an elite, Canadian private school, in the heart of a large urban city in Southern Ontario, this five-month study examines how “smart” Grade 7 and 8 Oak Lane Academy students make meaning of gender-based violence. I articulate what it means to “become” elite, and how smart and elite subjectivity was not the same for all students in a place committed to gender equity. In theorizing the ethnographic experience through a feminist poststructural lens, I was able to question normative gender discourses and assumptions by observing student performances of masculinity and femininity, which revealed a deeper understanding of the cultural narratives and social practices of the school. I illustrate how “boys” received privileges that were not afforded to “girls,” reinforcing patriarchal ideologies of entitlement, superiority, and hegemonic masculinity. I also address the hidden curriculum as a mechanism for maintaining dominant gender discourses, which enforced gender inequality and set the conditions for gender-based violence to exist and persist. In particular, I highlight symbolic violence as the seed of larger systemic violence. In the process of conducting classroom observations, interviews, and focus groups, I was able to look closely at what it means to be “a boy” and “a girl” at Oak Lane Academy, which perpetuated male privilege. Transitioning from subjectivity to relationality, I apply these meanings to demonstrate how students embodied and enacted masculinity and femininity, directly impacting how they navigated, negotiated, resisted, and redefined peer relationships and understood love. Lastly, I illustrate the implicit and explicit ways the Grade 7 and 8 students engaged in “play” through games and game-like behaviour inside and outside of the classroom. The implications of these findings offer new understandings of school policies and procedures, curriculum, pedagogy, and the curricular spaces in which students learn in order to more effectively address school-related gender-based violence.	Ph.D.	gender, equality, inequality	5, 10
Schmidt, Marc-Antoine	McMillan, Robert	Understanding Short-term Labor Supply Decisions	Economics	2019-11	In this thesis, I study the short-term labor supply decisions of workers involved in flexible work arrangements. In the first chapter, I develop and estimate the first dynamic model of within-day labor supply. The model includes several factors that influence the decision to take breaks: fatigue, opportunity costs, preferences across hours of the day, and random utility shocks. I estimate the model using high-frequency data covering millions of taxi trips in New York City during an entire year. The estimated parameters indicate that the fixed costs of taking a break are high, suggesting that a policy aimed at increasing the availability of taxi parking spaces could reduce the aggregate level of fatigue. In Chapter 2, I use the previously developed model to quantify the value of flexibility and evaluate the effect of a 'mandatory breaks' policy. This chapter proposes a novel methodological approach to deal with unobserved heterogeneity: I estimate the model separately for each driver. My results show that flexibility is valued highly with the average driver in my sample requiring a 23 percent increase in revenue to accept a counterfactual fixed work schedule. I then study the effects of a realistic 'mandatory breaks' policy and show that such a policy would substantially increase the frequency of breaks but would reduce labor supply between 6 and 9 percent. Chapter 3 presents empirical evidence indicating that the daily labor supply elasticity of workers is large and negative in response to small windfall gains, contrary to the prediction of the standard neoclassical model. In the main specification, I identify windfall gains using tips received by drivers and find that the drivers respond to these shocks by decreasing their labor supply substantially. I also find that these shocks do not affect future labor supply, indicating that standard neoclassical income effects cannot explain this result. In contrast, a positive shock to average hourly earnings causes drivers' labor supply to increase, consistent with the neoclassical model. My findings suggest that increasing the wage and reducing the income earned through tips or bonuses could increase labor supply in a cost-neutral way.	Ph.D.	worker, wage	8
Schriever, Tiffany	Williams, D. Dudley	Energy Flow and Food Web Ecology along a Hydroperiod Gradient	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2012-11	Identifying the ecological mechanisms that determine food web structure is critical for understanding the causes and consequences of diversity. The objective of this thesis was to identify the mechanisms structuring aquatic food webs across environmental gradients from a multi-level perspective (individual to ecosystem) using integrative methodology and field experiments to test classic ecological theory. My results demonstrate support for the dynamic constraints hypothesis, which predicts habitats with greater disturbance should have shorter food chains, but are not consistent with the ecosystem size hypothesis that predicts larger ecosystems have longer food chains. Insect and amphibian richness increased with increasing pond size and hydroperiod, indicating that insertion of new consumers into pond communities was driving variation in food-chain length. A multivariate analysis testing the influence of physicochemical variables on food-web characteristics revealed that hydroperiod and pond area had a strong influence on amphibian and invertebrate assemblages, trophic diversity and d15N range. Food-chain length did not respond strongly to any one variable, but instead responded weakly to multiple environmental variables, suggesting interacting influences on food-web structure. Conversely, the trophic niche of amphibian larvae was not influenced by pond hydroperiod, but did exhibit ontogenetic diet shifts. Populations of amphibian larvae with broader niche widths also had increased individual variation, supporting the niche variation hypothesis. In addition, I assessed whether species diversity influenced the magnitude of cross-habitat resource flow between aquatic and terrestrial habitats via emerging aquatic insects, metamorphosing amphibians, and litter deposition. Deposition into ponds far exceeded carbon exported via insect and amphibian emergences. We found a negative relationship between resource flux and the diversity of amphibians and insects, which contradicts the general pattern of positive biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships. My research strongly suggests environmental variation is a key process in shaping food-web structure and function and that multiple methodologies are needed to understand temporal and spatial dynamics of aquatic ecosystems.	PhD	food, consum, environment, biodiversity	2, 12, 13, 15
Schuler, Siegfried	Mishna, Faye	The Relationship between Exposure to Pornography, Victimization History, Attachment to Parents, and the Sexual Offence Characteristics of Adolescents who Sexually Offend	Social Work	2014-06	This study was focused on exploring the relationship between victimization history, attachment to parents, pornography exposure/use, and characteristics of the sexual offences committed by male adolescents. It was hypothesized that, the poorer the attachment to parents, the greater number of abuses experienced, and the more exposure to pornography, the more likely an adolescent would be to have had more victims, have offended against more age groups, have both male and female victims, have committed penetration in his sexual offences, and have been forceful or violent in his sexual offences. The study involved secondary analysis of a large data set that was based on prior administration of an extensive survey which also included a number of psychological measures and questionnaires. A total of 308 male participants ranging in age from 13 to 20 at the time of completing the survey were included in this study. Participants were 12-17 years of age at the time of their sexual offending. A series of regressions were used to examine if attachment to parents, history of abuse/neglect, and pornography use could predict the number of victims, age group of victims, gender of victims, sexual intrusiveness, and level of force in the sexual offences that had been committed by the participants. Predictor variables that emerged as important in this study were the duration of the sexual offending, having experienced three or more types of abuse, and exposure to live sex. In general, it was suggested that treatment efforts should focus on intervening promptly and reducing the duration of an adolescent’s sexual offending and that intervention for all types of abuse be prioritized. Additionally, it was recommended that future research seek to identify characteristics that might predispose certain victimized individuals to develop sexual offending behaviours in the future. In general, it was noted that further explorations are needed regarding applicable theoretical approaches, as well as the various factors, and interactions among factors, that contribute to the characteristics of sexual offences committed by male adolescents.	PhD	gender	5
Schumaker, Katherine	Fuller-Thomson, Esme	An Exploration of the Relationship between Poverty and Child Neglect in Canadian Child Welfare	Social Work	2012-11	Objectives: Concerns have been raised that child welfare systems may inappropriately target poor families for intrusive interventions. The term “neglect” has been critiqued as a class-based label applied disproportionately to poor families. The objectives of the study are: to identify the nature and frequency of clinical and poverty-related concerns in child neglect investigations and to assess the service referral response to these needs; to examine the contribution of poverty-related need to case decision-making; and to explore whether substantiated cases of neglect can be divided into subtypes based on different constellations of clinical and poverty-related needs. Methods: This study is a secondary analysis of data collected through the 2008 Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect (CIS‑2008), a nationally representative dataset. A selected subsample of neglect investigations from the CIS‑2008 (N = 4,489) is examined through descriptive analyses, logistic regression, and two-step cluster analysis in order to explore each research objective. Results: Children and caregivers investigated for neglect presented with a range of clinical and poverty-related difficulties. Contrary to some previous research, the existence of poverty-related needs did not influence case dispositions after controlling for other relevant risk factors. However, some variables that should be, in theory, extraneous to case decision-making emerged as significant in the multivariate models, most notably Aboriginal status, with Aboriginal children having increased odds of substantiation, ongoing service provision and placement. Cluster analyses revealed that cases of neglect could be partitioned into three clusters, with no cluster emerging characterized by poverty alone. Conclusions: The majority of children investigated for neglect live in families experiencing poverty-related needs, and with caregivers struggling with clinical difficulties. While poverty-related need on its own does not explain the high proportion of poor families reported to the child welfare system, nor does it account for significant variance in case decision making, cluster analysis suggests that there exists a subgroup of “neglected” children living in families perhaps best characterized by the broader notion of social disadvantage. These families may be better served through an orientation of family support/family welfare rather than through the current residual child protection paradigm.	PhD	poverty	1
Schurman, Jonathan Scott	Thomas, Sean C	From Plant Properties To Forest Function In Temperate Mixed Angiosperm-conifer Old Growth	Forestry	2016-06	Ecosystem functions are the processes that cycle matter among vegetation, soils and the atmosphere. These processes are conventionally modelled as the physiological response of homogeneous plant cover driven by abiotic conditions over large areas. However, efforts invested in understanding how structural complexity within these homogeneous pixels influences ecosystem functions, especially the abundance and distribution of tree species, have led to substantial improvements in predictive accuracy. The ecosystem consequences of adaptive variation among plants were explored in a 13 ha old-growth plot located in Central Ontario's mixed conifer-angiosperm forest. Topography, soil moisture and soil nitrogen were found to structure the distribution of tree species: Conifers dominated the less fertile, xeric lake margin and tolerant hardwoods dominated the richer mesic interior. Patterns in functional composition reflected the trade-offs that have influenced the evolution of plant traits, especially the Leaf Economics Spectrum. Functional composition based on species-level traits, more than acclimation of growth rates along environmental gradients, translated into variability in stand structure and consequently biomass and productivity. Functional diversity was positively correlated with productivity. Rates of litter production and decomposition were quantified along the conifer-angiosperm gradient. Functional composition of litter assemblages accurately predicted decomposition rates and dominated temperature and moisture effects. Organic-horizon dynamics that resulted from coevolved green-leaf and litter properties have presumably acted to stabilize relative abundances in these plant-soil systems, through cultivation of nutrient levels more beneficial to existing assemblages than invaders. Functional diversity was negatively correlated with decomposition, which has likely favored conifers in mixed-species communities. Impacts of tree ontogeny on soil respiration were investigated for the hyper-dominant species, Acer saccharum Marsh. Following an intense rainfall, soil respiration was especially amplified in tree root zones. Post-rain root-zone fluxes increased with tree size, implying that ontogenetic processes have contributed soil-carbon dynamics. A trait-based perspective has linked adaptive variation among trees to ecosystem function. Important diversity effects on productivity and decomposition were detected, implying that increased representation of community structure in ecosystem models can lead to improved predictions. Investigating relationships between community and ecosystem processes in remaining old-growth forests is necessary to evaluate the potential functioning of degraded landscapes.	Ph.D.	forest, ecosystem	15
Schwan, Kaitlin Jessica	Hulchanski, J. David	Why Don’t We Do Something? The Societal Problematization of “Homelessness” and the Relationship between Discursive Framing and Social Change	Social Work	2016-11	Despite decades of public support for ending homelessness, there is little evidence that homelessness has decreased in Canada. Instead, Canadian communities continue to respond to rising numbers of people without homes through emergency response measures that do little to prevent or end the problem. In sharp contrast, research has documented that homelessness is not inevitable and can be addressed with relatively insignificant government financing. Canada has the ability to end this problem. The question is: why don’t we? This study explores Canada’s political response to this issue by tracing the social construction of “homelessness” since its emergence in the 1980s. Drawing on social problem theory, this interpretive study uses a grounded theory approach to explore the construction of this problem by homelessness advocates and the Canadian media. Triangulating this data with social policy and key events, this study proposes a stage model to explain the “career” of this social problem. This research constitutes the first comprehensive study of the development of homelessness as a social problem in Canada. Results of the study suggest that homelessness has progressed through six stages in Canada and currently stands at a crossroads between institutionalization and transformation. Over the history of this problem, understandings of this issue have shifted from an emergency/disaster framework to an economic, bureaucratic, and scientific framework. Shifts in homelessness advocacy have been crucial to this transformation and are reflected in the development of two distinct “waves” of homelessness advocacy over the course of this problem’s history. This study argues that the differences between these waves are structurally produced through each wave’s divergent class-based experiences of early twenty-first century social and political changes. This study also offers the largest historical analysis of Canadian newspapers’ coverage of homelessness to date. Analysis revealed that newspaper coverage peaked in 1999 and has since declined. Findings suggest that Canadian reporters have frequently depoliticized and individualized this issue in class-based ways, while often failing to elucidate the connections between homelessness and Canada’s economic and social policies. This thesis concludes with an analysis of the contributions of this study to social problem studies, homelessness research, and social work.	Ph.D.	poverty	1
Schwartz, Deborah H.	Paus, Tomas	Adiposity and Brain Health: A Study of Adolescents and Middle-aged Adults	Psychology	2015-11	Obesity, the excess accumulation of adipose tissue, presents a substantial public health burden. Research emerging over the past decade has shown that midlife obesity is associated with altered brain structure and increased risk of developing dementia. Prior research examining obesity-brain health relationships have utilized anthropometric measures of obesity (such as body mass index) and focused on adult populations. The current research aims to build on our understanding of obesity-brain health relationships by a) moving beyond the limitation of body mass index to examine the unique contributions of visceral vs. peripheral adiposity and b) examining two populations: adolescents and middle-aged adults to gain a clearer understanding of how these relationships progress across the lifespan. To this end, four investigations of obesity-brain health relationships were conducted. First, the relationship between adiposity and cognitive performance was examined in adolescents, and revealed a negative association between visceral fat and executive functioning that was more pronounced in females than in males. Second, the relationships between adiposity and two measures of structural brain integrity, signal intensity and magnetization transfer ratio, were assessed in adolescents. Robust relationships were found, possibly indicating variations in membrane phospholipid composition. Third, the relationship between adiposity and cortical thickness was examined in adolescents, revealing age-moderated relationships between adiposity and cortical thickness in males. Fourth, the relationships between adiposity and brain volumes, white matter integrity and cognition were examined in middle-aged adults, demonstrating a negative relationship between adiposity and brain volumes, as well as measures of white matter integrity. Overall these results suggest that high adiposity in adolescents is associated with altered brain structure and cognition, while in middle-aged adults, high adiposity is associated with altered brain structure. Given the rising rates of obesity worldwide, this research has implications for brain health throughout the lifespan.	Ph.D.	health	3
Schwindt, Graeme C.	Black, Sandra E	Towards Functional Imaging Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease	Medical Science	2014-11	There is a growing need for biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) to aid in early detection, tracking of treatment response, and drug development. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been a focus of efforts, offering a dynamic view of the affected organ. We first examined the existing fMRI literature in AD research using a quantitative meta-analysis of episodic memory studies comparing AD patients and healthy older adults. We found a consistent loss of medial temporal lobe (MTL) activation in patients, but both reduced and increased cortical activation outside of the MTL, including areas of increased activation likelihood in the ventral lateral prefrontal cortex (VL-PFC). These findings suggest some evidence for compensatory hyperactivation in individuals with AD. We next collected both task- and resting-state fMRI data in 16 individuals with mild AD and 13 healthy older adults, and examined the default mode network (DMN) dysfunction in order to determine whether DMN abnormalities vary depending on how they are measured (i.e., rest vs. task). Patients showed resting state deficits in the multiple regions but none during task completion. The change in DMN connectivity in the posterior cingulate between rest and task was predictive of cognitive status in patients, while measures at rest or task alone were not. This suggests that a measurement of change in DMN connectivity may provide unique clinical information unavailable to a single state scan. In chapter 4 we examined the sensitivity of a simple visual task and resting state DMN measures to pharmacological treatment with a cholinesterase inhibitor (ChEI) in AD. Twenty-three patients with AD and 13 healthy matched controls were scanned twice, an average of 7 months apart, with patients receiving ChEI treatment after scan 1. ChEI treatment was associated with increases in visual, parietal and VL-PFC activation in patients, which persisted after controlling for perfusion in individuals with perfusion MRI data. DMN connectivity was disrupted at baseline within the right MTL and showed increased left MTL coactivation with treatment. Controls showed no changes over time. These results suggest that long term ChEI treatment is associated with changes in task-relevant cortical activation and MTL-DMN connectivity, but these changes were not associated with measures of clinical status.	Ph.D.	health	3
Scollard, Sharon Marie	Bascia, Nina	Updating Vocational Curriculum in Two Year Diploma Programs at One Ontario College of Applied Arts and Technology to Align with Current Industry Practices	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2018-11	One of the most important functions of a College of Applied Arts and Technology is to provide vocational training and thus supply employers with skilled employees. Job skills include technologies and processes that change over time, and the academic program curricula at a College of Applied Arts and Technology must be updated regularly to align with current and near-future industry practices. How does a College of Applied Arts and Technology identify current worker competencies? How is the curriculum updated to incorporate these changes to reflect current and near-future industry practices? The answer to these questions at one College of Applied Arts and Technology is the focus of this study. This study describes, for four academic programs at one Ontario College of Applied Arts and Technology, the processes used by the college, corresponding accreditors and the government to identify current job skills, and the processes used to update academic programs and standards at each organization. Programs studied spanned the spectrum of Regulated, Accredited and Unregulated programs. Cyclical update processes for college curriculum, Ministry Program Standards and Accreditor competencies were examined and they map to the Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle used in Quality Improvement processes. Activity Theory provides a system model framework that is used to examine the college program curriculum, and the external standards including the Ministry Program Standards and Accreditor competencies for practice. The transitions systems literature reveals that in a liberal market economy, the qualification for regulated programs tightly matches the job in the labour market and the qualification for broad occupational areas loosely matches the jobs in the labour market. This study proposes a framework for understanding the relationship between vocational education curriculum and the labour market.	Ph.D.	labour, worker	8
Scott, Caren Elizabeth	Zimmerman, Ann ||Jackson, Donald Andrew	Lake Benthic Algal Production and Extracellular Material	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2013-06	Littoral zone primary production is under-studied relative to the pelagic zone, despite recent work indicating its importance to the lake as a whole. Benthic extracellular material, shown to be important for food web dynamics and stabilization of the surrounding ecosystem in the marine intertidal, is even less frequently studied in lakes. I examined the environmental and community level drivers of benthic primary production, and found production to increase over the summer and to decrease with disturbance. I also found that maximum photosynthesis and efficiency under sub-saturating light both increased with depth, contrary to the existing, laboratory-derived paradigm of a trade-off between the two. I also examined how benthic primary production and environmental factors were correlated with the amount of extracellular material. I found that loosely bound colloidal extracellular material decreased with in situ photosynthesis and was affected by algal community composition, whereas tightly bound capsular extracellular material was affected only by date, indicating that capsular material is refractory in lakes just as it is in marine systems. Contrary to what is seen in marine systems, however, there were no direct effects of the environmental factors, possibly the result of physical differences between these systems. I also performed the first cross-ecosystem comparison of extracellular material. Despite relatively few studies from lakes and streams, and methods which have not been standardized, I found that lakes were similar to marine intertidal zones both in their median amounts of extracellular material and their relationships between extracellular material and chlorophyll a. This relationship appeared to be quite different in streams, with very low amounts of extracellular material found at sites with either high or low chlorophyll a concentrations. While the above studies will improve future estimates of lake carbon budgets and whole-lake production, my development of a permutation test for path analysis, and a novel application of the Bayesian principal components analysis, will assist all ecological studies that are often restricted in their sample sizes or compromised by missing data.	PhD	environment, marine	13, 14
Scott, Catherine	Andrade, Maydianne CB	Mate Searching and Choosiness are Shaped by Spatial Structure and Social Information in Western Black Widows	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2020-06	The relative importance of different episodes of sexual selection for fitness varies with environmental and social context, so inferring the net effect of selection requires understanding how each mechanism operates in nature. Theory predicts that links between ecology, information availability, and mechanisms of sexual selection can have substantive effects on plasticity and behaviour, but these links are rarely demonstrated in the field. Using the western black widow, Latrodectus hesperus, I investigated how ecological factors including demography, OSR, and spatial structure influence male and female reproductive behaviour in the field, and how these are linked by chemical information. I found that the OSR is extremely male biased for most of the mating season, and this imposes strong selection on males to find females before rivals. Mate searching males use social information, likely encoded by chemicals on silk draglines produced by rivals, to efficiently locate females even in the absence of female sex pheromone. In the face of intense scramble competition over access to receptive adult females, I found that males commonly guard and mate with subadult females using a recently-described alternative reproductive tactic: immature mating. Success at this tactic requires contests with rivals, which likely favours different traits than does pure scramble competition over adults, and may help to maintain extreme variation in male size. Moreover, because subadults apparently do not produce volatile chemical cues that would allow males to locate them, the clumped spatial distribution of females in the field is a critical factor influencing the feasibility of immature mating; males only found subadults when there were signaling adults nearby. I also found that for females, proximity to conspecifics during development and early adulthood influences encounter rates with potential mates, such that some females risk remaining unmated in nature. Consequently, females adjust mate-choice decisions in response to chemical information about their local social environment; females in relatively isolated locations display decreased choosiness relative to females in close proximity to conspecifics. Together these studies provide insights into how mate competition and mate choice, key factors driving sexual selection, are related to the spatiotemporal distribution of conspecifics in a natural population.	Ph.D.	ecology	14
Scott, Helen M.	Chipman, Mary ||té, Pierre Cô	Family Matters: An Examination of the Association between Family Structure and Youth Injury	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2009-11	Injury is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among Canadian youth. In order to develop successful prevention strategies for this major public health problem, it is necessary to determine injury risk factors. Despite reasons to believe that family structure (parents’ marital and living arrangements) may be associated with youth injury, this link has been largely overlooked in injury research. The objectives of this thesis were to determine whether family structure was associated with youth injury in a manner described by theory, after considering alternative explanations for the observed association and to explore how engaging in high risk behaviour mediated the impact of family structure on youth injury. The association was explored using cross-sectional and longitudinal data. This study was based on a representative, cross-sectional World Health Organization, Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (2006) survey of 9, 068 Canadian students, aged 11–15 years, from 186 schools. A sub-sample of 1, 885 Ontario students surveyed in 2006 and again in 2007 comprised the longitudinal sample. The associations were assessed using generalized estimating equations with classroom clusters and Poisson distribution, adjusting for identified potential confounders and examining mediation by high-risk behaviours. There were three main findings: 1) Family structure was associated with medically treated injury in females, after accounting for confounding. Results showed that females from non-intact families had slightly increased risk of any injury than those from intact families (PR=1.11; 95% CI: 1.04-1.19). However, they had a greater risk of non-sports (PR=1.30; 95% CI: 1.16-1.77) and severe, non-sports (PR=1.46; 95% CI: 1.12-1.91) injury. 2) Only a small portion of the association between family structure and injury was explained by engaging in high risk behaviour. 3) There was an inconsistent relationship between family structure and male non-sports injury (Canadian cross-sectional, PR=1.05; 95% CI: 0.94-1.16; Ontario longitudinal, PR=1.58; 95% CI: 1.20-2.07). The findings of this thesis call attention to the importance of non-intact family structures as a risk factor for youth injury. More research is needed to improve our understanding of the mechanisms through which family structure influences youths' risk of injury in order to guide policy development.	PhD	health	3
Scourboutakos, Mary J.	L'Abbe, Mary R	Eating-out: A Study of the Nutritional Quality of Canadian Chain Restaurant Foods and Interventions to Promote Healthy Eating	Nutritional Sciences	2016-11	Canadians are increasingly eating outside-the-home. At the outset of this thesis there were no data on the nutritional quality of Canadian chain restaurant foods, the Sodium Working Groupâ s plan to monitor sodium reductions in the food supply was abandoned, and despite interest and numerous bills, there was no existing menu-labelling legislation in Canada. The specific objectives of this thesis were to 1) investigate the nutritional quality of the Canadian chain restaurant food supply; 2) explore consumersâ use of menu-labelling; and 3) test the potential of alternative forms of labelling in non-chain restaurant settings. Objective 1 was investigated by developing and analyzing a national database of over 9000 menu-items from Canadian fast-food and sit-down chain restaurants which was created in 2010. There was wide variation in calorie levels within each restaurant and food category; furthermore, portion size, as opposed to calorie density, was the most important driver of this variation. Sodium levels in menu items often exceed daily recommendations and despite reported efforts by the restaurant sector to improve, as of 2013, reductions were minimal. Objective 2 used an online, national consumer survey to test three menu-labelling treatments (calories; calories and sodium; and calories, sodium and serving size labelling). The effect of labelling on consumer choice varied depending on the restaurant setting, however, overall, labelling sodium in addition to calories led consumers to choose meals with significantly less sodium. There was no additional benefit from adding serving size information. Objective 3 was examined in a quasi-experimental, population-level nutrition labelling/education intervention study in a campus cafeteria. Results showed that this intervention could modestly increase fruit and vegetable consumption, and decrease sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among University students. Overall, this thesis provides food supply and consumer data to inform public health policy debates around issues concerning food consumed outside-the-home.	Ph.D.	consum	12
Sealey, Anthony James Linsell	Vipond, Robert	New Old Politics? Explaining Popular Support for Redistributive Public Policies	Political Science	2018-06	The central argument advanced by the dissertation is that three key sources of variation are critical for understanding popular support for redistributive public policies. First, redistribution is not a single undifferentiated policy goal. This dissertation distinguishes between ‘generalized’ and ‘targeted’ redistribution, and argues that critical determinants of citizens’ redistributive policy preferences play out differently depending on whether the redistribution is generalized or targeted in nature. Second, attitudes toward redistribution vary both across space and over time. The dissertation contends that many critical macrolevel determinants of citizens’ policy preferences illuminate how and why these variations occur. Third, in exceptional cases, specific political contexts matter. The dissertation maintains that while there is a range of common factors that influences popular support for redistribution throughout most advanced industrial democracies, in a limited number of cases, the citizens of distinct political contexts have substantially different orientations toward redistributive public policies. The dissertation draws on both cross-national data from eighteen advanced industrial democracies as well as cross-provincial data from the Canadian case to evaluate hypotheses constructed from these theories. The empirical findings support the dissertation’s core hypotheses. The evidence suggests that those with higher income tend to be more opposed to generalized redistribution, whereas those with more right-wing economic beliefs are more inclined to oppose targeted redistribution. There is also clear support for the contention that cross-sectional and longitudinal variations in redistributive policy preferences are differently affected by changes in key macroeconomic factors. For instance, when comparing between states, higher levels of economic inequality tend to be linked to lower levels of support for redistribution, but as economic inequality within a state increases over time, support for redistribution also tends to increase. There is also substantial evidence that specific political contexts matter. For instance, Americans are much less likely to support targeted redistribution than the citizens of other advanced industrial democracies, whereas Quebecers are much more likely to support generalized redistribution than the residents of other Canadian provinces. And in the cases in which political context matters, these critical differences tend to be a result of differences in in these citizens’ values and beliefs.	Ph.D.	equality, inequality	5, 10
Sears, Nancy A.	Baker, G. Ross	Harm from Home Care: A Patient Safety Study Examining Adverse Events in Home Care	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2008-06	Research into adverse events in home care is at a very early stage worldwide. Adverse event research in other health care sectors has demonstrated that patients can and do suffer harm, much of which is preventable, during the receipt of health care services. A stratified, random sample of patients who had received home care nursing service and were discharged in 2004/05 from three Ontario home care programs was studied to develop basic exploratory and descriptive evidence to advance the understanding of AEs in home care. The outcome is an estimate of the incidence of adverse events among patients, description of adverse event types and factors associated with adverse events, and the development of models predictive of home care patients with higher and lower potential for adverse events, and of the location of patients with adverse events. Positive critical indicators were identified in 66.5% of 430 cases. Sixty-one adverse events were identified in 55 (19.2%) of these 286 cases. When adjusted for sampling methodology, the adverse event rate was 13.2 per 100 patients (95%, CI 10.4% - 16.6%, SE 1.6%). Thirty-three percent of the adverse events were rated as having more than a 50% probability of preventability; 1.4% of all patients experienced an adverse event related death. Eight of the 45 factors significantly associated with adverse events formed a single factor model predictive of adverse events. Six two-factor interactions and the absence of one factor were also predictive of the occurrence of adverse events. Five of the 12 critical indicators significantly related to adverse events, as well as 7 critical indicator combinations formed models that reliably located about two-thirds of patients who had, and almost all patients who had not, experienced an adverse event. This study suggests that a significant number of home care patients experience adverse events, two-thirds of which are preventable. Use of adverse event sensitive factors as a screening tool for patients that may benefit from enhanced case management and clinical vigilance, and those unlikely to be placed at increased adverse event risk by maintaining current levels of vigilance, presents an opportunity to improve patient safety. Retrospective critical indicator models identifying home care patients who have experienced an adverse event can be used to estimate adverse event incidence rates and changes in rates over time.	PhD	health	3
Sediako, Anton D.	Thomson, Murray J.	In Situ Electron Microscopy for Characterization and Development of Clean Energy Nanomaterials	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2019-11	Since the industrial revolution, the hunt has been on for larger, cleaner, and more efficient energy systems. This growth has been met primarily by combustion of oil, coal, and gas; yielding an enormous amount of harmful emissions in the form of carbon nanoparticulates (i.e. soot). To mitigate the production of these pollutants, a more thorough understanding of how these products are formed is required. Apart from the harmful effects, flame formed carbon nanomaterials have crucial uses in material science - ranging from energy storage to rubber reinforcement. Through a deeper understanding of how nanomaterials form and change, we can not only achieve cleaner combustion but also apply this understanding to high volume, low cost production of the next generation of functionalized nanomaterials. Combustion formed nanoparticulates form and evolve in milliseconds, under high temperatures, and their reactions follow multiple branching pathways. These characteristics make the process ideal for high volume production, yet challenging to study and understand. Therefore new experimental methods are required to peek inside, model carbon nanoparticle formation, and fine tune production processes. The goal of this work has therefore been to collaborate with Hitachi Higher Technologies Canada in developing a new environmental transmission electron microscopy technique and applying it for the in situ studies of functional nanomaterials. Work was performed and published in three key areas: combustion produced soot, nanocatalysts for soot filtration, and applied carbon nanomaterials for energy storage. Following the publications in these areas, focus was then moved into upgrading the instrument for nanomaterial growth and synthesis. This consisted of funding, upgrade design, and professional development of the next generation of students advancing this work. Ultimately, this thesis summarizes the cumulative effort of over 5 years of research, 10 publications, 5 international collaborations, and presentation of our work at 8 conferences. Over this time, our work advanced research in soot oxidation, high pressure combustion, soot filtration, carbon black aftertreatment, nanomotors, and carbon/silicon battery materials. The outreach and collaborations have allowed us to apply our expertise to areas outside the traditional combustion lab focus and cement the in-situ ETEM technique in a wide range of nanomaterial fields.	Ph.D.	energy, industr, production, environment, pollut	7, 9, 12, 13
Seitz, David Kroening	Cowen, Deborah E.||Georgis, Dina S.	"A House of Prayer for All People": Promises of Citizenship in Queer Church	Geography	2015-11	Queer theory’s tradition of subjectless critique, which refuses to limit an understanding of sexuality to LGBTQ identity, dreams not only of more dexterous scholarly analysis, but of nourishing coalitional solidarities among differently marginalized subjects. My dissertation argues that subjectless critique’s capacious ethico-political aspirations make it possible to imagine citizenship differently. Although queer studies often regards citizenship as a hazardous object, exclusively bound up with nation-state violence and Eurocentric universalism, I follow geographers in mapping citizenship as multiscalar and teeming with radical potential, particularly at the urban scale. Advocating a reparative – but not optimistic – approach to the concept, I propose what I call “subjectless queer citizenship” to imagine bundles of solidarity, sympathy, rights and redistribution that take neither the nation-state nor LGBTQ identity as an exclusive referent. I ground this theoretical exploration in analysis of three years of ethnographic study at the Metropolitan Community Church of Toronto, a large, predominantly LGBTQ Toronto congregation that promises “a house of prayer for all people.” While the church has played a key role in a range of citizenship struggles, I focus on four: refugee rights, debates on race and gender in religious leadership, global outreach to LGBTQ Christians, and activism around urban police-minority relations. On the one hand, I point to the church as a space that realizes subjectless queer citizenship. I highlight the church’s refugee program, which has resisted pressure from the Canadian nation-state to weed out “fake” refugee claimants who are not “really” LGBTQ, and insisted on providing support and resources to all refugees on the basis of vulnerability alone. On the other hand, I trace the church’s considerable limits – moments of racialized and gendered exclusion; failure to criticize forms of police and geopolitical violence; and unreflexive, dangerous aspirations to save the world. I take inspiration, however, from the affective, spiritual and political praxis of church leaders, particularly women of color, who integrate the church’s good and bad fragments in order to pursue capacious, “minor” visions of citizenship. The promise of a subjectless queer citizenship, I contend, ultimately depends not on good political analysis alone, but on people’s capacity for affective reparation.	Ph.D.	gender, women, queer, rights	5, 16
Seto, Emily	Leonard, Kevin	Design and Evaluation of a Mobile Phone-based Remote Patient Monitoring System for Heart Failure Management: A Focus on Self-care	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2011-06	Methods to improve self-care and clinical management of heart failure are required, especially in light of the anticipated increase in heart failure prevalence and associated high costs. Remote patient monitoring (RPM) has been shown to improve heart failure outcomes, but the feasibility and efficacy of mobile phone-based RPM systems are still unknown. The main objectives of this research were to investigate the optimal design of a mobile phone-based RPM system, and to determine the effects of the system on self-care, clinical management, and health outcomes. A mobile phone-based RPM system was first developed using a user-centric design process. It was then evaluated with a six-month randomized controlled trial consisting of 100 patients attending a heart function clinic. The quality of life improved only for the intervention group, but both intervention and control groups improved with respect to self-care, heart function, and heart failure prognosis. The clinic was determined to be a confounder. Patients who were enrolled into the clinic for less than six months showed significantly greater improvements (six months is required for patients to stabilize from medication optimization). Therefore, a subgroup analysis using data from the 63 patients who were enrolled into the clinic for over six months at time of recruitment was performed. The results from the subgroup analysis indicated that the RPM system improved self-care, heart function, and heart failure prognosis at statistically significant and clinically meaningful levels. These improvements were found to be a result of enhanced self-care knowledge and practices, as well as enhanced clinical management enabled by the system. No differences in mortality or hospital admissions were found between groups, but the trial was underpowered to detect changes in these outcome measures. In summary, mobile phone-based RPM was found to be a feasible and effective tool to help improve heart failure management and outcomes.	PhD	health	3
Seto, So Yan	Muzzin, Linda	A "Tricky Business" - Knowledge Production in Children's Environmental Health	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2011-06	Using critical feminist theories and methodologies, my research investigates the power relations and influences at play within the field of children's environmental health. I begin with the research question of how a parent's everyday purchase of a toy or other children's product is "hooked into" extra-local governance (agenda-setting, rule-making and monitoring). Focusing on Bisphenol A and phthalates as an example, in-depth interviews were conducted with six government officials (three federal and three municipal), three non-governmental organization (NGO) representatives, a politician, six higher education faculty members and a parent, as well as two focus groups of 23 parents. Legislation and other relevant documents from governments, NGOs, industry and media were analyzed together with reports of their activities and attitudes to theorize "how things work" in the identification and management of toxic substances in products for sale, with a special interest in how this affects children's environmental health. My research revealed the influence of neo-liberalism, corporate power and over-reliance on strictly evidence-based biomedical reductionism in slowing down assessment and regulation of chemicals while many health professionals and grassroots activists have called for swifter responses based on the precautionary principle, as favoured by European governments. That is, politics and bureaucracy, with the approval of industry, over the past two decades, have clung to reductionist science as the only paradigm for understanding toxicity, thus slowing down regulatory processes. Although the historical and epistemological power relations mapped in my research work together to legitimize scientific certainty rather than the precautionary principle, I argue that the resulting regulatory logjam has been and could be addressed by reference to European examples, knowledge produced by collectives and the establishment of upstream and equity-based public health strategies with public input into the process.	PhD	health, environment	3, 13
Settels, Jason	Schafer, Markus H	The Multi-contextual Effects Through Which Environmental Economic Declines Impact Older Persons’ Quality of Life	Sociology	2019-11	The effects of city and neighbourhood contexts on individuals’ well-being have long garnered sociological interest. Within this broader topic, scholarship has shown that the changing economic fortunes of cities and neighbourhoods influence residents’ quality of life. However, the dynamics that determine whether and how contexts in decline impact residents’ mental health and social lives are understudied. The three papers of this dissertation extend beyond current research by examining the mechanisms and contingencies that determined how declines in American cities and neighbourhoods through the Great Recession of 2007-2009 affected older residents’ quality of life. As this recession was the greatest economic crisis the world had experienced since the Great Depression of the 1930s, it is an ideal context within which to study the effects of economic declines. First, I study how rising home foreclosure rates and declining home prices in American cities led to rising depressive symptoms. Most research on the effects of this recession upon mental health has focused on personal financial losses. My results show that features of cities in decline affect residents’ depressive symptoms above and beyond the effects attributable to their own total household assets declines. Second, my results reveal how declining resources at the city level and rising concentrated disadvantage within city neighbourhoods interacted multiplicatively as they impacted depressive symptoms. Despite much scholarship arguing for a greater integration of city- and neighbourhood-level effects, few studies have investigated how these two contextual levels operate multiplicatively as they affect residents’ health and well-being. Third, my findings show that rising concentrated disadvantage in American neighbourhoods led to smaller social networks through time, largely due to less acquisition of new close social ties. Within the context of the Great Recession, each paper thus makes a unique contribution to our understanding of whether and how contexts undergoing economic declines affect an important dimension of older persons’ quality of life.	Ph.D.	cities, health	3, 11
Shabaga, Jason A.	Basiliko, Nathan	The Influence of Selection Silviculture Biomass Harvesting on Soil Carbon, Nutrients, and Respiration in a Northern Mixed-Deciduous Forest	Geography	2016-11	Concerns have been raised about soil fertility following increased recovery of biomass in northern mixed deciduous forests. Several studies suggest that biomass extraction and enhanced decomposer activity can lead to losses of soil C and nutrients, increased nitrification, and reduced soil CO2 efflux (FCO2) from compaction and root senescence. However, results are inconsistent; differences may be linked to insufficient investigation and characterisation of variability in forest structure, silvicultural methods, and intensity and heterogeneity of disturbances. Without a comprehensive understanding of how soil biogeochemical processes respond to different types and intensities of harvesting disturbances, we cannot accurately predict losses and ecological sustainability of harvesting. My thesis tests this by evaluating changes to forest structure and various soil edaphic and physical properties following tree-length (TL) and more intensive biomass selection-harvests for 3 years and on primary and tertiary skid trails. Several metrics of forest harvesting intensity were correlated to higher post-harvest FCO2 rates and losses of soil and dissolved soil organic C (SOC/DOC), K+, and NH4+. Increased canopy openness and soil temperatures accounted for 34-41% of elevated FCO2. Woody debris inputs and SOC/DOC losses correlated to higher autumn FCO2 rates and NH4+ losses, while harvested tree biomass correlated to lower summer rates and higher nitrate concentrations. Primary skid trails had low SOC/nutrient concentrations and FCO2 from compaction and inhibited regrowth, potentially functioning as C sources. Biomass harvesting halved woody debris inputs relative to TL harvesting; otherwise, short-term treatment differences were nominal. However, estimated base cation losses through additional biomass recovery may produce net long-term soil depletion not observed in conventional harvesting. These results support my hypotheses that harvesting increased decomposer and nitrification activity, losses of C and nutrients, and that harvesting and trail use intensity can potentially predict these changes. Ecosystem-scale projections of forest C and nutrient storage that do not distinguish between spatiotemporally variable source/sink components (e.g. skid trails, harvested forest) may not effectively estimate changes. Combined with a detailed mensuration of pre/post-harvest forest structure and environmental covariates, future studies that representatively sample these different areas may improve our ability to predict system responses to disturbances.	Ph.D.	urban, environment, forest	11, 13, 15
Shafique, Sohana	Zlotkin, Stanley	Preventing Linear Growth Faltering and Reversal of Stunting Among Low Birth Weight Infants in Bangladesh: A Community-based Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial	Nutritional Sciences	2013-11	Background: Low birth weight (LBW) infants in low income countries are vulnerable to frequent infections and suboptimal breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices, which together may result in postnatal linear growth faltering and poor neurodevelopment. Objectives: To measure the relative effect of directed use of benzalkonium chloride-containing, water-based hand sanitizers (HS) and broad-range multiple micronutrient powder (MNP) along with nutrition, health and hygiene education (NHHE) to prevent infections and linear growth faltering among LBW infants. Methods: A prospective 2X2 factorial, cluster-randomized controlled trial was conducted among 467 full-term LBW infants from 0-12 months, using 48 clusters randomly assigned as follows: A. From 0 to 6 months, i) NHHE alone or ii) NHHE plus HS; B. From 6-12 months i) NHHE alone; ii) NHHE plus HS; iii) NHHE plus MNP (to be provided with complementary foods); and iv) NHHE plus both HS and MNP. Results: Combined intervention of ‘directed hand-sanitizer use’ and ‘micronutrient powder’ along with ‘NHHE’ significantly improved linear growth of low birth weight infants compared to ‘NHHE’ alone. At the end of 12-month intervention, the ‘NHHE+HS+MNP’ and ‘NHHE+MNP’ groups had significantly lower prevalence of moderate and severe stunting (length-for-age <−2 Z-score) compared to the ‘NHHE only’ group, (P<0.01, for both). A marked increase in linear growth was found only during the second half of infancy (from 6-12 months) through provision of MNP with complementary foods. Mean duration of diarrhea episodes during infancy (0-6 mo) was significantly lower in the ‘HS plus NHHE’ group compared to the ‘NHHE alone’ group (3.1±1.2 vs. 5.8±1.6 days, P<0.01). Upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) and cough were also significantly lower in the ‘HS plus NHHE’ group compared to the ‘NHHE alone’ group (22.5% vs. 27.1% and 8.1% vs. 11.2%, P<0.05, for both). Although HS independently reduced infections, no impact of HS on linear growth was found in the first six months. Conclusions: The use of hand sanitizer in combination with MNP reduced infections and impacted on rates of stunting among term LBW infants in the first year of life. Implications: Further evidence is needed to confirm the beneficial effects of hand sanitizers and MNPs among other populations of infants. Trial registration: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov (identifier NCT01455636)	PhD	nutrition, socioeconomic	1, 2
Shah, Vidya	Flessa, Joseph	Urban District Reform for Equity: The Case of the Model Schools for Inner Cities Program in the Toronto District School Board	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2016-06	Urban districts have failed to change the schooling and life outcomes of marginalized and racialized students, resulting in persistent achievement and opportunity gaps. This study explores urban district reform for equity through the lens of critical pedagogy, by exploring the case of the Model Schools for Inner Cities (MSIC) Program in the Toronto District School Board (TDSB) from 2004-2014. TDSB is Canada's largest school district and is situated in a highly centralized and Neoliberal, provincial education system. The MSIC Program serves 150 elementary schools (over 1/4 of the schools in the TDSB), whose students face the greatest external barriers to success. Using the conceptual argument, Districts as Institutional Actors (Rorrer, Skrla Scheurich, 2008), this study explores how the MSIC Program implemented practices and pedagogies aimed at increasing student success, access and opportunities, with considerations for how the reform was initiated and sustained over time, and how participants understood and measured district reforms for equity. This study aims to explain, rather than evaluate the MSIC Program, and describes the tensions in implementing this reform in an era of accountability. Data was triangulated using two sets of interviews with 15 participants and 12 key documents using discourse analysis. Participants have been actively connected to the Program for a minimum of 2 years and include 3 from each of the following stakeholder groups: district leaders, MSIC Program staff, key principals, community partners and elected officials. Documents are publicly available in print and/or online, and include: program documents, district-level policy documents, professional articles, and program data. Findings suggest two main ideological approaches to closing opportunity gaps (charitable and transformative) that significantly influenced the direction of reform efforts. Reforms were further influenced by politics within and outside of the reform, and mediated by the leadership of key decision-makers. Ideological, political and leadership influences impacted three major tensions: accountability and responsibility; centralization and decentralization; and when and how to scale up reforms for equity. Key findings from this study highlight the need for a focus on transformative, social justice approaches to education, critical democracy in engagement and training in social justice leadership. This study informs future research and/or implementation for similar district reforms for equity.	Ed.D.	justice, institution, urban, cities	11, 16
Shahi, Chander Kamal	Kant, Shashi	Economic Analysis of the North American Softwood Lumber Markets	Forestry	2008-06	Markets have an important role to play in advancing an improved understanding of international trading relationships. Two most important economic issues, which contribute to improved national welfare and ensure long-run competitive market equilibrium in international markets, are market integration and market efficiency. To provide softwood lumber markets related information to the policy makers, economic analyses relating market integration and market efficiency of the combined markets of Canada and the US have been conducted. The economic analyses include: (i) testing cointegration of prices among North American softwood lumber markets; (ii) identifying price leading markets in long-run price structure of these cointegrated markets; (iii) examining the degree of market integration among these markets; and (iv) testing the efficiency of spatial arbitrage among these markets. First, the price linkages in the North American softwood lumber markets have been explored over different trade regimes. The results indicate that market integration is affected by product aggregation of data. Further investigations of market integration are, therefore, limited to homogeneous softwood lumber product markets. Second, oligopsonistic pricing behavior of traders is identified as the possible reason for imperfect competition among Douglas Fir product markets, while imperfect competition among the markets of Spruce-Pine-Fir and Hem Fir products can not be explained by this behavior. Third, a comprehensive picture of the adherence to price parity is formulated by evaluating the magnitude and persistence of deviations from equilibrium relation of prices. It is found that large volumes of trade, product substitutability, lower prices, and certainty of trade are the factors which contribute to higher degree of market integration among North American softwood lumber product markets. Finally, the inter-temporal shifts in regime probabilities of competitive market equilibrium are assessed over different trade regimes. It is found that lower transaction costs, large volumes of trade, short distances between markets, and certainty of trade contribute to high market efficiency among softwood lumber product markets of North America.	PhD	trade	10
Shahrokhi Tehrani, Shervin	Ching, Andrew T||Moorthy, Sridhar	A Heuristic Approach to Explore: Value of Perfect Information	Management	2018-11	How do consumers choose in a dynamic stochastic environment when they face uncertainty about the return from their choice? The classical solution to this problem is to assume consumers use dynamic programming to obtain the optimal decision rule. However, this approach has two drawbacks. First, it is computationally very expensive to implement because it requires solving a dynamic programming problem with a continuous state space. Second, a decision maker is assumed to behave “as if” she optimally processes information regardless of its cognitive tractability. To address these two issues, we propose a new heuristic decision process called Value of Perfect Information (VPI), which extends the idea first proposed by Howard (1966) in the engineering literature. This approach provides an intuitive and computationally tractable way to capture the value of exploring uncertain alternatives. Intuitively, in VPI, a decision maker investigates a subset of information which is expected by her to improve her myopic decision outcome. We argue that our VPI approach provides a “fast and frugal” way to balance the trade-off between exploration versus exploitation. More specifically, the VPI approach only involves ranking the alternatives and computing a one-dimensional integration to obtain the expected future value of exploration. In terms of computational costs, we show that the VPI approach is significantly simpler than the standard dynamic programming approach, making it a very practical learning model for consumers to employ. Also, the VPI approach captures asymmetric switching patterns with respect to price promotions in the data. Using individual-level scanner data, we find evidence that our VPI approach is able to capture consumers' choice well.	Ph.D.	consum	12
Shaikh, Sobia Shaheen	Ng, Roxana ||Dehli, Kari	Negotiating Activism: Women of Colour Crafting Antiracist Feminist Organizational Change	Humanities, Social Sciences and Social Justice Education	2013-06	Starting from the standpoint of antiracist feminists in Southern Ontario, Canada, I examine the everyday social organization of antiracist feminist activism. Using key concepts from institutional ethnography and other critical research methods, I explore how women of colour activists engage, contest and modify existing social relations within women’s organizations to craft antiracist feminist organizational change. I describe how women of colour negotiate their antiracist, feminist and social justice commitments in ways which both respond to, and are constitutive of, contradictory social relations within women’s organizations. An analysis of in-depth interviews with women of colour activists reveals dialectic processes of accountability in their everyday antiracist feminist practice. Activists are accountable, on the one hand, to hierarchical relations within the daily practices of women’s organizations, and, on the other hand, to other feminist, antiracist and social justice activists. I describe how relations of accountability, named respectively, organizational accountability and activist responsibility, socially organize women of colour’s everyday experience of antiracist feminist activism. In particular, I argue that organizational accountability must be understood as relations of hierarchical answerability within the organization that extend outside the organization, while activist responsibility needs to be seen as the relations by which activists become accountable to other activists in the enactment of an explicitly antiracist feminist praxis. I describe further how women of colour creatively and consciously do antiracist feminist activism by mobilizing and negotiating both sets of relations of accountability to develop antiracist feminist social and organizational change. I highlight the importance of everyday activist work by revealing the ways women of colour seize the potential for crafting antiracist feminist change through relations of accountability. Significantly, this study offers a conceptualization of everyday antiracist feminist activist practice as a negotiation of relations of accountability.	PhD	justice, institution, women	5, 16
Shaindlinger, Noa Tova	Hanssen, Jens	Remembering Past(s), Imagining Futures: The Politics of Hope in Palestine	Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations	2016-08	Using hope as a category of experience, this dissertation explores the ways Palestinians and their Israeli-Jewish allies undermine urban spatial expropriations under Israeli-settler-colonialism. Focusing on the city of Jaffa, I analyze the ways in which the Israeli state and the Tel Aviv municipality succeeded in ‘burying’ histories of mass expulsions, organized violence and appropriations of private and public spaces. I then follow the fortunes of Palestinians – those who remained in Jaffa and became a minority under regimes of neoliberalization and Judaicization, and those who were expelled, found themselves de-nationalized and precarious refugees, some confined to decrepit camps, while others pursued opportunities for meaningful political engagement and armed struggle. The dissertation ends with a powerful gesture towards a future that undermines the colonial present and its attendant sense of hopelessness: I explore how both Palestinians and Israeli-Jews engage with the ideas of reconciliation and “living together” in the “Jaffa of tomorrow.” My focus on hope as a category of experience hinges on two main intersecting axes: temporality and place. Just as political identities are rooted in the refugee camp experience and informed by the quotidian and the present, on the one hand, and memory and absence on the other, so, I argue, is Palestinians’ understanding of the local. Rather than accepting normative assertions that define the local as a bounded place that is both community-making and exclusive of those outside of it, I wish to suggest that locality, and attachment to it, is much more multi-directional, dispersed in time and space. This understanding brings to our line of sight those people who are geographically external to place, in this case Jaffa, but have nonetheless powerful attachment to it. In many ways, then, Palestinians are fighting for the right to belong against submerged histories of ethnic cleansing and entrenched colonial denial of their attachments to places they were expelled from.	Ph.D.	urban	11
Shairsingh, Kerolyn Katrina	Evans, Greg J	Improving Land-Use Based Estimation of Traffic-Related Air Pollution by Extending Models over Space and Time	Chemical Engineering Applied Chemistry	2018-11	Land-use regression (LUR) modeling is used to predict traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) at the urban-scale; which makes it a common tool for estimating exposure in health studies. However, these models are developed for a specific time and geographic area. This can lead to inaccurate exposure assessments when TRAP estimations are required for past or future years, or in cities beyond the model’s geographic area. This research used mobile sampled data to identify ways to improve the accuracy of model estimations when predicting exposure across time and space. Mobile measurements were separated into three resolved concentrations (local, neighbourhood- and regional- background) based on the spline of minimums method, a time-series approach. Associations between concentrations and land-use data (proximity to highways, industries, parks) were stronger for resolved than unresolved concentrations. To more accurately model observed concentration patterns across a wider geographic area, LUR models were developed from these resolved concentrations. For most air pollutants (ultrafine particles, nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide), the resolved models were better able to assess exposure than unresolved models (those developed with total ambient concentrations) when they were spatially extended to areas bordering the model’s geographic area. Furthermore, these improvements in the resolved models’ estimations were observed for similar and different land-use practices between the model’s geographic area and bordering areas. Traditional LUR models contain only spatial predictor variables and these can be backcasted or forecasted through linear scaling for past or future exposure estimates. Spatiotemporal are another type of model that contain both spatial and temporal predictor variables; these can estimate past or future concentrations by updating the temporal predictor variables (wind speed, temperature, reference monitor concentrations) within the model. This research found that spatiotemporal models were better able to estimate observed concentration patterns in present-day and historic concentrations, but backcasting of spatial models showed more accurate historical estimates. In addition, this work developed hybrid land-use models (coupling machine learning techniques and land-use data) that were used to estimate historical concentrations. The hybrid models were better able to estimate present-day exposure than traditional LUR models, however, LUR models were better able to assess historical exposure.	Ph.D.	industr, cities, urban, pollut	9, 11, 13
Shakur, Abdul Yaseer	O'Connor, Deborah Louise	The Impact of Folic Acid Fortification on the Folate Intake of Canadians, Factors Associated with Sub-optimal Blood Folate Status among Women, and the Effect of Vitamin/Mineral Supplemental Use	Nutritional Sciences	2011-11	Food fortification and nutrient supplementation are important strategies to address micronutrient deficiencies. Mandatory folic acid fortification was implemented in Canada and the U.S. in 1998 to reduce the incidence of neural tube defects (NTD). However, the actual amount of folic acid added to foods has not been reported in Canada. We analyzed 95 fortified foods and found that there is 50% more folate in foods than that reported in food composition tables, which are primarily based on minimum mandated fortification levels. We then determined if these observed folate overages impacted the prevalence of dietary folate inadequacy or intakes above the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). Using data from the 2004 nationally-representative Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) 2.2 (n = 35,107), adjusted for folate overages, we found a low prevalence of folate inadequacy in Canada post-fortification. However, few women 14-50y consumed 400µg/d of synthetic folic acid, an amount associated with maximal protection against an NTD. Conversely, we also showed that use of folic acid-containing supplements led to intakes >UL in the general population. To develop a tool that would help clinicians identify women with red blood cell (RBC) folate concentrations that were not maximally protective against an NTD (<906nmol/L), we used data from the nationally-representative U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2006 to define risk factors of RBC folate <906nmol/L. We found that 35% of American women 19-45y had RBC folate <906nmol/L. Younger age, low dietary folate intake, not consuming supplemental folic acid, smoking, and being African-American were associated with increased risk of RBC folate <906nmol/L. Given our observations of a low prevalence of folate inadequacy and folic acid supplement use leading to intakes >UL, we used CCHS 2.2 data to compare the diets of supplement users and non-users in terms of inadequacy and intakes >UL for other nutrients. We showed that the prevalence of inadequacy was low for most nutrients, and from diet alone, supplement users were not at increased risk of inadequacy compared to non-users. Furthermore, inclusion of supplements led to intakes >UL above 10% for vitamins A, C, niacin, folic acid, and iron, zinc and magnesium.	PhD	nutrient, health	2, 3
Shallwani, Sadaf	Corter, Carl	Ready Schools in Pakistan: School and Classroom Factors Associated with Children's Success in Early Primary	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2015-11	The school system in Pakistan seems to be failing children from the very start – with low levels of enrolment, retention (staying in school), and learning, especially in early primary. What makes a ready school in Pakistan, a school that is ready to support children they first transition into early primary? This study used mixed methods to investigate school and classroom factors associated with children’s transition outcomes: entry, adjustment, and learning in early primary. Quantitative methods examined relationships between school factors and transition outcomes at 35 schools. Grade 1 enrolment was higher at schools in urban areas, with better toilet and water facilities, with higher levels of intervention in the Grade 1 classroom, and with pre-primary programmes, particularly better quality pre-primary classrooms. Grade 1 attendance rates were also higher at schools with pre-primary programmes. Grade 1 learning achievement scores were associated with levels of intervention in the Grade 1 classroom, as well as with Grade 1 and pre-primary classroom quality. Qualitative interviews and focus group discussions were conducted at four of the schools. Grade 1 teachers and parents were asked about their perspectives on school factors affecting children’s transition outcomes. Respondents highlighted the affordability of government schools as important for children’s enrolment. The teacher’s attention towards children was described as affecting children’s attendance and retention. For children’s adjustment to school, respondents emphasized the teacher’s approach and interactions towards children, peer interactions, and pre-primary programmes easing the transition. For children's learning, respondents gave importance to the teacher’s instructional effectiveness, in addition to her/his attention and approach towards children. In addition, Grade 1 children’s perspectives on their school were gathered through drawings and interviews. In their drawings, children focused on peers, particularly siblings and close cousins, as well as elements of the school’s physical environment (e.g., furniture). These findings indicate that education reforms in Pakistan should focus on improving access and quality in government-provided education, developing teachers’ relational skills as well as instructional skills, and providing pre-primary education.	Ph.D.	educat, urban, women	4, 5, 11
Shama, Dossa	Kiran, Mirchandani	Re(art)iculating Empowerment: Cooperative Explorations with Community Development Workers in Pakistan	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2012-03	Situated in the postcolonial modernizing discourse of development, many empowerment narratives tend to pre-identify, pre-construct and categorize community development workers/ mobilizers as empowered bodies, catalysts, and change agents. These bodies are expected to and are assumed will facilitate a transformation in oppressed peoples’ self image and belief’s about their rights and capabilities. Although feminist academics/activists have been critical of imperialist, neo-liberal and politico-religious co-optations of understandings of empowerment, limited attention seems to have been paid to the material effects of empowerment narratives on the lives of these community development workers. Nor does there appear to be sufficient analysis into how local community development workers/mobilizers who find themselves in precarious positions of employment, engage with these narratives. Provided with guidelines based on project objectives and lists of targets, many development workers/mobilizers in Pakistan tend to live with expectations of how best to ‘translate/transform’ empowerment from the abstract into the concrete while restricted in their space to critically reflect on theoretical notions that drive their practice. This thesis provides insight into the economy of empowerment narratives and the potential they have to mediate ‘encounters’ shaping ‘subject’ and ‘other’ by critically exploring how bodies of community development workers are put to work and are made to work. Drawing on feminists poststructuralist and postcolonial theory my work explores how these community workers/mobilizers located in the urban metropolis of Karachi, embedded in a web of multiple intersecting structures of oppression and power relations ‘encounter’, theorize, strategize and act upon understanding of empowerment and community development through an arts informed cooperative inquiry. Through the use of prose, creative writing, short stories, photo narratives, artwork and interactive discussions my participants and I begin to complicate these narratives. As a result empowerment narratives begin to appear as colliding discourses, multi-layered complex constructs, which may form unpredictable, messy and contradictory assemblages; as opposed to linear, universal, inevitable and easily understood outcomes and processes. I conclude that the insistence to complicate and situate such messy understandings in specific contexts is important for women’s movements if empowerment is to retain its strategic meaning and value in feminist theorizing.	PhD	rights, urban, worker, employment, women	5, 8, 11, 16
Shan, Hongxia	Ng, Roxana	Learning as Socially Organized Practices: Chinese Immigrants Fitting into the Engineering Market in Canada	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2009-11	My research studies immigrants’ learning experiences as socially organized practices. Informed by the sociocultural approach of learning and institutional ethnography, I treat learning as a material and relational phenomenon. I start by examining how fourteen Chinese immigrants learn to fit into the engineering market in Canada. I then trace the social discourses and relations that shape immigrants’ learning experiences, particularly their changing perceptions and practices and personal and professional investments. I contend that immigrants’ learning is produced through social processes of differentiation that naturalize immigrants as a secondary labour pool, which is dismissible and desirable at the same time. My investigation unfolds around four areas of learning. The first is related to immigrants’ self-marketing practices. I show that core to immigrants’ marketing strategies is to speak to the skill discourse or employers’ skill expectations at the “right” time and place. The skill discourse, I argue, is culturally-charged and class-based. It cloaks a complex of hiring relations where “skill” is discursively constructed and differentially invoked to preserve the privilege and power of the dominant group. The second area is immigrants’ work-related learning. I find that workplace training is part of the corporate agenda to organize work and manage workers. Amid this picture, workers’ opportunity to access corporate sponsorship for professional development is contingent on their membership within the engineering community. To expand their professional space, the immigrants resorted to learning and consolidating their knowledge in codes and standards, which serve as a textual organizer of engineering work. The third area is related to workplace communication. My participants reported an individualistic communication ‘culture’, which celebrates individual excellence and discourages close interpersonal relations. Such a perception, I argue, obscures the gender, race and class relations that privilege white and male power. It also leaves out the organizational relations, such as the project-based deployment of the engineering workforce that perpetuate individualistic communicative practices. My last area of investigation focuses on immigrants’ efforts to acquire Canadian credentials and professional licence. Their heavy learning loads direct my attention to the ideological and administrative licensure practices that valorize Canadian credentials and certificates to the exclusion of others.	PhD	inclusive, labour	4, 8
Shannon, Brett	Kaul, Rupert	The Immune Impact of Common Sexually Transmitted Viruses and the Vaginal Microbiota: Implications for HIV Susceptibility in African, Caribbean, and other Black Women from Toronto	Immunology	2018-06	Genital inflammation is a key determinant of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and may increase the availability of HIV-susceptible target cells at sites of exposure. The African, Carribean, and other black (ACB) community is at increased risk of HIV acquisition in Toronto and several genital conditions that increase HIV risk are also more prevalent, including bacterial vaginosis, herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Therefore, we assessed the impact of these three genital conditions on mucosal immune cells and cytokines in the female genital tract of ACB women. Endocervical cells and cervicovaginal secretions were collected by cytobrush and Instead Softcup, respectively. T cells and dendritic cells were assessed by flow cytometry, proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines by multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the microbiota by 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene sequencing. HSV-2 infection was associated with elevated levels of endocervical HIV target cells (CCR5+ CD4 T cells), Lactobacillus-deficient microbiota was associated with elevated proinflammatory cytokines, prevalent HPV infection was associated with Lactobacillus-deficient microbiota, and HPV clearance was associated with higher numbers of Langerhans cells in the female genital tract. These results suggest multiple ways in which genital conditions are associated with factors that have been shown to influence HIV susceptibility and provides novel targets for future HIV prevention strategies.	Ph.D.	women	5
Sharda, Priya	Wane, Njoki	Exploring the Relationship between Skin Tone and Self-esteem Among Females in South Asian Families in India: A Multigenerational Comparison	Social Justice Education	2020-06	Colourism or skin colour stratification is a persistent dilemma for people in India. Socially and culturally constructed definitions of beauty based on skin tone, represent Western realities and continue to sustain beauty ideals that shape the beliefs and practices around fair skin for women. The study of skin tone and its relationship to self-esteem is essential in expanding upon the limited research examining the intersections between body image and the sociocultural experiences of South Asian Indian women. Against the backdrop of Western hegemony, the research discusses how a fair skin beauty ideal impacts different generations of women in New Delhi. More specifically, investigating the relationship between skin tone and self-esteem among women in South Asian families through a multigenerational comparison, provides a deeper understanding of how skin tone bias is perpetuated, while reinforcing and normalizing white heteropatriarchy. Skin tone bias is disseminated through the family, culture and media. The narratives highlight how skin tone bias manifests itself among adult women in different South Asian family units according to their life stage and membership in the family. Women from the young age group (generation) had the lowest self-esteem and faced the most pressure to conform to white skin beauty ideals when compared to older generations in their families. Skin tone appeared to be heavily emphasized for these young women, namely in the context of marriage.	Ph.D.	women	5
Sharifkhani, Ali	Kan, Raymond||Simutin, Mikhail	Essays in Empirical Asset Pricing	Management	2019-03	In my dissertation, I study different channels through which shocks in the real economy can affect financial asset returns. The first chapter studies immigration policy shocks as a source of risk in the financial markets. Using a comprehensive set of data on H-1B visa petitions, I construct an occupation-level measure for labor market competition between skilled immigrant and local workers. I find that stocks of firms with a high share of labor for which skilled immigrants are close substitutes outperform their peers with a low share. I show that this premium is explained by firms' differential exposures to priced immigration policy shocks that shift the supply of skilled immigrant labor. These shocks differentially impact wages across occupations, leading to an asymmetric effect on firms' cash flows through labor expenditure. In the second chapter, based on a joint work with Esther Eiling and Raymond Kan, we investigate the asset pricing implications of sectoral labor reallocation shocks that change the optimal allocation of workers across industries. We find that a proxy for this type of labor market shocks has very strong predictive power for future stock market returns. We propose a production-based asset pricing model that links the return predictability to time-varying labor adjustment costs. When human capital is tied to the industry, hiring workers from other industries involves more search and training costs. Hence, sectoral reallocation shocks lead to lower returns to hiring and therefore lower future stock returns. In the third chapter, we identify inter-sectoral trade networks as important conduits of industry shocks and provide the first explanation for an empirical regularity in the term structure of industry returns. Specifically, my co-author Mikhail Simutin and I show that industry shocks propagating along this network can feed back to the originating industry, causing an "echo'' - intermediate-term autocorrelation in returns. Adopting techniques from graph theory, we find that the strength of the trade network feedback is a crucial determinant of the echo effect in industry returns. Consistent with limited-information models, the relation between feedback strength and echo profits is strongest in industries with information diffusion frictions along the feedback loop.	Ph.D.	worker, wage, financial market, industr	8, 9, 10
Sharpe, Sarah	Baker, Ross	Mobile technology and health apps: Patient and provider experiences in cardiac rehabilitation	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2017-11	This study focused on the use of mobile health and wellness applications (apps) in chronic disease management. There are over a hundred thousand health apps available for download on public app stores. These include apps in key areas for chronic disease management such as exercise and diet. However, there is little evidence on patient use of health apps to support self-management of chronic conditions. Therefore, the study objective was to describe cardiac rehabilitation patient and provider experiences with health apps and perceived impact on self-management and the patient-provider relationship. An exploratory mixed methods design was used to gain an understanding of patient and provider perspectives and experiences. The study was conducted in a cardiac rehabilitation program in Ontario, Canada. A quantitative survey (n=242) focused on patient demographics and technology use profiles. Patient interviews (n=30) and a provider focus group (n=8) were conducted to explore perspectives on mobile technology and health app use as a part of self-management and the patient-provider relationship. Results from this study describe an aging patient population with a range of cardiac diagnoses and co-morbidities. Ninety-two percent of patients in this study used mobile technology and 50% of those with mobile technology were using health apps. Most patients and providers felt that health apps can support chronic disease management, particularly with respect to tracking progress against exercise and diet goals. Patients and providers also felt that they needed more support in using health apps and integrating them into care processes. This included the need for education on how to use apps as well as access to information on app accuracy and how to choose or recommend health apps given the large number available. Participants also emphasized the desire for health apps to connect patients and providers during and after the rehabilitation program. Health apps were mostly used by patients in the study in the absence of provider recommendations and without connectivity between patients and providers. Findings highlighted the need for health care practices to leverage and support health apps as a part of care during rehabilitation and post-discharge for patients self-managing in the community.	Ph.D.	health	3
Shaw, Tiffany A.	Shepherd, Theodore G.	Energy and Momentum Consistency in Subgrid-scale Parameterization for Climate Models	Physics	2009-11	This thesis examines the importance of energy and momentum consistency in subgrid-scale parameterization for climate models. It is divided into two parts according to the two aspects of the problem that are investigated, namely the importance of momentum conservation alone and the consistency between energy and momentum conservation. The first part addresses the importance of momentum conservation alone. Using a zonally-symmetric model, it is shown that violating momentum conservation in the parameterization of gravity wave drag leads to large errors and non-robustness of the response to an imposed radiative perturbation in the middle atmosphere. Using the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model, a three-dimensional climate model, it is shown that violating momentum conservation, by allowing gravity wave momentum flux to escape through the model lid, leads to large errors in the mean climate when the model lid is placed at 10 hPa. When the model lid is placed at 0.001 hPa the errors due to nonconservation are minimal. When the 10 hPa climate is perturbed by idealized ozone depletion in the southern hemisphere, nonconservation is found to significantly alter the polar temperature and surface responses. Overall, momentum conservation ensures a better agreement between the 10 hPa and the 0.001 hPa climates. The second part addresses the self-consistency of energy and momentum conservation. Using Hamiltonian geophysical fluid dynamics, pseudoenergy and pseudomomentum wave-activity conservation laws are derived for the subgrid-scale dynamics. Noether’s theorem is used to derive a relationship between the wave-activity fluxes, which represents a generalization of the first Eliassen-Palm theorem. Using multiple scale asymptotics a theoretical framework for subgrid-scale parameterization is built which consistently conserves both energy and momentum and respects the second law of thermodynamics. The framework couples a hydrostatic resolved-scale flow to a non-hydrostatic subgrid-scale flow. The transfers of energy and momentum between the two scales are understood using the subgrid-scale wave-activity conservation laws, whose relationships with the resolved-scale dynamics represent generalized non-acceleration theorems. The derived relationship between the wave-activity fluxes — which represents a generalization of the second Eliassen-Palm theorem — is key to ensuring consistency between energy and momentum conservation. The framework includes a consistent formulation of heating and entropy production due to kinetic energy dissipation.	PhD	energy, climate	7, 13
Sheldon, C. Tess	Ferris, Lorraine	Meds on the Menu: The Covert Administration of Psychotropic Medication to Adult Inpatients Determined to be Decisionally-Incapable in Ontario's Psychiatric Settings	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2015	Drawing on the fields of human rights and public health, this research explores the covert administration of medication: the concealment of medication in food or drink so that it will be consumed undetected. Adopting a rights-based approach, it explores multiple understandings of the impact of the practice on inpatients' rights-experiences. Relying on critical approaches, it also explores the practice's underlying socio-political-legal structures. The common themes of policies, protocols or guidelines that govern its practice in Ontario are identified. Focus groups and individual interviews were held with three groups of stakeholders (nurses, legal experts and psychiatrists), relying on fictional clinical scenarios. Few policies, protocols or guidelines govern the practice in Ontario's psychiatric settings. The practice impairs access to knowledge by patients and substitute decision-makers. It also precludes healthcare practitioners' access to information about side effects and underlying reasons for medication refusal. It may interfere with therapeutic relationships and patients' meaningful recovery as they transfer from hospital without knowledge of the fact of the covert medication. It may be characterized as autonomy restoring since patients may become capable of making treatment decisions after having received the medication surreptitiously. Covert medication reflects an inflexible approach to capacity determination; it is distinguishable from approaches that imagine capacity as able to be fostered with support. It is primarily concerned with the management of "risky" inpatients in the short-term. The practice relies on a faith that medication will be effective, deferring to medical decision-making. While covert medication is understood to have "something to do" with rights, there is confusion about how those rights play out on the ground. Institutional silences underlie and reinforce the practice. This research will support the development of effective, safe and appropriate approaches to treatment non-adherence that maximize patient dignity. Most pressing, this research concludes that the covert administration of medication warrants an overt discussion.	Ph.D.	health, institution	3, 16
Shelley, Jacob	Lemmens, Trudo	Food as a Dangerous Product: The Promise of Private Law for Public Health	Law	2017-11	Obesity and diet-related chronic diseases are a critical public health problem facing Canadians. Interventions aimed at improving diet and the overall food environment have had limited success, and as a consequence, many have suggested an increased use of legal tools, including litigation. This project examines the potential of the duty to warn, part of product liability law, as a strategy for addressing obesity and other diet-related chronic diseases. To this end, the project proceeds in two parts. Part one project examines the potential of tort law to be used to address public health problems. It begins by establishing the congruence between tort law and public health, and suggests that there are potential benefits of public health litigation for obesity prevention. This sets the foundation for part two, which argues that Canadian jurisprudence clearly establishes that food manufacturers have a duty to warn consumers about the risks associated with consuming food products. Part two examines key aspects of a tort claim based on a failure to warn, namely, the duty of care, standard of care, and factual causation. It sets out an approach to failure to warn cases that is consistent with general principles of negligence law, but that is sensitive to the particularities of a failure to warn case. This project establishes that food manufactures are required to provide warnings that are consistent with the standards of adequacy as set out by the Ontario Court of Appeal decision in Buchan v Ortho Pharmaceutical. Buchan, which has been affirmed by the Supreme Court of Canada, sets out explicit criteria for determining adequacy, including prohibitions against collateral efforts to negate or neutralize warnings. It is clear that food manufacturers are neither fulfilling their obligation to provide warnings nor adhering to the Buchan standard. This project concludes that food manufacturers should be held accountable for this failure.	S.J.D.	food, health	2, 3
Shen, Jing	Erickson, Bonnie	The Joint Use of Formal and Informal Job Search Methods in China: Institutional Constraints, Working Mechanisms, and Advantages	Sociology	2013-11	Using data drawn from in-depth interviews collected in three Chinese cities and the countrywide China General Social Survey, this dissertation examined how people found jobs during the historic period of China’s employment system change. This dissertation is written in the format of three publishable papers. The first paper revisited China’s employment system change, by focusing on individual reactions towards the changing employment policies. Perceiving the persistent political authority, individuals pursued higher education, accumulated political advantages, and mobilized network resources, to get state-assigned jobs. Individual job-seeking strategies, in turn, boosted the state’s hiring criteria, as well as facilitated the growth of the market principle. Consequently, state power and market strength have been co-developed in this process. Following my analysis of institutional constraints, in the second paper, I addressed the question of how individual job seekers and job positions are matched together. I examined how contact use matches individual qualifications to the employer’s hiring expectations, from an innovative perspective of the certifiability of job requirements. I demonstrated that informal methods facilitate job-person matching success when used in combination with formal methods, rather than being used alone. My third dissertation paper provides strong empirical evidence of the advantages of the joint use of formal and informal methods. I found that individuals who used formal and informal job search methods jointly tend to obtain more job information and thus apply for more positions. They are also more likely to exit job search successfully within a three-month time period. Using the Endogenous Switching Regression (ESR) model, I found that the joint channel itself is more likely to lead one to late-stage career success, as indicated by one’s recent income. Above all, my dissertation systematically investigated the use of contacts in the labor market of post-socialist China, regarding its institutional constraints, working mechanisms, and advantages.	PhD	employment	8
Shen, Leilei	Trefler, Daniel	Essays on International Trade, Productivity, and Growth	Economics	2012-11	This thesis investigates the role of institutions and firm behaviours in international trade. Chapter 1 estimates a dynamic general equilibrium model of entry, exit, and endogenous productivity growth. Productivity is endogenous both at the industry level (firms enter and exit) and at the firm level (firms invest in productivity-enhancing activities). Three key findings emerge. First, there is no evidence of learning by exporting: the observed positive correlation between exporting and productivity operates entirely via the impact of exporting on productivity-enhancing investments. Restated, exporting decision raises productivity, but only indirectly by making investing in productivity more attractive. Second, there is evidence of learning by producing multiple products: product-mix raises productivity directly in addition to the investment channel. Third, there are strong complementarities among the product-mix, exporting and investment decisions. Finally, we simulate the effects of reductions in foreign tariffs. This increases exporting, investing, and wages. Productivity rises at the economy-wide level both because of the between firm reallocation effect and because of within firm increases in productivity. Chapter 2 incorporates credit constraints into amodel of global sourcing and heterogeneous firms. Following Antras and Helpman(2004), heterogeneous firms decide whether to source inputs at arm’s length or within the boundary of the firm. Financing of fixed organizational costs requires borrowing with credit constraints and collateral based on tangible assets. The party that controls intermediate inputs is responsible for these financing costs. Sectors differ in their reliance on external finance and countries vary in their financial development. The model predicts that increased financial development increases the share of arm’s length transactions relative to integration in a country. The effect is most pronounced in sectors with a high reliance on external finance. Empirical examination of country-industry interaction effects confirms the predictions of the model. Chapter 3 examines whether financial development facilitates economic growth by estimating the effect of financial development on reducing the costs of external finance to firms. The data reveal substantial evidence of decreasing returns to the benefit of financial development in industries that are more dependent on external finance and countries with less financial frictions.	PhD	economic growth, wage, industr, trade	8, 9, 10
Sheppard, Amanda Joan	Chiarelli, Anna Maria	Breast Cancer Survival in Ontario's First Nations Women: Understanding the Determinants	Medical Science	2010-06	This study builds on previous research showing that breast cancer survival is poorer for First Nations (FN) women compared to other Ontario women. Few studies have examined breast cancer survival in Indigenous populations compared to general populations; all of these report poorer survival among Indigenous people. Fewer still have examined potential factors related to the poorer survival, but these often suggest poorer prognosis even after adjustment for them. Study objectives were: to compare the distribution of demographic, prognostic and treatment factors between FN and non-FN women; to investigate factors associated with later diagnosis in FN women; to compare stage specific survival for FN and non-FN women controlling for important factors potentially associated with breast cancer survival; and to examine potential determinants of survival for FN women by stage at diagnosis. A case-case design was employed to compare FN women (n=287) diagnosed with invasive breast cancer to a frequency-matched random sample of women (n=671) from the general population diagnosed with breast cancer within the Ontario Cancer Registry. Women were matched (2:1) on period of diagnosis (1995-1999 and 2000-2004), age at diagnosis (<50 vs. 50≥), and Regional Cancer Centre (RCC). Stage at diagnosis and data relevant to the determinants of breast cancer survival were collected from medical charts at the RCCs. FN women were diagnosed with breast cancer at later stages compared to non-FN women. Having a non-screened method of detection and increasing BMI were associated with a later breast cancer diagnosis. FN women with comorbidity however were less likely to be diagnosed at a later stage. An unforeseen novel finding was that the survival disadvantage occurred after an early breast cancer diagnosis, whereas the survival experiences for those diagnosed at stages II+ were similar. In a multivariate analysis, elevated risk was observed for FN women in stage I, and significant risk was seen in women with comorbidity. These findings are actionable and can be used to improve the prognosis of FN women with breast cancer. It is likely that the same or similar factors are largely responsible for the survival disadvantage observed among Ontario FN people for most other major cancers.	PhD	health	3
Sherman, Amanda	Grusec, Joan E	Overprotective and Overcontrolling Parenting of Emerging Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer: Links to Coping Styles, Anxiety, and Depression	Psychology	2015-11	The goals of this study were, in a sample of emerging adult survivors of childhood cancer, 1) to compare levels of psychological distress with general population norms, 2) to examine the association between overprotective parenting and psychological distress, 2) to differentiate between maternal overprotection and maternal overcontrol, and 3) to uncover mechanisms linking overprotective parenting to psychological distress, including the assessment of emerging adults’ coping styles and perceptions of their mothers’ overprotective parenting. Participants were 109 emerging adult survivors of childhood cancer, ranging in age from 18 to 30 years (M = 23 years; 60% female). Ninety of the emerging adults’ mothers also participated in this research. Survivors were recruited from the waiting room of The Pediatric Cancer AfterCare Clinic at Princess Margaret Cancer Centre in Toronto, Canada. Emerging adults and their mothers provided ratings of mothers’ overprotective and overcontrolling parenting practices on the Overparenting of Emerging Adults Scale (OPEAS), a measure designed for this study. Emerging adults’ coping styles and symptoms of anxiety and depression were also assessed. Factor analysis of the OPEAS revealed seven overparenting subscales; four subscales conceptually similar to the construct of overprotection: infantilization, medical management, parenting anxiety, and harm reduction, and three subscales conceptually similar to the construct of overcontrol: problem solving intervention, intrusive decision making, and discounting of opinions/ideas. Nearly half of the sample reported clinically significant levels of anxiety symptoms, although levels of clinically significant depression symptoms did not differ from general population norms. Further analyses revealed that mother-reported overprotective practices of infantilization and parenting anxiety were indirectly related to emerging adults’ anxiety and depression symptoms through serial multiple mediation, and that the mother-reported overcontrolling practice of intrusive decision making was indirectly related to depression symptoms through serial multiple mediation. Specifically, the mediators were emerging adults’ perceptions of the overparenting and emerging adults’ nonproductive coping style. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the relations of overprotective and overcontrolling parenting to emerging adults’ mental health, and importance of the socialization of coping.	Ph.D.	health	3
Shi, Ruoyun	Lehn, Peter W	An Integrated Charge and Drive System for Electric Vehicles	Electrical and Computer Engineering	2019-11	Market penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) is largely hindered by the lack of a nationwide fast charging network and limited drive range. The fast charging electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) is costly to implement on a large-scale due to the need for high power charging hardware comprising of multiple power electronic stages dedicated to delivering controlled power to the EV battery. This thesis proposes an integrated charge and drive system for EVs. The concept is to utilize the on-vehicle powertrain as the EVSE, thus offering a cost-effective solution by eliminating the DC/DC power conversion stage from the EVSE. The integrated system consists of two energy sources paired with drive inverters that are connected in series through an electric motor with a simple open-stator winding, where the charging input is accessed from the differential connection of the inverters. In comparison to previous fast charging integrated solutions that require the use of two power stages in the traction system to enable integrated charging, the proposed integrated solution only requires a single power stage in the traction drive. While the dual energy sources integrating hybrid energy storage media may consist of two identical battery packs, the powertrain can be further leveraged to potentially extend drive range. Charging and driving features of the integrated system are verified in simulation and experiment, through development of a 110kW motor drive test bench integrating dual energy sources of both similar and differing characteristics. The experimental results demonstrate feasibility of utilizing traction hardware to regulate the charging current under established constant-current and constant-voltage battery charging modes. A balancing control strategy is also developed to equalize the energy between the dual energy sources. For vehicle propulsion, the results demonstrate flexible power sharing between two energy sources under static dynamic driving conditions, where in the case of a battery and supercapacitor, power energy management of the supercapacitor is achieved without reliance on a two-stage power electronic solution. Numerical efficiency comparison between existing traction drives and the proposed traction drive shows up to 14% additional range from an electric vehicle using the proposed system in an urban setting.	Ph.D.	energy	7
Shield, Kevin David	Rehm, J端rgen T	The Utility of Measuring Disability, Functioning and Other Factors when Assessing Mental Health in both the General Population and a Patient Population that Seeks Treatment at a Psychiatric Emergency Department	Medical Science	2015-11	The social, economic and health burdens of mental and behavioural disorders are large, and although treatment rates for such disorders are low, the use of emergency departments for mental and behavioural disorders is high. Accordingly, this thesis compares the use of disability, functioning, non-specific psychological distress and diagnosis to characterize mental and behavioural disorders. Furthermore, this thesis examines if predisposing and levels of mental illness factors are correlated to baseline and subsequent emergency department visits. The general population surveys of the 2011, 2012 and 2013 Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) Monitors were used as a general population sample of Ontario adults. Data from patients were obtained by time-based sampling from August 2011 to February 2012 in the emergency department of CAMH (a psychiatric hospital that provides services to adults); the CAMH emergency department database was used to track subsequent emergency department visits. Disability and functioning were measured using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule, and non-specific psychological distress was measured using the General Health Questionnaire. Data from the CAMH Monitors indicated that although disability, functioning and non-specific psychological distress are correlated (except for people with somatic illnesses), all such measures are needed to accurately describe mental health. Among patients in the psychiatric emergency department, differences in disability and functioning were not significant across diagnoses; however, a substantial heterogeneity in disability and functioning was observed within diagnoses. Furthermore, using data from patients in the psychiatric emergency department, we observed that the number of previous visits, the WHODAS scores, and employment status were predictors of psychiatric emergency department recidivism. Based on the results of this study, it is clear that measures of disability, functioning and non-specific psychological distress may be needed to adequately describe the mental health of the general population. Furthermore, in psychiatric as well as in general hospital emergency departments, data on disability and functioning and on the number of previous visits if collected in addition to diagnosis data for patients with mental and behavioural disorders could lead to more effective triaging of these patients, alignment with the appropriate intensity of resources, and prediction of recidivism.	Ph.D.	health, socioeconomic	1, 3
Shilton, Elizabeth	Rittich, Kerry	Gifts of Rights?: A Legal History of Employment Pension Plans in Canada	Law	2011-03	This thesis explores the role played by law in the current breakdown of the employment pension system, focusing on the legal status of pension plans within the employment relationship, and on the way lawmakers have defined, shaped and enforced employee pension rights. It traces the legal status of employment pensions from their 19th Century characterization as gifts to reward employees for long and faithful service, to their current 21st Century construction as terms of the contract of employment. The thesis argues that Canadian lawmakers within all three legal regimes structuring rights and obligations within the employment relationship – the common law, collective bargaining law and statute law – have contributed significantly to the overall dysfunction of the system by cultivating both substantive and procedural legal rules that locate critical issues concerning the scope, design, durability and distribution of employee pension rights within the control of employers. Predictably, Canadian employers have used that control to shape pension plans to meet their distinct business needs, needs that frequently collide with worker needs and expectations for good pensions. Even in the heyday of the ‘Fordist’ work structures that fostered employment pension plans, the system delivered benefits very unequally, privileging the interest of elite workers who fit the ‘male breadwinner’ mould, and failing to provide adequate and secure pensions for the majority of Canadian workers. Changes in the organization of work in Canada, including trends towards more precarious work, will continue to exacerbate the problems inherent in the system, escalating its distributional inequalities. In the current round of pension law reform, Canada’s policy makers should abandon the effort to repair a system which is flawed at its core, and should instead seek a new foundation for pensions outside the employment relationship, a foundation which will not subordinate the pension interests of workers to the business interests of employers.	SJD	employment, rights	8, 16
Shimoda, Yuko	Arhonditsis, George B	Integration of Novel Mathematical and Statistical Techniques to Support Model-based Water Quality Management	Geography	2015-11	Environmental modelling has been an indispensable tool for addressing water quality problems in freshwater ecosystems. A variety of data-oriented and process-based models have been used to examine the impact of external stressors to ecosystem integrity and to set water quality goals. The main objective of this thesis is to introduce methodological refinements of the current generation of water quality models that can strengthen their foundation as a scientific/predictive tool. One of the central water quality issues revolves around the elucidation of the mechanisAms that shape the composition of phytoplankton assemblages and their capacity to predict the occurrence of harmful algal blooms. My research proposes the introduction of an extra layer of causality into plankton models by connecting algal metabolic processes with species-specific morphological features (cell volume, surface-to-volume ratio, shape). This strategy can effectively delineate model parametric uncertainty, and may be an excellent solution to the identifiability problem of complex over-parameterized model. The motivation of this approach was provided by a meta-analysis of 122 models published in the peer-reviewed literature, which provided ample evidence that our ability to reproduce the observed aggregated and compositional phytoplankton variability is limited, despite the plethora of mathematical expressions aiming to describe different ecophysiological facets of species populations. Hierarchical Bayesian inference offers an appealing ad-hoc strategy to gradually increase model complexity and subsequently enhance their mechanistic underpinning, whenever possible and relevant. The advantages of hierarchical Bayes are illustrated with phosphorus loading models and with the development of risk assessment tools of cyanobacteria dominance. The central message of my dissertation is that the integration of process-based and empirical models offers an appealing methodological prospect, as it allows combining our best mechanistic understanding of ecosystem processes and feedback loops, while remaining within the bounds of data-based parameter estimation and therefore facilitating rigorous error analysis.	Ph.D.	water, environment	6, 13
Shirokova, Veronika	Ferris, Grant	Microbial Iron Geochemistry of a Pristine Glaciofluvial Groundwater System	Earth Sciences	2015-11	The biogeochemical cycling of iron by microorganisms has a strong impact on groundwater resources due to their influence on aqueous geochemistry, including contaminant mobility. This thesis expands on knowledge of groundwater-surface transitions through the characterization of an iron cycling biofilm dominated groundwater spring, and presents the first in situ investigation of microbial iron cycling in a pristine, glaciofluvial aquifer that has not been used as a groundwater resource, anthropogenically contaminated, or stimulated to enhance microbial activity. Metagenomic evidence from the groundwater spring with a sharp reduction-oxidation gradient demonstrated the presence of iron biofilm forming microbes in the groundwater system being studied, as well as showing a diversity of nitrogen and sulfur cycling microorganisms. Changes in redox potential along the length of the stream corresponded with pronounced shifts in the relative abundance of bacteria known to mediate the biogeochemical cycling of iron, sulfur, and nitrogen. Five years of geochemical surveying showed a spatiotemporally persistent zone of elevated iron concentrations in an aquifer which had previously been shown to have potential for microbial iron cycling through genomic characterization. Based on the analysis of terminal electron acceptor concentrations in the groundwater, the aquifer was found to be graded into zones of O2 reduction, NO3- reduction, Fe3+ reduction, oxygen-dependent Fe2+ oxidation, and nitrate-dependent Fe2+ oxidation. Hydrogeological and geophysical evidence suggested that groundwater flow conditions differed in the vicinity of the elevated iron zone, which may have contributed to conditions conducive to the growth of a subsurface microbial community. Environmental electron scanning microscopy showed bacterial morphologies similar to known iron cycling bacteria were present in the elevated iron zone, but not outside of it. The findings of this thesis are broadly applicable to other aquifers of glacial and glaciofluvial origin, where reducing conditions will arise through non-aerobic forms of microbial respiration, and observed patterns of redox zonation will be affected by the mixing of groundwater along three dimensional flow paths. Taken together, this thesis underscores the importance of iterative interdisciplinary collaboration, including hydrogeology, geochemistry, near-surface geophysics, and microbiology, as a means of building the most complete possible representations of groundwater resources.	Ph.D.	water, environment	6, 13
Shivanna, Sowmya	Rozakis Adcock, Maria	PHIP Promotes Breast Tumor Initiation by Facilitating Histone Modifications of the Genes that Drive Metabolic Reprogramming	Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology	2020-06	Breast cancer is a common form of cancer among women worldwide and leads to a considerable number of deaths every year in spite of various methods of treatment. One of the major advances has been the identification of a small population of cells in breast tumors known as ‘cancer stem cells’; these cells are associated with high rates of tumor recurrence and resilience to any existing method of treatment. Extensive research from past decades has led to a better understanding of the development and progression of breast cancer. However, substantially less is known about the deregulated signaling and metabolic pathways in cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the role of a bromodomain (BRD)-containing protein, Pleckstrin Homology domain Interacting Protein (PHIP) in breast cancer. PHIP has been implicated in the regulation of insulin signaling in fibroblasts, and cell proliferation and survival of pancreatic β-cells, yet its role in cancer is largely unknown. Here we show that endogenous PHIP is elevated in breast cancer cells, and that certain cell lines depend on PHIP for their growth. Overexpression of PHIP in immortalized mammary epithelial cells (MCF10A) increased the mammosphere number and also enriched the CD44high/CD24low cancer stem cell population. Moreover, the induction of PHIP promoted mammary tumor formation in NOD SCID mice. Consistent with its function as an epigenetic modifier, some of these effects only required transient induction of PHIP. Indeed, PHIP initiated an epigenetic reprogramming of cell metabolism toward aerobic glycolysis through up-regulation of Myc and hypoxia inducing factor 1α (HIF1α). We also show that PHIP increases post translational modifications (PTMs) that are associated with gene activation such as H3K27ac, H3K9ac and H3K4me3 on its key target gene promoter/hypoxia response elements (HRE) regions. In addition, knockdown of either Myc or HIF1α blocked PHIP-induced increase in mammosphere-forming ability of MCF10A cells. Thus, PHIP is a major driver of tumorigenesis in certain tumor cells, providing a new target for the treatment of aggressive breast cancer driven by this oncogene.	Ph.D.	women	5
Shnall, Adriana Noemi	McDonald, Lynn	When Least Expected: Stories of Love, Commitment, Loss and Survival - The Experience and Coping Strategies of Spouses of People with an Early-onset Dementia	Social Work	2015-03	Abstract Understanding the needs of families and in particular spouses of people with early-onset dementia (e.g., those who develop a dementia under the age of 65), has become increasingly recognized as an area of importance by the healthcare community because of the negative biopsychosocial consequences to patients and families. However, there is a dearth of research about the experiences of younger spousal caregivers. The goal of this qualitative, grounded theory study was to understand the experiences of spouses of people who have frontotemporal dementia and early-onset Alzheimer's disease, throughout the disease trajectory. I conducted semi-structured interviews with 30 participants; 17 had partners with frontotemporal dementia and 13 had partners with early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Spouses were recruited with the intention of capturing various stages of the caregiving career. The participants ranged all the way from spouses of people who were newly diagnosed, to individuals who had already been placed in long term care. Three themes emerged from the data analyses initially: (1) issues related to life-stage, (2) disease invisibility and (3) living with continuous uncertainty. These themes led to a fourth theme of caregivers feeling like they were falling through the cracks of the healthcare and social support systems since there are no appropriate services/policies set up for younger people affected by dementia. Finally, a core theme of surviving chronic crises emerged as spouses described how they coped with the continuous challenges related to their partner's dementia. Spouses live through series of crises that they need to constantly manage, leading to a feeling that they are barely surviving. The most common coping strategies that spouses employed through the illness trajectory included: advocacy, reframing, self-care and spirituality. Over the caregiving trajectory, spouses adapted to the impact of having a partner with early-onset dementia. The applicability of the findings is that they point to the timing, to the types of clinical interventions and to policy initiatives.	Ph.D.	health	3
Shrestha, Namrata	Conway, Tenley	Exurban Development: Mapping, Locating Factors, and Ecological Impact Analysis using GIS and Remote Sensing	Geography	2012-06	Anthropogenic disturbance in a landscape can take various forms, including residential development, which has substantial impact on the world’s ecosystems. Exurban development, characterized by low density residential development outside urban areas, was and continues to be one of the fastest growing forms of residential development in North America. It has disproportionately large ecological impacts relative to its footprint, yet is mostly overlooked in scientific studies. Specifically, a lack of spatially explicit (disaggregate) data on exurban development at regional level has contributed to a very limited understanding of this interspersed low density development. The main goal of this dissertation is to provide an increased understanding of exurban development in terms of its location, locating factors, and conservation and ecological implications at regional level, especially to enable incorporation of exurban information in the decision making processes. For this I asked four specific questions in this dissertation: (i) Where exactly is exurban development? (ii) What are the most likely factors that influence exurban development location? (iii) How does current and future development conflict with conservation goals? And (iv) What is the extent of the exurban development’s ecological impacts? Using a heterogeneous landscape, the County of Peterborough (Ontario, Canada), as the case study this dissertation undertook a number of separate yet related analyses that collectively provided the improved understanding of exurban development. The investigation of traditionally used surrogates for development, like roads and census data, and a more direct remote sensing method, using moderate resolution SPOT/HRVIR imagery, provided insights and contributed to development of spatially explicit data on exurban development. The evaluation of several commonly hypothesized locating factors in relation to exurban development revealed some of the major influences on the location of this development, especially in the context of Ontario. This research contributed to our understanding of the future risks of land conversion and identification of potential conflict areas between development and conservation plans in the study area. Lastly, examining the ecological impact of exurban development including associated roads, in terms of functions such as barrier effects and landscape connectivity, highlighted the importance of these seldom included anthropogenic disturbances in land and conservation planning. The contributions of this research to the existing body of knowledge are threefold. First, this dissertation reveals the limitations associated with existing methods used to map exurban development and presents a relatively easy, effective, automated and operational method to delineate exurban built areas at regional level using GIS and remote sensing. Second, the analyses conducted in this dissertation repeatedly highlights the importance of incorporating fine level details on exurban development in land and conservation planning as well as ecological impact assessments and presents methods and tools that can systematically and scientifically integrate this information in decision making framework. Third, this study conducted one of a kind, comprehensive and spatially explicit study on exurban development in Canada, where there is near absence of such research. With the rarely available exurban built footprint data delineated for the study area, this study not only identified the potential locating factors, future conversion risk, and conflict areas between development and conservation plans, but also quantified ecological impact in terms of landscape function, namely barrier effects and landscape connectivity, using a relatively novel circuit theoretic approach that can directly inform land and conservation decision planning process.	PhD	urban	11
Sibbald, Shannon L.	Martin, Douglas K.	Successful Priority Setting: A Conceptual Framework and an Evaluation Tool	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2008-11	A growing demand for services and expensive innovative technologies is threatening the sustainability of healthcare systems worldwide. Decision makers in this environment struggle to set priorities appropriately, particularly because they lack consensus about which values should guide their decisions; this is because there is no agreement on best practices in priority setting. Decision makers (or ‘leaders’) who want to evaluate priority setting have little guidance to let them know if their efforts were successful t. While approaches exist that are grounded in different disciplines, there is no way to know whether these approaches lead to successful priority setting. The purpose of this thesis is to present a conceptual framework and an evaluation tool for successful priority setting. The conceptual framework is the result of the synthesis of three empirical studies into a framework of ten separate but interconnected elements germane to successful priority setting: stakeholder understanding, shifted priorities/reallocation of resources, decision making quality, stakeholder acceptance and satisfaction, positive externalities, stakeholder engagement, use of explicit process, information management, consideration of values and context, and revision or appeals mechanism. The elements specify both quantitative and qualitative dimensions of priority setting and relate to both process and outcome aspects. The evaluation tool is made up of three parts: a survey, interviews, and document analysis, and specifies both quantitative and qualitative dimensions and relates to both procedural and substantive dimensions of priority setting. The framework and the tool were piloted in a meso-level urban hospital. The pilot test confirmed the usability of the tool as well as face and content validity (i.e., the tool measured relevant features of success identified in the conceptual framework). The tool can be used by leaders to evaluate and improve priority setting.	PhD	health	3
Siciliano, Amy	Goonewardena, Kanishka	Policing Poverty: Race, Space and the Fear of Crime after the Year of the Gun (2005) in Suburban Toronto	Geography	2010-11	In 2005, firearm homicides in Toronto spiked to unprecedented levels, prompting mainstream media to label 2005 as the ‘Year of the Gun’. While the majority of those killed were young black men in Toronto’s impoverished post-war suburbs, the shooting death of a young white woman downtown reframed the problem of gun violence in popular and policy discourse from the perspective of those it least affected: the predominantly white middle-classes in the gentrified urban core. This dissertation attempts to situate dominant narratives of the problem of gun violence and policy responses to it as an event in a history of Toronto, especially with reference to transformations in urban space and governance. It argues that the Year of the Gun can be understood as a destabilizing moment in the city’s collective history that helped normalize ways of narrating and governing a growing socio-spatial divide between the city and the post-war suburbs. Through analyses of government proceedings, media discourse, social scientific research, participant observation, and key informant interviews it identifies how intersecting discourses, practices and representations framed racialized poverty and crime in ways that further solidified causal links between the two. It offers a history for these causal links, illustrating how race and space have long played a vital role in real and imagined divisions between the city and its suburbs. It explores the formation and administration of three policy approaches responding to the crisis: a municipal policy framework for social investment, a targeted policing strategy, and non-profit faith-based programs for young black men. It analyses how each defined social problems for government in ways that eclipsed broader processes generating social inequality in the city. The findings of this research suggest that dominant narratives and practices governing poverty and crime have prevented public discussions about the racialized architecture of neoliberal urbanism while enforcing one of suburban decline. They have prevented dialogue about the correlation between whiteness and wealth in the core, while enforcing causal relations between blackness, poverty and crime in the suburbs. And they have prevented critiques about the surveillance of the city’s young black men, while enforcing projections of these same men through the prism of masculinist culture.	PhD	governance, urban, inequality, equality, poverty	5, 10, 11, 16
Sikstrom, Laura	Wardlow, Holly	"He is almost a normal child": An Ethnography of Malawi's National Pediatric HIV Treatment Program	Anthropology	2015-11	My dissertation is an ethnographic exploration of what it means to raise a child with HIV in one of the poorest countries in the world. Throughout I follow a small number of children and their caregivers as they engage with a new Global Health Initiative (GHI) to provide free universal access to antiretroviral therapy (ART), or anti-AIDS treatment, for infected children at a government run hospital in rural Northern Malawi. To date very little is known about how the roll-out of pediatric ART in decentralized health settings is progressing. The few studies that exist tend to emaphasize access to medicines as the key barrier to treatment, which decontextualizes patients from their social milieu. My project focuses on the clinic-household nexus in order to better understand how historically emdedded social relations impact treatment pathways for young children living with HIV. Specifically, I trace how gendered norms within marriage, disease etiologies, the clinical encounter, land tenancy and migration affect diagnosis and long term treatment adherence. My findings indicate that access to and the long term benefits of ART for children are mediated along socioeconomic fault lines. Although ART is an essential component of any HIV/AIDS care and treatment programme, I argue thoughout that the distribution of medicines alone is ineffective in the absence of loving caregivers, good living conditions, sustainable food sources or a robust public health care system. My research contributes to academic debates about the mechanisms behind embodied inequalities and calls for a broadened scope beyond the individual patient in the development and implementation of HIV care and treatment services for children living with HIV.	Ph.D.	rural, gender, health, socioeconomic	1, 3, 5, 11
Simiyu, Kenneth Walumbe	Singer, Peter A.	Commercialization of Health Products from Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities	Medical Science	2011-06	Despite the global progress made in improving health of people and increasing the life expectancy, Sub-Saharan Africa continues to be plagued by many health problems. Commercialization of health products from Sub-Saharan Africa presents opportunities to solve some of these health problems as well as generate economic returns. This thesis explored science based health product commercialization in sub-Saharan Africa through three studies. The objective was to identify opportunities and challenges facing health product commercialization in Sub-Saharan Africa. A qualitative case study approach was used and data collected using interviews. The first study involved looking at science based health product commercialization at a national level. Rwanda was chosen for this study. Thirty eight key informants selected from various institutions that form the health innovation system in Rwanda were interviewed. The results of the study show that opportunities exist in Rwanda for health product commercialization mainly because of the strong political will to support health innovation. However the main challenge is that there are no linkages between the actors involved in health innovation in Rwanda. The second study looked at health innovation at the level of a research institution. The Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) was studied where eight key informants were interviewed. The results show that KEMRI faced many challenges in its attempt at health product development, including shifting markets, lack of infrastructure, inadequate financing, and weak human capital with respect to innovation. However, it overcame them through diversification, partnerships and changes in culture. The third study looked at health technologies that are being developed in sub-Saharan Africa but have stagnated in laboratories. Thirty nine key informants were interviewed. A total of 25 technologies were identified, the majority being traditional plant medicines; other technologies identified included diagnostic tests and medical devices. Many of these technologies require further validation. Other key challenges to commercialization of these technologies that were identified included a lack of innovative culture amoung scientists and policy makers and lack of proof of concept funds including venture capital. Overall, this thesis identified opportunities for science based health commercialization in Africa, and also provides recommendations on how to overcome major challenges.	PhD	health, infrastructure, innovation	3, 9
Simons, Frances Elinor	To, Teresa||Dell, Sharon D	The Timing of Modifiable Environmental Exposures during Childhood Affects the Age of Asthma Development	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2015-03	Background: Childhood asthma is a multifactorial condition influenced by hereditary and modifiable environmental traits. Objective: I investigated longitudinal associations between childhood asthma development and three modifiable environmental exposures: maternal second-hand smoke exposure in pregnancy, neighborhood walkability, which captures community features that promote walking, and material deprivation, a comprehensive measure of socioeconomic status. Methods: In a population-based cohort of 5619 seven-year-old Toronto children, parents reported age of physician-diagnosed asthma development and maternal active and passive smoking in pregnancy. Administrative data housed at the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences described the 1997-2003 Toronto birth cohorts (326 383 children). Home neighborhood walkability and deprivation quintiles were reported in validated indices and incident asthma was defined by time of entry into the validated Ontario Asthma Surveillance Information System (OASIS) database. The associations between incident asthma and the exposures were measured using Cox proportional and discrete-time hazard survival analysis. The associations between asthma visits and walkability or deprivation in each year of life were measured using Generalized Estimating Equations and generalized linear mixed models. Results: In the population-based cohort, 15.5% of children developed asthma. Children of non-smoking mothers with home second-hand smoke exposure during pregnancy were more likely to develop asthma (HR 1.34; 95% CI, 1.01-1.76). In the administrative data cohort, OASIS asthma criteria were met for 21% of children. Low birth neighborhood walkability (HR 1.11; 95% CI, 1.08-1.14) and high birth neighborhood deprivation (HR 1.11; 95% CI, 1.09-1.13) were associated with increased risk of incident asthma. These trends persisted for currently-symptomatic incident asthma, lifetime exposure to low walkability or high deprivation and healthcare visits for asthma in each year of life. Conclusions: Home second-hand smoke exposure for non-smoking mothers during pregnancy is associated with incident childhood asthma. Children living in neighborhoods with low walkability or high deprivation are also at increased risk of asthma.	Ph.D.	environment, health	3, 13
Simonsen, Anna	Stinchcombe, John	The Evolutionary and Ecological Consequences of Partner Variation in the Mutualism between Legumes and Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2013-06	A fundamental goal in ecology and evolutionary biology has been to understand how microevolutionary forces affect the origin and maintenance of mutualisms over ecological and evolutionary time scales. Mutualistic partners vary in the reciprocal benefits they provide, yet the role of partner variation on microevolutionary forces that impact the maintenance of mutualisms is unclear. Using the mutualism between legumes and nitrogen fixing symbionts, my dissertation investigated the ecological and evolutionary consequences of variation in partner quality. In the first experiment, I demonstrate how insect herbivory can change the costs and benefits of associating with exploiters, and that some degree of exploitation from non-beneficial rhizobia can reduce insect herbivory, thus removing the fitness advantage of associating purely with beneficial rhizobia. In the second study, I examine how rhizobia genotype modifies competition between hosts grown in kin and non-kin groups. I show that lower fitness in plant kin groups can simply be a by-product of genetic variance in plant size and non-linear relationships between plant size and fitness. I further show that the symbiotic community can change difference in fitness between kin and non-kin groups independent of these by-product effects. In my last chapter, I provide the first empirical evidence that an important mechanism for mutualism stability-- the ability for hosts to preferentially associate with beneficial rhizobia-- is genetically variable and can evolve in response to exploitation. I also show that host preference for beneficial rhizobia can be maintained in legume populations, even in the absence of exploitation. My dissertation provides insight into the potential evolutionary dynamics of stabilizing mechanisms by suggesting that the agents of selection that affect the level of host exploitation can come from biotic factors other than the exploiters themselves. My dissertation has also shown that inclusion of other ecological interactions, such as herbivory, can provide valuable perspective on fitness effects of symbionts on their hosts, and can even change our fundamental assumptions about the effects of exploitation on host fitness, which has formed the backbone of mutualism theory.	PhD	ecology	15
Sinclair, Deborah Ann	Aleggia, Ramona	A Living History (1973-1993): How the Experiences of Early Activists Shaped the Violence Against Women (VAW) Movement in Ontario: A Case Study	Social Work	2019-06	This dissertation shines a light on a group of women who helped to create a violence against women (VAW) movement that changed the course of history in Ontario, Canada for countless women, their families and their communities. This study centres the voices of activists, positioning them as knowledge producers with expertise and wisdom gleaned during five decades of work in the VAW movement in Ontario. A feminist analysis of the VAW movement begins from the standpoint of women. In particular, an intersectional feminist analysis begins from the standpoint of diverse women who embrace the tenets of critical feminist standpoint theory. This study draws on social movement theory (SMT) literature, particularly the scholarship of feminist SMT researchers, to examine the state of the VAW movement in Ontario, Canada. This dissertation is a story about a social movement, specifically the VAW movement in Ontario—a strand of the women’s liberation movement frequently referred to as the second wave, but also on the cusp of ushering in third wave feminism. I document the time period from 1973 to 1993—a period that spans the start of the era when all of the participants in this study began their activist work—until the time of their interviews, which took place between 2014 to 2018. In this dissertation, I challenge the notion that the VAW movement has been reduced to a VAW sector, merely creating and delivering services to select populations of women. This interpretation suggests that there is a loss or erosion of an expressed political commitment to uncovering and eliminating the root causes of VAW. Using a case study methodology, I argue that the VAW activists in this study have been persistently engaged in and committed to ending VAW, although their activism shifts and manifests in several forms throughout the life cycle of the movement. The findings of this dissertation research are intended to bring practical and useful implications that can enhance future strategies for change in the VAW movement, contribute to the knowledge base of social work, and infuse the VAW movement with renewed energy and critical vision.	Ph.D.	women	5
Sinclair, Ruvashtre Cindy	Olson, Paul	Qualified, Yet Denied: Life Experiences of Immigrant Medical Doctors After Denial of Medical Recertification in Ontario	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2017-06	Canada’s non-discriminatory immigration policy, advanced medical research, ongoing need for doctors, and promises of transitioning immigrant professionals to professional jobs, attract many doctors from developing and non-English-speaking countries. Medical doctors arrive in Canada in anticipation of a better life and to continue their medical careers. However, the majority end up in underemployed low-wage jobs outside of medicine. They risk termination of their lifelong professional identity and status after arrival in Canada. Despite passing the Canadian medical exams and meeting the requirements for re-licensure, immigrant medical doctors (IMDs) face systemic denial of access to the profession. Foreign credentials, culture, and language are identified as ongoing barriers that set IMDs apart. This study explores the professional, personal, and social impacts on the lives of IMDs who are qualified for medical recertification in Ontario, yet denied opportunities for a license to practice medicine. I briefly ¬trace the history of the medical profession for a better understanding of how the profession was established, organized and regulated. I seek to understand how IMDs of visible minority backgrounds are viewed within the existing structure of the profession. Using a qualitative research methodology, I interviewed 15 IMDs from countries in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, South America, and the West Indies. Participants’ motivation for continuing to seek opportunities for medical recertification, after being denied, struggles and frustrations they face as desperate need for doctors continue to exist, are revealed in this study. I make recommendations for re-imagining and adapting IMDs’ foreign skills as a valuable contribution to the patient-care delivery in Ontario’s diverse population. I provide suggestions for change to resolve the prevailing IMD problem and including more IMDs in residency training and the medical workforce. Keywords: Immigrant doctors, IMDs/IMGs, Immigration, History of medicine, Medical recertification, CanMEDS, Anti-colonialism, Motivation, Governance, Social justice.	Ph.D.	governance	16
Singer, Abraham Andrew	Carens, Joseph||Heath, Joseph	The Form of the Firm: A Critical and Normative Theory of the Corporation	Political Science	2016-06	This dissertation explores the corporation from the perspective of normative political theory. As I argue, the corporation is not easily located within the theoretical matrix of liberal democracy. Because of this, a political theory of the corporation is required in order to evaluate whether our corporate institutions are consonant with the liberal democratic values we affirm. The first half of the dissertation explores the Chicago School’s political theory of the corporation. In this view corporations are taken to be the result of market-like individual voluntary initiatives, and therefore should be left alone for the sake of efficiency and liberty. The Chicago School argues for this, however, at the expense of coherence and sociological rigor. The better way to approach the corporation, I argue, is by seeing it as enabling what I call “norm-governed production.” On my account, firms overcome market inefficiencies by drawing on social and cooperative scripts that allow for cooperative activity that the market under-produces or does not produce at all. This analysis opens up an avenue for prescription and critique that does not deny the economic aspects of the corporation; if we admit that the efficiencies produced by the corporation entail normative scripts, and not merely voluntary contracts, then we can ask whether or not such scripts are compatible with our notions of fairness and justice. We can also ask whether changing scripts in the direction of fair or just relationships can be done without sacrificing too much in the way of corporate efficiency. In the second half of my dissertation I leverage this account of corporate efficiency into an alternative political theory of the corporation. I argue that our legal and political institutions ought to be restricted so as to protect corporations’ vulnerable parties and to encourage ownership patterns that empower those who make the most personal investments. I further argue that, from the perspective of business ethics, the corporation ought to be reconceived as an agent in maximizing efficiency while also being an agent for mitigating social injustice.	Ph.D.	production	12
Singh, Devita	Zucker, Ken	A Follow-up Study of Boys with Gender Identity Disorder	Human Development and Applied Psychology	2012-11	This study provided information on the long term psychosexual and psychiatric outcomes of 139 boys with gender identity disorder (GID). Standardized assessment data in childhood (mean age, 7.49 years; range, 3–12 years) and at follow-up (mean age, 20.58 years; range, 13–39 years) were used to evaluate gender identity and sexual orientation outcome. At follow-up, 17 participants (12.2%) were judged to have persistent gender dysphoria. Regarding sexual orientation, 82 (63.6%) participants were classified as bisexual/ homosexual in fantasy and 51 (47.2%) participants were classified as bisexual/homosexual in behavior. The remaining participants were classified as either heterosexual or asexual. With gender identity and sexual orientation combined, the most common long-term outcome was desistence of GID with a bisexual/homosexual sexual orientation followed by desistence of GID with a heterosexual sexual orientation. The rates of persistent gender dysphoria and bisexual/homosexual sexual orientation were substantially higher than the base rates in the general male population. Childhood assessment data were used to identify within-group predictors of variation in gender identity and sexual orientation outcome. Social class and severity of cross-gender behavior in childhood were significant predictors of gender identity outcome. Severity of childhood cross-gender behavior was a significant predictor of sexual orientation at follow-up. Regarding psychiatric functioning, the heterosexual desisters reported significantly less behavioral and psychiatric difficulties compared to the bisexual/homosexual persisters and, to a lesser extent, the bisexual/ homosexual desisters. Clinical and theoretical implications of these follow-up data are discussed.	PhD	gender	5
Singh, Herveen	Portelli, John P.	From Elusive Conceptions to Arrested Developments: Leadership for Social Justice	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2010-11	The general question guiding this research is: how do equity minded administrators lead for social justice? The following specific questions are addressed in this study: How have participants become oriented to social justice? How do educational administrators conceptualize leadership for social justice? What are the barriers and supports that participants experienced in leading for social justice in diverse contexts? What are some (participant-identified) examples of how they lead for social justice? From a critical perspective this study examines the experiences of educational administrators leading for social justice. Vital to this examination are analyses of power relations and the locatedness of participants within those relations. At the core of these power relations are participant experiences of social justice as contingent on the interconnectedness between their lived realities and the “doing” of social justice as espoused by and evidenced in their approaches to leadership for social justice. For this study I have interviewed ten administrators from Southern Ontario, who self-identify as being committed to and leading for social justice and have been in formal positions of leadership for at least five years. Interviewees were able to identify and articulate the interconnected experiences of lived realities and their commitments to leadership for social justice; critical examples of social justice praxis; and facets of the educational systems which supported and, conversely, erected barriers to their leading for social justice. Conclusions, implications and recommendations can be broadly organized as issues related to systemic and structural processes, support and accountability for the hiring, retention and promotion of diverse school personnel who have evidenced commitments to social justice, the retraining and retooling of educators and leaders through curriculum centred on social justice, the dramatic restructuring of educational administrative thought by practitioners and researchers, and the critical inclusion of the community, students, parents and trustees in roles that substantively impact the decision making power within the educational system (from the overall governance of the educational system to everyday activities).	PhD	equitable, justice	4, 16
Singh, Rashmee Dadabhai	Valverde, Mariana	Grassroots Governance: Domestic Violence and Criminal Justice Partnerships in an Immigrant City	Criminology	2012-11	My dissertation is a critical ethnography of grassroots feminist agencies and immigrant organizations involved in the governance of gender violence in Toronto, Ontario. Along with examining the agencies operating on the outskirts of the law, I also observe the organizations that contract directly with the provincial government to counsel abusers prosecuted through the city’s specialized domestic violence courts. Drawing on the methodological and theoretical insights of socio-legal studies, postcolonial feminism, and governmentality scholarship, my research explores the governance of domestic violence through the community. Specifically, I examine how the voluntary sector performs the state’s work of prosecuting domestic violence, punishing offenders and building citizens. My research reveals the significant influence that community organizations exert on the prosecution of gender violence and in defining the conditions of punishment for offenders. Through court observation of Toronto’s domestic violence plea court, I show how grassroots administrative workers transform into hybrids of the prosecutor and defense within governance networks. In addition, based on interviews with service providers delivering counseling to offenders, I document how non-profit organizational habits add distinctive flavors to the administration of punishment, materializing in governing regimes that emphasize care in some contexts and discipline in others. Finally, I also explore the dual constructions of immigrant counselors as both the experts and the “others” to the nation with regards to gender violence. In contrast to assumptions of ignorance amongst the immigrant “other” in the liberal imaginary, my findings indicate that the notion of women’s empowerment is nothing new or unfamiliar within Toronto’s diasporic communities; several of the immigrant anti-violence experts involved in this research credit their politicization and training “back home” as foundational to their involvement in feminist and the anti-violence movement. These findings challenge liberal assumptions of the East as a space devoid of the cultural material of women’s empowerment, which form the backbone of Western performances of modernity.	PhD	gender, women, governance	5, 16
Singh, Samuel Chet	Walcott, Rinaldo	Changing the System from Within: Three Phases of Human Rights Policy Struggles in an Urban Community College	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2012-03	This case study documents the work of this researcher and others to transform oppressive ideologies and practices in an urban community college through human rights policy development and implementation. Analysis of policy processes examines how contestations of equity discourses by various organizational stakeholders influenced organizational constructions of equity as ideology, policy and practice. Policy struggles over the three administrations are examined using a typology of equity discourses defined as assimilationist (status quo: resisting human rights/equity), managing diversity (organizational benefits: liability protection, commodifying equity/human rights) and transformative (structural/curricular change). In this particular case study, a human rights crisis during the 1990’s led to substantive policy change as human rights was framed as organizational change. These changes were resisted and recuperated by the next cadre of change agents and senior and middle managers and human rights were administered as rights based complaints management. However, the large complaints bureaucracy was unable to contain underlying systemic issues and complaints increased dramatically. Management responded with neoliberal influenced managing diversity/cultural competency training, proposed as a customer service model to train faculty and staff how to deal with the Other - ‘culturally diverse’ clients/students. This discourse of equity was challenged by this researcher (who was seconded to develop institution wide cultural competencies for faculty). This curriculum project was used to recoup some of the transformative elements of the policy and refocus institutional efforts towards system wide organizational change. This attempt at tempered radicalism was recouped by senior management and the competencies developed were contained in a single course during the next administrative turnover. This research builds on the survey studies of equity practitioners by Westerman (2008) and Agocs (2004) that examine how the positionality of institutional change agents influences opportunities to advance equity in institutions (in areas of complaints management and/or employment equity). It differs from previous studies in three ways: first I expand the definition of equity as the totality of all institutional functions including curriculum. Second, in addition to examining the scope and impact of these ‘expert’ roles, this study examines the influence of larger societal discourses of equity, the motivations of managers and other important stakeholders such as unions in shaping what constitutes equity work, how this is embraced and/or resisted by change agents and others in spite of ‘official’ policy. And third, it is a historical case study examination of one institution over a sustained period of time. The conclusions drawn from this institution’s policy struggles suggest that transformative equity initiatives can shift organizational cultures by changing the conversation about was constitutes equity work, however their effectiveness in bringing about structural change remains tenuous. Neocolonial societies are premised on relations of inequality, and dominant neoliberal discourses have imposed business models of managerial efficiency, standardization and profitability on public institutions which ensures that managers will continue to translate the demands of equity-seeking groups into bureaucratic procedures.	PhD	rights, institution, urban, inequality, employment, equality	5, 8, 10, 11, 16
Singhal, Sonica	Quiñonez, Carlos||Tenenbaum, Howard	The Role of Dental Treatment in Welfare-to-Work	Dentistry	2015-11	Background: Social assistance recipients in Canada receive limited dental care in order to meet health needs and to promote the move from welfare-to-work. Policy advocates argue for the expansion of such services for similar reasons. However, the hypothesis that dental care can improve the chances of employment has been rarely tested. This project was designed to provide policy makers better understanding about the relationship between dental treatment and employment outcomes among social assistance recipients of Ontario, Canada. Methods: First, we conducted a systematic review of the relevant existing literature. Then we designed a retrospective cohort study using large administrative data (total n = 8742) from five Ontario regions and from the province’s social assistance ministry. We also conducted an exploratory pilot study of a convenience sample of assistance recipients (n = 30) using a pre- and post-dental treatment survey. Results: Systematic review revealed minimal and weak evidence concerning the idea that dental services can improve employment outcomes. Our retrospective cohort study showed no significant difference in employment outcomes between treatment and no-treatment group (adjusted odds ratio = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.83-1.03). However, over the one year, people who received treatment (124% increase) had significantly better trajectory (p=0.0014) of leaving assistance as compared to their counterparts (83% increase). Our pilot study revealed that both oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL) and job-seeking self-efficacy (JSS) improved significantly after receiving dental care and there was a significant correlation between these two outcomes. Conclusion: Our research suggests that at one year, dental treatment does not appear to be significantly associated with leaving social assistance for employment. However, people who received dental treatment appeared to be particularly disadvantaged and dental treatment may have helped to level them up in terms of employment outcomes over time. Also, our results indicate that OHRQoL and JSS are correlated.	Ph.D.	health	3
Sinichi, Sayeh	Diosady, Levente L	Production of Biodiesel from Yellow Mustard Compatible with Food Protein Production	Chemical Engineering Applied Chemistry	2016-11	Mustard is produced in Canada in sufficient quantities that it can be used for both the food and fuel markets without having adverse agricultural effects. While mustard hulls are useful food ingredients, mustard seed oil is well-suited for use as a bio-fuel as it contains erucic acid, which is responsible for its high lubricity. Oil-seed extraction with IPA is an emerging alternative to hexane-based extraction due to its ability to eliminate the dangers associated with hexane processing while allowing recovery of high-quality protein products and vegetable oils. In this thesis, a novel rapid method for extracting oil from de-hulled yellow mustard flour using isopropyl alcohol (IPA) was developed. This method recovers the released oil in the form of a single-phase oil-IPA miscella. The extraction parameters that increase the oil yield without any loss or damage to the meal protein were ascertained followed by optimization of the direct ester formation from yellow mustard flour. The effect of process variables such as contact time, number of extraction stages, contact ratios, pH, temperature and water on extraction efficiency and miscella (IPA+oil) composition were examined. The results were used to develop parameters for an industrial process for oil extraction and increase the oil extraction yields. Multiple-stage extractions gave an oil yield of 94.7 % with a four stage extraction at a 2:1 IPA:flour (volume:weight) ratio at room temperature. At 45˚C, a 91.5 % oil yield was achieved with three stage extraction at a 2:1 IPA:flour (v:w) ratio. When compared with dry IPA, the oil yields determined from water-containing IPA extraction (13 % water) were lower by more than 40 %, the sugar content was nearly doubled, and the protein extraction did not change significantly in either single or multiple-stage extractions. Five rounds of recycling of IPA in the extraction process resulted in approximately a 1.4 % water increase in the recovered IPA, which is far below the water threshold determined to be 5% in this study. Therefore, the process and costs of dehydrating the IPA will not hinder the overall biodiesel production process or viability. The recovered miscella could be used in a direct ester conversion process to produce high-quality biodiesel. The IPA-extracted mustard oil had 3.53 ± 0.18 % and 2.61 ± 0.33 %, free fatty acid (FFA) and phospholipid contents respectively. The water content of the miscella was 2.13 ± 0.09 %, which was higher than the 0.3 % (w:w miscella) target for transesterification. Transesterification of the dehydrated miscella was performed using 1.2 % potassium hydroxide (w:w of the oil) as the base-catalyst at 72 ˚C for 2 hours and resulted in a relatively low isopropylester formation (29.33 ± 6.08 %). The addition of methanol to the miscella resulted in an oil conversion to ester of 86.96 ± 3.94 % at room temperature in 1hour. A phase separation technique was then developed in order to reduce the water and IPA content and the impurities of the miscella. The transesterification of the oil-rich phase separated from the miscella resulted in a 99 % ester. The recovery and recycling of IPA from the waste produced during the process was investigated in order to improve the efficiency and reduce the solvent cost of the overall system. A salting out method (using potassium carbonate) combined with azeotropic distillation, as well as pervaporation, was explored with the aim of recovering IPA during both the oil extraction and the transesterification process. Potassim carbonate was shown to be effective in modifying the liquid-liquid equilibrium of an IPA-water system in favour of IPA extraction from IPA-water mixtures. About 95 % and 96 % of the IPA (99% purity) was recovered from bulk solutions with 5 % and 13 % water contents, respectively, when using 20 % potassium carbonate (w:w). In azeotropic distillation, potassium carbonate was more effective in modifying the liquid-liquid equilibrium of an IPA-water system in favour of IPA extraction from the bulk solution (~99 % IPA extraction, ~94 % IPA content in the extract). IPA suitable for recycling into the oil extraction process (	Ph.D.	industr, production, environment	9, 12, 13
Sirotich, Frank	Regehr, Cheryl	Putting Criminal Violence into Context: A Multi-level Analysis of the Correlates of Violence Severity among Early- and Late-start Mentally Disordered Offenders	Social Work	2009-11	The current research utilizes a multi-level analysis of historical, clinical, situational and neighbourhood factors to predict violence severity among persons with major mental illness. In addition, it draws on the typologies of offenders proposed by Moffitt (1993) and Hodgins and Janson (2002) to explore whether different predictors of violence severity exist for early-start, persistent offenders and late-start offenders. Finally, it compares early-start and late-start offenders with major mental illness to determine if differences exist in their criminal history, clinical presentation, motive for violence, crime-scene behaviours and neighbourhood backgrounds. A retrospective chart review of a mental health court support program in Toronto, Canada is utilized to explore the correlates of violence severity. Clinical charts and supplemental arrest records are content analyzed to extract data on arrestee/offender characteristics and on crime scene behaviours and tract-level data from the 2001 Canada Census is used to identify structural features of the neighbourhood environment of arrestees/offenders at the time of their arrest. Violence severity is measured using the Cormier-Lang System of Quantifying Criminal History (Quinsey, Harris, Rice, & Cormier, 1998). In total 1806 charts were reviewed and 245 subjects were subsequently included within the analyses. Using a variety of analytic techniques, the following results were obtained: 1) offense characteristics such as victim gender, victim-offender relationship, instrumental motive, and use of a weapon were the most robust predictors of violence severity while clinical factors such as diagnosis and comorbid clinical conditions were marginally significant predictors and historical factors such as previous violence and early-start offending were not significant predictors of violence severity; 2) context-specific measures accounted for more of the explained variation in violence severity than did individual-specific measures; 3) early-start and late-start offenders did differ with respect to history of violence, presence of a comorbid clinical condition such as a personality disorder or substance abuse and current life circumstances. Implications for theory refinement, clinical practice and program development are discussed and future avenues of research are considered.	PhD	health	3
Sit, Victoria	Stermac, Lana	The Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Sexual Assault Help-seeking Barriers Scale	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2018-11	Recent research indicates that rape and sexual assault continue to be among the most underreported crimes and that post-assault service use rates remain low. While a large body of research has sought to understand factors that deter help-seeking, existing measures used to assess barriers to help-seeking among sexual assault survivors have not been psychometrically validated. Moreover, many measures do not include barriers that are relevant to seeking assistance from a range of service providers, or relevant to survivors from ethnic minority and low-income backgrounds. The goal of this research project was to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Sexual Assault Help-seeking Barriers Scale (SAHBS), a theoretically grounded and empirically based measure of barriers to help-seeking for sexual assault. Two studies were undertaken based on independent samples of adult women recruited from the Greater Toronto Area and online community (n = 206 and n = 320). Results of Study 1 revealed a 6-factor solution with the following factors: Stigma of Sexual Assault, Negative Attitudes towards Help-seeking, Distrust of Support Providers, Accessibility Issues, Minimization of Sexual Assault, and Lack of Support. Support was found for internal consistency and one-week test-retest reliability. Tests of known-groups construct validity, convergent validity, and concurrent validity provided preliminary evidence for validity of the measure. The SAHBS can be routinely used in future studies of help-seeking among sexual assault survivors, contribute to the identification of barriers faced by diverse groups of survivors seeking assistance from a range of support providers, and inform the development of interventions that can encourage help-seeking.	Ph.D.	women	5
Sivarajah, Sivajanani	Thomas, Sean C.||Smith, Sandy M.	Shade Trees in Schoolyards: their Role in Protection from Ultraviolet Rradiation and Improving Childhood Learning	Forestry	2020-06	Urban trees are widely recognized to improve the physical environment for humans, but little work has been done to quantify differences among tree species in their ability to mitigate ultraviolet radiation, or on tree effects on learning in the context of primary education. My research examines the environmental services of schoolyard shade trees, and specifically evaluates the potential for different tree species to attenuate UV radiation reaching the ground and to provide psychological benefits as indicated by standardized test score performance. My thesis examines three different approaches to address specific questions that add to our understanding of both mechanisms and net effects, namely: (1) the analysis of leaf optical and morphological traits and their impact on the transmittance and reflectance of UV radiation, particularly UV-B and UV-C radiation of most concern from a human health perspective; (2) the determination of typical UV radiation levels beneath different urban tree species in schoolyards and public parks across Toronto, Ontario; and (3) the assessment of tree canopy cover, diversity, and species composition on the academic performance of primary-school-age children. I found both estimated leaf-level UV reflectance and transmittance were substantially higher than prior published estimates. UV reflectance ranged from 20.06-49.69% (UV-A), 30.13-62.68% (UV-B), and 37.18-73.29% (UV-C), and UV transmittance ranged from 0.33-10.14% (UV-A), 0.44-13.13% (UV-B), and 1.61-29.73% (UV-C) among sampled leaves. When analyzed at the canopy-level, UV protection factor (PF) varied significantly among species, ranging from ~1.3-3.4. Additionally, I found crown transparency (%), crown radius/height of live crown (m), and shade tolerance were important as predictors of UV protection factors. Lastly, tree cover is a significant positive predictor of children’s academic performance, and the effects of tree cover and species composition were most apparent in schools that showed the highest level of external challenges to excel in academic settings. More broadly, this dissertation examines the potential for shade trees in typical urban settings to provide both physical and mental health benefits to children through the attenuation of UV radiation and enhanced educational performance.	Ph.D.	educat, urban, environment, forest	4, 11, 13, 15
Sivasubramaniam, Malini	Mundy, Karen	Household Educational Decision-making in Low-fee Private Primary Schools in Kenya: An Exploratory Mixed Methods Study	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2014-06	Despite the pronouncement of Free Primary Education (FPE) made by the Government of Kenya in 2003, not all households have equally benefitted from its implementation. Children from many poor households, particularly in urban informal settlements, continue to attend fee-charging private schools which have continued to grow exponentially and to figure prominently on Kenya's educational landscape. To address this conundrum as to why poor Kenyan households are using low-fee private schools (LFP) when there is free primary education in the public schools, I apply notions of social capital and habitus to examine household decision-making pathways. Specifically, I ask which households are using low-fee schools, why, and how do these households navigate and negotiate this emerging educational market.In this study I problematize choice processes as a complex interaction between macro-level institutional policy frameworks, meso-level organizational practices, and micro-level decisions. This mixed methods multilevel study was based on a survey of 209 households from one village in Kibera, and involved five target schools, one public and four low-fee schools. Qualitative in-depth interviews at the state level with Ministry of Education officials, donors, and civil society organizations, as well as school level interviews with school proprietors, teachers, pupils and school management committee (SMC) members, and household level interviews with a smaller set of 21 parents were used to triangulate and to complement findings from the household survey. Overall the study found that decision-making for the economically disadvantaged households in this study was differentiated by the social, cultural, and economic capital they own. As households navigate between public and LFP schools, the results suggest that choice is not equitable as not all households are able to fully exercise their right to choose nor, do they have agency. In many cases households are pushed into a decision. Based on these findings, I propose a categorization of households based on their decision-making pathways into two groups: default decision-makers and strategic decision-makers. The analysis also shows that households rely on social networks, and ethnicity considerations in making school decisions. These decisions however, appear to be reinforcing existing boundaries of social class, and exacerbating stratification in the schools.	Ph.D.	equitable, urban, educat	4, 11
Slavin, Philip	Goering, Joseph	Feeding the Brethren: Grain Provisioning of Norwich Cathedral Priory, c. 1280-1370	Medieval Studies	2008-11	The present dissertation attempts to follow and analyze each and every individual stage of food provisioning of a late medieval monastic community. Chapter One is an introductory survey, describing the topic, its status quaestionis, problems and methodology. Chapter Two establishes the geography of crops in the rural hinterland of Norwich, with each manor specializing in different crop. A close analysis of the crop geography partially supports the Von Thünen thesis. Chapter Three looks at the agricultural trends of the demesnes. Roughly speaking, the period between c. 1290 and 1370 was a history of wheat’s expansion at the expense of rye, on the one hand, and legume shrinkage at the expense of grazing land. Chapter Four discusses annual grain acquisition, its components and disposal. It shows that about eighty per cent of the total supply derived from harvest, while the remainder came in form of tithes, grants and purchases. Chapter Five deals with the human and equine interaction. The bovine population was certainly dominant, but the draught horses easily outnumbered the oxen. Each year,the Priory authorities saved a great deal of money, because of (virtually) free customary carting service. Chapter Six explores the space for storing and processing of the annual grain supply. The five adjacent buildings, namely the Great Granary, brewery, bakery, mill and staples, allowed most effective cooperation between dozens of Priory labourers working in victual departments, on the one hand, and decreased transportation costs. Chapter Seven attempts to establish the relation between the Priory population, its annual grain supply and demand. Conversion of the grain into approximate calorific and financial equivalent reveals that the supply must have exceeded the demand. Chapter Eight is deals with the actual consumption of the grain supply. As far as Norwich monks are concerned, their annual bread and ale supply has certainly exceeded their normal requirements and there is no hint about selling the surplus. Joining the bread and ale accounts with those of the cellar, we arrive at astonishing calorific figures. Chapter Nine discusses the charity activities of Norwich Priory, particularly connected to the distribution of bread and ale among the needy. There were three distinctive groups: hermits, prisoners and paupers. According to almoner’s accounts, the Priory allocated generous sums of loaves and ale to the paupers.	PhD	food, rural	2, 11
Sloos, Renee	Gagliardi, Anna R	Integration of Services in Child and Youth Mental Health: A Case Study	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2019-11	Background: Although approximately one in five children and youth in Canada deal with mental health issues, only a third access specialized care. Difficulties accessing and navigating the health care system are commonly reported. Integration holds promise as a mechanism to address care access and system navigation issues. Objectives: This dissertation aims to explore integration in child and youth mental health care by: identifying components of integration that improve outcomes for children and youth; describing how mental health services for children and youth are integrated and identifying factors that influence integration in Ontario, Canada; and refining an integration framework that can function as a guide for integration in child and youth mental health care settings. Methods: A multi-methods framework was utilized. A scoping review methodology was used to examine the international literature to identify components of integration. A case study methodology was used to examine integration in child and youth mental health care settings in Ontario, Canada. The case study included interviews with 33 key informants from the child and youth services, education and health sectors as well as a review of relevant government documents. A comparative mapping methodology was used to assess congruence of an integration framework with the international literature and the case study results. Results: Several common structural, infrastructure, and operational components were reported in the integration literature. While many of these components aligned with shared mental models (SSMs) of integration, SMMs were not commonly acknowledged in the literature. Additionally, the language describing integration in the child and youth literature differs from the health care literature. Numerous facilitators and barriers influence the integration of child and youth mental health care in Ontario, however two critical features: the absence of guidance in government policies and poor system-level planning are of importance as they demonstrate the lack of a system level shared mental model of integration. Conclusions: The absence of consistent system-level planning and inadequate guidance from policy documents are obstacles that need to be addressed to optimize integration planning and implementation. Addressing these issues may also influence the development of a system level SMM of integration.	Ph.D.	health	3
Smith-Carrier, Tracy A.	Neysmith, Sheila	Challenging the Dominant Discourse of ‘Welfare Dependency’: A Multi-episode Survival Analysis of Ontario Works Spells	Social Work	2011-06	This dissertation examines the dominant discourse of welfare dependency and its implications for lone mothers in Ontario, Canada. This hegemonic discourse has been instrumental in positioning lone mothers as deviant, pathologically flawed and ineffective citizens. Using a repeated survival analysis, I examine the spells of participants identifying the significant variables influencing social assistance exit rates. Social constructionism and critical feminism are the theoretical lenses underpinning the analysis. The quantitative study examines the current composition of the Ontario Works caseload, interrogates the legitimacy of the welfare dependency supposition, debunks numerous social constructions surrounding welfare receipt and highlights the barriers impeding participants. The study culminates with a new understanding to counter the welfare dependency paradigm, recognizing the overlooked provisioning work of women in the neoliberal post welfare state.	PhD	women	5
Smith, Brendan Tyler	Mustard, Cameron A||Smith, Peter M	Socioeconomic Position, Modifiable Risk Factors and Coronary Heart Disease Incidence in Canada	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2015-11	Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Canada. Socioeconomic position (SEP; typically measured as education, occupation and/or income) is an important CHD risk factor, in addition to conventional risk factors (e.g. smoking, poor nutrition, physical inactivity, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes or cholesterol). Evidence to inform which population health interventions will optimally reduce both the population level and social inequalities in CHD is urgently needed in Canada. The overall goal of this dissertation was to explore the relationship between SEP, modifiable risk factors and CHD incidence. The dissertation consists of four related manuscripts, each making a contribution to this area of research. The first manuscript assessed the potential use of mathematical simulation models to evaluate the impacts of population health interventions on social inequalities in CHD. This review served as a conceptual framework for this dissertation, highlighting a number of gaps in research evidence further explored in dissertation chapters. The second manuscript undertakes a causal mediation analysis to examine the direct and indirect pathways linking SEP and incident heart disease in a Canadian population-based cohort study. By assessing individual mediation pathways through modifiable CHD risk factors, the goal of this manuscript was to highlight potential targets for population health interventions that will result in the greatest reduction in social inequalities in CHD. In the third manuscript the ability of the Framingham CHD Risk Score prediction algorithm to predict future CHD incidence across SEP groups was assessed. The results from this study tested an important methodological assumption regarding the risk prediction tool used in the Population Health Model for Cardiovascular Disease (POHEM:CVD), to enable accurate simulation of CHD incidence by SEP group. Finally, the fourth manuscript assessed the validity of socioeconomic trends in modifiable CHD risk factors in Canada from 2001 to 2021 using POHEM:CVD. Combined, this body of work provides evidence regarding the potential benefit of targeting modifiable CHD risk factors on reducing population and social inequalities in CHD in Canada.	Ph.D.	socioeconomic, health	1, 3
Smith, Carrie Jean	Mishna, Faye||Fluke, John D.	Organizational structure and child welfare decisions: The influence of role specialization and service integration	Social Work	2017-06	The objective of this dissertation was to contribute to the understanding of child welfare organizations by testing the hypothesis that the characteristics of organizations influence decisions made by child protection staff for vulnerable children. Two aspects of organizational structure were examined: 1) role specialization, or the division of tasks to accomplish the mandate of the organization; and 2) service integration, or whether child welfare organizations and other services such as childrenâ s mental health are integrated. Other organizational factors proposed by the theoretical and empirical literature as salient to understanding child welfare decisions were included in the analyses (e.g., the location of the organization, service availability, etc.). The dissertation tests a theoretical framework that integrated the Decision-Making Ecology Framework (Baumann, Dalgleish, Fluke, Kern, 2011) and Yoo, Brooks, and Pattiâ s (2007) conceptual framework of organizational constructs as predictors of service effectiveness. Three decisions along the child protective services Decision-Making Continuum (Fluke, Baumann, Dalgleish, Kern, 2014) were examined: service referrals, provision of ongoing services, and placement in out-of-home care. Secondary data analysis of the Ontario Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect 2013 (OIS-2013) was conducted. A subsample of 4,949 investigations from 16 agencies was included in the multi-level models. The results confirm the importance of clinical factors to child welfare decisions. Organizational factors also influence decisions; specifically, investigations conducted at agencies with a specialist structure were less likely to include a service referral. Although structure did not influence the ongoing service decision, urban agencies were less likely than rural agencies to keep a case open following an investigation. Structure had no effect on the decision to place a child in out-of-home care, and there was no variance at the organizational level. The utility of the theoretical framework was demonstrated and should be applied to future studies. This dissertation contributes to the limited empirical evidence regarding the association between organizational structure and decisions.	Ph.D.	health, urban, rural	3, 11
Smith, Christopher Gary	Walcott, Rinaldo	Apprehending Black Queer Diasporas: A Study of Black Pride Festivals and Their Emplacements	Social Justice Education	2020-06	“Apprehending Black Queer Diasporas is a historical consideration of Black Pride festivals. Emerging as an alternative to “mainstream” Pride parades, Black Pride has its origins in grass-roots community organizing by Black LGBT+ populations in response to the HIV/AIDS crisis in major US metropolitan cities in the early 1990s. As both a celebration of Black LGBT+ life and a space for political organizing, the model of Black Pride would be adopted throughout the United States, and internationally in London, U.K., and South Africa. Examined through a “black queer diasporic analytic” this dissertation traces the movement of this festival to assess how it was enabled through diasporic affinities among Black LGBT+ populations, globally. Utilizing a transnational comparative approach this study was conducted in three global cities; Toronto, Los Angeles, and London, U.K. Through key informant interviews with the founders of the Black Pride festivals selected, this dissertation offers a cultural history of the festival to capture the political contexts that prompted their emergence. Methodologically, I supplement the ethnographic component with archival research conducted in select LGBT archives to assess what the major political priorities were that served as the impetus for Black Pride festivals. Moving between ethnography, cultural history and social and cultural geography I discuss the historical origins of the festivals, in tandem with the spatial politics that are engendered when Black LGBT+ communities assert and cultivate communal space. Through a “black queer diasporic analytic” this project traces the transnational circuits of cultural exchange among Black LGBT+ communities that enabled Black Pride to become a global movement.	Ph.D.	gender, queer	5
Smith, David	Jennings, Eric	'French like the others': Colonial Migrants in Wartime France, 1939-1947	History	2013-06	This dissertation explores the largely unknown history of how migrants from across the colonial empire experienced the Second World War in France. By the 1930s France possessed the second-largest colonial empire in the world. Although people from across the French empire had resided in the métropole during the interwar period, the declaration of war against Nazi Germany in September 1939 necessitated the recruitment of thousands more French colonial subjects to serve as workers for the war effort. There were perhaps 100,000 from across the French empire living in France at the start of the war, and this number swelled to more than 140,000 by June 1940. While historians have recently begun to uncover the history of migration between France and its colonies, this is the first study to comparatively examine the heterogeneous mix of Southeast Asians and North Africans living on metropolitan soil. Placing colonial migration in a comparative framework reveals the extent to which racial perceptions and hierarchies within French colonial thought impacted the existence of people of color in France. I have deliberately eschewed previous ways of examining how colonialism affected French society, which tend to favor representation or exoticism, and instead constructed a social history of race and immigration geared around daily life. Utilizing over twenty public and private archival collections, this dissertation is focused on quotidian interactions between colonial workers, French men and women, employers, and officials from the French state. This reveals the dynamic between local and national issues in shaping the experience of colonial migrants in France; gives insight into how access to food, employment and social welfare was determined by colonial status; and the extent to which fears over policing, health, and non-white migration animated exclusionary policies. This dissertation argues that France should be viewed as a colonial and metropolitan space where migrants from across the empire met forms of colonial knowledge, power, and discipline. Focusing on the inherent tension between France and its empire, rather than constructing an intellectual framework that subsumes France and empire together, reveals the true impact of colonialism on metropolitan society. My focus on the 1930s and 1940s, which crosses the Third Republic, Vichy and Liberation eras, demonstrates the treatment of colonial migrants was not just about specific political regimes but firmly rooted in entrenched racial stereotypes of North Africans and Vietnamese that persist in France today.	PhD	food, health, employment	2, 3, 2008
Smith, Kristin	Dehli, Kari	Activist Social Workers in Neoliberal Times: Who are We Becoming Now?	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2011-06	My thesis explores the knowledge, subjectivities and work performances that activist social workers bring to their practice in Ontario, Canada during a period of workplace restructuring that includes cuts to services, work intensification, increased surveillance and the evolving discourses of neoliberalism. A key aspect of my dissertation is the exploration of tensions between the attachments, desires and aspirations of the activist social work self and what that self must do every day to get by. I am interested in how it is that social workers produce and maintain their sense of identities – their integrity, ethics and responsibilities as activists – while also managing to navigate the contradictions of restructured workplaces. My aim is to understand not how power in the form of restructuring policies is imposed on people, but rather, how power acts through subjects who find themselves both implicated in, and struggling to resist neoliberal restructuring. My research lens draws on Michel Foucault’s ideas about governmentality and on feminist poststructural, critical race, and postcolonial theories. I use these theories to see neoliberal strategies of rule as working in diffuse ways through social and health service workplaces, encouraging service providers to see themselves as individualized and active subjects responsible for particular performances that enact specific types of change. My research findings reveal that activist social workers respond to neoliberal strategies of rule in multiple ways while constituting themselves through a variety of competing discourses that exist in their lives. Social workers subjectivities appear to be produced through a range of discourses drawn from their family histories, unique biographies and the intersections of socially produced distinctions that are based on gender, race, class, sexuality, age and nationalism. My dissertation traces some of the many ways that social workers position themselves within and beyond the changing context of neoliberalism. In doing so, my research reveals tentative pathways for building critical resistance practices and suggests future social welfare measures that are based on social justice and equity.	PhD	justice, worker	8, 16
Smith, Maxwell James Adamson	Upshur, Ross EG	Public Health as Social Justice? A Qualitative Study of Public Health Policy-makers' Perspectives	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2016-11	Background: ‘Social justice’ is routinely identified as a core value for the field of public health. Yet, outside of the theoretical literature it is seldom accompanied by a robust definition or an explanation of what it requires for policy and practice. If social justice is intended to be, or ought to be, a core value in public health, its meaning and normative requirements must be understood and articulated in a way that is applicable to, and practicable for, public health policy and practice. This study takes a first step in responding to this charge by (1) exploring public health policy-makers’ perspectives on the meaning and role of social justice in their practice, (2) examining the extent to which distinct perspectives on social justice exist in different programmatic areas of public health (chronic disease prevention and public health emergency preparedness and response), and (3) analyzing these perspectives in light of existing normative social justice theory. Methods: This study involved qualitative, semi-structured interviews with public health policy-makers purposively recruited from municipal, provincial, and federal public health organizations in Canada. Twenty interviews were conducted, analyzed via thematic analysis, and subsequently interpreted in light of, and situated within the context of, normative social justice theory. Findings: Two overarching themes emerged from the interviews, in addition to three unique themes from interviews with participants involved in chronic disease prevention and three themes from those involved in public health emergency preparedness and response. Social justice was not uniformly interpreted among study participants, and the meanings and roles attributed to social justice appeared to be influenced, in part, by the perceived goals and contextual features that belong to the programmatic area of public health in which they practiced. Conclusions: The findings of this study provide an understanding of how the meaning and role of social justice is interpreted by public health policy-makers. They point to key areas in normative social justice theory where further attention ought to be directed, as well as key areas in the public health policy and practice context where normative social justice theory could enhance and refine the value’s practical interpretation and role.	Ph.D.	health, justice	3, 16
Smith, Romney David	Meyerson, Mark	Across an Open Sea. Mediterranean Networks and Italian Trade in an Era of Calamity	Medieval Studies	2016-11	In the eleventh century, commercial dominance of the Mediterranean passed from the Muslim and Jewish traders of the House of Islam to the Italians of such maritime cities as Pisa or Amalfi. Although the outcome of this economic transition is well-known, the purpose of this study is to consider the mechanisms that motored Italian takeover. An examination of the characteristics of the trade network, both before and after the economic transition, finds that little structural change occurred; it is therefore argued that Italian merchants operated in conformity with the commercial paradigms of the existing Muslim and Jewish trade network, which are known to us from the Cairo Geniza. It was only the coincidence of major political failure in the large Mediterranean polities that enabled a realignment of Italian merchants from participants to dominant players in the existing trade network. This political failure, which I term “the great calamity,” saw the end of the Caliphate of Cordoba and left both Byzantium and the Fatimid Caliphate much reduced, a situation which rebounded to the advantage of smaller polities. Among them, the city of Pisa serves as a test case for this study’s assertions about Italian integration into the Mediterranean network of Muslim and Jewish traders Following the emphasis of the “New Mediterranean Studies” on interconnectivity, a key conclusion is that the spaces defined by trade, such as the decks of ships shared between Jewish, Muslim and Christian merchants, provided an almost neutral medium for the exchange not only of commodities, but also their conceptual, material or stylistic commensals. The final chapters of this thesis concentrate on the social mechanisms that propelled merchants, material culture and knowledge across the Mediterranean. They look at the shared visual culture that permeated the Mediterranean and its concomitant lexicon of shared symbols and motifs. This common visual culture includes architecture, the famous bacini of Pisa, and the broad category of spices, incense and materia medica. This last group, it is suggested, marked an expanding locus of practices shared across both the Christian and Muslim shores of the Mediterranean.	Ph.D.	trade	10
Snell, Rebecca	Cowling, Sharon A.	Simulating Vegetation Migration in Response to Climate Change in a Dynamic Vegetation-climate Model	Forestry	2013-03	A central issue in climate change research is to identify what species will be most affected by variations in temperature, precipitation or CO2 and via which underlying mechanisms. Dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) have been used to address questions of habitat shifts, extinctions and changes in carbon and nutrient cycling. However, DGVMs have been criticized for assuming full migration and using the most generic of plant functional types (PFTs) to describe vegetation cover. My doctoral research addresses both of these concerns. In the first study, I added two new tropical PFTs to an existing regional model (LPJ-GUESS) to improve vegetation representation in Central America. Although there was an improvement in the representation of some biomes such as the pine-oak forests, LPJ-GUESS was still unable to capture the distribution of arid ecosystems. The model representations of fire, soil, and processes unique to desert vegetation are discussed as possible explanations. The remaining three chapters deal with the assumption of full migration, where plants can arrive at any location regardless of distance or physical barriers. Using LPJ-GUESS, I imposed migration limitations by using fat-tailed seed dispersal kernels. I used three temperate tree species with different life history strategies to test the new dispersal functionality. Simulated migration rates for Acer rubrum (141 m year-1) and Pinus rigida (76 m year-1) correspond well to pollen and genetic reconstructed rates. However, migration rates for Tsuga canadensis (85 m year-1) were considerably slower than historical rates. A sensitivity analysis showed that maturation age is the most important parameter for determining rates of spread, but it is the dispersal kernel which determines if there is any long distance dispersal or not. The final study demonstrates how northerly refugia populations could have impacted landscape recolonization following the retreat of the last glacier. Using three species with known refugia (Acer rubrum, Fagus grandifolia, Picea glauca), colonization rates were faster with a northerly refugia population present. The number of refugia locations also had a positive effect on landscape recolonization rates, which was most pronounced when populations were separated. The results from this thesis illustrate the improvements made in vegetation-climate models, giving us increasing confidence in the quality of future climate change predictions.	PhD	climate, forest	13, 15
Sniekers, Daphne	Carter, Michael W.	A Generic Simulation-based Perioperative Decision Support Tool for Tactical Decision	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2013-06	In Canada and around the world, there has been an increased focus on the efficiency, cost and access to health care services. One area of particular focus is surgical procedures, often with government funding and policies focused on reducing wait times through pay for performance and volume target initiatives. In Ontario, an expert panel was assembled to evaluate the current state of surgical processes and provide recommendations to improve access, efficiency and quality. This thesis addresses the panel's recommendation for a simulation-based decision tool to help hospitals inform decisions that can lead to improved access and efficiency. A generalised, simulation based perioperative decision tool is presented that can be used to test a variety of tactical decisions. The generic model has been applied to six hospitals of varying sizes, ranging from large academic centres to small rural community hospitals. The model remains in use at some of the hospitals to regularly inform decisions. The model is also being applied to additional hospital sites. During application of the generic model, challenges in design decisions and validation were encountered. As a result, a series of principles are proposed to guide future generic modelling design and achieving user acceptance. These principles add to the generic simulation modelling and healthcare modelling research fields by laying some groundwork for a formalised approach to designing effective generic simulation models and achieving confidence in results. Finally, the research demonstrates two uses of the generic model: as decision tool and as a demonstrative tool. As a decision tool the model is used to compare numerous potential tactical decision options under consideration. As a demonstrative tool, the model is used to quantify the effect of poor practices on hospital performance. The design of the generic model only considers efficient processes and best practices. When model results are compared to historical performance, decision makers are able to quantify the effect of existing poor practices on their performance and decision making. The tool enables users to base their tactical level decisions on the assumption that good practices and procedures are followed.	PhD	rural, health	3, 11
Snyder, Marcie Rachel	Wilson, Kathi	Aboriginal Peoples' Mobility and Health in Urban Canada: Traversing Ideological and Geographical Boundaries	Geography	2013-11	In recent decades, the Aboriginal population in Canada has become increasingly urbanized. Urbanization has been accompanied by high rates of mobility between reserve/rural and urban areas, as well as within cities. While research has documented Aboriginal peoples’ mobility rates, little attention has been given to mobility experiences, and an understanding of the socio-political and historic context in which mobility is set remains underdeveloped. Furthermore, little is known about the impact of mobility on movers’ holistic health (i.e., physical, mental, emotional, spiritual), and while research has suggested that mobility may impact access to urban social and health services, little is known in this area. The objectives of this dissertation are therefore to examine: the broader motivations that shape mobility, the link between mobility and health as well as service use, and to produce a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between service providers and movers. These objectives are addressed using multiple methods. Quantitative analyses of the 2006 Aboriginal Peoples Survey identified mobility as a significant correlate of conventional (physician/nurse) and traditional (traditional healer) health care use. In order to explore nuanced links between mobility, health, and urban service delivery, a collaborative, community-based research relationship was established with an urban Aboriginal-led organization and 46 in-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with Aboriginal service providers, non-Aboriginal service providers, and urban Aboriginal movers in the city of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. These research findings reveal the importance of service delivery that actively supports urban Aboriginal movers, and demonstrates the relationship between mobility and holistic health as well as service access in urban areas. Furthermore, current scales of service delivery are found to be insufficient for meeting the needs of mobile urban Aboriginal populations. Despite these findings, urban Aboriginal movers are maintaining important networks of support between their points of origin and destination, and are creating new spaces of engagement within cities.	PhD	urban, cities, rural	11
Sobol, Magdalena Kingda	Finkelstein, Sarah A	Impacts of Late Quaternary Climate Changes on the Southern African Savanna Biome	Earth Sciences	2019-06	Understanding the role of climate in driving vegetation change over recent geological time provides critical information for predicting future changes. Pollen analysis can be used to track past vegetation change, and to reconstruct Late Quaternary paleoenvironments. Pollen assemblages can assist in understanding biome responses to climate change if there is reasonable probability that they represent specific biomes. To test if biomes can be statistically described in terms of pollen assemblages, supervised machine learning methods are used to classify modern African biomes using modern pollen data. The Random Forest classifier is identified as the best method for classifying biomes using high dimensional pollen data with the ability to predict African biomes (arid, montane, tropical and subtropical closed and open systems, e.g. forests and savanna/grassland) to a high degree of accuracy and precision. The Random Forest classification model is then regionally developed for Southern Africa to investigate past savanna-grassland dynamics. An expanded modern pollen dataset for Southern Africa was compiled, and linked with contemporary biomes to build regional classification models. After validation, the models are applied to a fossil pollen record for probabilistic reconstructions of past biomes. The results show that savanna likely dominated this region for most part of the past 60,000 years. However, the glacial-interglacial transition (10,000-11,900 years ago) shows increased likelihood of grassland and rapid shifts in biome positions, offering a more complex and nuanced view of past savanna vegetation dynamics. Lastly, a late Holocene record is examined to understand more iirecent changes in savanna biome in semi-arid Southern Africa. A gradual development of relatively wetter local conditions beginning with the Northgrippian-Meghalayan transition (ca. 4.5-4 ka) is evidenced by multiple proxy records obtained from a paleomarsh context. The wet phase lasts ca. 2000 years and is characterized by increased organic matter content, dominance of taxa indicative of marshy conditions, presence of freshwater fungi, and isotopic composition of soil organic matter consistent with the presence of woody vegetation. This record provides evidence for wet conditions starting around 4.2 ka cal BP that is consistent with other regional and global records.	Ph.D.	water, climate, environment, forest	6, 13, 15
Soczynska, Joanna K.	Kennedy, Sidney K||McIntyre, Roger S	Exploring the Role of Inflammatory Cytokines in the Pathophysiology, Cognitive Dysfunction and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: Integrative Evidence Provided by a Proof-of-Concept Study with Adjunctive Minocycline	Medical Science	2016-11	Background: Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, which may contribute to cognitive dysfunction. Anti-inflammatory intervention with minocycline is hypothesized to exert antidepressant and pro-cognitive effects in BD. The aims of the investigations were: 1) to identify inflammatory cytokine abnormalities in BD; 2) to identify inflammatory cytokines associated with cognitive dysfunction in BD; 3) to evaluate the efficacy of adjunctive minocycline for symptoms of bipolar depression and cognitive dysfunction. Method: The first two study aims were evaluated with cross-sectional exploratory methods, comparing 29 depressed (HAMD-17 ≥ 20) and 46 euthymic (4 week verification) adults with DSM-IV-TR-defined BD as well as of 31 healthy controls (HCs). Plasma cytokine levels were measured with a 30 V-PLEX immunoassay. Evaluated cognitive domains were verbal memory, executive function and psychomotor speed. The efficacy of adjunctive minocycline (100 mg b.i.d.) was evaluated in an overlapping sample of depressed individuals (intent-to-treat: n=27) using an 8-week, open-label study. The primary efficacy measure was the MADRS, while, cognitive composites and plasma cytokines were secondary outcome measures. Results: Results from multinomial logistic regression analyses indicate that IL-6 levels were increased in depressed and euthymic individuals with BD when compared to HCs, while, levels of CCL3, IL-15, and IL-17A were reduced below levels of HCs in euthymic individuals (Pseudo R2=.648, p	Ph.D.	health	3
Sohal, Ramanjeet	Bhattacharyya, Onil	Scaling Up Health Services Delivery for Bottom of the Pyramid Populations in Lower-and-Middle-Income Countries	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2018-06	Context: While there have been many successful global health pilots and initiatives that have been implemented, often organizations struggle to scale interventions that have proven efficacy and effectiveness. Within the global health literature, there are limited studies that examine the strategies health services organizations employ to advance delivery for disadvantaged populations in lower-and-middle-income countries. Objectives: The objectives of this thesis are three-fold. First, the thesis provides in-depth case study analysis of an organization that has successfully scaled its operations for the bottom of the pyramid populations in multiple countries in Africa. Second, the thesis analyzes strategies private sector organizations use to achieve scale in lower-and-middle-income countries. Third, the thesis illustrates how value chain integration strategy advances scale up of health services delivery in resource-poor settings. Design: We use a qualitative research methodology to provide rich nuance about empirical phenomena by extending prior research on scaling up health services delivery and applying strategic management frameworks to analyze the phenomenon. While we predominantly employ qualitative case study methodology, we supplement our analysis using exploratory statistical analysis. Results: Many health services organizations operating in lower-and-middle-income country contexts struggle to achieve goals of scale, sustainability and inclusion. Using value chain integration as a framing logic, this research demonstrates that organizations should not try to do everything themselves, especially activities where other actors in the ecosystem have superior skills and positions. We identify three main mechanisms for using value chain integration strategy to scale up health services delivery: identifying mutual dependency with partners, creating an efficiency core and building a strong set of four types of management skills, including financial skill, quality management, supply chain management, and client relationships. Conclusion: The novel contribution of this thesis emerges from the use of a strategic management conceptual framework (i.e., value chain integration) to analyze a health services research context and problem (i.e., health care delivery by an NGO in Africa). Further mixed-methods research, which includes disconfirming or negative case sampling, is needed to examine whether and how health services organizations in resource-constrained environments deploy value chain integration strategies to achieve expansion and deliver services to disadvantaged populations.	Ph.D.	health	3
Sohn, Jacqueline	Bascia, Nina	The Politics of Evidence-Informed Policymaking: a case study of the Ontario Poverty Reduction Strategy	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2017-11	In the last several decades, increasing pressure to reduce child poverty through better public policies has resulted in the prioritization of “evidence-based” social policy reform agendas worldwide, as well as a proliferation of research on effective evidence-informed policymaking (EIPM). However, studies on evidence use in policymaking tend to focus on singular aspects of the policy process, using ambiguous definitions and concepts for EIPM. Through a case study on the Ontario Poverty Reduction Strategy (OPRS), this thesis contributes knowledge on the policy process, examining how policy actors understood and worked towards EIPM. Drawing from policy theory and EIPM literature, this qualitative study explores the research question: How was evidence used to inform the policymaking process for the OPRS? Along with three sub-questions that address distinct aspects of EIPM: 1) Who and what were the influential sources of evidence? 2) What were the enabling and constraining conditions for evidence use? 3) How did external policy advisors bring evidence to the policy table? Phase I addresses the first sub-question through a website scan of EIPM attributes and activities of poverty reduction organizations in Ontario (n=210) in comparison to the external advisors to the OPRS (n=54). Phase II addresses sub-questions 2 and 3 through interviews with elite policy advisors (n=19) serving in distinct stages of the policymaking process. Findings show that influential evidence producers were politically astute in utilizing evidence through framing and persuasion strategies, and invested in long-term alliances to leverage political opportunities. Results from the website scan show that OPRS advisors displayed higher levels of policy engagement work and activities (or, “push mechanisms”) than peripheral stakeholders. The interview data reveal that the EIPM opportunity for the OPRS was contingent upon a policy window that emerged out of the “perfect storm” of people, power, and political context. However, the role of evidence was pervasive in the critical and mutually influential interactions between structure and agency. Understanding the dynamic connections between these elements provides important insights for evidence producers and users alike in working towards effective evidence utilization for policymaking. Based on the findings, recommendations for policy engagement strategies are provided to research producers.	Ph.D.	poverty	1
Sokhanvaran, Samira	Mansoor, Barati	Molten Salt Electrodeposition of Silicon in Cu-Si	Materials Science and Engineering	2014-11	Widespread use of solar energy has not been realized to date because its cost is not competitive with conventional energy sources. The high price of solar grade silicon has been one of the barriers against photovoltaic industry achieving its much anticipated growth. Therefore, developing a method, which is energy efficient and will deliver inexpensive silicon feedstock material is essential. The electrodeposition of Si from a cryolite-based melt was investigated in the present work as a possible solution. This study proposed electrowinning of Si in molten Cu-Si alloy, to decrease the working temperature and increase the efficiency. Solvent refining can be used to recover Si from Cu-Si and also as a second purification method. The physicochemical properties of the potential electrolyte, cryolite-SiO2 melts, were studied in the first step of this work. The deposition potential of Si on a graphite cathode was measured to determine the working potential and the effect of SiO2 concentration on it. In the next step, the deposition potential of Si from cryolite-SiO2 melt on Cu and Cu-Si cathodes was determined using cyclic voltammetry. Next, the cathodic and the anodic current inefficiencies of the process were measured. Continuous analysis of the evolved gas enabled the instantaneous measurement of the current efficiency and the kinetics of the deposition. Finally, the effectiveness of the process in delivering high purity Si was investigated. Si dendrites were precipitated out of the Cu-Si cathode and recovered to determine the purity of the final product as the final step of this study. The produced Si was separated from the alloy matrix by crushing and acid leaching and the purity was reported. The findings of this research show that the proposed method has the potential to produce high purity silicon with low B content. Further development is required to remove some metallic impurities that are remained in Si.	Ph.D.	energy, solar, industr	7, 9
Solana Moreno, Vivian	Muehlebach, Andrea	REGENERATING REVOLUTION: Gender and Generation in the Sahrawi Struggle for Decolonisation	Anthropology	2017-06	This dissertation investigates the forms of female labour that are sustaining and regenerating the political struggle for the decolonization of the Western Sahara. Since 1975, the Sahrawi national liberation movement—known as the POLISARIO Front—has been organizing itself, while in exile, into a form commensurable with the global model of the modern nation-state. In 1991, a UN mediated peace process inserted the Sahrawi struggle into what I describe as a colonial meantime. Women and youth—key targets of the POLISARIO Front’s empowerment policies—often stand for the movement’s revolutionary values as a whole. I argue that centering women’s labour into an account of revolution, nationalism and state-building reveals logics of long duree and models of female empowerment often overshadowed by the more “spectacular” and “heroic” expressions of Sahrawi women’s political action that feature prominently in dominant representations of Sahrawi nationalism. Differing significantly from globalised and modernist valorisations of women’s political agency, the model of female empowerment I highlight is one associated to the nomadic way of life that predates a Sahrawi project of revolutionary nationalism. I speak of a labour of “regeneration” rather than one of “reproduction” to foreground the political agency inherent to women’s daily work whilst also attending to intergenerational differences in political habitus. Enquiring into how Sahrawi women reckon with the contradictions produced by the conditions of a colonial meantime, I examine transformations in women’s labour of love, collective remembrance, hospitality, institutional participation, and practices of marriage/reproduction, to trace the inchoate ways in which Sahrawi women are contributing to multiply the possible futures of a revolutionary process initiated more than forty years ago.	Ph.D.	women, labour, peace	5, 8, 16
Solomon, Steven D.	Mishna, Faye	Run Like a Girl? That's So Gay: Exploring Homophobic and Sexist Language among Grade 7 and 8 Students in the Toronto District School Board	Social Work	2015-11	Homophobic name-calling abounds in schools, especially at the high school level. Driving much of this research is the negative impact of anti-gay language and epithets on lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans (LGBT) identified students, students with LGBT parents and guardians, and students overall. Studies in the US, UK, and Canada report regular use of phrases such as ‘that’s so gay’, ‘faggot’, and the word “gay” itself to denote something or someone with little to no value. However, a dearth of research looking at the prevalence of homophobic language at the middle school level exists. Furthermore, there is even less research looking at the relationship between homophobic and sexist language use. Using a mixed methods explanatory sequential design, this three-paper dissertation explored homophobic and sexist language use in middle school, specifically investigating, among other things, how often and under what conditions grade seven and eight students use these types of language. A stratified random sample of middle school students (n=488) completed a survey that included the Homophobic Content Agent Target Scale (HCAT). The newly developed Sexist Content Agent Target Scale (S-CAT) explored sexist language. Students reported their frequency of homophobic and sexist language use in five relationship domains including friends, strangers, and antagonists. As well, five focus groups explored more deeply students’ perceptions and understandings of homophobic and sexist language use at school. A number of important findings were produced including the prevalence of homophobic name-calling prior to high schools as well as the strong association between homophobic and sexist language use. These empirical findings join the literature that has long conceptually linked sexism and homophobia, whereby their interlocking nature manifests in name-calling experiences of middle school students. Students (boys in particular) as either agents or targets of sexist language had increased likelihood of being agents or targets of homophobic language. Given the often contentious nature of anti-homophobia education, the hesitancy of school staff to intervene regularly (even in the presence of this language), the findings presented here suggest anti-sexist education as another means to address homophobic language, thereby contributing to creating and maintaining more positive learning environment for all students.	Ph.D.	queer, gender	5
Solorzano-Filho, Jorge Alberto	Malcolm, Jay R.	On Small Mammal Sympatry in the Southeastern Amazon and Ecological Relationships with Brazil Nut Dispersal and Harvesting	Forestry	2009-11	The Amazon rainforest harbors the planet's highest biodiversity among terrestrial ecosystems; however, the biology and ecology of most of its species are unknown. Niche partitioning is considered a key factor allowing species co-existence, especially for morphological similar species such as spiny rats of the genus Proechimys. I examined the extent to which habitat differentiation, species body mass, and diet could explain the community composition of small mammals at a site in the southeastern Amazon. Moreover, I radio-tagged sympatric species of Proechimys spp. and Mesomys stimulax (an arboreal spiny rat) to obtain detailed autoecology information, including habitat use and use of space. I found support for niche partitioning among species and associated small mammal species with distinct successional phases of gap dynamics. I also observed among Proechimys spp. a typical polygynous organization: females appeared to be territorial against females of any species of their genus; but male territories overlapped with those of several females. Mesomys stimulax showed evidence of monogamy and possible sociality, although sample sizes were small. To identify the importance of small mammals as seed disperser of Brazil nut seeds, I conduct experiments using a combination of fluorescent powder, seed exclosures, and track plates in forests with and without Brazil nut groves, and in forests with and without Brazil nut harvesting. Among small mammals, only Proechimys spp. removed, dispersed, and preyed upon Brazil nut seeds. Proechimys spp. sometimes scatterhoarded these seeds, and hence have the potential to play a significant role in recruiting new Brazil nut trees. I also trapped small mammals and measured forest structures on the same sites used for the seed dispersal experiment, to determine the ecological effects of Brazil nut harvest on small mammal communities; however, my results showed little evidence of changes associated with the seed exploitation. My results highlight the importance of habitat heterogeneity in structuring small mammal communities, and indicate that forest management practices that alter habitats, such as partial logging, also can be expected to alter small mammal composition and diversity. Proechimys spp. have the potential to play an important role in the ecological restoration of intensive exploited Brazil nut groves.	PhD	ecology, biodiversity, forest	15
Soloway, Geoffrey B.	Miller, Jack	Preparing Teacher Candidates for the Present: Exploring the Praxis of Mindfulness Training in Teacher Education	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2011-11	The fields of medicine and health care continue to demonstrate the benefits of mindfulness-based practice for stress reduction and well-being. Research is also beginning to reveal the professional benefits of mindfulness training with human service professionals, as well as the impact with children and youth, and more broadly within the field of education and human development. This qualitative action research study uses a grounded theory approach to elucidate the added value of the Mindfulness-Based Wellness Education (MBWE) program within three main areas of teacher education: dispositional development, content knowledge, and instructional repertoire. Two years being engaged in the iterative process of teaching, interviewing teacher candidates, and program development brought forth five main themes: (1) Personal and Professional Identity, Reflective Practitioner, (3) Constructivist Learning & Holistic Vision of Teaching, (4) Social and Emotional Competence on Practicum, and (5) Engagement in Teacher Education. Additional findings outline key curricular and pedagogical components of the MBWE program that facilitate teacher candidate learning. Finally, a holistic model of pedagogical well-being presents an avenue for understanding the integration of mindful wellness into teacher education, and the K-12 classroom.	PhD	health	3
Soma, Tammara Rica	Maclaren, Virginia	Planning from "Table to Dump": Analyzing the Practice of Household Food Consumption and Food Waste in Urban Indonesia	Geography	2018-06	By analyzing the ways in which diverse households shop, cook, consume, and waste, this dissertation reveals the complex relationship between space, class, and social relations in the generation of household food waste in Indonesia. Several themes are explored in four empirical chapters. First, a food waste regime conceptual framework is employed to better understand unequal power relations between "modern" food provisioning infrastructures such as supermarkets, and traditional food provisioning infrastructures, specifically in relation to space restriction and predatory pricing. Secondly, the food waste regime framework is also applied to examine the role of class and privilege in determining an individual's ability to define "what is food and what is waste" within the boundaries of the household. Thirdly, the application of the conceptual framework of "distancing" articulates the role of urbanization in the spatial and mental distancing of both the food supply chain and waste management infrastructure. Finally, from a statistical perspective, the dissertation examines whether income level and where people choose to shop (for example, the type of retail) impact the amount of household food waste generated in Indonesia. Using practice theory, planners are encouraged to take a closer look at different types of retail formats to understand how space may impact consumption. This study draws upon a qualitative study of 21 upper (n=7), middle (n=7) and lower (n=7) income households in Bogor, 12 key informant interviews with government officials, traditional food vendors, supermarket managers, and a waste collector, as well as the result of a quantitative study on 323 households. To conclude, this dissertation argues that there is a need to offer infrastructural support that can protect traditional food retail and promote more sustainable food waste management. Furthermore, considerations for social and environmental justice are key in the search for a systemic and dignified solution to the issue of food waste in Indonesia.	Ph.D.	food, waste, infrastructure, urban, consum, environment	2, 9, 11, 12, 13
Song, HeeJin	Cummins, James	Languages, Cultures and Identities of Newcomer Adolescent Learners: Deconstructing Multicultural Education in South Korea	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2016-06	Despite the South Korean government’s recent policy interventions to accommodate the emerging social and classroom reality that has increasingly become multicultural, few guidelines have been provided for multicultural education practice at the local and municipal levels in South Korea (Henceforth, Korea). In particular, investigations focusing on newcomer adolescents’ linguistic and cultural identities are scarce. In this light, this doctoral inquiry investigates how multicultural students, their languages and cultures are reflected in Korean society and schools and especially, how newcomer adolescents’ linguistic and cultural identities are negotiated in terms of their own success in Korea. 8 multicultural education policies and 27 news media publications as well as the narratives of 7 students and 6 educators from two high schools are analyzed through Fairclough’s (1992, 2003) critical discourse analysis. Based on the analysis, the discourses of diversity embedded in the nation-state texts and popular media as well as in the institutional contexts are discussed in relation to five orientations to diversity, which are derived from Ruiz’s (1984) theoretical framework of three orientations to language planning and Cummins’(2001) empowerment framework. The study reveals that an ideology of Korean ethnocentrism is reflected throughout the policy and news media articles as well as school administrators’ conceptualizations of diversity and multicultural education. Despite the emergent progressive orientations of viewing diversity as a right and resource, the predominant discourses of viewing diversity are that diversity is a problem/threat to society and is a problem/impediment to multicultural students’ social integration. It is evident that diversity is only appreciated once multicultural students are fully assimilated into Korean society. Thus, the notion of multicultural identity is absent or at best hidden in the Korean context. The study highlights that schools and policy makers need to make a shift in their orientations to diversity toward diversity as a right, resource and a form of empowerment through critical multicultural education in order to instill just and equitable worldviews in students. Educators’ negligence in considering these possibilities contributes to reproducing unequal power relations that disadvantage linguistic and cultural minorities and perpetuate the hegemonic status quo in Korean society.	Ph.D.	equitable	4
Sonnentag, Oliver	Chen, Jing Ming	Spatially Explicit Simulation of Peatland Hydrology and Carbon Dioxide Exchange	Geography	2008-06	In this research, a recent version of the Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator (BEPS), called BEPS-TerrainLab, was adapted to northern peatlands and evaluated using observations made at the Mer Bleue bog located near Ottawa, Ontario, and the Sandhill fen located near Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. The code was extended and modified with a major focus on the adequate representation of northern peatlands' multi-layer canopy and the associated processes related to energy, water vapour and carbon dioxide fluxes through remotely-sensed leaf area index (LAI) maps. An important prerequisite for the successful mapping of LAI based on remote sensing imagery is the accurate measurement of LAI in the field with a standard technique such as the LAI-2000 plant canopy analyzer. As part of this research, a quick and reliable method to determine shrub LAI with the LAI-2000 instrument was developed. This method was used to collect a large number of LAI data at the Mer Bleue bog for the development of a new remote sensing-based methodology using multiple endmember spectral unmixing that allows for separate tree and shrub LAI mapping in ombrotrophic peatlands. A slight modification of this methodology allows for its application to minerotrophic peatlands and their surrounding landscapes. These LAI maps were used to explicitly represent the tree and shrub layers of the Mer Bleue bog and the tree and shrub/sedge layers of the Sandill fen within BEPS-TerrainLab. The adapted version of BEPS-TerrainLab was used to investigate the in fluence of mescoscale topography (Mer Bleue bog) and macro- and mesoscale topography (Sandhill fen) on wetness, evapotranspiration, and gross primary productivity during the snow-free period of 2004. This research suggests that future peatland ecosystem modelling efforts at regional and continental scales should include a peatland type-specific differentiation of macro- and mesoscale topographic effects on hydrology, to allow for a more realistic simulation of peatlands' soil water balance. This is an important prerequisite for the reduction of currently existing uncertainties in wetlands' contribution to North America's carbon dioxide and methane annual fluxes from an ecosystem modelling perspective.	PhD	water, energy	6, 7
Sonneville, Camille	Henderson, Grant S||Mermet, Alain	Étude des propriétés élastiques des verres d’oxydes sous haute pression : implications structurales	Earth Sciences	2013-07	The structural study of glasses under pressure is of fundamental interest in Physics, Earth Science and is technologically important for the comprehension of industrial material properties. The elastic anomaly at 2.5GPa in pure silica glass is a well known phenomenon and its existence is more than likely in GeO2 glass. In this work the persistence of the elastic anomaly in more complex and more widely glass compositions as sodium alumino silicate glasses was studied. The elastic anomaly was studied in situ in GeO2 and three sodium alumino silicate glasses by Brillouin and Raman scattering. The studied sodium alumino silicate glasses had the following compositions : (Al2O3)X(Na2O)25-X(SiO2)75 where X=0, 6 et 12% and is the molar percentage of Al2O3. The elastic anomaly was shown to persist in a broad domain of chemical compositions thus its existence is not reduced to pure silica glass. Its existence seems to be linked to the presence of 6 membered rings. Beyond the elastic limit, the structural modifications was studied in pure silica, GeO2 glass and sodium alumino silica glasses (with X=0, 2, 6, 9, 12 et 16% of Al2O3) in order to structurally better understand the densification phenomenon. Firstly the elastic anomaly was studied by Brillouin scattering experiments, was shown to progressively disappear with the densification. This progressive disappearance was interpreted in terms of a progressive structure induced transformation from a Low Density Amorphous form (LDA) into a High Density Amorphous form (HDA). In situ and ex situ studies by Brillouin and Raman scattering, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) showed that the pressure induced structural transformation was highly dependent of the glass chemical composition. For instance the presence of sodium cations promotes short range order modifications, such as formation of highly coordinated species (Al, Si) and network depolymerization. On the other hand, glasses with a high aluminum concentration show a densification process closer to that of pure silica glass, with mainly middle range order structural modifications such as a decrease of the inter-tetrahedral angle or ring size decrease. The structural study of glasses under pressure is of fundamental interest in Physics, Earth Science and is technologically important for the comprehension of industrial material properties. The elastic anomaly at 2.5GPa in pure silica glass is a well known phenomenon and its existence is more than likely in GeO2 glass. In this work the persistence of the elastic anomaly in more complex and more widely glass compositions as sodium alumino silicate glasses was studied. The elastic anomaly was studied in situ in GeO2 and three sodium alumino silicate glasses by Brillouin and Raman scattering. The studied sodium alumino silicate glasses had the following compositions : (Al2O3)X(Na2O)25-X(SiO2)75 where X=0, 6 et 12% and is the molar percentage of Al2O3. The elastic anomaly was shown to persist in a broad domain of chemical compositions thus its existence is not reduced to pure silica glass. Its existence seems to be linked to the presence of 6 membered rings. Beyond the elastic limit, the structural modifications was studied in pure silica, GeO2 glass and sodium alumino silica glasses (with X=0, 2, 6, 9, 12 et 16% of Al2O3) in order to structurally better understand the densification phenomenon. Firstly the elastic anomaly was studied by Brillouin scattering experiments, was shown to progressively disappear with the densification. This progressive disappearance was interpreted in terms of a progressive structure induced transformation from a Low Density Amorphous form (LDA) into a High Density Amorphous form (HDA). In situ and ex situ studies by Brillouin and Raman scattering, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) showed that the pressure induced structural transformation was highly dependent of the glass chemical composition. For instance the presence of sodium cations promotes short range order modifications, such as formation of highly coordinated species (Al, Si) and network depolymerization. On the other hand, glasses with a high aluminum concentration show a densification process closer to that of pure silica glass, with mainly middle range order structural modifications such as a decrease of the inter-tetrahedral angle or ring size decrease.	Ph.D.	industr	9
Sornpaisarn, Bundit	Rehm, Jürgen	The Effectiveness of an Alternative Alcohol Taxation Method in a Middle-income County: A Case Study of Thailand	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2013-06	Background: While specific taxation has been found to be effective in reducing alcohol consumption and its related harms in High-Income Countries, it theoretically encourages drinking initiation in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMIC) with a high prevalence of lifetime abstainers. This dissertation aims to systematically review the existing evidence of the effects of taxation in LMIC on alcohol consumption, alcohol-related harms, and the rate of drinker initiation, and to examine how changes in Thailand’s Two Chosen One (2C1) taxation rates affect alcohol consumption, related harms and drinking initiation. Method: (1) A systematic review and meta-analysis that examines the effects of taxation policy on alcohol consumption, alcohol-related harms and the rate of drinker initiation in LMIC. (2) A quasi-experimental study using interrupted time-series analysis that examines the effects of alcohol taxation increases in Thailand on alcohol consumption and traffic fatalities. (3) An analysis of four consecutive national surveys on alcohol consumption behaviours to examine the effect of alcohol tax increases on drinking initiation prevalence in Thailand. Result: There were only 10 published studies that quantitatively examined the effect of alcohol taxation policy on consumption in LMIC. In LMIC the price elasticity of demand was -0.64 for all alcohol consumption, -0.50 for beer consumption, and -0.79 for consumption of other alcohol. No studies were found that examined the effects of taxation policy on alcohol-related harms and drinking initiation in LMIC. Thailand’s alcohol taxation increase in 2009 was associated with a reduction in alcohol consumption (tax elasticity of -1.95) and in traffic fatalities (tax elasticity of -1.90). Increased taxation prevented drinking initiation among young people 15 – 24 years of age during 2001-2011 in Thailand (tax elasticity of -0.40). Conclusion: Increases in taxation under the 2C1 taxation method were associated with decreases in alcohol consumption, alcohol-related harms and drinking initiation.	PhD	taxation	10
Soske, Jon	Hawkins, Sean	'Wash Me Black Again': African Nationalism, the Indian Diaspora, and Kwa-Zulu Natal, 1944-60	History	2009-11	My dissertation combines a critical history of the Indian diaspora’s political and intellectual impact on the development of African nationalism in South Africa with an analysis of African/Indian racial dynamics in Natal. Beginning in the 1940s, tumultuous debates among black intellectuals over the place of the Indian diaspora in Africa played a central role in the emergence of new and antagonistic conceptualizations of a South African nation. The writings of Indian political figures (particularly Gandhi and Nehru) and the Indian independence struggle had enormous influence on a generation of African nationalists, but this impact was mediated in complex ways by the race and class dynamics of Natal. During the 1930s and 40s, rapid and large-scale urbanization generated a series of racially-mixed shantytowns surrounding Durban in which a largely Gujarati and Hindi merchant and landlord class provided the ersatz urban infrastructure utilized by both Tamil-speaking workers and Zulu migrants. In Indian-owned buses, stores, and movie theatres, a racial hierarchy of Indian over African developed based on the social grammars of property, relationship with land, family structure, and different gender roles. In such circumstances, practices integral to maintaining diasporic identities—such as religious festivals, marriage, caste (jati), language, and even dress and food—became signifiers of ranked status and perceived exclusion. Despite the destruction of this urban landscape by forced removals beginning in the late 1950s, these social relationships powerfully shaped African and Indian identities in Natal, the popular memory of different communities, and the later politics of the anti-apartheid struggle. Although a few recent publications have attempted to break down the bifurcation that characterizes Natal’s historiography, the majority of academic writing on the province employs a race-based framework that focuses on either Indians or Zulu-speaking Africans. As a result, Natal’s African/Indian racial dynamic plays, at most, a secondary role in most scholarship on the region. In turn, Natal itself generally appears in histories of the anti-apartheid struggle as either an exception or a momentary interruption to a “national” narrative overwhelmingly centered on events, organizations, and individuals in the Transvaal. Rejecting a “race relations” approach that hypostatizes coherent racial groups, my dissertation examines how segregationist policies, African and Indian political organizations, and everyday social practices continuously reproduced an “African/Indian divide” despite both the enormous heterogeneity of each group and the quotidian intimacies of urban life. At the same time, it explores the ways in which this division shaped the development of the anti-apartheid struggle in Natal and the consequences of Natal’s politics for South Africa as a whole.	PhD	urban, infrastructure, worker	8, 9, 11
Sotomayor, Luisa Fernanda	Daniere, Amrita	Planning through Spaces of Exception: Socio-spatial Inequality, Violence and the Emergence of Social Urbanism in Medellín	Geography	2015-06	Medellín, a city known as one of the most unequal and violent in the world, has recently been praised as an example of urban innovation. Grounded on claims to social justice and democracy, mayors Fajardo (2004-2007) and Salazar (2008-2011) adopted a policy called social urbanism. With this approach, Medellín expanded infrastructure and social investments to marginalized districts, instituted participatory programs, and sought to integrate precarious enclaves in the "formal" city through transit policy, public spaces, and emblematic architecture. This dissertation is about the emergence of "social urbanism." It seeks to reveal its origins, political rationalities, and tactics on the ground. Based on document analysis, semi-structured interviews with key actors, and focus group data, I examine the connections among socio-spatial marginality, conflict, urban politics, and entrepreneurial urban governance arrangements. Most crucially, I identify the gaps and ambivalences that emerge between the politics of three disparate logics at play: first, goals of development and socio-spatial redistribution; second, the pressures cities face to repair local economies and attract foreign resources; and third, the influence of violent actors, including both organized crime and the repressive arm of the state. While the promises of social urbanism are commendable and have been loudly conveyed internationally, an analysis of social urbanism at the neighbourhood scale reveals a mode of emergency planning that turns areas of intervention into spaces of exception from city ordinances and governance arrangements. Through a large-scale Urban Development Project approach, social urbanism seeks to expedite implementation and generate a swift sense of transformation. I argue that, the implications of relying on exceptions need to be carefully considered since vested interests can easily co-opt the planning process. Furthermore, violence, and social and economic dislocations in the city are still profound, particularly in areas such as Comuna 13, where non-state armed groups prevent residents from capturing many of the benefits of urban upgrading. Despite new public works projects and state presence, criminal networks have retained their territorial influence. Because Medellin's urban innovations are being implemented along the ongoing sway of illegal violent actors, governance in these spaces can be characterized as a contradictory "orderly disorder."	Ph.D.	infrastructure, innovation, cities, urban, inequality, justice	9, 10, 11, 16
Souleymanov, Roustam	Brennan, David J	Party-n-Play and Gay and Bisexual Men: Critical Discourse Analysis Study	Social Work	2018-11	Party-n-Play (PNP) is a social practice of gay and bisexual men, which refers to sex that occurs under the influence of drugs. This dissertation approached this social practice from a socio-linguistic perspective by examining the discourses of gay and bisexual men who PNP. The dissertation investigated: 1) how discourses on HIV and pleasure influence the sexual practices of gay and bisexual men who PNP, 2) how gay and bisexual men who PNP make sense of the various forms of social exclusion, stigma, and resilience in their lives, and 3) the role that online information and communication technologies play in the lives of gay and bisexual men who PNP. The study utilized a critical discourse analysis methodology and was conceptualized using critical theory and Foucaldian frameworks of biopolitics and governmentality. In-depth 1-hour interviews were conducted between October 2016 and January 2017, with 44 gay, bisexual, queer, and Two-Spirit men who were living in Toronto, and who used drugs (crystal methamphetamine, GHB, cocaine, ketamine, MDMA/ecstasy, poppers) before or during sex with another man. Recruitment took place through social media, online ads, and flyers distributed through community-based organizations. The findings from this dissertation indicated that HIV discourses have a powerful influence on the normalization of condomless anal intercourse among many study participants. However, HIV treatment optimism has not translated into a unifying disposition among all study participants. The findings also demonstrated that gay and bisexual men knowingly give in to their pleasures with awareness of the HIV risks associated with PNP. Furthermore, the dissertation findings revealed that while social exclusion and stigma were perpetuated through multiple discourses of gay and bisexual men who PNP, these men also evoked resilience discourses, and described social bonds, friendships, and relations of care in their PNP networks. Finally, this dissertation identified that PNP as a subculture provided a set of shared discourses, social languages, values, and ideologies for a diverse group of gay and bisexual men who were connected to this subculture through online information and communication technologies. This dissertation provided recommendations with regard to HIV prevention and culturally sensitive interventions for this population.	Ph.D.	queer	5
Southmayd, Stephanie Stonehewer	ten Kortenaar, Neil	India On the Line: Globalized labour in postmillennial Indo-Anglian literature	English	2017-11	In this dissertation I look at the eruption of new subjectivities in postmillennial Indo-Anglian literature in an era of globalization and neoliberalism, and, concurrently, the seeming disappearance of old myths and identities – at how, for example, the telephone of the call centre, in joining one person to another, is shown to create fissures in identity, family, and what is described as “traditional” Indian culture. I also examine the ways in which technology, particularly in the form of machines like the tape recorder, industrial factory equipment, and the Internet, is depicted as mapping the formation of cyborg subjectivities in an era of rapidly changing and ever-broadening and improving modes of communication. These technologies seem at once to bring us closer together and further apart, fostering a greater sense of global solidarity and “connectivity” in previously isolated communities, in John Tomlinson’s terms (1999, 30), but also setting out battle lines for revolutionary new Indian movements: between the international rich and poor, and more frequently the US and India. In the “pulp fiction” books addressed in this dissertation, written by such authors as Chetan Bhagat, Neelesh Misra, and Brinda S. Narayan, globalization is depicted as oppressing and poisoning Indians but also freeing them from the chains of Western capitalism and even providing routes for nationalist innovation, creativity, and solidarity. Meanwhile, the more “highbrow” cosmopolitan texts, written by Aravind Adiga, Bharati Mukherjee, Indra Sinha, and Altaf Tyrewala, tend to evince a greater suspicion of nationalism and the utopian promises of neoliberalism. Each dissertation chapter addresses a different type of depressed and alienated protagonist – from the call-centre worker to the entrepreneur, to the cyborg-sahiborg and the exorcist-hacker – whose various triumphs of upward mobility and community-building are often, ultimately, oddly unconvincing and unmoving. Indian neoliberalism leads to a sense of anomie among these characters; even when they find community or professional and economic success, it never seems to be entirely or effectively dispelled. The unhappiness of these globalized literary avatars serves as warning – in some cases, probably involuntary – of the dark side of the glamour and glitz of globalized labour in India.	Ph.D.	labour, worker	8
Spady, Samantha	Tuck, Eve	Troubled Knowledge: Land, Race, and Logics of Extraction in Alberta’s Tar Sands	Social Justice Education	2020-06	This dissertation examines how tar-sands extraction comes to be seen as normal and an inevitable consequence of present-day lifestyles. The research is built from interviews with 30 white oil-industry workers involved in oil-extraction projects in the Athabasca tar-sands deposit. The ways in which oil has shaped economic and social relations not only in Fort McMurray, AB, but in the Canadian state generally are significant to unravel and examine. This study attempts to capture the ways that tar sands are made possible through state policy, investment, and economic structuring, as well as how these things are experienced at the level of the individual. I analyze the logics, and rationales used to justify continued extraction in this region, and I work to debunk them and also to understand how and why they are so powerful. Furthermore, I contrast the ways in which oil extraction comes to make sense to itself, besides the ways in which Indigenous people have demonstrated this logic to be limited and, in many cases, untrue. I work through these different ways of relating to—and understanding—oil, in order to contrast the different worlds that are competing in this place.	Ph.D.	labour	8
Spanos, Grigorios	Gilles, Duranton	Three Essays on Firm Organization and Trade	Economics	2014-11	This thesis examines how firms organize production and its relationship to international trade.In Chapter 1 I examine the assignment of workers to layers and firms. I use an administrative dataset of French workers to study the organization of manufacturing firms. First, I test whether higher ability workers are employed in the higher layers of firms. Second, I test whether there is positive assortative matching between workers in the different layers of firms. Third, I test whether abler managers supervise more workers. Finally, I test whether abler workers allow their managers to increase their span of control. I emphasize four results. First, abler workers are employed in the higher layers of firms. Second, I find evidence of positive assortative matching between workers in the different layers of firms. Third, I find evidence that abler managers supervise less workers. Finally, I also find weak evidence that abler workers allow their managers to increase their span of control.In chapter 2 I investigate the effect market toughness has on the organization of firms. To understand this relationship I develop a monopolistically competitive model with endogenous markups and heterogeneous firms. As in Garicano (2000) and Caliendo and Rossi-Hansberg (2012), production requires physical labour and knowledge. In the model, market size affects markups which then affects how firms organize production and their productivity. I also analyze how the distribution of organizations varies across markets of different sizes. The model predicts that in larger markets firms will have more layers, consistent with the data.In chapter 3 I examine the impact of international trade on the sorting of heterogeneous agents into sectors and occupations, and within sectors the matching of agents into teams, as well as the impact of trade on the distribution of earnings. To understand this relationship I extend Garicano and Rossi-Hansberg (2004) to two goods and two countries. I emphasize three results. First in an open economy, factor price equalization does not hold. Second, in a given sector, the returns to managers and production workers change in the same direction. And third whether international trade increases or decreases income inequality depends on the knowledge of the country.	Ph.D.	production, inequality, trade, worker, labour, equality	5, 8, 10, 12
Spence, Martha E.	Bascia, Nina	Can the Assembly of First Nations Education Action Plan Succeed? Colonialism’s Effect on Traditional Knowledge in Two Communities.	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2010-11	have altered the context and practices of the First Nations culture and by so doing, compromised their will and capacity to implement traditional education policies, a situation that must be linked to realization of the Education Action Plan’s goals. The goal of the study was to assist policy makers, community leaders, and educators in recognizing the attitudes, social norms, and practices that are interwoven with post-colonial trust issues at the community level and to focus on the viability of preservation of First Nations heritage and culture. The inquiry documented and analyzed, in a case study approach, the dynamics of colonialism on two First Nations communities. Interviews and questionnaires, utilized in communities, were based on a matrix that directed comments to areas associated with traditional knowledge, remnants of colonialism and areas of will and capacity. The focus of the inquires referred to curriculum content, funding, school and community structure, as well as traditional knowledge, communication, participation, and the role of members in shaping the community values and school curricula. In all, 32 people were formally interviewed including teachers, Elders, education council members, principals, and community leaders. The study comprised 14 interviews and 17 questionnaires in Two Rivers, and 18 interviews and 8 questionnaires in Round Rock. The study intended to establish whether colonialism would play out in the implementation of the traditional knowledge aspect of the Education Action Plan and if so, in what areas and in what manner. Through research, it was	EDD	educat	4
Spencer, Elaine Brown	Dei, George Jerry Sefa	The Black Oneness Church in Perspective	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2009-11	This qualitative study examines the social, spiritual and political role the Black Oneness Churches play in Black communities. It also provides an anti-colonial examination of the Afro-Caribbean Oneness churches to understand how it functioned in the formation and defense of the emerging Black communities for the period 1960-1980. This project is based on qualitative interviews and focus groups conducted with Black Clergy and Black women in the Oneness church of the Greater Toronto area. This study is based on the following four objectives: 1. Understanding the central importance of the Black Oneness Pentecostal Church post 1960 to Black communities. 2. Providing a voice for those of the Black Church that are currently underrepresented in academic scholarship. 3. Examining how the Black Church responds to allegations of its own complicities in colonial practices. 4. Engage spirituality as a legitimate location and space from which to know and resist colonization. The study also introduces an emerging framework entitled: Whiteness as Theology. This framework is a critique of the theological discourse of Whiteness and the enduring relevance of the Black Church in a pluralistic Afro-Christian culture. The data collected reveal that while the Black Church operated as a social welfare institution that assisted thousands of new black immigrants, the inception of the church was political and in protest to racism. Hence, the Black Church is a product of white racism, migration and colonization. The paradox of the Black Church lies in its complicity in colonization while also creating religious forms of resistance. For example, the inception of the Afro-Caribbean Oneness Church was an anti-colonial response to the racism in the White Church. But 40 years later, the insidious nature of colonization has weaved through the church and “prosperity theology” as an impetus of colonialism has reshaped the social justice role of Black Churches.	PhD	women, cities, justice	5, 11, 16
Spencer, Gregory Martin	Gertler, Meric S.	The Creative Advantage of Diverse City-regions: Local Context and Social Networks	Geography	2009-06	Local diversity is often credited with being a driver of creative economic activity. Comparative research on this topic is often however highly structural in nature and does little to address questions of agency. This work seeks to link the traditional regional science approach to questions of potential advantages of local diversity with a more bottom-up view of the creative process. From a theoretical perspective this involves incorporating the social psychology literature on the creative process as well as concepts from social network analysis with more aggregated spatial notions of creativity and diversity. More specifically, it addresses how different knowledge is connected through social interaction and how this fuels the creation of new ideas and ultimately creative economic activity. A number of empirical innovations are made in order to test these theoretical constructs beginning with an agent-model/simulation which illuminates how social networks form and evolve over space and time. These artificial networks suggest how agents embedded in diverse local contexts have a creative advantage by possessing greater access to a variety of knowledge. Subsequent statistical analysis of large secondary datasets seeks to provide external validity to the agent-model. The first demonstrates a strong relationship between local diversity and the concentration of creative economic activities across 140 Canadian city-regions. A key implication of this finding is that local diversity is more closely associated with certain types of economic activity, rather than overall economic performance. The second statistical analysis uses the Canadian General Social Survey to compare the social network characteristics of individuals. This analysis shows that people engaged in creative industries and occupations tend to have larger, more dynamic, and more diverse sets of social relations than any other category of worker. The dissertation concludes with a model that suggests policy interventions should focus on developing local environments that provide the necessary conditions in which creative activity can thrive, rather than attempting to intervene directly in the creative process itself.	PhD	environment, industr	9, 13
Spigel, Benjamin	Bathelt, Harald	The Emergence of Regional Cultures and Practices: A Comparative Study of Canadian Software Entrepreneurship	Geography	2013-11	Despite the ‘cultural turn’ in economic geography, the discipline has yet to conclusively describe the processes through which culture influences actors’ daily economic and social practices. Without a better understanding of the role of culture, it is difficult to explain the emergence and influence of the heterogeneous landscapes of regional business culture we readily observe. This problem is particularly acute in the study of entrepreneurial environments, where regional culture is theorized to play an important role in the local entrepreneurship process. This dissertation proposes an alternative approach to culture which draws on the work of Pierre Bourdieu to reveal the underlying social processes connecting culture with entrepreneurial action. Through qualitative case studies of software entrepreneurs in three Canadian cities — Kitchener- Waterloo, Ontario; Ottawa, Ontario and Calgary, Alberta — this dissertation examines the emergence and evolution of regional cultures and how they have helped to create distinct contexts which encourage unique forms of entrepreneurial practices, outlooks and strategies. This new perspective allows for a more detailed and dynamic analysis of regional cultures and provides new tools for researchers and policy makers to understand the role of cultures within regional economic development.	PhD	water, environment, cities	6, 11, 13
Srikantha, Pirathayini	Kundur, Deepa	Distributed Optimization of Sustainable Power Dispatch and Flexible Consumer Loads for Resilient Power Grid Operations	Electrical and Computer Engineering	2017-06	Today's electric grid is rapidly evolving to provision for heterogeneous system components (e.g. intermittent generation, electric vehicles, storage devices, etc.) while catering to diverse consumer power demand patterns. In order to accommodate this changing landscape, the widespread integration of cyber communication with physical components can be witnessed in all tenets of the modern power grid. This ubiquitous connectivity provides an elevated level of awareness and decision-making ability to system operators. Moreover, devices that were typically passive in the traditional grid are now `smarter' as these can respond to remote signals, learn about local conditions and even make their own actuation decisions if necessary. These advantages can be leveraged to reap unprecedented long-term benefits that include sustainable, efficient and economical power grid operations. Furthermore, challenges introduced by emerging trends in the grid such as high penetration of distributed energy sources, rising power demands, deregulations and cyber-security concerns due to vulnerabilities in standard communication protocols can be overcome by tapping onto the active nature of modern power grid components. In this thesis, distributed constructs in optimization and game theory are utilized to design the seamless real-time integration of a large number of heterogeneous power components such as distributed energy sources with highly fluctuating generation capacities and flexible power consumers with varying demand patterns to achieve optimal operations across multiple levels of hierarchy in the power grid. Specifically, advanced data acquisition, cloud analytics (such as prediction), control and storage systems are leveraged to promote sustainable and economical grid operations while ensuring that physical network, generation and consumer comfort requirements are met. Moreover, privacy and security considerations are incorporated into the core of the proposed designs and these serve to improve the resiliency of the future smart grid. It is demonstrated both theoretically and practically that the techniques proposed in this thesis are highly scalable and robust with superior convergence characteristics. These distributed and decentralized algorithms allow individual actuating nodes to execute self-healing and adaptive actions when exposed to changes in the grid so that the optimal operating state in the grid is maintained consistently.	Ph.D.	energy	7
Srikukenthiran, Sivakrishna	Shalaby, Amer	Integrated Microsimulation Modelling of Crowd and Subway Network Dynamics For Disruption Management Support	Civil Engineering	2015-06	In many large cities around the world, public transit networks have been carrying an ever-increasing burden of commuters. This has resulted in large movements of crowds in major transit hubs, and high levels of congestion in systems running near or at capacity. In such situations, service disruptions can negatively impact service and transit users well after they are resolved. Currently, transit agencies handle these disruption situations in an ad-hoc fashion. This is due to the lack of a tool capable of analyzing the network-level impacts of response strategies, especially with performance sufficient to handle large-scale systems. Existing tools are limited in their ability to accurately simulate all dynamic facets of the transit network, or model the behaviour of passengers following disruption events. As a result, they do not adequately capture the two-way interaction between crowds and mass transit service, or the complexities of train operation. This dissertation presents Nexus, an innovative crowd dynamics and transit network simulation platform, that enables full simulation of all actors in the transit system and integrated dynamic transit assignment, while being both flexible and scalable to handle large-scale networks. Instead of developing new simulators for surface transit, trains and stations, Nexus enables interfacing of existing simulators together to form a network. An agent-based framework was overlaid to allow for responsive agents, while a virtual communication system permitted on-the-fly modifications to transit service operation. With crowd behaviour in stations key to network performance, new models were constructed to better explain passenger behaviour at two critical locations. First, discrete choice models were developed of passenger choice of stairs versus escalators. Second, a simulation-based model of passenger behaviour on train platforms was developed using a diffusion-inspired approach and accounting for preferred waiting locations. Field data collected across several Toronto subway stations informed both models. Finally, a proof-of-concept case study was conducted on the Toronto transit network. The impact of disruptions of various lengths at a key platform in the network was examined, and an illustrative example was conducted to show how the system could be used to test strategies to reduce impact on transit passengers.	Ph.D.	cities	11
Sritharan, Jeavana	Demers, Paul A	Investigating the occupational etiology of prostate cancer in Canadian men	Medical Science	2018-06	Prostate cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide and the etiology of prostate cancer is poorly understood. Aside from non-modifiable factors, there is limited understanding of modifiable risk factors for prostate cancer, including occupation. In epidemiological studies, job titles are generally classified into occupational or more broadly industry groupings. Previous studies have reported inconsistent findings between occupation, industry, and prostate cancer, with weak associations for farming and agriculture, rubber manufacturing, and transportation. In Canada, there have been very few large population studies that include a range of occupation and industry groups, prostate cancer outcomes, and information on non-occupational factors. The purpose of this thesis was to further investigate the occupational etiology of prostate cancer in Canadian men. By identifying occupations and industries using multiple large Canadian population based datasets, we aimed to identify consistent patterns of the multi-faceted prostate cancer – job-industry relationships. Three population based studies and one meta-analysis were conducted. Significant associations between natural resource based (agriculture, forestry, logging, wood, paper), administrative, protective services (firefighters, police, and armed forces), construction, transportation, and prostate cancer risk were observed in the three population studies. Consistent evidence for increased prostate cancer incidence and mortality among firefighting and police work was observed in the meta-analysis. Non-occupational factors including lifestyle factors and screening behaviours were also potential confounders in the relationship between occupation and prostate cancer. Overall, the results of this work provide strong evidence associating specific occupations to prostate cancer risk. Specific occupational exposures to be considered in the future are pesticides, diesel exhaust, whole body vibrations, wood dust, wood preservative chemicals, among other factors of shift work, stress, sedentary behaviour, screening patterns. These findings indicate the need for more focused studies with better exposure assessment methods and improved understanding of related non-occupational factors. Examining these factors together will inform prevention strategies for job-specific exposure and prostate cancer risk reduction. The evidence from this thesis and proposed future directions will improve knowledge on occupational risk factors related to the etiology of prostate cancer, ultimately informing policies and programs for reduction in prostate cancer risk.	Ph.D.	health	3
Stack, Alexander	Trebilcock, Michael	International Patent Law: Cooperation, Harmonization and An Institutional Analysis of WIPO and the WTO	Law	2008-11	This work considers international cooperation or harmonization in patent law and analyzes the two main international patent law governance institutions: the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). A welfarist approach is adopted, proposing that international patent law should improve global welfare, subject to assumptions that the preferences of the world population are heterogeneous, that governments try to maximize the welfare of their citizens, and that international legal organization faces collective action problems. Normatively desirable patent law harmonization reconciles strong reasons for preserving diversity (including the static and dynamic satisfaction of local preferences and adapting to unpredictable change) with strong reasons for cooperation (reducing duplication in patent prosecution, and reconciling imbalanced national externalities, incentives to innovation and costs). The last reason leads to a system of national treatment and minimum standards. The risks presented by the skewed nature of invention are addressed in the international patent system through a form of regional insurance. These reasons for cooperation present two linked but separable collective action problems, supporting the existence of two international institutions to govern patent cooperation. WIPO is best positioned to address duplication in patent prosecution. The WTO is best positioned to address imbalanced national externalities, incentives and costs. However, both the WIPO and the WTO are needed to provide a comprehensive international governance system. Questions about the WTO dispute resolution system, the TRIPs Council, and the WTO’s legitimacy are addressed by advocating a trade stakeholders’ model. Whether international patent law should be seen as a multilateral obligation or a nexus of bilateral obligations is explored. Given diverse national preferences and high uncertainty surrounding the welfare effects of specific patent policies, the process of harmonization is inevitably a political process. This political aspect directly connects the topic of patent law harmonization with the institutional analysis of WIPO and the WTO. The implementation of welfare-enhancing patent law cooperation is best guarded by a process with a wide range of political inputs and transparency. Ultimately, only good international governance can deliver on the potential of the international patent system to promote international innovation, economic growth and world-wide prosperity.	SJD	governance, trade, innovation, economic growth	8, 9, 10, 16
Stanevich, Ilya	Strong, Kimberly||Jones, Dylan B.	Variational data assimilation of satellite remote sensing observations for improving methane simulations in chemical transport models	Physics	2018-06	Atmospheric concentrations of methane (CH4), the second most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas, have been rapidly rising since 1850, however, the rate of increase has varied in recent decades. In order to attribute these trends, significant effort has been put into characterizing CH4 surface emissions using inverse modelling ("top-down") approaches, which rely on the ability of chemical transport models (CTMs) to simulate atmospheric CH4 fields. However, systematic errors in models can significantly reduce the quality of the CH4 simulation and result in biased CH4 emission estimates. Until now, errors in models have been poorly characterized. The objective of this thesis was to characterize and investigate the origin of the CH4 model errors in the GEOS-Chem CTM and quantify their impact on inferred CH4 emission estimates. The weak constraint four-dimensional variational data assimilation scheme in GEOS-Chem, together with CH4 data from the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT), were used to characterize model errors in GEOS-Chem at the horizontal resolutions of 4x5 and 2x2.5. Large biases in CH4 were found in the stratosphere and in vertical transport in the troposphere at mid-latitudes. The identified errors were significantly larger at 4x5 than at 2x2.5. It was determined that a major cause of the biases at 4x5 is excessive mixing due to increased numerical diffusion manifested in enhanced stratosphere-troposphere exchange, and stronger quasi-isentropic mixing through the edges of the "tropical pipe" and the polar vortex in the stratosphere. Coarsening of the model grid also weakened vertical transport in the troposphere due to the loss of advective air mass fluxes and sub-grid tracer eddy mass fluxes. A key outcome of this work is the recommendation that the 4x5 version of GEOS-Chem should not be used for inverse modeling of CH4 emissions. The thesis also investigated the sensitivity of North American CH4 emission estimates in the nested version of GEOS-Chem (at the 0.5x0.67) to biases in boundary conditions from the coarse global resolution model. It was shown that biases not fully mitigated in the global CH4 simulation could result in biases as large as 30-35% in monthly mean surface emission estimates on local to regional scales.	Ph.D.	greenhouse gas	13
Stanimirovic, Aleksandra	Berta, Whitney B	Insights into the Impact of Med Rec Implementation at admission in Acute and Long Term Care Settings in Alberta	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2017-11	Introduction: In Canada, adverse drug events (ADEs) pose a significant public health problem. Various clinical tools have been created to mitigate ADEs and/or their impacts. Medication reconciliation (Med Rec) has been created as a clinical process intended to address the limitations associated with the use of previous clinical tools. Typically, Med Rec interventions have been implemented and evaluated at a single hospital ward and/or among vulnerable patient populations, thus limiting the generalizability of findings. In Alberta, a medication reconciliation intervention, the Medication Reconciliation Alberta (MRQA Med Rec), has been concurrently implemented in acute care hospitals and continuing care facilities with the aim of enhancing medication safety. The intervention has the potential to reduce ADE-related healthcare utilization by ensuring that all medication changes are adequately documented. Primary Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of MRQA Med Rec in Alberta’s healthcare settings. Secondary Objectives: 1) To characterize Alberta’s healthcare institutions participating in the MRQA Med Rec intervention and compare with non-participating institutions; 2) To determine the consistency (fidelity) of MRQA Med Rec implementation by assessing the Quality Audit Bundle Compliance at Admission; 3) To evaluate whether the impact of the MRQA Med Rec intervention differs among care settings; and 4) To assess the impact of organizational factors on the effectiveness of MRQA Med Rec interventions both between and within healthcare settings. Study population: Cohort consisted of Alberta’s acute care hospital units and LTC facilities, participating in the initiative as of June 2014. Data collection: Administrative data from the following sources were linked by facility identifier: NACRS; DAD; Guide to Canadian Health facilities database; and MRQA Med Rec dataset. Data was obtained from the period between June 1st 2013 and March 31st, 2015. Analysis: Continuous variables were described with measures of central tendency and dispersion and categorical variables were described using contingency tables. Outcomes associated with ADE related healthcare utilization (ADE related ED visits and ADE related hospitalizations), consistently measured over time, were analyzed using repeated measures with the generalized linear mixed model procedures in SAS. For all parameter tests, α level was set to 0.05. Results: Alberta has 328 healthcare facilities, whereas as of June 2014, 116 healthcare organizations have implemented MRQA Med Rec including: hospitals (n=52); hospice (n=1) and publicly funded LTC facilities (n=63). MRQA Med Rec implementation in hospitals was not associated with changes in number of ADE related ED visits (p-value =0.1090) yet organizational factor analysis found that intervention’s positive effect may be more pronounced in hospitals with fewer than 50 beds (p-value	Ph.D.	health	3
Stanton, Colleen Maura	Carol, Rolheiser	A Health Promoting Continuous Learning Sustainable Education System	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2014-11	Abstract This thesis was inspired by a new, evolving vision of a health promoting, continuous learning, education system with an ecological consciousness and focus on sustainability. In health promotion we are coming to a greater understanding of what creates health and how it is created in complex living systems - individuals, organizations, communities, and our planet. The setting is a large school district in Ontario involved in transformational systems change through creating collaborative learning environments, distributed leadership, and networking - locally and internationally. The research questions were: 1) Why and how do the top three most influential system environments (leadership, a culture of continuous learning, and interrelatedness of work and life) promote the optimal health, well-being, and sustainability of individuals (teachers, principals and supervisory officers) and the school district as a whole?; 2) What are the principles, patterns, relationships, and synergies that are integral to creating a health promoting, continuous learning, sustainable system? and; 3) Is there one or possibly two system environment(s) that might be a major enabler(s) for creating a health promoting, continuous learning, sustainable system? This study was a purposive qualitative study involving sixty semi-structured interviews with teachers, principals, and district leaders. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis and an ecological, holistic systems approach, involving dialogue with experts in systems thinking, theory and change.The findings identify: (a) 12 major themes emerging from three system environments; (b) the synergy point; (c) leadership as the major enabler (d) one major pattern of increasing complexity and consciousness of health, well-being, and sustainability; (e) three sub-patterns: leadership, a culture of continuous learning, and interrelatedness of work and life; and (f) four tensions and paradoxes. This study makes five substantial contributions: * drawing on an ecological, holistic systems approach to health, well-being, and sustainability;* using a systems approach to research design and methodology;* using three knowledge lenses to draw on literature across diverse fields; *identifying 12 Principles of a Health Promoting, Continuous Learning, Sustainable System; *developing a Reflective Framework: Five Levels of Complexity and Consciousness of Health, Well-Being, and Sustainability.Recommendations and suggestions for further study are outlined.	Ph.D.	health, environment	3, 13
Stanton, Kim Pamela	Moran, Mayo ||Dyzenhaus, David	Truth Commissions and Public Inquiries: Addressing Historical Injustices in Established Democracies	Law	2010-06	In recent decades, the truth commission has become a mechanism used by states to address historical injustices. However, truth commissions are rarely used in established democracies, where the commission of inquiry model is favoured. I argue that established democracies may be more amenable to addressing historical injustices that continue to divide their populations if they see the truth commission mechanism not as a unique mechanism particular to the transitional justice setting, but as a specialized form of a familiar mechanism, the commission of inquiry. In this framework, truth commissions are distinguished from other commissions of inquiry by their symbolic acknowledgement of historical injustices, and their explicit “social function” to educate the public about those injustices in order to prevent their recurrence. Given that Canada has established a Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) on the Indian Residential Schools legacy, I consider the TRC’s mandate, structure and ability to fulfill its social function, particularly the daunting challenge of engaging the non-indigenous public in its work. I also provide a legal history of a landmark Canadian public inquiry, the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry, run by Tom Berger. As his Inquiry demonstrated, with visionary leadership and an effective process, a public inquiry can be a pedagogical tool that promotes social accountability for historical injustices. Conceiving of the truth commission as a form of public inquiry provides a way to consider the transitional justice literature on truth commissions internationally along with the experiences of domestic commissions of inquiry to assemble strategies that may assist the current TRC in its journey.	SJD	justice	16
Start, Denon	Gilbert, Benjamin	The Evolutionary Ecology of Traits and Trait-mediated Interactions	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2019-11	As biologists, we seek to understand the sources of biodiversity, and the consequences of that diversity for ecological and evolutionary dynamics. But what do we mean by biodiversity? An evolutionary biologist might consider the traits of a population, while an ecologist may invoke differences among species. A key complexity of biological systems is that these facets of biodiversity occur simultaneously—all biological systems span levels of biological organization. In the first half of my thesis, I use gall-makers and dragonfly larvae to address a key facet of natural selection; species live, reproduce, and die in complex webs of interacting species, all of which can directly and indirectly shape evolutionary change. I show that subtle differences in the traits of ‘keystone’ individuals (Chapter 1), populations (Chapter 2), and indirectly interacting species (Chapter 3) all modify interactions and natural selection. These links can be further modified by environmental conditions (Chapter 4), and spatial processes that have random (Chapter 5) and deterministic (Chapter 6) effects on species composition and traits; traits, interactions, and selection are intimately linked. In the second half of my thesis, I investigate some of the ways in which a process occurring at one level of organization (e.g. evolution) can influence processes and their consequences occurring at other levels (e.g. community assembly and trophic cascades). Using dragonfly larvae, I show that ontogenetic differences (Chapter 7), individual differences (Chapter 8), and community-level differences generated by macroevolution (Chapter 9) all shape predation. In a unifying experiment, I determine that intraspecific variation may be particularly consequential for trophic dynamics and ecosystem functioning (Chapter 10). To understand classic ecological patterns (e.g. biodiversity-ecosystem functioning) requires an understanding of traits and their functions across biological scales of organization. The broad conclusions of this thesis are two-fold. First, trait variation across biological levels can reshape natural selection. Second, it will be difficult to understand patterns of diversity in ecological communities without considering trait variation at other biological levels. To understand biological systems, we require a synthesis of the causes and consequences of diversity across levels—we require a rapprochement of evolutionary biology and community ecology.	Ph.D.	biodiversity	15
Stead, Virginia Phillips Morse	Bascia, Nina	Teacher Candidate Diversification Through Equity-based Admission Policy	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2012-06	This research responds to the problem of minority teacher under-representation within North America’s increasingly diverse urban school systems. It weaves together what is known about educational equity, teacher education admission policy, and policy implementation to explore the research question, “How did equity-based admission policy shape candidate diversification in an urban Canadian teacher education program?” The conceptual framework grounds this study within organizational culture and describes how culture both shapes and is shaped by interactions between structure and agency. The conceptual question asks, “How did institutional norms and individual will work to support or constrain equitable candidate diversification?” Data collection occurred during private interviews with members of three organizational groups: Policymakers, policy implementers, and policy beneficiaries. Policymakers were senior administrators with several years’ experience in their respective positions. Policy implementers were admission personnel, ad hoc faculty, and field-based educators. The policy beneficiaries were candidates who self-identified as future French and Physics teachers, and as members of Aboriginal, Disabled, Gendered/Invisible, and Racialized/Visible minorities. Data analysis was an iterative process of applying demographic, thematic, and editorial coding to the interview transcripts. Discussion highlighted several themes that shaped the admission process: External admission policy context, Faculty of Education Equity Policy, admission policy instrumentation, qualification precedence and weighting, academic qualifications, non-academic identity-based and experience-based qualifications, admission policy gaps, and last-minute Policy disclosure. It also addressed admission personnel recruitment, training, and performance during candidate personal information form assessment. Significant findings emerged in the areas of preservice program partnerships, candidate support services, qualification transparency, labeling of identity-based candidate characteristics, and admission personnel training. Research applicability extends to consecutive and concurrent teacher education programs, other tertiary professional licensing programs, and multi-site qualitative research projects. Recommendations for policy and practice target teacher education admission, policy implementation, and equity policy development.	EDD	educat, equitable	4
Steele, Astrid	Wallace, John	A Confluence of Traditions: Examining Teacher Practice in the Merging of Secondary Science and Environmental Education	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2010-06	Embedding environmental education within secondary science curriculum presents both philosophical and practical difficulties for teachers. This ethnographic/narrative study, with its methodology grounded in eco-feminism and realism/constructivism, examines the work of six secondary science teachers as they engage in an action research project focused on merging environmental education in their science lessons. Over the course of several months the teachers examine and discuss their views and their professional development related to the project. In the place of definitive conclusions, eight propositions relating the work of secondary science teachers to environmental education, form the basis for a discussion of the implications of the study. The implications are particularly relevant to secondary schools in Ontario, Canada, where the embedding of environmental education in science studies has been mandated.	PhD	environment	13
Steele, Sarah Elizabeth	López-Fernández, Hernán	Body Size Evolution and Diversity of Fishes using the Neotropical Cichlids (Cichlinae) as a Model System	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2018-06	The influence of body size on an organism’s physiology, morphology, ecology, and life history has been considered one of the most fundamental relationships in ecology and evolution. The ray-finned fishes are a highly diverse group of vertebrates. Yet, our understanding of diversification in this group is incomplete, and the role of body size in creating this diversity is largely unknown. I examined body size in Neotropical cichlids (Cichlinae) to elucidate the large- and small-scale factors affecting body size diversity and distribution, and how body size shapes species, morphological, and ecological diversity in fishes. Characterization of body size distributions across the phylogeny of Neotropical cichlids revealed considerable overlap in body size, particularly in intermediate-sized fishes, with few, species-poor lineages exhibiting extreme body size. Three potential peaks of adaptive evolution in body size were identified within Cichlinae. I found freshwater fishes globally tend to be smaller and their distributions more diverse and right-skewed than marine counterparts, irrespective of taxonomy and clade age, with a strengthening of these trends in riverine systems. Comparisons of Neotropical cichlid body size diversity and distribution to this broader context shows that body size patterns are largely abnormal compared to most freshwater fishes, particularly those of the Neotropics. This implies that small body size is rarer in Cichlinae, despite several independent cases of body size decrease in this lineage. I found that these small-bodied lineages are miniaturized cichlids, exhibiting strong reduction in body size, as well as paedomorphic characters and ontogenetic truncation compared to their sister taxa. Further examination of ontogenies across Neotropical cichlids found considerable shape conservatism over ontogeny and phylogeny, with cichlids following similar ontogenetic trajectories. Therefore, ontogenetic pathways do not contribute considerably to morphological divergence seen in adults, with divergence likely occurring in the larval stage or perhaps during embryology. The evolution of ontogeny, body size, and shape did not correspond to a unique adaptive peak in miniatures, or three body size optima predicted from the distribution of size across the phylogeny. Rather, it is complex and, like early trait divergence previously seen, diversifies early in the phylogeny across the major lineages of Neotropical cichlids.	Ph.D.	ecology, fish, marine	14, 15
Steffens, Travis	Lehman, Shawn M	Biogeographic Patterns of Lemur Species Richness and Occurrence in a Fragmented Landscape	Anthropology	2017-06	Determining the factors that affect species richness and occurrence is vital to the study of primate biogeography. In this study, I investigate the biogeographic patterns of a lemur community within a fragmented landscape in Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar. The landscape consists of 42 deciduous dry forest fragments ranging in size from 0.23 to 117.7 ha. I conducted a total of 1218 surveys for lemurs between June and November 2011 in the 42 fragments. I recorded a total of 1023 individual or group sightings of six species. I conducted vegetation sampling in 38 of 42 forest fragments. I measured human disturbance within each fragment and determined fragment isolation and proximity to human settlements. I explored biogeographic patterns of lemur species richness and occurrence using the species-area relationship, metapopulation dynamics, and landscape ecology. I found that lemurs in a fragmented landscape show a species-area relationship in the form of a convex power model. I did not find a sigmoidal pattern for the species-area relationship and I found no evidence of a â small island effect.â Human disturbance and tree height also influence species richness, but it is unclear how. Lemur species form different metapopulations within the same landscape. Metapopulation dynamics suggest that area was a stronger factor determining individual lemur species occurrence than fragment isolation. However, for Microcebus species, area seems to have less influence than for other species (Cheirogaleus medius and Eulemur fulvus). I investigated the landscape ecology of lemur species occurrence and found species-specific scale responses to habitat amount. Area predicted species occurrence for C. medius and M. murinus, but not for M. ravelobensis. M. ravelobensis occurrence may be mediated by factors other than area, such as dispersal ability and edge tolerance. My study shows the importance of a multi-scale approach to lemur biogeography and how it is critical for understanding how lemur species respond to high amounts of forest loss and fragmentation.	Ph.D.	urban, forest, ecology	11, 15
Steflja, Izabela	Handley, Antoinette	(In)Humanity on Trial: On the Ground Perceptions of International Criminal Tribunals	Political Science	2015-06	The purpose of this dissertation is to understand how international criminal tribunals (ICTs) are received in different contexts. The dissertation is driven by the following puzzle: Why has there often been a negative response to international criminal tribunals (ICTs) in local communities that have been victim to the crimes that these institutions are prosecuting? I examine this puzzle through local responses to the International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and Serbia, and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) in Rwanda. The findings are based on three research trips to each country, including nine consecutive months of fieldwork in Rwanda and six consecutive months of fieldwork in BiH and Serbia, and over 136 successful semi-structured and open-ended interviews with a variety of local actors. My data suggest that the two ad hoc tribunals were not successful at establishing themselves as legitimate and credible mechanisms of transitional justice. The locals in each country believed that they were not the primary beneficiaries of ICTs, and that that the ICTs paid insufficient attention to the dynamics between tribunal demands and proceedings, and political events on the ground. My findings show that, first, in each case, local actors in power - those connected to past regimes who were responsible for the 1990s atrocities, and those who were part of new regimes - adapted well to the conditions set by ICTs, manipulating the tribunals for their own political goals and influencing the perception of these institutions among the local populations. Second, ICTs had a serious impact on domestic politics, feeding into power struggles between domestic and international actors and between factions on the ground. This outcome had significant implications for political transitions in the three countries, many of which were unintended and contrary to the aims and expectations of the tribunals.	Ph.D.	justice	16
Stephenson, Anne	Hux, Janet ||Corey, Mary	Predictors of Hospitalization Among Cystic Fibrosis Patients in Ontario	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2010-11	This dissertation involved linking a clinical cystic fibrosis (CF) data registry with administrative databases to evaluate clinical, demographic, and geographical predictors of hospitalization in CF patients living in Ontario over a 10 year period. In addition, this work assessed the ability of administrative data to identify individuals with CF using the clinical registry as the reference standard. Sex was an independent predictor of hospitalization rates for individuals with CF. Females had a significantly higher hospitalization rate compared to males even after adjusting for important clinical factors suggesting that this finding is not simply due to worse CF disease. In those between 7 and 19 years of age, the adjusted hospitalization rate was 38% higher in females (rate ratio[RR] 1.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11-1.73). Similarly in those over the age of 19, females had a 30% higher hospitalization rate compared to males (RR 1.30, 95% CI 1.06-1.59). Other significant predictors associated with higher hospitalization rates in both age groups were lower lung function, worse nutritional status, pancreatic insufficiency, and the presence of CF-related diabetes. The presence of Burkholderia cepacia complex in the sputum was a significant predictor in those over the age of 19 years (RR 1.54, 95% CI 1.26-1.89). Distance to CF centre, community size and socioeconomic status were not significant predictors of hospitalization rates in either age group. There was no significant trend in hospitalization rates over time once rates were adjusted for markers of disease severity (p=0.08). Comparing administrative data with the CF registry data, administrative data captured hospitalizations more comprehensively. Despite CF being a specific diagnosis, health administrative databases alone were insufficient to reliably and accurately identify individuals with CF unless they had been hospitalized. The reason for the gender disparity seen within this dissertation is likely multifactorial. There may be differences in outpatient management between the sexes, hormonal influences may modulate disease severity causing higher hospitalization rates, and patient and provider-level influences may affect the decision to hospitalize a patient. Further research is needed in this area to elucidate the factors contributing to this gender gap.	PhD	socioeconomic, heakth	1, 3
Stergiou-Kita, Mary Melpomeni	Rappolt, Susan ||Dawson, Deirdre R.	Inter-professional Clinical Practice Guideline for Vocational Evaluation following Traumatic Brain Injury	Rehabilitation Science	2011-11	Due to physical, cognitive and emotional impairments, many individuals are unemployed or under-employed following a traumatic brain injury. The research evidence links the rigour of a vocational evaluation to future employment outcomes. Despite this link, no specific guidelines exist for vocational evaluations. Using the research evidence and a diverse panel of clinical and academic experts, the primary objective of this doctoral research was to develop an inter-professional clinical practice guideline for vocational evaluation following traumatic brain injury. The objective of the guideline is to make explicit the processes and factors relevant to vocational evaluation, to assist evaluators (i.e. clients, health and vocational professionals, and employers) in collaboratively determining clients’ work abilities and developing recommendations for work entry, re-entry or vocational planning. The steps outlined in the Canadian Medical Association's Handbook on Clinical Practice Guidelines were utilized to develop the guideline and include the following: 1) identifying the guideline’s objective/questions; 2) performing a systematic literature review; 3) gathering a panel; 4) developing recommendations; 4) guideline writing; 5) pilot testing. The resulting guideline includes 17 key recommendations within the following seven domains: 1) evaluation purpose and rationale; 2) initial intake process; 3) assessment of the personal domain; 4) assessment of the environment; 5) assessment of occupational/job requirements; 6) analysis and synthesis of assessment results; and 7) development of evaluation recommendations. Results from an exploratory study of the guideline’s implementation by occupational therapists in their daily practices revealed that clinicians used the guideline to identify practice gaps, systematize their evaluation processes, enhance inter-professional and inter-stakeholder communication, and re-conceptualize their vocational evaluations across disability groups. Statistically significant improvements were also noted in clients’ participation scores on the Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory–4 following guideline use. This guideline may be applicable to individuals with TBI, clinicians, health and vocational professionals, employers, professional organizations, administrators, policy makers and insurers.	PhD	employment	8
Stevens, Marianne Elizabeth	Nixon, Stephanie A	Rehabilitation and how it Applies to Stigma using HIV as an Example	Rehabilitation Science	2019-06	Adults living with HIV face numerous challenges and the application of rehabilitation principles may help alleviate many of them. Stigma is a challenge many individuals living with HIV face every day and it can have important consequences for their participation in valued activities and roles in their lives. The impact of stigma associated with HIV has not been well studied from a rehabilitation science perspective. This thesis explores research on the rehabilitation interventions used by adults living with HIV to help them manage their experiences of disability and investigate how stigma intersects with the rehabilitative framework of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). A series of interrelated investigations – a scoping review, a theoretical analysis and an empirical study – were completed. The scoping review revealed the extent, range and nature of research on rehabilitation interventions used by adults living with HIV to manage their experiences of disability. The theoretical investigation illustrated how stigma and rehabilitation interrelate, specifically demonstrating how three forms of stigma (enacted, self and structural) interrelated with the ICF domains of participation restrictions, environmental and personal contextual factors. A final empirical study illustrated the real-world application of the theoretical contribution through secondary analysis of interviews with Zambian women living with HIV. These women faced enacted, self and structural stigma, which were shown to interrelate with the domains of the ICF, through accounts of their lived experiences. The concepts of rehabilitation, stigma and HIV are uniquely connected in this dissertation. The findings illustrate how stigma and rehabilitation are interrelated both theoretically and empirically using HIV as an example. The resulting insights have implications for rehabilitation professionals and researchers who can apply this information to their clinical and scientific work to strengthen the role of rehabilitation in mitigating stigma as experienced by people living with HIV.	Ph.D.	health, women	3, 5
Stewart, Katherine Ellen	Polatajko, Helene J||Du Mont, Janice	Life, Irrupted: An Occupational Perspective on the Lives of Women Who Experienced Sexual Assault While at University	Rehabilitation Science	2019-06	Although sexual assault that occurs during university is known to have numerous significant consequences, many are believed to remain “hidden.” This dissertation research employed an occupational perspective to provide a more fulsome examination of the aftermath of sexual assault that occurs during university. Three distinct studies, yielding four manuscripts, were conducted. First, a review of the sexual assault literature was carried out. Findings suggested a clear but narrowly examined occupational aftermath of sexual assault. Next, women’s experiences of everyday living in the aftermath of sexual assault were explored through different forms of narrative: (a) memoirs written by women who had experienced sexual assault during university, and (b) interviews with women who had experienced sexual assault during university. These studies suggested an extensive occupational aftermath of sexual assault. Together, the findings of this dissertation research make five unique contributions to the sexual assault and occupational science literature. First, the findings suggest that an occupational perspective may be used to uncover some of the hidden consequences of sexual assault, specifically those related to human occupation. Second, the findings suggest that sexual assault that occurs during university is occupational life-altering. Sexual assault was found to have significant, widespread, and lasting consequences for women’s daily occupations, as well as for their occupational trajectories. Third, the findings suggest that sexual assault alters women’s occupational lives in ways that at once follow a pattern and are particular to the individual. Although broad patterns in changes to women’s occupations were identified, occupational choice and engagement were found to be idiosyncratic in the aftermath of sexual assault during university. Fourth, the findings suggest that the alterations produced by sexual assault necessitate the (re)building of one’s occupational life and self through conscious engagement in occupation. Last, the findings are suggestive of a model of occupational response following major life disruption. Further research is warranted to continue to develop an expanded understanding of what everyday living looks like after life disruption beyond sexual assault that occurs during university.	Ph.D.	women	5
Stewart, Thomas Joseph	Sprules, W. Gary ||Shuter, Brian ||Minns, Charles Ken ||Abrams, Peter	Invasion-induced Changes to the Offshore Lake Ontario Food Web and the Trophic Consequence for Bloater (Coregonus hoyi) Reestablishment	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2010-03	I compared changes in offshore Lake Ontario major species-group biomass, production and diets before (1987-1991) and after (2001-2005) invasion-induced ecological change. I synthesized the observations into carbon-based mass-balanced food webs linking two pathways of energy flow; the grazing chain (phytoplankton-zooplankton-fish) and the microbial loop (autotrophic bacteria-heterotrophic protozoans) and determined how the structure and function of the food web changed between time-periods. I use the food web descriptions to simulate the reestablishment of native deepwater bloater. I developed empirical models describing spatial variation in temperature and applied them to investigate predator temperature distributions, bioenergetic consequences of alewife diet and distribution shifts, and zooplankton productivity. Primary production declined as did the biomass and production of all species-groups except Chinook salmon. Total zooplankton production declined by approximately half with cyclopoid copepod production declining proportionately more. Zooplankton species richness and diversity were unaffected. Alewife adapted to low zooplankton production by consuming more Mysis, increasing their trophic level. The increased prey-size and exploitation of spatial heterogeneity in resource patches and temperature may have allowed alewife to maintain their growth efficiency. The trophic level also increased for smelt, adult sculpin, adult alewife and Chinook salmon. Phytoplankton grazing rates declined and predation pressure increased on Mysis, adult smelt and alewife, and decreased on protozoans. Resource to consumer trophic transfer efficiencies changed; increasing for protozoans, Mysis, Chinook salmon and other salmonines and decreasing for zooplankton, prey-fish and benthos. The changes suggest both bottom-up and top-down influences on food web structure. The direct trophic influences of invasive species on the offshore Lake Ontario food web were minor. Carbon flows to Mysis indicated an important, and changing ecological role for this species and we hypothesize that Mysis may have contributed to Diporeia declines. Simulations suggest that only a small reestablished bloater population, limited by Diporeia production, could be sustained.	PhD	food, water, consum, production, fish	2, 6, 12, 14
Stinson, James	Bamford, Sandra	The Will to Conserve? Environmentality, Translation, and Politics of Conservation in Southern Belize	Anthropology	2017-06	Over the last 20 years, community-based conservation (CBC) emerged as a dominant global regime of natural resource management, promoted as a means of reconciling diverse interests around a shared goal of biodiversity conservation. In recent years, however, there has been a backlash against CBC, with some calling for a return to more exclusionary and protectionist forms of conservation. This dissertation explores the rise and fall of community-based conservation. It does this through a detailed analysis of the co-management of the Sarstoon-Temash National Park (STNP) in southern Belize. Despite being unilaterally imposed on surrounding indigenous communities in 1994, the STNP was later recognized as one of the most participatory, innovative and effectively managed protected areas in Belize and promoted internationally as a model for balancing the goals of biodiversity conservation with the interests of indigenous peoples. Nevertheless, in 2008 the Government of Belize terminated the management regime governing the park amidst growing conflict with surrounding communities over oil exploration and indigenous land rights. The key question addressed by this dissertation is not whether community-based conservation succeeds or fails, but how the success and failure of CBC is produced. In doing this, this dissertation examines how diverse actors and groups are enrolled in the project of CBC; how the rationality of CBC (the will to conserve) is translated into specific projects and technologies of government; and how variously positioned social actors and organizations experience, interpret and respond to CBCâ s effects. The central argument of this dissertation is the following: Community-based conservation does not work by reconciling the interests of diverse actors around a shared â will to conserveâ ; nor does it operate as by simply displacing or concealing politics through the promotion of technical and bureaucratic interventions. Rather, community-based conservation is assembled through political acts of translation, processes of representation and interpretation through which actors construct meaningful linkages between their own individual or collective interests and the rationality of particular projects. As a result, projects do not fail when they do not meet their stated objectives, but when practices of translation fail to produce interpretations that engender political support.	Ph.D.	rights, biodiversity, conserv	15, 16
Stockley, Lisa Marie	Bobonis, Gustavo J	How Do Expectations Influence Labour Supply? Evidence from Framed Field Experiments	Economics	2018-03	Models of reference dependence have improved the connection between economic theory and documented labour supply behaviour. In particular, the Kőszegi and Rabin (2006, 2007, 2009) [hereafter "KR"] theory of expectation based reference dependent preferences appears to be a disciplined way to unify the conflicting wage elasticity estimates, and recent laboratory and natural experiments suggest this theory may work in practice as well. I take this theory to the field in a pair of laboratory-like experiments designed to test if expectations determine the effort of a group of impoverished individuals involved in piece-rate work in Northeast Brazil. I use Abeler, Falk, Goette, and Huffman's (2011) experimental mechanism, which is a clear test of KR preferences in effort provision, in two experiments: first to test if rational expectations act as a reference point that influences effort, and second to test if adaptive expectations act as a reference point that influences effort. In both experiments, I find that although people do not behave in accordance with KR preferences, they do not behave as though they make their decisions following canonical lines either. I then outline a speculative rationale for the observed behaviour in these experiments—the adaptive heuristic of regret matching—where workers are able to evaluate their ex-post feelings of regret, even if they do not know the source of those feelings, to optimize behaviour going forward.	Ph.D.	labour, worker, wage	8
Storm, Elliot Johann	Bejarano, Ana MarĂ­a	Power and Politics in Venezuelan Higher Education Reform, 1999-2012	Political Science	2016-06	This dissertation explains why Venezuelan state and government elites were able to successfully design, adopt, and implement some higher education reforms but not others during the presidencies of Hugo Chรกvez (1999-2012). Conceptualizing universities as political institutions that occupy a liminal position within the borderlands of state and society, and using an approach that emphasizes the relational and procedural nature of political change, I compare four higher education initiatives advanced by Venezuelan reformers: a series of universalization programs, the 2001 Organic Education Law, the 2009 Organic Education Law, and the 2010 University Education Law. My analysis reveals that the adoption and implementation of these initiatives primarily depended upon how the distribution of institutional autonomy and capacity between the state and the oppositional university sector conditioned the strategic choices of key actors. In the case of universalization reform, actors within the executive branch were enabled by considerable autonomy relative to oppositional forces in the agenda-setting, design, and adoption stages of reform, while material capacity facilitated the implementation process. In the legislative arena, reformers relied upon similar institutional autonomy to set the agenda and design the three bills, but the constitutional guarantee of university autonomy and an increasingly deft use of intra- and inter-institutional connective structures (including governing councils, faculty unions, and student organizations) allowed the oppositional universities to form a cohesive bloc that constrained reformers and prevented the full implementation of any new legislation. This dissertation therefore challenges accounts of the Venezuelan state as exceptionally strong, provides a detailed account of extra-parliamentary opposition to the Chรกvez government, and foregrounds the university as an important but significantly understudied political actor in the context of state-society relations.	Ph.D.	institution	16
Story, Brett	Cowen, Deborah	Dis-placing the Prison: Carceral Space, Disposable Life, and Urban Struggle in Neoliberal America	Geography	2015-11	This dissertation contributes to the emerging field of carceral geography by demonstrating how carceral space produces and manages social disposability in late capitalist American life. In so doing, it posits that carceral space must be conceived as a complex geography, one that inscribes the production of racialized poverty, incarceration, and devalued life into its everyday socio-spatial relations. Carceral space encompasses the whole chain of relationships that make up the prison system: from the sites of criminalization, arrest and conviction to the landscapes of building construction; from edifices of captivity to the spaces deployed for the circulation and transfer of bodies. Carceral space also, I argue constitutes those social relations and geographic practices through which the stateâ s capacities of containment, displacement and dispossession are put to work for racial capitalism. The dissertation examines several illustrative carceral spaces at different points along the continuum of penal coercion in order to answer the question: How does carceral space help produce and manage social disposability? Using qualitative methods, including in-depth interviews, ethnographic participant observation, and textual analysis, my four case studies demonstrate that the production of disposability is an active process, spatialized in a range of places and forms that are politically mutable, highly contested, and differentially experienced. Throughout my case studies, geographies of spatial isolation and individuation function alongside the neoliberal logic of individual responsibility, to undermine black sociality and the forging of collective counter-power to racial capitalism and the carceral state. I argue that the racialized production of the â criminalâ provides powerful legitimizing cover for the making and social differentiation of surplus populations. The criminal is a paradigmatic category of disposability in capitalist liberal democracies precisely because the project of neoliberalism makes it so hard to divest from the economy of individualized responsibility and accountability. Finally, the dissertation points to some of the ways in which the capacities of the carceral state are being retrofitted for the current political-economic conjuncture, producing new spatial fixes for managing surplus life under the pretext of penal reform. I conclude that so long as the actual social relations for which the carceral state is put to work remain unchallenged, the spatial organization of racialized unfreedom and surplus life remain a pressing and pernicious threat.	Ph.D.	poverty, cities	1, 11
Strazzeri, Charlie	Lewis, Robert	Networks, Boundaries and Social Capital: The Historical Geography of Toronto's Anglo Elites and Italian Entrepreneurs, 1900-1935	Geography	2010-06	This dissertation examines how social inequalities are reinforced over time and in place by addressing a central question: How are power relations maintained and reproduced in space? I outline ways in which social networks contributed to the reproduction of social and economic power in early twentieth-century Toronto. I also pay particular attention to the ways in which particular spaces acted as a nexus for the reproduction of power and unequal social relations. My research captures the dynamism and complexity of social capital networks that stretched across space. These networks demonstrate that Toronto’s Anglo elite and Italian entrepreneurs lived in a world where persons interacted over a number of regions and scales. This study contributes to the body of knowledge in social capital, network and social boundary research. Although this dissertation is largely concerned with early twentieth-century Toronto class and power relations, the results have implications beyond this case study. This research makes a significant contribution to historical geography by providing scholars interested in contemporary power relations and social networks with an empirically rich historical perspective. This study extends previous examinations of social inequality by examining how power relations were reproduced over time and through space. I analyze how social capital can be conceptualized as set of processes that is 1) integral to the acquisition of economic capital, 2) significant in constraining the action of others by redrawing the social boundaries of class and ethnicity, and 3) critical for the building of alliances across space. This research offers a complementary method to the inequality studies of David Ward, Joe Darden, Nan Lin, Richard Harris, James Barrett, and David Harvey by historically situating questions about the reproduction of social inequality through the examination of social networks.	PhD	equality, inequality, production	5, 10, 12
Strickman, Rachel Jean	Mitchell, Carl P.J.	Methylmercury in Managed Wetlands	Physical and Environmental Sciences	2017-06	Methylmercury (MeHg), a bioaccumulative neurotoxin, is microbially produced in anoxic wetland environments. The direct or indirect management of wetlands is pervasive, but many questions remain regarding the impact of wetland management on MeHg biogeochemistry. To address this, I investigated the extent, drivers, and consequences of MeHg production in important types of managed wetlands, as well as the response of MeHg to specific management interventions. In a field study which simulated industrial increases and legislated decreases in sulfate deposition to peatlands, I found evidence that MeHg production in peatlands is quantitatively related to sulfate-mediated changes in the community structure of the Deltaproteobacteria, rather than simple metabolic stimulation of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), one in the best studied groups of mercury methylators. Furthermore, the structure of the bacterial community, as well as MeHg accumulation, was resilient to the end of sulfate amendments, demonstrating the value of this management intervention. In a series of observational biogeochemical field studies in artificial wetlands, I found similar evidence that the wetland microflora was resilient to the disturbance of wetland dredging, which only temporarily reduced MeHg production and concentrations. Methylmercury production in stormwater wetlands was carried out by SRB, with their activity modulated by availability of inorganic mercury, labile and total organic carbon, and competition with nitrate reducers. MeHg production in stormwater wetlands was overall dampened in comparison to those managed for habitat provision. Finally, I used a controlled greenhouse experiment to study the source of MeHg and IHg to paddy grown rice, a staple food recently shown to be a significant dietary source of MeHg to some populations. I confirmed the soil origin of MeHg to rice grains, and identified a window of elevated MeHg uptake during vegetated growth. Inorganic mercury, by contrast, appears to derive from the atmosphere alone, presenting challenges in controlling its concentrations in rice.	Ph.D.	water, environment, production, resilien, urban, industr, wind	6, 7, 9, 12, 13
Strudwick, Gillian	McGillis Hall, Linda	Understanding nurses' perceptions of electronic health record use in an acute care hospital setting	Nursing Science	2017-06	As Canadian healthcare organizations implement electronic health records (EHRs), nurses are expected to use the technology in their practice. Findings of a literature review suggest that usability (ease of use, functionality, navigation and impact on workload), the organizational context (support from leadership, level of training, level of on-going support, physical environment and implementation process) and individual nurse characteristics (sex, age, nursing unit, years of experience as a registered nurse, country of nursing education, years of experience using an EHR, previous EHR use and formal informatics training) influence nurses’ use of these systems. Thus, the purpose of this doctoral research was to better understand the relationships between the variables that make up usability, organizational context, individual nurse characteristics, and nurses’ perceptions of EHR use. This study was conducted using a sequential mixed methods design with two phases. Phase One consisted of a cross sectional survey that was piloted and then administered to nurses in an acute care teaching hospital in Toronto, Canada. The aim of the survey was to obtain information about nurses’ perceptions of the usability of the EHR, the organizational context, their individual nurse characteristics and their use of the system. Phase two involved focus groups to better understand the findings identified in the survey. Multivariable and hierarchical linear regression was conducted. A multivariable model made up of the variables ease of use, navigation and impact on workload, explained 13% of the variance in nurses’ perceptions of EHR use, however navigation was the only significant predictor in the model. In the data from the focus groups, nurses described how they navigated through the EHR, and which functionalities supported or hindered their use of it. Results of this study provide insights into factors that may influence nurses’ use of EHRs in an acute care hospital setting that have implications for research, nurse leaders, vendors, healthcare settings and nursing practice.	Ph.D.	health	3
Sturman, Susan Michele	Boler, Megan	'Women in Computing' as Problematic: Gender, Ethics and Identity in University Computer Science Education	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2009-11	My study is focused on women in graduate Computer Science programs at two universities in Ontario, Canada. My research problem emerges from earlier feminist research addressing the low numbers of women in university Computer Science programs, particularly at the graduate level. After over twenty years of active feminist representation of this problem, mostly through large survey-based studies, there has been little change. I argue that rather than continuing to focus on the rising and falling numbers of women studying Computer Science, it is critical to analyze the specific socio-economic and socio-cultural conditions which produce gendered and racialized exclusion in the field. Informed by Institutional Ethnography – a method of inquiry developed by Dorothy Smith – and by Foucault’s work on governmentality, I examine how specific institutional processes shape the everyday lives of women students. Through on-site observation and interviews with women in graduate Computer Science studies, Computer Science professors and university administrators, I investigate how the participants’ everyday institutional work is coordinated through external textual practices such as evaluation, reporting and accounting. I argue that the university’s institutional practices produce ‘women in computing’ as a ‘problem’ group in ways that re-inscribe women’s outsider status in the field. At the same time, I show that professionalized feminist educational projects may contradict their progressive and inclusive intentions, contributing to the ‘institutional capture’ (Smith) of women as an administrative ‘problem’. Through ethnographic research that follows women students through a range of experiences, I demonstrate how they variously endorse, subvert and exploit the contradictory subject positions produced for them. I illustrate how a North American-based institutional feminist representation of ‘women in computing’ ignores the everyday experiences of ethnoculturally diverse female student participants in graduate Computer Science studies. I argue that rather than accepting the organization of universal characteristics which reproduce conditions of exclusion, North American feminist scholars need to consider the specificity of social relations and forms of knowledge transnationally. Finally, I revisit how women in the study engage with ‘women in computing’ discourse through their lived experiences. I suggest the need for ongoing analysis of the gender effects and changing socio-cultural conditions of new technologies.	PhD	inclusive, gender, women	4, 5
Styler, Sarah Anne	Donaldson, D. J.	Heterogeneous Photochemistry of Atmospheric Dusts and Organic Films	Chemistry	2014-06	Little is currently known regarding the nature and consequences of interactions between photoactive surfaces, including mineral dust and ‘urban film’, and gas-phase pollutants in urban environments. In order to address this knowledge gap, this thesis explores the photochemical reactivity of these environmental surfaces in controlled laboratory settings. The photoenhanced ozonation of pyrene, a toxic product of incomplete combustion, proceeds at different rates and via different mechanisms at three model ‘urban film’ surfaces. These results are important because they suggest that the reactivity of a molecule on simplified surfaces may not accurately reflect its reactivity in the real environment. The photooxidation of isopropanol at the surface of TiO2, here used as a proxy for the photoactive component of mineral dust, yields gas-phase acetone. This chemistry is amplified by nitrate, a major surficial component of atmospherically processed dust. These results suggest that dust has the potential to convert non-absorbing species to photochemically active species, and thereby serve as a source of reactive organic radicals for further gas- or surface-phase chemistry. Oxalic acid, the most atmospherically abundant dicarboxylic acid, is efficiently oxidized to gas-phase CO2 at the surface of Mauritanian sand and Icelandic volcanic ash. These experiments indicate that the lifetime of oxalic acid may be limited in arid regions by Fe and Ti-catalyzed aerosol-phase photochemistry. Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), a class of industrial chemicals used in the production of surface coatings, undergo photooxidation at the surface of sand and ash to yield toxic and persistent perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs). These results provide the first evidence that the metal-catalyzed heterogeneous oxidation of FTOHs may act as a local source of aerosol-phase PFCAs. Illumination of Nigerien sand in the presence of gas-phase SO2 leads to the formation of surface-sorbed sulfate. This chemistry proceeds more efficiently on fine sand than on coarse sand. In chamber experiments, the illumination of SO2 in the presence of realistically produced dust aerosol results in new particle formation. Together, these results suggest that SO2 photochemistry at the dust surface has the potential to change not only dust hygroscopicity but also the net scattering potential of dust-containing air masses.	PhD	pollut, environment, production, urban	11, 12, 13
Suarez, Eliana	Williams, Charmaine	Surviving the Sasachacuy Tiempu [Difficult Times]: The Resilience of Quechua Women in the Aftermath of the Peruvian Armed Conflict	Social Work	2011-11	Resilience and post trauma responses often coexist, however, for the past decades, the trauma paradigm has served as the dominant explanatory framework for human suffering in post-conflict environments, while the resilience of individuals and communities affected by mass violence has not been given equal prominence. Consequently, mental health interventions in post-conflict zones often fail to respond to local realities and are ill equipped to foster local strengths. Drawing primarily from trauma, feminist and structural violence theories, this study strengthens understanding of adult resilience to traumatic exposure by examining the resilience of Quechua women in the aftermath of the political violence in Peru (1980-2000), and their endurance of racially and gender-targeted violence. The study uses a cross sectional survey to examine the resilience and posttraumatic responses of 151 Quechua women. Participants were recruited from an urban setting and three rural villages in Ayacucho, Peru. The study examines the associations between resilience, past exposure to violence, current life stress and post-trauma related symptoms as well as the individual and community factors associated with the resilience of Quechua women. In doing so, this study makes a unique contribution by simultaneously examining posttraumatic responses and resilience in a post-conflict society, an area with a dearth of research. Results indicate that resilience was not associated with overall posttraumatic stress related symptoms, but instead higher resilience was associated with lower level of avoidance symptoms and therefore with lesser likelihood of chronic symptoms. Findings also demonstrate that enhanced resilience was associated with women’s participation in civic associations, as well as being a returnee of mass displacement. Lower resilience was instead associated with lower levels of education, absence of income generated from a formal employment and the experience of sexual violence during the conflict. These results were triangulated with qualitative findings, which show that work, family, religion, and social participation are enhancing factors of resilience. The study highlights the courage and resilience of Quechua women despite persistent experiences of everyday violence. The importance to situate trauma and resilience within historical processes of oppression and social transformation as well as other implications for social work practice and research are discussed.	PhD	health, gender, employment, urban	3, 5, 8, 11
Subbiah, Rajkumar	Sain, Mohini M||Nayak, Sanjay K	Vacuum Infusion Molding of Natural Fibre Reinforced Biobased Resin Composite	Forestry	2016-03	The increasing demand in the field of bio material research for an in-depth understanding of processing phenomenon to convert it into a useful product is essential. Besides, there is inadequate information regarding the dependency between their processing mechanism and mechanical performance. The main focus of this work is to address the issues of the resin flow behavior of natural fibre in vacuum infusion molding, the determination of permeability and validation of the proposed contact angle model with experimental data. The proposed model shows greater accuracy when validated with experimental observation. The outcome of this research emphasizes the wetting mechanism and fibre network of sisal mats are the major factors that reduces 26% of permeability as compared to glass fibres. In addition, it is observed that the swelling phenomenon had a minimal influence on the permeability of the sisal fibre mat. The complex phenomena occurring during wetting of natural fibres with epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) in terms of contact angle and surface energy are investigated. The fibres are treated with various reagents to improve the wetting behavior. It is noted that NaOH treatment provides considerable amount of increase in surface area of the exposed cellulose that aids in enhancement of wettability characteristics by increasing the surface energy from 18 mN/m to 23.5 mN/m while reducing the contact angle from 530 to 310. Conversely, there is a formation of virtual layer on the fibre when treated with silane and isocyanate. Moreover, isocyanate treated fibre exhibits improved wetting behaviour in terms of increase in surface energy from 18 mN/m to 25.5 mN/m when wetted with ESO. The kinetics study of the curing reaction of the resin is performed by differential scanning calorimetry. A new empirical model is proposed to analyze the kinetic data obtained experimentally. The results highlighted that the proposed model attained significant improvement to predict the experimental cure kinetic data qualitatively and quantitatively. The addition of 30% ESO in the conventional system increases the activation energy of the system up to 108 kJ/mol. The effect of the surface treatments of natural fibre, fibre loading direction, and resin flow direction on the tensile properties of developed composites are investigated. The longitudinal tensile strength of developed composites demonstrated a 7-8 fold increment, as compared to the transverse direction tensile strength. The flow along the fibre provides 10% increment in tensile strength due to higher permeability.	Ph.D.	energy	7
Sugar, Lorraine	Kennedy, Christopher	Urban Scaling and the Dynamics of Cities	Civil Engineering	2019-06	Cities connect people with various skills and interests in a multi-component, interconnected system, which displays properties consistent with other complex systems observed in nature, such as scaling. Urban scaling is the empirical observation that as cities increase in size, they achieve agglomeration economies in socioeconomic indicators (i.e., superlinear scaling in GDP, income, crime) and economies of scale in terms of physical infrastructure (i.e., sublinear scaling in road length, length of electricity cables). This thesis focuses on the foremost (if not only) model in the literature for explaining scaling of internal indicators in cities, the Origins of Scaling in Cities model by Bettencourt. The model derives a number of superlinear, sublinear, and linear scaling exponents for different indicators from basic first principles in economic geography and physics. It combines classic ideas in economic geography of cities, particularly spatial equilibria, with the properties of social and infrastructural networks. In doing so, the model introduces new variables for describing internal processes in cities. The thesis consists of three papers, each with foundations in the Origins of Scaling in Cities model but adding new contributions to the field. The first paper, Dynamics of Urban Scaling, brings in a temporal component to the model by looking at how scaling parameters changes in cities over time, particularly in response to growth or decline, as well as urban planning policies. The second paper, A New Metric for City Sustainability Based on Urban Scaling Theory, takes a closer look at the costs and benefits of cities that are outlined in the model, and it examines the point at which cities can be considered to be maximizing net benefit. The third paper, The Physics of Urban Growth Revealed by City Scaling, looks at scaling in the context of the city as a thermodynamic system, presenting a new approach to understanding energy use in cities and the transformations that occur as urban populations and economies grow. The thesis is book-ended by discussion surrounding the ability of cities of different sizes to meet the needs of their residents, and the inevitable tradeoffs that exist in rapidly growing cities.	Ph.D.	socioeconomic, energy, infrastructure, cities	1, 7, 9, 11
Sultmanis, Stefanie Daina	Wright, Stephen I.||Stinchcombe, John	Developmental and Expression Evolution in C3 and C4 Atriplex and their Hybrids	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2018-11	Maintaining global food security amidst climate change requires improved photosynthetic efficiency in C3 crops. Above 30°C, photosynthesis and yield are reduced 30-50% by photorespiration. The C4 photosynthetic pathway incorporates biochemical and structural features to minimize photorespiration by concentrating CO2 around Rubisco. Engineering C4 into C3 crops requires an understanding of the molecular and genetic control of C4 photosynthesis. I combined transcriptomic and developmental analyses to investigate the molecular control of leaf development in C3 Atriplex prostrata compared to A. rosea, a C4 species with Kranz anatomy. Plants with Kranz-type C4 photosynthesis have two photosynthetic cell types, mesophyll and bundle sheath. Mesophyll cells contain phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, the primary carbon fixation enzyme, whereas bundle sheath contains Rubisco and houses photosynthetic carbon reduction. I used C3 x C4 Atriplex F1 hybrids and allele-specific expression analysis to investigate the role of cis- and trans-regulatory effects on gene expression divergence. The majority (~80%) of expression divergence between C3 and C4 species arose from cis-only regulatory divergence, suggesting that numerous independent expression changes across the genome drove C4 photosynthesis evolution. For genes in the C4 pathway, expression divergence arose from cis-acting changes to individual genes, with little contribution from trans-changes. Genes of interest including regulators of plasmodesmata and chloroplast function did not have distinct patterns of regulatory divergence. Inheritance pattern analysis showed that misexpression was common in F1 hybrids and was supported by phenotypic evidence. I next performed comparative studies of C3 and C4 leaf development. I detected significant species*time interaction effects for a large proportion of genes, implying that evolutionary shifts in expression timing were widespread between these species. Cis-regulation was also implicated in many of these evolutionary shifts in expression timing. C4 Atriplex showed accelerated vascular tissue initiation and formation, supported by earlier expression decline of vascular tissue development and core cell cycle genes. Plasmodesmata-associated genes were differentially expressed between during secondary plasmodesmata formation. Mature leaves of F2 hybrids exhibited variation in biochemistry, leaf tissue patterning, and bundle sheath ultrastructure and would be suitable for future large-scale transcriptomic studies. Combined, these studies facilitated identification of the underlying genetics of C4 evolution and development.	Ph.D.	food	2
Sumra, Monika K.	Schillaci, Michael A	The Human Alpha Female: Social and Biological Perspectives	Anthropology	2019-11	Today, in the popular and academic literature, women in the West who exhibit dominance-seeking behaviors to attain or maintain higher positions in social and professional networks are often referred to as “alpha females” or “alpha women”. Within this context, the term “alpha female” has become synonymous with the term leadership. Much of the research on the human alpha female takes its cues predominantly from the nonhuman primate literature on the social and biological factors that may predispose an individual to be an “alpha”, in particular, an “alpha male”. What are considered traditionally masculine traits in the West, such as aggression, leadership, and dominance, are often used to describe the alpha female. More recently, traits such as collaboration, teamwork, coalition building, and affiliative behavior, considered typical “feminine” traits in the West, have also been used to describe the alpha female. To date however, whether women socially occupy and/or biologically express this identity has not been researched.. The purpose of this thesis is to address the gaps in the literature and following what has been studied in the nonhuman primate literature, to investigate whether women who identify as alpha female are distinguishable from other women. For the present study, I examined the associations between alpha female status with the expression of specific alpha female related traits, hormone concentrations in hair, as well as differences in finger lengths, or the 2D:4D ratio, a prenatal biomarker of testosterone exposure. For the women in this study, the results suggest, that though specific masculine traits were found to be predictors of alpha female status, neither the specific hormones evaluated in the present study nor the 2D:4D ratio were associated with the expression of the alpha female identity. These results challenge present assumptions about what it means to be an alpha woman, as well as challenge what is known about the alpha female nonhuman primate as being representative of the human alpha female.	Ph.D.	women	5
Sun, Ling	Shi, Shouyong	Essays on Money, Business Cycles and Household Formation	Economics	2013-06	This dissertation consists of three independent essays in Macroeconomics. The first essay studies whether efficiency can be improved by introducing government-issued illiquid bonds to an economy where money is the only asset and essential. In contrast with perfectly liquid bonds, illiquid bonds can increase societal welfare in two ways: First, allocating consumption goods among heterogeneous agents more efficiently; second, stimulating consumption and output level by loosening the liquidity constraints of households. More importantly, since societal welfare is elevated persistently when the inflation rates range from a level slightly above Friedman Rule to an upper bound, this essay provides an insight into the essentiality of illiquid bonds. The second essay provides a novel propagation mechanism of productivity shocks to explain an empirical fact: The response curve of output to a positive productivity shock reaches its peak up to eight quarters after the shock. Using a micro-founded monetary search model and focusing on agents’ decisions on establishing long-term trading relationships in the goods market, I show that when a positive shock takes place in the economy, marginal agents break down previous trading relationships and explore better matching opportunities. As a result, shortly after the shock, the average productivity level of transactions increases, but the total number of transactions decreases. The calibrated model shows that the latter effect dominates, resulting a slightly decrease of aggregate output after a positive productivity shock. The search friction, together with the monetary channel, gives rise to a delayed output response at the aggregate level. The third essay develops a general equilibrium theory of household formation – i.e., marriage – following Coase’s theory of firm formation. Individuals in the model consume both market-and home-produced commodities, and home production is facilitated through marriage. Market frictions, including taxation, search and bargaining problems, increase marriage rates when home and market goods are substitutes. In particular, inflation, as a tax on market activity, makes household production and hence marriage more attractive, as long as singles use cash more than married individuals, which is supported by data. The prediction that inflation and other taxes affect household formation is also supported by evidence.	PhD	taxation, consum	10, 12
Sun, Sun	Liang, Ben||Dong, Min	Management of Electrical Grids with Storage and Flexible Loads under High Penetration Renewables	Electrical and Computer Engineering	2016-03	With growing concerns about environment and energy independence issues, more and more renewable energy resources such as wind and solar are expected to be integrated into the future power grid. Due to the intermittence and limited dispatch-ability of renewable generation, its large-scale integration could upset the balance between supply and demand, and affect grid reliability. To maintain grid reliability, traditional approaches include adding more operating reserves such as fast-responsive generators, which in turn incurs an increased cost and meanwhile discounts the environmental benefits of renewable generation. To combat the intermittence of renewable generation, in this thesis, an alternative solution is considered, which leverages the flexibility of energy storage and loads in grid-wide services. With the assistance of advanced ``smart grid'' technologies (e.g., information technology, control, and economics), the general objective of this thesis is to facilitate the large-scale renewable integration so as to improve the long-term performance of power grids (e.g., reliability, social welfare, or cost effectiveness). In achieving this goal, several challenges are encountered, such as system uncertainty, coupling of system operational constraints, and large scale of power grids. Compared with previous works, this work builds on more complete system models that can accommodate a wide spectrum of vital characteristics of a power system. We explicitly incorporate system uncertainty (e.g., uncertainty of renewable generation, electricity price, and loads) into the problem formulation. For the control of energy storage and loads, we provide centralized algorithms that are easy to implement in reality, and at the same time ensure strong analytical performance. Furthermore, we propose distributed implementation of the centralized algorithms, which converges fast and only requires limited information exchange.	Ph.D.	energy, renewable, wind, solar, environment	7, 13
Sun, Yajun	Wells, Mathew	Mixing Patterns of Discharged Ballast Water and the Implications for Biological Invasions in the Huron-Erie Corridor of the Great Lakes	Geography	2014-03	Ballast water discharge (BWD) is the main vector of aquatic invasions in the Great Lakes. The process of aquatic invasions is subject to both water mixing, which increases the difficulty of establishment due to dispersion, and strong Allee effects, which correspond to the Allee threshold A, below which a population will go extinct. However, the magnitudes of both processes remain unknown in the Huron-Erie Corridor (HEC), which is composed of the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair and Detroit River. The HEC has become the most notable invasion hotspot within the Great Lakes. To explore the physical mixing of BWD, dye releases were conducted in the St. Clair River. Strong jet mixing was observed during BWD, with a 100-fold initial dilution. The subsequent mixing in the St. Clair River was two-dimensional, resulting in a power-law decay of peak concentration Cp over time t, with the exponent ~ −1. To quantify the Allee effects, a new model of population dynamics was developed and calibrated by empirical life-history scalings to body mass. The protocol provides an elegant way to estimate A and demonstrates a linear relationship between A and carrying capacity. To investigate the invasibility in Lake St. Clair, spatial patterns of zooplankton were measured by the High Resolution Laser Optical Plankton Counter across the lake. The results reveal distinct ecological zones characterised by disparate zooplankton size spectra, implying heterogeneous carrying capacity therefore heterogeneous A. In summary, the observed mixing can dilute most discharged species below the estimated A; however, the dilution could be dwarfed by biological aggregation for non-passively-distributed species. The observed high invasibility in the HEC can be ascribed to its unique ecological setting: littoral habitats (high suitability) dominated by pelagic water (low A). These findings will assist in the management of BWD and invasion biology.	PhD	water	6
Sundar, Aparna	Barker, Jonathan	Capitalist Transformation and the Evolution of Civil Society in a South Indian Fishery	Political Science	2010-11	This thesis employs Karl Polanyi’s concept of the double-movement of capitalism to trace the trajectory of a social movement that arose in response to capitalist transformation in the fishery of Kanyakumari district, south India. Beginning in the 1980s, this counter-movement militantly asserted community control over marine resources, arguing that intensified production for new markets should be subordinated to the social imperatives of subsistence and equity. Two decades later, the ambition of “embedding” the market within the community had yielded instead to an adaptation to the market in the language of “professionalization,” self-help, and caste uplift. Polanyi is useful for identifying the constituency for a counter-movement against the market, but tells us little about the social or political complexities of constructing such a movement. To locate the reasons for the decline of the counter-movement in Kanyakumari, I turn therefore to an empirical observation of the civil society within which the counter-movement arose. In doing this, I argue against Partha Chatterjee’s influential view that civil society as a conceptual category does not apply to “popular politics in most of the world,” and is not useful for tracing non-European, post-colonial, and subaltern modernities. By contrast, my case shows the presence of civil society – as a sphere of autonomous and routinized association and publicity – among subaltern groups in rural India. I argue that it is precisely by locating the counter-movement of fishworkers within civil society that one can map the multiple negotiations that take place as subaltern classes are integrated into the market, and into liberal democracy, and explain the difficulties of extending and sustaining the counter-movement itself.	PhD	worker, rural, production	8, 11, 12
Sutton, Erica J.	Uphsur, Ross E.G.	A Public Health Ethics Analysis of Consent as a Least Restrictive Alternative for Newborn Screening in Ontario	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2013-11	Background: Public health ethics (PHE) is a theoretical lens used to analyze public health initiatives. PHE strives to find a balance between achieving population health goals and promoting individual liberty. To reach this balance PHE scholars encourage the use of least restrictive alternatives. However, least restrictive approaches are often taken for granted as presumed goods and their ability to protect individual liberty and the common good is often assumed. I examine this presumption through an examination of informed consent – implied and express – for newborn screening (NBS) in Ontario. Methods: I conducted an exploratory qualitative case study to understand how 57 individuals involved in the lobbying, development, and implementation of expanded NBS in Ontario perceive consent policy for NBS. Semi-structured interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. Data transformation was descriptive, analytic, interpretive, and applied. Findings: Participants described their attitudes towards informed consent for NBS. PHE principles of least restrictive alternatives, effectiveness, autonomy, and social justice were key themes within implied consent data. Participants appreciated implied consent’s capacity to achieve high screening uptake, yet doubted its ability to generate informed decisions. Regarding express consent, participants introduced a host of concerns – interpreted as harm-causing – perceived to threaten NBS’s public health goals and individual autonomy. I applied the practice of consent to a PHE framework as a mechanism through which to consider consent policy for NBS in a way that moves towards achieving a balance between fulfilling public health goals and respecting individual rights and freedoms. Conclusion: What participants in advisory capacities (and those to whom they turn for input) think about consent for NBS arguably influences their recommendations to the government. Challenging informed consent as a presumed good and submitting the practice of consent to the same ethical scrutiny as the NBS program itself legitimates the concerns of those wary of consent, illuminates the perceived benefits and risks of consent, and creates an opportunity to mitigate risks before implementing or adjusting consent policy. Treating the practice of consent as an intervention in theory could work to ensure that the ideals reflected in the concept of consent are realized in NBS practice.	PhD	health, cities, justice	3, 11, 16
Suttor, Gregory	Alan, Walks	Canadian Social Housing: Policy Evolution and Impacts on the Housing System and Urban Space	Geography	2014-11	The social housing system is analysed as an element of the evolving welfare state, housing system, and urban space, focusing on a 1965-1995 prime period in Canada, Ontario and Toronto. The theoretical concerns pertain to welfare state evolution and impacts. These include: in policy change, the relation between institutional continuity, structural factors, and political forces; in the housing system, decommodification in a liberal-welfare regime in shifting eras; and in urban space, the structuring of social mix by socio-tenure segregation. The policy history, using archival sources, interviews, and reinterpreted secondary literature, is the first detailed overview all turning points including the critical junctures of the mid-1960s and mid-1990s. Its structured narrative analyses the reshaping of policy by the political-economic context, housing market and urban development factors, ideas, and specific events. The housing system analysis reviews impacts in production, housing mix, rents paid, mobility (choice), and the value of rent-geared-to-income (RGI) assistance as a social transfer. The spatial analysis uses administrative and census data to analyse, for Greater Toronto 1971-1996, the evolving locations of low-income RGI tenants vis-Ă -vis low-income market renters and all households. The close relation of social housing policy change to critical junctures in welfare state evolution is confirmed, but also the large impact of housing market conditions and urban development agendas; shifting ideas; and particular political actors and events. Social housing accounted for about 10 percent of production, while RGI reduced rents to under 40 percent of market levels for almost 40 percent of low-income renters, and accounted for about one-fifth of their residential mobility. The thirty-year social housing prime created a mixed economy of urban development, its non-market housing sector altering urban space and mitigating the low-end extremes of inequality: comparable to what Canada's then `mid-Atlantic' welfare state effected generally in that era.	Ph.D.	equality, inequality, urban, institution	5, 10, 11, 16
Swee, Eik Leong	Benjamin, Dwayne	Essays in Empirical Development Economics	Economics	2010-11	This thesis consists of three empirical chapters that examine issues in development economics. Chapter 1 focuses on the effects of civil wars on the welfare of individuals. I use a unique data set that contains information on war casualties of the 1992-1995 Bosnian War, and exploit the variation in war intensity and birth cohorts of children, to identify the effects of the war on schooling attainment. I find that cohorts affected by war are less likely to complete secondary schooling, if they resided in municipalities that endured higher levels of war intensity. Ancillary evidence suggests that my estimates are most likely picking up immediate, rather than long-term effects. Furthermore, direct mechanisms such as the destruction of infrastructure and the out-migration of teachers do not seem to matter; instead, the ancillary evidence suggests that youth soldiering may be more important. Chapter 2 studies the impact of the partition which ended the Bosnian War on the post-war provision of public goods at the municipality-level. Comparing trends in the provision of public schooling across partitioned and unpartitioned municipalities during the 1986-2006 period, I find that partitioned municipalities provide 58 percent more primary schools and 37 percent more teachers (per capita). I also find evidence which suggests that convergent preferences - operating via ethnic politics - for ethnically oriented schools may be an important driver of the results, although I cannot rule out the possibility of mechanical explanations. In addition, as the increase in public goods provision may be ethnically oriented, only the ethnic majority profits from this arrangement. Chapter 3 provides an estimation of network effects among rural-urban migrants from Nang Rong, Thailand, by using heterogeneous migration responses to regional rainfall shocks among villagers as exogenous variation affecting network size. I find that social networks significantly reduce the duration of job search, and surprisingly, draw new migrants into the agricultural sector. I argue that this is not because agricultural jobs are more attractive than non-agricultural ones, but rather that my estimates are essentially local average treatment effects that are estimated off agricultural workers who are most affected by rainfall shocks.	PhD	worker, infrastructure, urban, rural	8, 9, 11
Symchych, Natalie	Pfeiffer, Susan	An Ecogeographic Study of Body Proportion Development in the Sadlermiut Inuit of Southampton Island, Nunavut	Anthropology	2016-09	This thesis explores growth status and body proportion development in past North American Arctic populations. Living in one of the most extreme environments on the planet, Arctic foragers provide an opportunity to explore how human morphological variation is shaped by growth and climate. The study focuses on the Sadlermiut Inuit, who lived on Southampton Island in Hudson Bay, Nunavut. This main sample is comprised of 111 juveniles and 160 adults (62 F, 52 M, 46 und). Comparative samples are derived from Northwest Hudson Bay, Point Hope (Alaska), and Greenland, and are comprised of 106 juveniles and 151 adults (76 F, 75 M). Growth status in four long bones is assessed by comparing the samples' tempo of growth to normative values from a modern North American sample. Body proportion development is assessed by calculating brachial index, crural index, and limb length relative to skeletal trunk height. Plots of index values versus dental age are assessed visually, and compared to results from the literature. Sadlermiut individuals who died as juveniles show a predominant pattern of growth faltering as compared to the North American tempo of growth. Most Sadlermiut juveniles who died in infancy either began life lagging in proportional growth, or fell behind quickly after birth. Most Sadlermiut juveniles who died later in childhood/adolescence had continued to falter in growth, indicating either insufficient, or a lack of, catch-up growth. This contrasts with Point Hope, which showed a broad range of growth outcomes: individuals with growth in line with the North American tempo, as well as individuals with lagging and accelerated growth. The analysis of body proportion development demonstrates that Sadlermiut infants exhibit a wide range of index values, and adult-type body proportions appear by early- to mid-childhood. Adult proportionality is achieved by most older Sadlermiut juveniles, despite a lag in linear growth. This demonstrates that linear growth is more environmentally labile, while body shape is more conserved. Moreover, the timing of body proportion development is consistent across samples from this study and the literature, suggesting a consistent pattern of growth with regard to body proportionality, regardless of latitude/climate and ultimate adult proportionality.	Ph.D.	conserv, environment, climate, rural	11, 13, 15
Szawiola, Anjuli	Bender, Timothy P	Applications of Piers-Rubinsztajn Chemistry: Synthesis of Materials for Organic Electronics	Chemistry	2017-11	Since the advent of the age of organic electronics, new materials are being developed regularly for use in these types of devices. Their processing methods have also evolved over the years, resulting in new, commercially-available applications. The application of these materials from solution, also known as solution processing, is lower-cost and less energy intensive with many other added benefits. To that end, this thesis explores the Piers-Rubinsztajn reaction as a tool to enable the solution processing of organic electronic materials. Piers-Rubinsztajn chemistry is a versatile, expedient reaction using an organic Lewis acidic catalyst tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane to couple a Si-H bond with an oxygen based nucleophile. This type of chemistry is underexplored in the field of materiasl development for organic electronics applications. This chemistry can be used to incorporate different types of siloxane oligomers into the structure of an organic electronic material, thus merging the properties of siloxane materials, such as flexibility, with those of the original compound. This methodology is used in this thesis to alter the physical properties of a variety of organic electronic materials to enable and ameliorate their solution processing. Chapters 2 to 5 explore the use of Piers-Rubinsztajn chemistry to cross-link triarylamine derivatives, to allow sequential solution processing for its application in an organic light emitting diode. Chapter 6 involves the synthesis of phenoxylated siloxane polymers, via Piers-Rubinsztajn chemistry, as a new material with improved organic-phase miscibility, for potential application in an organic electronic device. Chapters 7 and 8 follow the scale-up synthesis and application of a liquid triarylamine derivative in a dye-sensitized solar cell. Finally, Chapter 9 will cover the use of Piers-Rubinsztajn chemistry to functionalize insoluble silicon phthalocyanine derivatives to enable their use in bulk-heterojunction organic photovoltaics.	Ph.D.	energy, solar	7
Sztainbok, V.	Razack, Sherene	Imagining the Afro-Uruguayan Conventillo: Belonging and the Fetish of Place and Blackness	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2009-11	This thesis explores the symbolic place occupied by a racialized neighbourhood within the Uruguayan national imaginary. I study the conventillos (tenement buildings) of two traditionally Afro-Uruguayan neighbourhoods in Montevideo, Barrio Sur and Palermo. These neighbourhoods are considered the cradle of Afro-Uruguayan culture and identity. The conventillos have been immortalized in paintings, souvenirs, songs, and books. Over the years most of the residents were evicted due to demolitions, which peaked during Uruguay’s military dictatorship (1973-1984). I address the paradox of how a community can be materially marginalized, yet symbolically celebrated, a process that is evident in other American nations (Brazil, Colombia, etc.). I show how race, class, and gender are entangled in folkloric depictions of the conventillo to constitute a limited notion of blackness that naturalizes the relationship between Afro-Uruguayans, music, sexuality, and domestic work. The folklorization of the space and it residents is shown to be a “fetishization” which enhances the whiteness of the national identity, while confining the parameters of black citizenship and belonging. Utilizing a methodology that draws on cultural geography, critical race, postcolonial, and feminist theory, my dissertation analyzes the various ways that the Barrio Sur/Palermo conventillo has been imagined, represented, and experienced. Specifically, I examine 1) autobiographical, literary and popular (media, songs) narratives about these neighbourhoods; 2) the depiction of the conventillo by a prominent artist (Carlos Páez Vilaró); 3) spatial practices; 4) the performance of a dancer who emerged from the conventillo to become a national icon (the Carnival vedette Rosa Luna); and 5) interviews with nine key informants. My analysis focuses on how bodies, subjects, and national belonging are constituted through relations to particular spaces. By foregrounding the “geographies of identity” (Radcliffe and Westwood, 1996, p. 27), I show that the symbolic celebration of black space goes hand in hand with material disavowal. This study thus connects the imagining of a local, racialized space to how national belonging is constituted and experienced.	PhD	equitable, gender	4, 5
Szuroczki, Dorina V.	Baker, Robert	Characterizing the Role of Dietary Antioxidants as Immune-enhancing Molecules in Larval Anurans	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2014-11	The effects of stress (disruption of homeostasis) and stressors (factors that cause changes in homeostasis) and their impacts on animal health, physiology, behaviour and fitness have received enormous attention within the scientific community. From an evolutionary stand point, understanding the way in which animals cope with stress or how stress tolerance has evolved is important, as chronic stress can lead to loss of fitness. From an ecological stand point, identifying stressors within the environment and understanding how additive stressor effects can impact the way in which animals cope is crucial for understanding population declines and or possible extinctions. One coping mechanism used by some animal taxa is diet. When consumed, dietary antioxidants (secondary metabolites produced by plants) can provide protection from oxidative damage that can result from exposure to stressors. My dissertation focuses on the effects of these compounds on tadpole immune function. I choose to focus on tadpoles, as populations of numerous amphibian species are declining worldwide and some have gone extinct. In addition, tadpoles, which are strictly aquatic, are exposed to a wide variety of both abiotic and biotic stressors. I focus on three areas of study: 1) the effect of dietary antioxidants and natural stressors on immune function; 2) whether or not tadpoles detect these compounds in their food and whether or not they have the ability to self-medicate; 3) a potential trade-off between immune function and antipredator defense mediated by dietary antioxidants and the environmental availability of these compounds in natural tadpole habitats. My work will contribute to the field of ecology and amphibian biology by investigating the effects of these potentially beneficial compounds and the effects on amphibian immune function, in an attempt to determine if there are any natural immune enhancers to help amphibian's combat mortality via immunosuppression.	Ph.D.	health, ecology	3, 15
Taghipour, Sharareh	Jardine, Andrew K. S. ||Banjevic, Dragan	Reliability and Maintenance of Medical Devices	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2011-06	For decades, reliability engineering techniques have been successfully applied in many industries to improve the performance of equipment maintenance management. Numerous inspection and optimization models are developed and widely used to achieve maintenance excellence, i.e. the balance of performance, risk, resources and cost to reach to an optimal solution. However, the application of all these techniques and models to medical devices is new. Hospitals, due to possessing a large number of difference devices, can benefit significantly if the optimization techniques are used properly in the equipment management processes. Most research in the area of reliability engineering for medical equipment mainly considers the devices in their design or manufacturing stage and suggests some techniques to improve the reliability. To this point, best maintenance strategies for medical equipment in their operating context have not been considered. We aim to address this gap and propose methods to improve current maintenance strategies in the healthcare industry. More specifically, we first identify or propose the criteria which are important to assess the criticality of medical devices, and propose a model for the prioritization of medical equipment for maintenance decisions. The model is a novel application of multi-criteria decision making methodology to prioritize medical devices in a hospital according to their criticality. The devices with high level of criticality should be included in the hospital’s maintenance management program. Then, we propose a method to statistically analyze maintenance data for complex medical devices with censoring and missing information. We present a classification of failure types and establish policies for analyzing data at different levels of the device. Moreover, a new method for trend analysis of censored failure data is proposed. A novel feature of this work is that it considers dependent failure histories which are censored by inspection intervals. Trend analysis of this type of data has not been discussed in the literature. Finally, we introduce some assumptions based on the results of the analysis, and develop several new models to find the optimal inspection interval for a system subject to hard and soft failures. Hard failures are instantaneously revealed and fixed. Soft failures are only rectified at inspections. They do not halt the system, although they reduce its performance or productivity. The models are constructed for two main cases with the assumption of periodic inspections, and periodic and opportunistic inspections, respectively. All numerical examples and case studies presented in the dissertation are adapted from the maintenance data received from a Canadian hospital.	PhD	industr	9
Taha, Mai Amr	Knop, Karen	Nation and Class Subjectivity in International Law and its Institutions in the Middle East (1919-1939)	Law	2015-06	This dissertation makes visible the neglected economic dimensions of the interventions by interwar international institutions in three cases: the League of Nations' intervention in the dispute between Turkey and the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon over the province of Alexandretta (1936), the dispute between Turkey and the British Mandate of Iraq over the province of Mosul (1925), and the technical assistance missions of the International Labour Organization (ILO) to Egypt (1931). To different degrees, international legal institutions were involved in nation-building projects in the interwar Middle East, over-determining "the problem of nationalities" at the expense of other factors. These three episodes problematize the absence of "class" as an analytical category in both critical international legal scholarship and the actual politics of international institutions, and similarly the inattention to the struggle over capital that operated beneath the legal mechanisms used by the League and the ILO. They show the specificities of the Arab semi-periphery that reflected the nationalist anger and revolutionary anti-colonialism of the periphery and yet served, at the same time, as ideal places for capital accumulation and foreign investments from the core countries. Therefore, the episodes presented in this dissertation illuminate the ways in which class society and capital accumulation together with national self-determination were constitutive of the new interwar global order imagined for the semi-periphery by international legal institutions.	S.J.D.	institution, cities	11, 16
Tahseen, Samiha	Karney, Bryan W.	The Water-Energy Nexus â A Modern Case Study to Reassess Hydropower in the Niagara River	Civil Engineering	2017-11	The advent of variable renewable energy has created an urgent need for demand-based generation and storage. At present, with batteries still awaiting a major technological breakthrough, hydropower combined with pumped storage is suggested as a key response to demand variability. Even overlooking the technical demands, developing this potential resource in a sustainable way presents formidable challenges. While sustainability is a concern, the vulnerability of the resource to changing climatic conditions poses a major threat. The present study proposes five modelling approaches (and/or frameworks) as a foundation to a systems approach to hydropower and shows how these tools address the key challenges. Overall, the research addresses the current demand for dispatchable generation particularly in Ontario and proposes several alternatives including their sustainability assessment. Of the five models, the first two explore a variety of remuneration structures for pumped storage in the context of Ontario. The work begins with an optimization approach that evaluates the wholesale market for optimal profit. The tradeoff between hydropower and ecological targets is explored using a Constraint Method. The results are compared with models based on contracted price and an integrated valuation approach that accounts for the socioeconomic attributes of storage using representative applications. While the first two approaches concentrate on the project economies, the third model evaluates the potential for increased hydroelectric generation and assesses its vulnerability scenarios of climate change. A 1D simulation model of the existing power system at Niagara is used to evaluate a variety of innovative operating plans. One such scenario includes a revised approach to daily operation with use of additional storage during the night and timed release during peak demand hours. The final section seeks to improve the existing frameworks for sustainability assessment and then to use these improved metrics to evaluate various proposed generation options. The developed decision support framework, applied to Niagara, allows quantitative evaluation based on survey responses from key stakeholders. In contrast, the fifth and final approach uses the concept of resilience within probabilistic graphical model to account for the inherent uncertainty associated with climate projections. Overall, the five approaches (optimization, integrated valuation, simulation, sustainability and resilience assessment) facilitate rethinking the hydropower system with changing circumstances and subsequent shift in priorities by the development, analysis, and interpretation of models. This thesis contributes towards evaluating the merits of transitions between these approaches for future modelling applications.	Ph.D.	socioeconomic, energy, renewable, hydroelectriv, resilien, climate	1, 7, 13
Tait, Christopher	Rosella, Laura C	Dietary Patterns, Food Insecurity, and Type 2 Diabetes Risk: A Novel Platform for Population-Based Nutrition Research Using Linked Survey and Health Administrative Data in Ontario	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2018-06	The burden of type 2 diabetes has consistently grown in Canada over the past several decades. As current prevention efforts have been unsuccessful in curbing the diabetes epidemic, there is a need to advance our understanding of the pathways between modifiable risk factors and diabetes incidence at the population-level. Unhealthy diet has been characterized as a leading risk factor for morbidity and mortality in Canada and across peer nations over the last 20 years. Despite this observation, the majority of research considering the relationship between diet and type 2 diabetes has focused on the influence of individual nutrients as opposed to real-world patterns of dietary intake, and in the absence of considering the broader social determinants that influence these dietary patterns, such as food insecurity. At the same time, research on food insecurity rarely considers this construct beyond a descriptive marker of economic deprivation, resulting in a dearth of literature examining the diet-related chronic disease effects that stem from food insecurity. Throughout this dissertation, four studies were conducted to rigorously examine the poorly understood pathways by which modifiable dietary exposures and upstream nutrition-related social factors relate to the incidence of type 2 diabetes in the Canadian population. In doing so, a breadth of methodological approaches were applied to a unique platform for population-based nutrition research that was established through linked survey and administrative data in Ontario. The first manuscript synthesizes the published literature on dietary patterns and type 2 diabetes, as a means to understand how different methodologies can be used to comprehensively study the relationship between diet and diabetes. I found that the literature is heterogeneous with respect to viable measurement approaches for conceptualizing dietary patterns, but also gained a perspective on which approaches were the most meaningful for the Canadian context. The second manuscript investigates the prospective relationship between dietary patterns and type 2 diabetes risk for the first time in the Canadian population, improving upon many of the methodological limitations identified in studies captured in the systematic review. I found that dietary patterns most congruent with Canadian dietary recommendations were not associated with a decreased risk of type 2 diabetes, challenging findings that have persisted in the extant literature. The third study moves beyond considering the proximal relationships between diet and disease to consider the influence of food insecurity as an upstream nutrition-related social determinant of diabetes risk. I found that food insecurity is associated with a greater than 2-fold risk of type 2 diabetes over 12 years of follow-up. The fourth study extends this work to gain insight into the mechanisms by which food insecurity increases the risk of type 2 diabetes in the Canadian population. In this final study, I found that nearly 45% of the association observed in study 3 may be explained by the pathway through obesity, using sophisticated methods for causal mediation analysis. Overall this dissertation provides necessary and contemporary evidence to inform the development of population-based dietary interventions and the potential impact of social nutritional policies on the future burden of type 2 diabetes in Canada.	Ph.D.	health	3
Taiyeb, Aamir	Hayhoe, Ruth	Understanding External Policy Influences in Pakistani Higher Education	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2019-11	Pakistan, the sixth most populous nation in the world, faces complex and multifaceted challenges as it seeks to achieve middle-income country status in the 21st century. To achieve this objective, Pakistan must address the quality, access and governance issues facing its higher education (HE) sector. With barely 1 in 10 Pakistanis being able to access tertiary-level studies, external agencies have stepped in to assist the Pakistani HE sector meets its development needs. Despite several decades of involvement, and hundreds of millions of dollars spent by international donors and aid agencies, little has been achieved. This dissertation examines the nature and extent of participation by international actors in Pakistan’s HE sector. The study explores the underlying dynamics between the external and the internal in the context of the sector, and seeks to identify points of convergence and divergence in terms of a preferred future. The central research question motivating the study is: How have external actors influenced Pakistan’s HE system, and in particular, its governance? To answer this question, 43 qualitative research interviews were conducted over 5 months in 3 large urban centres in Pakistan (Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad) with senior governors active in the Pakistani HE sector including representatives of Pakistani government agencies, international organizations and HE institutional leaders. The data reveals the extent of external influences in the system by type (e.g., foreign aid, policy borrowing), and by actor (e.g., the World Bank, USAID, British Council). The findings suggest that Pakistan’s HE sector is affected by external policy influences in a multitude of ways, and that endogenous and exogenous actors do not always see eye-to-eye, resulting in a mismatch of policy prescriptions at times. Above all, the findings suggest that the lack of an indigenous policy community has resulted in a sector that is outward-facing and looking for solutions from without, rather than from within, thereby resulting in an externally-oriented path dependency. Such external policy pressures will likely continue to exercise an out-sized influence on the Pakistani higher education sector unless tools for effective self-governance and self-regulation are developed.	Ph.D.	educat, inclusive, institution	4, 16
Tajrobehkar, Bahar	MacNeill, Margaret	From Aleph to Z: Iranian Female Immigrants’ Experiences of Linguicism, Orientalism and Marginalization in Education and Physical Education	Exercise Sciences	2020-06	Using a feminist postcolonial methodology, this research (protocol #33957) examines and compares the retrospective perceptions of young women who experienced education and physical education (PE) in Iranian schools prior to immigration, and education and PE in Canadian schools in the province of Ontario after immigration. Two sets of interviews with 10 young Iranian women (ages 18-25) who self-identified as immigrant were conducted (for a total of 20 interviews). Three areas of inquiry were interrogated: 1) experiences of immigration; 2) experiences of education; 3) experiences of physical education and the body. The three articles included in this portfolio dissertation discuss the participants’ perceptions of marginalization, and their negotiations with power relations in Iran and Canada. Findings suggest: 1) the participants negotiated colonial discourses in Canada by internalizing them, and re-Orientalizing other Iranians and recent immigrants; 2) Linguistic (rather than racial) discrimination was the main form of ‘Othering’ that Iranian immigrants in this study experienced in their social interactions; and 3) the participants were critical of prohibitive forms of body oppression in Iran (such as compulsory veiling and sex-segregation), but they were uncritical of the more subtle, productive forms of bodily oppression (such as discourses of thinness and healthism) in Canada. The overall theme emerging from the interviews was the hegemony of Western narratives and norms. Whiteness emerged as the main frame of reference among the participants, and their conformity to whiteness was expressed in relation to race/ethnicity, language and embodiment.	Ph.D.	health	3
Takahashi, Hidenori	Aguirregabiria, Victor	Essays on Procurement Auctions	Economics	2015-03	This thesis empirically investigates important phenomena surrounding procurement auctions. The first chapter examines the effect of uncertain design evaluations on firms' behaviour in public procurement auctions in which firms compete on both price and design proposal. The second chapter takes a closer look at the source of variation in design evaluations. The last chapter then examines the costs and benefits of two widely used auction formats in procurement of construction projects. In chapter 1, we investigate firms' competition over price and product design in the context of Design-Build (DB) auctions. In a DB auction, firms' design proposals are independently evaluated by reviewers of the government. Reviewers' evaluations contain uncertainty from a bidder's point of view, leading luck to curtail differences in firms' chances of winning. The estimated model predicts that uncertain evaluations exacerbate auctioneer's uncertainty in auction outcomes. An alternative mechanism that shuts down the impact of uncertain evaluations on bidders' behaviour would mitigate the auctioneer's uncertainty in the price and the design quality by 22% and 33% , respectively.In chapter 2, we study strategic interactions among expert reviewers in evaluating a set of proposals. As expert reviewers may be concerned about their own career, they may not truthfully report the signal of proposal quality. We model and estimate the effects of such an incentive on reviewers' behaviour using a sample of public procurement auctions, so called Design-Build (DB) auctions, where potential contractors compete on price and design quality. The DB auctioneer assigns a set of expert reviewers to independently evaluate each design proposal submitted by the potential contractors. The challenge in identifying the strategic effects comes from unobserved heterogeneity in design quality. We circumvent the confounding issue by exploiting the exclusion restriction that peer's observed characteristics are independent of one's quality signals. We find that (i) reviewers have incentive to conform to the experienced reviewer's score, and also that (ii) reviewers bias his/her evaluation of favourite design upward. The empirical results suggest a need for careful mechanism design that takes into account of experts' incentives in various competitive environments where the outcome relies on experts' opinions.In chapter 3, we empirically investigate the costs and benefits of two widely used procurement auction formats: Lump-Sum Auction (LSA) and Unit-Price Auction (UPA). In an LSA, each bidder submits a single price for an entire project, and receives its price bid upon completion of the project if there is no contractual change. In a UPA, each bidder submits a price for each construction component of a project, and the final pay to the contractor depends on quantity change on contracted components during the construction phase. The existing literature only provides partial predictions about the performance differences between the two auction formats. In order to deal with the procurer's selection of auction formats, we exploit exogenous variation in (i) procurer's capacity constraints, and (ii) expected weather disturbances conditional on its realization. We estimate that LSA would reduce the final pay to the contractor by more than 19% relative to UPA for the projects with medium level of project risk. We find no evidence of differences in the degree of cost overruns/underruns between LSA and UPA projects. The empirical results indicate a potential for saving in infrastructure expenditure, and suggests a need for a model that takes into account for both ex-ante and ex-post bidders' behaviour in both types of auction formats.	Ph.D.	infrastructure, urban	9, 11
Takeuchi, Miwa	Esmonde, Indigo	Pedagogical Orientations towards the Integration of Language and Content: English Language Learners’ Opportunities to Learn in Mathematics Classrooms	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2012-06	Achieving equitable opportunities to learn has been recognized as an important issue in multilingual content classrooms. However, partially because mathematics is conceptualized as a language-free subject, there is limited research examining linguistic minority students’ opportunities to learn in mathematics classrooms. The purpose of this research is to identify linguistic minority students’ opportunities to learn in mathematics classrooms in a Canadian multilingual urban elementary school, where English was the main instructional language. Drawing on cultural historical activity theory, this study focuses on two aspects of learning: externalization, which emphasizes learners’ creation of new cultural artifacts and new contexts to apply the given artifacts, and internalization, which emphasizes learners’ acquisition of preexisting cultural artifacts. In this ethnographic study, I examined the activity systems of participatory action research (PAR) with the activity system of regular mathematics lessons. Within these activity systems, I focused on newly-arrived English language learners’ (ELLs) participation. Specifically, I examined the range of opportunities to learn afforded to students in the two activity systems and identified how focal ELLs accessed these opportunities to learn. In the activity system of PAR, which emphasized externalization, students conducted research and presented their conclusions in order to implement changes in their school environment. All students, however, did not participate equally. Specifically, the focal ELLs were not able to access these opportunities to learn as a result of group dynamics, marginalized social identities, and other students’ perceptions of their linguistic ability. In the activity system of regular mathematics lessons, which emphasized internalization, the teacher organized lessons in ways that allowed focal ELLs to receive extra support and resources to reach the curriculum expectations. These mathematics lessons allowed focal ELLs to increase their participation through mathematical reasoning, problem solving, and explanations with a variety of resources including visual representations. A critical examination of the interactions revealed that focal ELLs’ opportunities to learn were expanded or limited depending upon classroom configurations. Furthermore, this research suggests that students’ social identities serve as both a medium and a product of learning. These results have valuable implications for developing inclusive classroom practices and curriculum in multilingual content classrooms.	PhD	inclusive, equitable, urban	4, 11
Talebi, Ashkan	Sleep, Brent E	Modelling Evapotranspiration and Flow Processes in the Shallow Subsurface with Application to Green Roof Technology	Civil Engineering	2019-06	Mathematical models in engineering play an important role in understanding and predicting the behaviour of a system. Three different mathematical models were developed in this study, with an increasing level of complexity in the simulation of water and heat transfer in the shallow subsurface. These developed models have been used to answer several questions relevant to the application of green roof (GR) technologies in storm water management and building energy consumption, and to non-isothermal processes in bare and vegetated soils. A simplistic modelling approach (lumped model) was implemented to study the performance of a GR system in storm water reduction in various Canadian climate conditions. In the light of enhancing the water retention performance of GR technologies in each climate, further study was conducted on the GR configuration design parameters including substrate depth, substrate porosity and vegetation types. To predict substrate temperature and evaporation rates in the shallow subsurface of bare soils, a mechanistic model (coupled liquid water, water vapour, and heat transfer model) was developed. The model was validated comprehensively against several measured field data from the GR test modules. The validated model was used to study the non-isothermal processes in the shallow subsurface with the objective of enhancing the modelling results and simplifying the model. The developed mechanistic model was updated to incorporate the impact of vegetation layer on non-isothermal subsurface processes. The new model was fully validated against measured data from the field (drainage rate, evapotranspiration rates, vegetation and substrate temperature), and then used to study the thermal and hydraulic performance of GR technologies associated with different design parameters including vegetation coverage, substrate thickness. The performance of GR with climate change, during rainfall and in a shaded area were investigated as well.	Ph.D.	water, energy, climate, consum	6, 7, 12, 13
Tam, Andrew	Gough, William A	The Impacts of Climate Change on Potential Permafrost Distributions from the Subarctic to the High Arctic Regions in Canada	Geography	2014-06	A climate change impact assessment on the potential permafrost distributions is presented in four research studies that was conducted using various locations along a geographical south-to-north study transect from 52.2°N to 82.5°N within Canada. The transect begins in Lansdowne House, Ontario, and ends at Alert, Nunavut, with intermediate locations at Big Trout Lake, Peawanuck, Fort Severn, Rankin Inlet, Resolute Bay, and Eureka. The first study established the climatic potential for permafrost at Peawanuck from 1959-2011 using the Stefan Frost (Fs) Number index and Stefan equation for active layer thicknesses. Fs and the Stefan depths demonstrated favourable potential for permafrost; however, freezing degree-days were observed to be declining. The second study examined active layers developments at five locations from 2004-2011 using the Xie-Gough Algorithm for multilayered soil profiles. Climate conditions for potential permafrost distributions were assessed and compared using Fs. The third study explored the changes in the potential permafrost using Fs under future climate warming scenarios projected by an ensemble of Global Climate Models for 2011-2100. Climate change projections within the transect indicate warming above the 1971-2000 mean air temperature baseline by +1.5 to +2.4°C for 2011-2040; +2.6 to +4.1°C for 2041-2070; and +3.3 to +7.1°C for 2071-2100. For this century, Fs projections indicate that climate conditions will remain supportive for continuous permafrost distributions at Resolute Bay, Eureka, and Alert. By 2040, conditions for Rankin Inlet indicate change from continuous to discontinuous permafrost. For Peawanuck, conditions by 2100 are projecting to be suitable for sporadic permafrost. The fourth study focuses at Peawanuck and three other locations within northern Ontario, and assessed the behaviour of palsa formation and occurrence in the context of climate change for the 2020s, 2050s, and 2080s. By the end of this century, warming projections support palsa occurrence; however, conditions will no longer support new palsa formation.	Ph.D.	climate	13
Tam, Benita	Gough, William A.	The Effects of Weather and Climate Variability on the Well-being of a Rural and Urban Aboriginal Group in Ontario, Canada	Geography	2012-11	The role of weather and climate variability on the health of Aboriginal people in Fort Albany and Toronto, Ontario, Canada is explored through four complementary research studies. The first study examined past temperature trends of Fort Albany (using climate records of Moosonee) and Toronto. Temperature variability was found to be greater in Moosonee than in Toronto, and day to day temperature minimum (Tmin) threshold exceedances of 5 degrees Celsius was found to have significantly declined in both Toronto and Fort Albany. The second study explored the effects of climate change on a rural First Nation group in Fort Albany. Observed environmental changes include changes in the timing of seasons, spring melt and ice freeze-up; warmer seasons, an increase in extreme and unpredictable weather, and changes in animal patterns. These changes have affected subsistence harvesting activities and community infrastructure, which have lead to increased health risks, though many community members have exhibited resiliency and adaptation. The third study compared current health status between an urban Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal group. Urban Aboriginal participants were found to be at greater risk to psychological distress and seasonal affective disorder (SAD) than non-Aboriginal participants. Moreover, those who self-rated their health as poor/fair were more likely to exhibit psychological distress than those who self-rated their health as good/very good/excellent. The fourth study compared the effects of weather and seasonal change among a rural First Nation group, an urban Aboriginal group and an urban non-Aboriginal group. Urban Aboriginal participants were most affected by weather while rural Aboriginal (i.e. First Nation) participants were least affected by weather. These studies demonstrate that both urban and rural Aboriginal groups may be at risk to climate change and weather-related changes; though specific implications may differ due to different lifestyles and capacities to adapt to environmental conditions.	PhD	well being, infrastructure, urban, rural, resilien, climate, environment	3, 9, 11, 13
Tam, Carolyn Yuen Chong	Boyd, Norman F.	Lifestyle and Breast Cancer Risk Factors in Postmenopausal Caucasian and Chinese-Canadian Women	Medical Science	2010-03	Striking differences exist between countries in the incidence of breast cancer, with rates higher in the West than in Asian countries. The causes of these differences are unknown, but because incidence rates change in migrants, they are thought to be due to lifestyle rather than genetic differences. The objective of this thesis was to compare established breast cancer risk factors, physical activity, and diet in three groups of postmenopausal women at substantially different risks of developing breast cancer – Caucasians (N = 413), Chinese born in the West or who migrated to the West before age 21 (N = 216), and recent Chinese migrants, 99% of whom coming from urban China (N = 421). In this cross-sectional study, information on risk factors and diet were collected by telephone, and physical activity and anthropometric data were obtained at a home visit. Compared to Caucasians, recent Chinese migrants weighed on average 14 kg less, were 6 cm shorter, had menarche a year later, were more often parous, and less often had a family history of breast cancer or a benign breast biopsy. Estimating 5-year absolute breast cancer risks using the Gail Model showed that risk estimates in Caucasians would be reduced by only 11% if they had the risk factor profile of recent Chinese migrants for the variables in the Gail Model. Compared to Caucasians, recent Chinese migrants had lower average total physical activity over lifetime, and also spent less time on moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity. Compared to Caucasians, recent Chinese migrants consumed per day on average 175 fewer calories, 6 more grams of energy-adjusted protein, 16 more grams of energy-adjusted carbohydrates, and 5 fewer grams of energy-adjusted fat. Also, recent Chinese migrants consumed higher amounts of grains, fruits, vegetables, fish, and soy products, and lower amounts of alcohol, meat, dairy products, and sweets than Caucasians. Western born Chinese and early Chinese migrants had values intermediate between the other two groups for most of the variables. These results suggest that in addition to the established risk factors, some dietary factors may also contribute to the lower breast cancer risk in urban Chinese women.	PhD	women, health	3, 5
Tam, Sandra Ho See	Neysmith, Sheila	Young Women's Provisioning: A Study of the Social Organization of Youth Employment	Social Work	2007-11	This study uses institutional ethnography (IE) to address the question of how young women, considered to be “at risk” youth, make decisions about their working lives. Based on interviews with young women and program workers in housing, employment, young mothers’ and girls’ programs, field observations, and document analysis at Gen-Y (pseudonym for a women’s community-based social services agency), young women’s provisioning experiences are used to critique current program and policy models that feature notions of choice and risk. Provisioning is a concept that captures a wide range of work and work-related activities that young women perform for themselves and people they feel responsible for. IE is applied to understand how institutional processes and practices give rise to the conditions under which young women participants at Gen-Y make career and life decisions.	PhD	women, employment, worker	5, 8
Tan, Qian	Tannock, Ian F	Autophagy as a Survival Mechanism for Tumor Cells Exposed to Chemotherapy or Hypoxia, and its Inhibition by Pantoprazole to Improve Outcome of Treatment	Medical Biophysics	2015-11	Chemotherapy is widely used as treatment for patients with metastatic cancer, and is also used to prevent disease recurrence and metastatic spread after local treatment. Autophagy allows recycling of cellular components and may facilitate cell survival after chemotherapy. The clinically used proton pump inhibitor (PPI) pantoprazole inhibits proton pumps, and is reported to inhibit autophagy. This thesis aims to gain insight as to whether pantoprazole inhibits autophagy to improve penetration and activity of anticancer drugs in solid tumors, thereby enhancing chemotherapy effectiveness. The first objective was to evaluate effects of pantoprazole to modify cytotoxicity of the anticancer drug docetaxel and underlying mechanisms. I found that autophagy is a mechanism of resistance to docetaxel that modified by pantoprazole to improve therapeutic index. The second objective addressed whether induction of autophagy is a general mechanism of resistance to chemotherapy, whether autophagy hence drug resistance can be inhibited by pantoprazole. It was found that seven clinically-used anti-cancer drugs induced autophagy in vitro and in vivo. Induction of autophagy was inhibited by pre-treatment with pantoprazole. The third objective determined whether autophagy is a survival mechanism for hypoxic cells. I found that hypoxia induced autophagy in vitro and inhibited by pantoprazole. Hypoxia-induced cell death was more rapid for autophagy deficient cells. Xenografts generated from autophagy-deficient cells grew more slowly than wild type tumors and the proportion of hypoxia cells was markedly decreased in xenografts generated from knockdown tumors. The work presented here highlights the importance of the tumor- microenvironment in determining response to chemotherapy and suggests that induction of autophagy is a common mechanism of drug resistance. Effects of anti-cancer drugs might be improved by using PPIs to inhibit autophagy. Based on these data, a phase I trial of pantoprazole +doxorubicin has been undertaken in patients with advanced solid tumors and a phase II study of pantoprazole + docetaxel is underway in men with castrate-resistant prostate cancer.	Ph.D.	health	3
Tan, Sue Vern	BrunnĂŠe, Jutta	Licence to Spill? Developing a Framework for International Liability and Compensation for Transboundary Pollution Arising From Offshore Drilling Activities	Law	2015-11	As new drilling technology enables exploitation of more and more previously inaccessible areas, there is renewed concern over the risk of catastrophic oil spills. Drilling in deeper waters increases the difficulties of remedying a blowout. Thus, there is a greater risk of extensive oil pollution damage. The Montara and Deepwater Horizon incidents illustrate the potential damage that catastrophic oil spills from offshore platforms may cause. Under the no-harm rule, states have an obligation of due diligence to ensure that offshore drilling activities within their jurisdiction do not cause harm to the environment of another state. However, even if a state has exercised its obligation of due diligence under the no-harm rule, a catastrophic oil spill may still occur. Under such circumstances, there is a gap in the law where liability and compensation is concerned. Hence, there is a need for an international civil liability convention for offshore drilling activities.	LL.M.	water, pollut, environment	6, 13
Tang, Ada	Brooks, Dina	Cardiac Rehabilitation After Stroke	Medical Science	2010-06	In contrast to cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs, traditional stroke rehabilitation aims to maximize functional independence and does not have a strong focus on exercise training and risk factor modification. Given the parallels between stroke and heart disease in cardiovascular etiology and risk factors, CR may be suited to supplement stroke rehabilitation by providing opportunities to enhance fitness and manage stroke risk factors. The aim of this work was to 1) examine the use of a non-adapted CR program of care with individuals with stroke and/or transient ischemic attack (TIA) through a retrospective database review, 2) using a prospective trial, determine the feasibility and effects of an adapted CR program for people with mild to moderate impairment from stroke, and 3) explore characteristics related to degree of program response in aerobic and functional capacity through secondary data analysis. The results from Study 1 demonstrated that traditional CR is an underutilized service for individuals with stroke or TIA, yet improvements in aerobic fitness were comparable to their non-stroke counterparts. In Study 2, adapted CR was feasible for individuals with a range of stroke-related disability and effective in increasing aerobic capacity. The anticipated carry over to improved walking capacity was not observed. There were no changes in health-related quality of life or stroke risk factors. Study 3 identified subgroups of participants who improved or declined in aerobic and ambulatory capacity after the adapted CR program. There were no differences in baseline characteristics, indices of time, intensity or volume of exercise performed across the response subgroups. In summary, given the parallels between stroke and heart disease, the needs of the stroke population and dearth of community-based exercise programming available for them, the CR model of care may be applied for individuals with stroke to provide opportunities for exercise training and risk factor modification.	PhD	health	3
Tang, Jiang	Sargent, Edward H.	Materials Engineering for Stable and Efficient PbS Colloidal Quantum Dot Photovoltaics	Materials Science and Engineering	2010-11	Environmental and economic factors demand radical advances in solar cell technologies. Organic and polymer photovoltaics emerged in the 1990's that have led to low cost per unit area, enabled in significant part by the convenient manufacturing of roll-to-roll-processible solution-cast semiconductors. Colloidal quantum dot solar cells dramatically increase the potential for solar conversion efficiency relative to organics by enabling optimal matching of a photovoltaic device's bandgap to the sun's spectrum. Infrared-absorbing colloidal quantum dot solar cells were first reported in 2005. At the outset of this study in 2007, they had been advanced to the point of achieving 1.8% solar power conversion efficiency. These devices degraded completely within a few hours’ air exposure. The origin of the extremely poor device stability was unknown and unstudied. The efficiency of these devices was speculated to be limited by poor carrier transport and passivation within the quantum dot solid, and by the limitations of the Schottky device architecture. This study sought to tackle three principal challenges facing colloidal quantum dot photovoltaics: stability; understanding; and performance. In the first part of this work, we report the first air-stable infrared colloidal quantum dot photovoltaics. Our devices have a solar power conversion efficiency of 2.1%. These devices, unencapsulated and operating in an air atmosphere, retain 90% of their original performance following 3 days’ continuous solar harvesting. The remarkable improvement in device stability originated from two new insights. First, we showed that inserting a thin LiF layer between PbS film and Al electrode blocks detrimental interfacial reactions. Second, we proposed and validated a model that explains why quantum dots having cation-rich surfaces afford dramatically improved air stability within the quantum dot solid. The success of the cation-enrichment strategy led us to a new concept: what if - rather than rely on organic ligands, as all prior quantum dot photovoltaics work had done - one could instead terminate the surface of quantum dots exclusively using inorganic materials? We termed our new materials strategy ionic passivation. The goal of the approach was to bring our nanoparticles into the closest possible contact while still maintaining quantum confinement; and at the same time achieving a maximum of passivation of the nanoparticles' surfaces. We showcase our ionic passivation strategy by building a photovoltaic device that achieves 5.8% solar power conversion efficiency. This is the highest-ever solar power conversion efficiency reported in a colloidal quantum dot device. More generally, our ionic passivation strategy breaks the past tradeoff between transport and passivation in quantum dot solids. The advance is relevant to electroluminescent and photodetection devices as well as to the record-performing photovoltaic devices reported herein.	PhD	solar, energy, environment	7, 13
Tang, Kenneth	Beaton, Dorcas	Work Disability Among Injured Workers with Chronic Upper Extremity Disorders: Measurement and Determinants	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2014-11	Work disability represents an important source of the burden for individuals recovering from a work-related upper-extremity disorder (WRUED). Historically, a small subset of injured workers has shown to experience a prolonged recovery course characterized by poor health and work outcomes, which are associated with high workers' compensation costs. Beyond achieving an initial return-to-work, the sustainability of work (i.e. staying at work) and health-related work limitations (i.e. "on-the-job" problems) are increasingly recognized as relevant concerns in this population. In this thesis, three quantitative studies were conducted to contribute insights to the measurement and determinants of work disability associated with WRUEDs, using survey data gathered from injured workers attending a Workplace Safety Insurance Board Upper-Limb Specialty Clinic in Ontario. Specifically, these studies investigated 1) the factorial validity of the Work Limitations Questionnaire (WLQ-25), 2) the predictive ability of the Upper-Limb Work Instability Scale (UL-WIS) for subsequent transitioning out of work (i.e. poor sustainability of work), and 3) the relationship between the work environment and health-related work limitations, among injured workers with a WRUED. Study findings suggest that: 1) due to a specific area of psychometric underperformance, some adaptations are needed for the WLQ-25 before it is suitable for use; 2) the UL-WIS is an independent predictor of transitioning out of work, although some limitations as a standalone prognostic tool were also revealed; and 3) against initial hypothesis, broad differences in the work environment (based on variations across 12 specific workplace characteristics) did not have significant associations with the extent of health-related work limitations experienced by injured workers with a WRUED. Study findings were discussed in terms of how they advance current understanding on the measurement and determinants of work disability, and potential implications in terms of the assessment and management of work disability among injured workers recovering from a WRUED. Future research directions were also proposed to build on current work.	Ph.D.	worker, health	3, 8
Tang, Xiaoli	Kant, Shashi ||Laaksonen-Craig, Susanna	An Economic Analysis of North American Pulp and Paper Markets, and A Competitiveness Study of the Canadian Pulp and Paper Products	Forestry	2009-11	North America is the world’s largest pulp and paper producing region as well as the largest consuming region. An understanding of market integration is critical for designing relevant policies since it is important to improve national welfare and ensure long-run competitive market equilibrium. In addition, it is crucial for the Canadian industry to maintain the competitiveness for its pulp and paper products in the world market, because any deterioration in the performance of the Canadian pulp and paper industry will have negative social and economic impact on the well-being of Canada and affect Canadian balance of payment. This thesis contains three essays that investigate the market integration of the combined markets of Canada and the US, and the competitive position of Canadian pulp and paper products in the US market. The first essay presents an econometric analysis of spatial integration of the US and Canada newsprint markets as reflected in newsprint prices. It applies the Johansen multivariate cointegration procedure to test the law of one price for five regional markets (British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec, US east, US west) of newsprint using monthly data for the 1988 to 2004 period. Preliminary data analysis shows that all price series are non-stationary I(1) processes. The hypothesis that the Law of One Price (LOP) holds for all five regional newsprint markets simultaneously was not supported by the Johansen multivariate test. The LOP was also tested for national markets, and it was found to hold between US west and US east newsprint prices. The results suggest that there is a single newsprint market in the US, whereas there are several distinct newsprint markets in Canada. The second essay examines the degree of market integration among US import markets for three pulp and paper products, and further analyses the dynamic interaction between US domestic and US import markets. Persistence profile results show that long-run equilibrium exists in the US import markets for three pulp and paper products of interest; moreover, given a system-wide shock, a new equilibrium could be reached in a relatively short period. Forecast error variance decomposition suggests that US markets are critical since shocks to domestic US prices for relevant pulp and paper products explain a substantial amount of movements in import prices. The third essay studies substitution between main categories of imported pulp and paper products and between imported and domestic pulp and paper products in the US market. A restricted translog subcost function approach was employed to derive the elasticity of substitution. The results suggest that Canadian pulp and paper products are still competitive and have maintained their competitiveness in the US market. However the consecutive demand decline for pulp and paper in the US has brought hard times to Canada. It seems that if Canadian pulp and paper industry wants to retain a dominant position in the world market place, it will have to create global reach and develop new markets.	PhD	industr	9
Tanguy, Nicolas R.	Yan, Ning	Wireless Sensors using Radio-frequency Identification Technology: Developing Carbon Nanocomposites for Improved Sensing and Detection of Ammonia Gas and Volatile Amine Vapors	Forestry	2019-06	Nowadays, the emergence of Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) devices at costs comparable to barcodes are providing an incredible opportunity for designing interconnected networks of “things” that allow for the wireless identification of products and monitoring of the chemical composition of the surrounding environment. This has major implications for the chemical and food sectors, for which the design of interconnected networks with sensing capabilities has many practical applications. My thesis focuses on exploiting the advantageous characteristics of novel carbon nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes and graphene to design conductive nanocomposites with improved sensing capabilities for ammonia gas and amine vapours. For this purpose, we developed two types of conductive nanocomposites; one that consisted of carbon nanomaterials, maleic anhydride and electrically insulating polyethylene-co-vinyl acetate polymer matrix; and the other that consisted of carbon nanomaterials and an intrinsically conductive polymer, polyaniline. For the first type of nanocomposite system, we demonstrated that grafting the maleic anhydride on the carbon nanotubes significantly improved the sensitivity of the nanocomposites toward amines. It was postulated that these improvements were the result of the binding of putrescine between the carbon nanotubes, which facilitated a more effective disruption of the conductive network. For the second type of nanocomposite, we demonstrated that conferring n-type semiconductive behavior to the graphene nanosheets, via nitrogen or phosphorus doping, improved the sensitivity of graphene/polyaniline nanocomposite by a factor 2 and 5, respectively, to reach a detection limit in the sub-ppm range toward ammonia gas. The enhancement was due to the formation of localized p-n heterojunctions in the nanocomposites and the modification of the semiconductive behavior of the nanocomposite during exposure to ammonia. Furthermore, we tested the novel polyaniline/phosphorus doped graphene nanocomposite sensing elements on RFID split-ring resonators and showed that the wireless sensor had excellent detection capabilities toward ammonia gas down to the sub-ppm range of concentration. Based on the sensing performance achieved, this thesis demonstrates the potential of RFID technology as a platform for the design of wireless sensor networks with high detection capabilities, and are thus practically applicable in the chemical, medical and food sectors, among others.	Ph.D.	environment	13
Tarasoff, Lesley Ann	Ross, Lori E||Strike, Carol J	A Qualitative Study of Embodiment among Women with Physical Disabilities during the Perinatal Period and Early Motherhood	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2018-11	Although there are over 500,000 mothers with disabilities in Canada, little is known about how women with disabilities experience becoming and being mothers. This dissertation qualitatively explores how thirteen women with physical disabilities in Ontario experienced their embodiment during the perinatal period and early motherhood. Informed by feminist disability scholarship, embodiment here is understood as relational; that is, the intertwining of the body and the mind and the interplay between the material body and the social world. Findings are presented according to three “stages”: pregnancy, breastfeeding, and mothering. I found that participants’ embodied experiences across these interrelated “stages” were shaped by dominant discourses of pregnancy, breastfeeding, and motherhood, as well as dominant discourses of disability, often enacted through social interaction. Participants desired to be perceived of as “good mothers,” seemingly to avoid being perceived of as “unfit” and in turn affirming stigmatizing discourses of disability. Meeting the expectations of the “good mother” proved to be challenging, however, as disability limited what participants could physically do. Consequently, some experienced ambivalent and negative feelings about disability. Importantly, I also found that disability was experienced as valuable in the context of becoming and being a mother. The embodied experience of disability provided opportunity to subvert the sometimes-unrealistic expectations associated with pregnancy, breastfeeding, and mothering, as well as discourses of disability as defective and undesirable. Regarding pregnancy, the embodied experience of disability was appreciated, offering a reimagination of the “unruly” pregnant body. Disability in the context of breastfeeding and mothering called attention to the need for self-care and challenged understandings of accessibility and independence. In sum, participants’ embodied experiences of the perinatal period and early motherhood both aligned with and subverted dominant discourses. In documenting how these discourses shaped embodied experience, I discuss their potential implications for health research and practice. Notably, I argue that the ways in which participants’ embodied experiences subvert dominant discourses evoke new ways to think about the body, disability, and parenting. These new ways of thinking add to feminist disability and perinatal embodiment scholarship, as well as present opportunities for more inclusive and equitable health research and practice.	Ph.D.	health, equitable, women	3, 4, 2005
Tate, Jude	DEHLI, KARI	A Thin Veil of Inclusion: Sexual and Gender MIinorities in Ontario Universities	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2014-06	This thesis seeks to address the paucity of research about the experiences of sexual and gender minority students, staff, and faculty in Canadian university settings. It does so by exploring these groups' perceptions of institutional equity and inclusion policies, and by asking what bearing does campus climate have on learning and working outcomes. I administered an online survey to elicit responses to questions on how sexual and gender minority students, staff, and faculty in 21 public universities in Ontario experience the campus climate and understand the influence of equity and inclusion policy and discourses in these university settings. The conceptual framework to guide the analysis of 447 survey participants is drawn from Astin's (1993) input-environment-outcome model (I-E-O). The I-E-O model is an established conceptual model known for its usefulness in analyzing a range of variables that may contribute to comprehensive understanding of factors that influence the educational outcomes of students and employee experiences. A positive correlational relationship is demonstrated between the campus climate and student educational outcomes (intent to persist) and employee experiences (career consequences). The analysis indicate that sexual and gender minority students, staff, and faculty were three times more likely to seriously consider leaving their university when experiencing campus environments as uncomfortable/unaccepting, and twice as likely to consider doing so when experiencing harassment based on sexual identity, gender identity, and/or gender expression. In spite of Ontario universities having equity and inclusive policies in place for some time, the findings suggest a disjuncture for some in the stated commitments to inclusion. I argue that equity and inclusive policy regimes in Ontario universities function as a thin veil of inclusion for some LGBTQ people. Such "inclusive" frameworks may disguise the limitations of equity policies and discourses (Ahmed, 2007) and fail to address covert forms of homonegativity and transphobia in universities in Ontario. By making visible the perceptions and experiences of LGBTQ students, staff, and faculty, this study offers a contribution to the literature illuminating the complex and multifaceted spaces between policy frameworks, educational outcomes and employee experiences for sexual and gender minorities in universities.	Ph.D.	inclusive, gender, equitable	4, 5
Tavares, Brian	Kambourov, Gueorgui	Three Essays on Macroeconomic Labour Search	Economics	2015-11	Abstract Three Essays on Macroeconomic Labour Search Brian Tavares Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Economics University of Toronto 2015 This thesis examines heterogeneous worker productivity in labour search models. In Chapter 1 I examine how involuntary part-time employment varies over the business cycle. It is known that the proportion of workers claiming to be involuntarily part-time employed increases during recessions and decreases during normal times and expansions, but the mechanism through which this occurs has been generally under-studied. A model incorporating heterogeneous worker productivity, on the job search and a firm’s ability to operate jobs part-time or full time is considered. The model is therefore similar to Menzio and Shi (2010) with the novel inclusion of worker specific productivity and the ability to operate jobs part-time. Three primary goals are considered: 1) to provide a framework for future research in not only involuntary part-time employment, 2) to determine the relative importance of worker specific and match specific productivity in determining involuntary part-time employment and 3) to determine the impact of involuntary part-time employment on the unemployment rate and the level of welfare in the economy. It is found that while match-specific productivity is important in explaining the fluctuations of involuntary part-time employment over the business cycle, such employment is concentrated among workers with fixed low productivity. The welfare effects of involuntary part-time employment are found to be modest for the economy as a whole but relatively important for the low fixed productivity workers. In Chapter 2, I examine the relationship between wage-tenure contracts and heterogeneous fixed productivity. As a proxy for this productivity, I use educational achievement. I then investigate the relationship between the wage profile for workers with less than high school, high school and college education, respectively. I consider a directed search model with on the job search similar to Shi (2009) with workers of heterogeneous fixed productivity. Following the model, I estimate a baseline wage profile which is the implied relationship between the current wage and future wage growth for a worker. I find that more educated workers do indeed enjoy a steeper wage-tenure profile.The model explains the steeper profile solely based on wage-tenure contracts, demonstrating that higher learning rates for more educated workers is not necessary to explain their steeper wage profile. The calibration exercise establishes this qualitatively, but not quantitatively, leading to the conclusion that differential learning rates are an important part of the steeper wage profiles. In Chapter 3, I examine the interaction of wage-tenure contracts and on the job learning. In combining these two effects I am able to deduce the relative importance of each of them in explaining tenure wage growth. The model is a directed search model with on the job search and wage-tenure contracts similar to Shi (2009), but workers learn on the job. A natural extension of this study is combining it with the second Chapter, in order to better identify the relative importance of learning on the job among workers with differing educational achievement.	Ph.D.	employment, labour, worker, wage	8
Tawfik, Amy	Krahn, Murray	Comparative and Cost-effectiveness of Stroke Prevention Treatments in Atrial Fibrillation: A New Generation of Drugs	Pharmaceutical Sciences	2015-11	Objectives: To develop a state-transition model evaluating the cost-effectiveness of all antithrombotic treatments for atrial fibrillation (AF) patients, at varying risks for stroke and bleeding, and to generate high-quality effectiveness and cost data to inform the model. Methods: Bayesian network meta-analyses (NMA) were conducted to determine the comparative effectiveness of the following treatments: no treatment, aspirin, aspirin+clopidogrel, warfarin, dabigatran (110mg and 150mg), rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban (low-dose [LD] and high-dose). Cost data were generated from a cohort of real-world AF patients identified through administrative data, to estimate the costs associated with clinical events corresponding to health states in a state-transition model. The resulting model evaluated the cost-effectiveness of treatments in patients at varying CHADS2 and HAS-BLED scores. Patients were stratified into six risk groups, denoted as stroke/bleeding risk. The analysis was undertaken from the Canadian payer perspective using a lifetime horizon. Cost-effectiveness was measured in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) using the net health benefit (NHB) framework. Results: At a willingness-to-pay of $50,000/QALY, the most cost-effective strategy was edoxaban LD for patients in all groups, except those at Moderate/Low and High/Low risk, for which apixaban was more cost-effective. The incremental NHBs (INHBs) of the first and second most cost-effective strategies for each group are presented. The INHBs of edoxaban LD versus apixaban were: Low/Low=0.01 QALYs, Moderate/Low= -0.03 QALYs, Low/High=0.25 QALYs, Moderate/High=0.21 QALYs, and High/High= 0.10 QALYs. The INHB of apixaban versus dabigatran 150mg in patients in the High/Low risk group was 0.06 QALYs. The model was sensitive to variations in the cost of edoxaban. For each group, the optimal strategy was cost-effective in 50% or less of the simulations. Discussion and Conclusion: Depending on a patient’s risk for stroke and bleeding, the most effective and cost-effective strategy is dabigatran 150mg, apixaban or edoxaban LD. This thesis serves as the first economic evaluation of antithrombotic treatment in AF to include an original NMA and costing study. We have produced a robust economic evaluation, based on high-quality effectiveness and cost data that can inform future economic evaluations, and provided an example of how to employ best practices when conducting them.	Ph.D.	production	12
Taylor, Benjamin	Rehm, Juergen	The Mortality and Morbidity of Alcohol-attributable Injury	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2014-06	Alcohol is a recognized cause of over 60 injuries and diseases and is consistently in the top 5 most important risk factors for global burden of disease. It is important to be able to measure how drinking alcohol affects our health, and how our risk of getting injured or acquiring diseases caused by alcohol is dependent on how much alcohol we drink. This type of information allows us to make personal choices about our health and is an integral piece of public health evidence to inform how alcohol policy is informed, implemented, or monitored. This analysis will, for the first time, model the effects of alcohol for injury outcomes over the entire drinking lifetime for men and women separately using a new method that aims to improve upon existing calculations by accounting for different patterns of drinking – both acute consumption and average daily drinking. In both cases, both the amount consumed and the number of times it is consumed is taken into account. Within acute consumption, the number of occasions and the amount ii consumed at each occasion was counted. What’s more, for the first time in this field, a lifetime approach was adopted – risks will no longer be seen as discrete, individual events that occur independently of each other. In this study, risks are combined much like other exposures to environmental substances or contaminants – in a cumulative manner over a lifetime of drinking. The method combines data sources from experimental data, from meta-analyses, Canadian mortality and hospital data, and survey data, making this a rich, yet complicated analysis. Its products were dose-response risk curves for each injury outcome, by sex, and age group, and alcohol-attributable fractions and their variance estimation for mortality and morbidity for injury. This study has important implications for forming and planning health policy, represents advancements in absolute risk calculation, and will result in important consumer-level information that will enable development of limits around healthy drinking.	PhD	health	3
Taylor, Jackie Schleifer	Verrier, Mary M||Landry, Michel D	Transition to Adult Health Care for Youth with Disabilities: Implications for Health Policy	Rehabilitation Science	2015-11	This dissertation contains three papers, each on a different aspect of transition to adult healthcare for youth with disabilities. The overall aim of this dissertation research was to identify system level health care transition strategies for youth with disabilities, determine the amount and degree to which Canadian jurisdictions reflect those transition strategies in government posted documents and policy, and to understand the current status of national healthcare transition policy in Canada, the UK, and Australia. The first paper describes the results of a scoping review identifying system level strategies for policy addressing continuity of care and care transitions to adult health care for youth with disabilities. The second paper is an analysis of the match of those system level strategies to current Canadian provincial and territorial government documents and policies related to transitions to adult health care for youth with disabilities. The third paper is an analysis of international alignment and variance between Canada, the UK and Australia with respect to transitions related government policies and direction. Collectively, this dissertation research found that system level strategies in support of continuity of care and transitions to adult health care for youth with disabilities exist. The challenge of achieving effective health care transition for youth with disabilities moving from the paediatric to adult health systems is identified as an area of importance by paediatric and adult health care service providers, clients and families. However, there are considerable variances in government attention and action in addressing the issue of health care transition, and thus, variability in existing policy inclusive of transition strategies across Canada, the UK and Australia. The combined findings of these studies suggest that health system strengthening, in the area of transitions to adult health care for youth with disabilities, should be supported through health policy implementation and/or change. Policy addressing transitions to adult health care for youth with disability could drive change through: (a) bringing awareness to the issue; (b) mitigation of client-specific and system wide impacts of ineffective health care transition; and through (c) the promotion of accountability mechanisms for effective continuity of care for youth with disabilities.	Ph.D.	health, inclusive	3, 4
Taylor, Keri S.	Davis, Karen	Sensorimotor Recovery, Functional and Structural Brain Plasticity, and the Development of Chronic Pain Following Upper Limb Peripheral Nerve Transection and Microsurgical Repair	Medical Science	2010-06	Following peripheral nerve transection and microsurgical repair (PNIr) most patients retain significant sensorimotor impairments, a proportion of which also develop chronic neuropathic pain. Individual psychological factors may contribute to the development, intensity and duration of chronic pain. Furthermore, a large body of evidence has indentified beneficial and maladaptive cortical plasticity following disease or injury. The general aim of this thesis was to determine the extent of sensory and motor recovery, functional and structural brain changes, and the impact of chronic neuropathic pain on sensorimotor outcomes following upper limb PNIr. Towards this main aim a sensorimotor psychophysical assessment (that included psychological assessments), nerve conduction testing, and an MRI session that examined brain function and structure was performed in patients with peripipheral nerve injury induced neuropathic pain (PNI-P) and those with no neuropathic pain (PNI-NP). Nerve conduction testing demonstrated that all patients had incomplete peripheral nerve regeneration, and that PNI-P patients had worse sensory nerve regeneration. Psychophysical assessment confirmed that all PNIr patients had significant sensorimotor deficits. Additionally, deficits on tests of vibration detection, sensorimotor integration, and fine dexterity were significantly greater in PNI-P patients. Psychological measures clearly distinguished PNI-P from PNI-NP and healthy controls (HC). Vibrotactile stimulation of the deafferented territory in PNI-NP patients results in reduced BOLD activation within the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices. Interestingly, the regions of reduced BOLD corresponded with gray matter thinning which was negatively correlated with behavioural measures of sensory recovery. Structural abnormalities were also identified in the right insula. PNI-P patients had thinning within the right middle insula and a corresponding decrease in white matter pathways projecting into/out of that region. PNI-P patients also had white matter abnormalities in pathways feeding into/out of the contralesional primary somatosensory cortex and thalamus. In conclusion, PNIr is clearly associated with sensorimotor impairments and brain plasticity. Furthermore, neuropathic pain is associated with worse peripheral nerve regeneration, sensorimotor deficits, different psychological profiles, and structural alterations in brain regions involved in pain perception and somatosensation. These results provide insight into peripheral regeneration, the development of chronic pain, brain plasticity and structure-function-behavioural relationships following nerve injury and have important therapeutic implications.	PhD	health	3
Taylor, Luke	Cossman, Brenda	We Are Family (I Got All My Children With Me): The Regulation of Gay Families in North America	Law	2014-11	In the 1980s, North America witnessed the emergence of a discourse on gay families, defined largely by choice and in opposition to nuclear, biological norms. Since then, there has been a general shift amongst lesbians and gay men towards a conception of family that accepts, rather than opposes, state-sanctioned relationships between two adults, and actively seeks to incorporate children as much if not more than extended networks of chosen family members. This paper addresses how the law in the United States and Canada has responded to (and been influenced by) the shift to the nuclear amongst lesbians and gay men, and how the discourse on gay families in North America has unfolded at a regulatory level. In particular, it is concerned to map and critique the law pertaining to queer families, and with how differences in levels and modes of recognition at sub- and supra-national levels affect gay families.	LL.M.	queer	5
Taylor, Shira	Calzavara, Liviana M.	SExT: Sex Education by Theatre - Theatre as a Pedagogical Tool for Sexual Health e\Education in a Newcomer Priority Neighbourhood	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2020-06	Background: Despite rising rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and inequitable access to sexual health education and services, few studies have addressed the unique sex education needs of newcomer youth in an increasingly demographically diverse Canada. This study involved the design, implementation, and evaluation of a novel and innovative participatory action research project, Sex Education by Theatre (SExT). SExT is a theatre-based, culturally-relevant, peer education intervention piloted in a multicultural immigration destination of Toronto. Methods: Youth were trained as peer educators (n=19) through participation in theatre-based workshops, designed with youth input. Peer educators devised and performed a play for their peers on sexual health topics. A mixed methods evaluation consisting of surveys, focus groups, peer interviews, and arts-based data collection was applied within a realist evaluation framework to examine intervention effects. Paired-samples t-tests were conducted to investigate changes in sexual health self-efficacy (protection; STI/HIV testing; sexual limit-setting) and personal/social development outcomes (personal growth; social inclusion; social engagement) over three time-points (pre-intervention; post-intervention; 4-month follow-up). Thematic analysis was used to gain a deeper understanding of outcomes and context and to identify the specific mechanisms leading to intervention effects. Results: Quantitative and qualitative data indicated increased sexual health self-efficacy and improved personal/social development among peer educators after participating in SExT. Paired-sample t-tests demonstrated significant improvements on outcome measures from pre- to post-intervention that were maintained at follow-up. Qualitative analysis identified five theatre pedagogy mechanisms (pleasure; creative engagement; personal relevance; role-play and embodiment; vicarious role-play and modelling). Context-Mechanism-Outcome configurations were developed. Conclusion: Pilot study findings demonstrate the potential of a theatre-based, culturally empowering, peer education intervention to positively contribute to the sexual health and personal/social development of newcomer youth. The identification of specific mechanisms through which individual and structural barriers to sexual health were overcome may inform future interventions in diverse contexts.	Ph.D.	health, equitable	3, 4
Taylor, Zachary Todd	Wolfe, David	The Politics of Metropolitan Development: Institutions, Interests, and Ideas in the Making of Urban Governance in the United States and Canada, 1800-2000	Political Science	2015-06	The urban form and local government organization of Canadian and American cities differ in consequential ways. These differences are typically explained by political cultural or economic and social structures. On the basis of archival and interview research, and supported by descriptive statistics and mapping, this dissertation argues that the long-term development of different national urban forms is the product of how Canadian and American subnational political institutions structured contention among societal interests and processed policy ideas within a changing normative context. During long-term periods of single-party dominance during the early postwar period (1945-70), Westminster institutions in Canadian provinces were highly autonomous from societal influence, which enabled them to establish land-use planning systems administered by metropolitan governments as recommended by American reformers. Fragmented authority and permeability to societal interests kept American state governments from doing the same. As a result, metropolitan land-use and infrastructure policies guided a greater proportion of urban development in Canadian cities than in their American counterparts. In some American states, highly organized bipartisan civic elite networks briefly overcame state governments' centrifugal nature to install metropolitan institutions. On both sides of the border, institutions and policies were enabled by a normative context of faith in government and deference to elites and expert knowledge. In the later postwar period (1970-2000), however, they were delegitimized by a new normative context that rejected narrow technical rationality in favour of livability concerns, participatory policymaking, and the protection of the natural environment and urban place qualities. At the same time, political contention became increasingly polarized, especially in the United States. It became more difficult to create new metropolitan institutions and policies, however the historical analysis shows that earlier, technocratic institutions may be brought into alignment with the new normative context if policies are framed in relation to new concerns and institutions cultivate new support coalitions. The analysis challenges the narrowly municipal, present-oriented, and single-case focus of urban political research, instead arguing for a multi-level, long-term historical, and comparative perspective. To this end, the argument is made through a comparative analysis of two Canadian-American pairs of cities (Toronto and Minneapolis-St. Paul, and Vancouver and Portland, OR) over the course of their development in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.	Ph.D.	institution, urban, cities, infrastructure	9, 11, 16
Tchistiakova, Ekaterina	MacIntosh, Bradley J	Identifying Associations between Vascular Risk Factors and Measures of Brain Health using Multimodal Magnetic Resonance Imaging	Medical Biophysics	2016-06	Recent epidemiological evidence indicates that vascular risk factors (VRFs) play a significant role in cognitive decline that can contribute to the onset of dementia among older adults. The link between VRFs and dementia is supported by common neurological findings of structural deficits, cerebrovascular dysfunction and amyloid accumulation in both conditions. Despite the growing literature on VRFs and the brain, there are still many unanswered questions about their roles in pathoetiology and best imaging methods for detecting neurological effects of VRFs. The main goal of this thesis was to characterize the effect of increasing number of VRFs on brain health. Measures of structural brain integrity and cerebrovascular health were acquired using non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The first study of this thesis identified regions of impaired vascular reactivity and thinning of the cortical mantle in older adults with type 2 diabetes and hypertension compared to hypertension only. The next two studies focused on the associations between VRFs and brain health in two common neurodegenerative conditions: older adults with small vessel disease and older adults with mild cognitive impairment. In adults with white matter hyperintensities, a hallmark of small vessel disease, higher VRF number was associated with lower vascular reactivity in cognitively relevant regions. In older adults with mild cognitive impairment, increasing VRF number was correlated with cortical thinning in regions implicated in Alzheimer's Disease. Together, findings of this thesis highlight an association between increasing VRF number and exacerbated brain health in otherwise healthy older adults and individuals with comorbid neurodegenerative disorders. To conclude, the implications of these findings for clinical practices are discussed with focus on proper VRF management as well as the need to properly account for VRFs in neuroimaging studies.	Ph.D.	health	3
Teague, Sharon	Gervers, Michael	Patterns of Bequest within the Family: Testamentary Evidence from the Ecclesiastical Registers of Canterbury and York c. 1340-1440	Medieval Studies	2013-06	This dissertation examined the strategies and decisions made by 200 English testators who used their wills to provide for the safety and success of their spouses and children. From this analysis, patterns of bequest emerged that were clearly linked to testators’ gender and marital and social status. External factors, such as the type of tenure by which the family held property also played a primary role. Those who held by military or feudal tenure made choices strongly shaped by the rules of English common law and custom; those who held by burgage tenure cared for their family within the framework of customs and statutes established for an urban environment. Husbands, for example, entrusted their wives with the role of executor, while widows chose their sons, and widowers their friends and clergy. Analyzing bequests to children revealed that commoner parents, unlike their chivalric counterparts, exhibited little bias toward their offspring based on the child’s gender. Parents influenced by the rights of primogeniture, however, strongly favored their sons and their sons’ families. The wills selected were chosen from two sources: James Raine’s Testamenta Eboracensia and E. F. Jacob’s The Will Register of Henry Chichele. The sample included 76 women (48 widows, 23 wives, and 5 single women) and 124 men (104 husbands and 20 widowers) whose wills were probated between c. 1340 and 1440 in the ecclesiastical courts of either York or Canterbury, England. The goal, to understand more clearly the familial behavior and politics involved when parents and spouses transferred power and property, made it essential that the analytical methodology employed be both flexible and accurate. Microsoft’s Access data base allowed the findings to shape the results, avoiding as far as possible the imposition of 21st-century categories on fourteenth- and fifteenth-century sensibilities.	PhD	gender, women, urban	5, 11
Teall, Tanya L.	Piran, Niva	A Quantitative Study of the Developmental Theory of Embodiment: Implications to Health and Well-Being	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2015-06	This study involved the first quantitative testing of the Developmental Theory of Embodiment (DTE), developed by Piran and colleagues, through the Embodiment Scales for Women (ESW). The ESW includes one scale that assesses the quality of a woman's experience of inhabiting her body as she engaged with the world, namely: the Experience of Embodiment (EE) scale, as well as three scales of social experiences theorized to impact embodiment: Physical Freedom (PF), Mental Freedom (MF) and Social Power (SP). Social experience scales involved a retrospective rating for Childhood and Adolescence, as well as an Adulthood rating, and EE was assessed only for Adulthood. A sample of 412 women, aged 18-45 years, completed the study. Exploratory factor analyses (EFA) were conducted to assess the dimensionality of the scales and correlation and regression analyses were conducted to assess the relationship and relative contribution of the social domain scales to EE. Reliability, in terms of internal consistency, as well as construct validity of the ESW was also assessed to further provide evidence of the scale's psychometric properties. As predicted, EFA for all scales demonstrated the multi-dimensional nature of the ESW, with factors similar to domains produced in previous qualitative work on the DTE. Further, as predicted, correlations between social domain scales, and each social domain scale with EE, were significant. Simultaneous multiple regression analyses found that, when each social domain scale was assessed independently by developmental periods, only the Adult scale was a significant predictor of EE. Further, as predicted, when each social domain Adult scale was assessed together in a simultaneous multiple regression, all were significant predictors of EE. Cronbach's alpha and Pearson correlations with additional measures of well-being supported the ESW's reliability and construct validity. Taken together, results generally support predictions made by the DTE. Theoretical innovations and clinical implications are discussed.	Ph.D.	women	5
Teeple Hopkins, Carmen	Goonewardena, Kanishka	Precarious Work in Montreal: Women, Urban Space, and Time	Geography	2016-06	This dissertation examines the impact of precarious work on women in Montreal. Precariousness is increasingly common in Quebec, where women are overrepresented in part-time, temporary, and self-employed work. Based on three years of fieldwork, the thesis argues that while many women experience precariousness in the labour market, they do not experience it in the same ways. The neighbourhoods in which women live significantly shape their lives at work and home. Building critically on the literature on precariousness and social class, my research theorizes precarious workers as members of the working class, not as a marginalized social class outside it. Specifically, the dissertation asks how urban space influences precarious work and how time pressures impact experiences of work and home. First, while noting that precarious workers across industries (e.g. art, teaching, service) face housing pressures similar to those experienced by other members of the working class, the research shows that precarious women workers living in central neighbourhoods are especially at risk of being displaced by the middle-class. Second, the project brings important attention to paid and unpaid domestic work. Most research in the field of “time-use” at work focuses on sectors outside the home, even though women have long performed unwaged housework and many women continue to undertake paid employment or self-employment in the home. The dissertation demonstrates the ways in which women’s workloads have increased in the sphere of the home, diminishing their physical health and rendering them more precarious. Third, with reference to women who continue to perform large amounts of unpaid work, the research considers the relevance of historical and contemporary debates around the relationship between paid and unpaid labour, illustrating how women’s wages are negatively impacted by this unpaid work. This dissertation brings together the social dimensions of gender, race, social class, and urban space. In so doing, the project contributes a multi-scalar analysis to antiracist feminist political economy and reaffirms the importance of social class within feminist geography. Bridging these two broader traditions – political economy and economic geography – the project provides a critical framework for understanding the specificities of precarious work for women in Montreal.	Ph.D.	health, gender, women, employment, labour, worker, wage, industr	3, 5, 8, 9
Tenenbaum, Silvia Linda	Suzanne, E Stewart	Forbidden Access? Exploring the Nature of and Access to Culturally Pertinent Psychotherapy for Indigenous Latino Border-gender Youth Living in Toronto	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2014-11	Indigenous Latino border-gender youth form the fastest growing refugee seeker population in Canada. Indigenous Latino border-gender residents in Canada between the ages of 16 and 29 have a higher prevalence of mental health problems than their non-Indigenous trans-youth counterparts. Furthermore, there is a gap in culturally specific mental health services for Latino border-gender youth who do not access or remain in mainstream counselling services, despite this high prevalence of mental health problems. Currently, very little is known about their experiences of mental health services, and even less is known about how their identities as Indigenous affects these experiences. This study aimed to answer the following question: What are the intersections of cultural identity and counselling experiences for Indigenous Latino border-gender youth as they relate to mental health access? The study employed a qualitative narrative inquiry methodology, in which six Latino border-gender youth were interviewed and the data analyzed using a narrative story map tool. Overall results include metathemes of spirituality; trust and leadership; and, gender transition and the immigration process. The results will be used to inform counselling programs and services for Indigenous Latino border-gender youth and reduce the gap in service for this population.	Ed.D.	gender, health	3, 5
Teruelle, Rhon	Shade, Leslie R	Social Media, Red Squares, and Other Tactics: The 2012 Québec Student Protests	Information Studies	2016-06	Recent social uprisings worldwide have evidenced people’s desire for social change. From the Arab Spring, to the Occupy Movement, to the protests in Brazil, Israel, and Greece, resistances worldwide cannot and should not be ignored. Although the Québec student strike of 2012 began as the students’ measured response to a proposed university tuition fee increase by the provincial government, what resulted instead was a social movement that stood against neoliberalism, austerity measures, economic injustice, the criminalization of protest, and the corporatization of the university. The thesis documents this successful youth-led struggle against their provincial government during what is now referred to as “Maple Spring.” Utilizing free-format semi-structured interviews, textual analysis, and rich media archives, this study allows for a better understanding of the Québec student strike, and the tactics used by the students during the strike, including their use of social media. The thesis draws from political economic theory, and posits that social media lends itself as a political tactic due to the structural foundations of social media (ownership, profit models, production practices, and cultural capital). The research explores techno-optimist versus techno-pessimist arguments regarding social media's abilities for emancipation and social justice. It also addresses the students' use of social media in their roles as citizen journalists. This thesis provides empirical evidence of the Québec students’ tactical use of social media. Although it was but one of many tactics utilized by the students, the impact of social media was clearly displayed throughout the strike. For one, social media enabled the students and supporters to organize and demonstrate in the streets of Montreal for over 100 nights in a row. Similarly, organizing approximately 300,000 students to protest in the streets of Montréal in the largest expression of civil disobedience in Canadian history was also made possible because of the use of social media. Moreover, by using the symbol of the red square, the physical act of banging on casserole dishes, and an event such as the well-attended (almost) nude march(es) in May, otherwise known as the “maNUfestation,” the student strike became visible worldwide because of the students’ diverse and creative tactics. My research into the Québec student strike of 2012 provides analysis and results of a successful and unique social struggle, given Québec’s rich history of student strikes. It was a resistance that captivated the imaginations of many around the world.	Ph.D.	justice	16
Tessaro, Danielle Angela	Restoule, Jean-Paul	Environmental Policy and Discourse: An Exploration of the Toronto Green Standard	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2019-11	This project is a qualitative case study of the Toronto Green Standard (TGS), Toronto’s first ever green building policy, affecting all new developments in Toronto since 2010 (City of Toronto Planning and Development, 2018a). The research uses Foucault’s (1972, 1980) notions of discourse, and analyzes for various environmental policy discourses (Dryzek, 2005; Hajer, 1995; Robinson, 2004), in order to identify and question the discourses that are produced, and reproduced by the TGS. By assessing the dominant discourses, I also question what discourses are excluded, and the implications of these findings for who or what is served or excluded. Data was collected through document analysis, interviews, and the observation of TGS sites. Data was analyzed according to a six-step analytic method, which served to make discursive truths visible, and to denaturalize and destabilize the orders and hierarchies produced through discourse (Foucault, 1980; Graham, 2005; Hook, 2001). I found that the more radical, pro-environment discourses of sustainability and survivalism were present in the conception phases of the TGS. However, certain aspects of the institutional policy-making process meant the deprioritization of these discourses early on. Key moments were the Cost-benefit analysis, and stakeholder review and approvals. Through these processes, TGS discourse assumed a prioritization of development “as-is” almost from the get-go, creating a space for the production and dominance of economic development discourses. The result is that the economic-focused discourses of ecological modernization and economic rationalism are reproduced as dominant. These discourses serve Toronto’s leading, largest developer firms, such as through market transformation — the expansion of the green building sector — and through a process that I refer to as “urban environmental classism”. I argue that “urban environmental classism” is an outcome of ecological modernization, whereby being “green,” costs more, and excludes those who cannot afford it. I found that the TGS reproduces this phenomenon in the building sector. The dissertation discusses other implications of the economic-focused discourses, and concludes that in addition to economic factors, social factors should be considered during the creation of environmental policy, so that environmental policy does not exacerbate social and economic inequalities.	Ph.D.	institution, environment. Urban, production	11, 12, 13, 16
Tevlin, Alexandra Germaine	Murphy, Jennifer	Surface-atmosphere and Gas-particle Partitioning of Ammonia: Measurements, Modelling, and Trend Analysis	Chemistry	2016-11	Atmospheric ammonia is of interest because of its impacts on ecosystem and human health, as well as climate. Processes of surface-atmosphere and gas-particle exchange were investigated through measurements, modelling, and long-term trend analysis. A Quantum Cascade-Tuneable Infrared Laser Differential Absorption Spectrometer (QC-TILDAS) was characterised for the purposes of making direct eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements of bi-directional surface-atmosphere ammonia exchange. While this instrument has great potential, improvements are needed in both sensitivity and time response of the instrument if it is to be used to make EC flux measurements. This instrument was further used to measure vertical profiles of ammonia mixing ratios, investigating the influence of the surface on column distribution, and the variation in diurnal trends with altitude. Ammonia mixing ratios were found to increase towards the surface, with greater variability during the daytime than at night. Diurnal trends in ammonia were found to change with altitude: all heights showed a daytime maximum, and the lowest measurement height showed an additional nighttime maximum. Atmospheric ammonia is closely tied to aerosol particle composition, especially in terms of particle acidity, which can alter the health and climate impacts of such particles. A 21 year dataset of particle composition was used to determine spatial and temporal trends in particle acidity. It was found that particle acidity decreased significantly over this time period, concurrent with decreases in emissions of SO2 and NOx, with implications for air quality and atmospheric chemistry. Additionally, there is a need for greater consistency in metrics used to describe particle acidity. Finally, thermodynamic and kinetic models were used to explore the potential impacts of this particle acidity on gas-particle, and consequently surface-atmosphere exchange of ammonia, demonstrating the connection between these two equilibrium processes.	Ph.D.	health, climate	3, 13
Tewfik, Christine N.	Shi, Shouyong||Faig, Miquel	Essays in Macroeconomics and Financial Frictions	Economics	2017-11	My dissertation is comprised of three papers on the causes and consequences of the U.S. Great Recession. The emphasis is on the role that financial frictions play in magnifying financial shocks, as well as in informing the effectiveness of potential policies. Chapter 1, "Financial Frictions, Investment Delay and Asset Market Interventions," co-authored with Shouyong Shi, studies the role of investment delay in propagating different types of financial shocks, and how this role impacts the effectiveness of asset market interventions. The topic is motivated by the observation that, during the Great Recession, governments conducted large-scale asset market interventions. The aim was to increase the level of liquidity in the asset market and make it easier for firms to obtain financing. However, firms were observed to have delayed investment by hoarding liquid funds, part of which were obtained through the interventions. We construct a dynamic macro model to incorporate financial frictions and investment delay. Investment is undertaken by entrepreneurs who face liquidity frictions in the equity market and a collateral constraint in the debt market. After calibrating the model to the U.S. data, we quantitatively examine how aggregate activity is affected by two types of financial shocks: (i) a shock to equity liquidity, and (ii) a shock to entrepreneurs’ borrowing capacity. We then analyze the effectiveness of government interventions in the asset market after such financial shocks. In particular, we compare the effects of government purchases of private equity and of private debt in the open market. In addition, we examine how these effects of government interventions depend on the option to delay investment. In Chapter 2, "Housing Liquidity and Unemployment: The Role of Firm Financial Frictions," I build upon the role that firms' ability to obtain funding plays in the severity of the Great Recession. I focus specifically on how the housing crisis reduced the ability of firms to obtain funding, and the consequences for unemployment. An important feature I focus on is the role of housing liquidity, or how easy it is to sell or buy a house. I analyze how an initial fall in housing market liquidity, linked to rising foreclosure costs for banks, affects labor market outcomes, which can have further feedback effects. I focus on the role that firm financial frictions play in these feedback effects. To this end, I construct a dynamic macro model that incorporates frictional housing and labor markets, as well as firm financial frictions. Mortgages are obtained from banks that incur foreclosure costs in the event of default. Foreclosure costs also affect the ease with which firms can borrow, and this influences their hiring decisions. I calibrate the model to U.S. data, and find that a rise in foreclosure costs that generates a 10% fall in the firm loan-to-output ratio results in a 3 percentage point rise in the unemployment rate. The rise in unemployment makes it more difficult for indebted owners to avoid defaulting on their mortgage. This rise in default, on the order of 20 percent, creates further slack in the housing market by both increasing the number of houses on the market and reducing the amount of buyers. Consequently, there are large drops in housing prices and in the size of mortgage loans. Notably, when firm financial frictions are absent, I observe a counter-factual fall in the unemployment rate, which mitigates the effects on the housing market, and even results in a fall in the mortgage default rate. The results highlight the importance of the impact of the housing market crisis on a firm’s willingness to hire, and how firms' limited access to credit magnifies the initial housing shock. In Chapter 3, "Housing Market Distress and Unemployment: A Dynamic Analysis," I add to the contributions of my second paper, and extend the analysis to determine the dynamic effects of the housing crisis on unemployment. In Chapter 2, I focused on comparing stationary equilibria when there is a rise in the foreclosure costs associated with mortgage default. However, a full analysis must also take into account the dynamic effects of the shock. In order to do the dynamic analysis, I modify the model in my job market paper to satisfy the conditions of block recursivity. I do this by incorporating Hedlund’s (2016) technique of introducing real estate agents in the housing market that match separately with buyers and sellers. Doing this makes the model’s endogenous variables independent of the distribution of households and firms. Rather, the impact of the distribution is summarized by the shadow value of housing. This greatly improves the tractability of the model, and allows me to compute the dynamic response to a fall in a bank's ability to sell a foreclosed house, thus raising the costs of mortgage default. I find that the results are largely dependent on the size and persistence of the shock, as well as the level of firm financial frictions that are present. When firm financial frictions are high, as represented by the presence of an interest rate premium charged to firms, and the initial shock is large, the shock is transferred to firms via an endogenous rise in the cost of renting capital. Firms scale back on production and reduce employment. The rise in unemployment increases the debt burden for households with large mortgages. They can try and sell, but find it difficult to do so because they must sell at a high price to be able to pay off their debt. If they fail, they are forced to default, thus further raising the mortgage costs of banks, further reducing resources to firms, and propagating the initial shock. However, the extent of the propagation is limited; once the shock wears off, the economy recovers to its pre-crisis levels within two quarters. I discuss the reasons why, and what elements would be needed for greater persistence.	Ph.D.	employment	8
Thavorn, Kednapa	Coyte, Peter C.	Demand for Health among Canadians: Roles of Immigration Status, Country of Origin and Year since Migration	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2012-11	This thesis investigates the effects of immigration status, country of origin, and duration in Canada on three main health outcomes, namely health care utilization, occurrences of hypertension and heart disease, and body mass index. The first two chapters are cross-sectional studies that utilize data derived from linked national health survey and Ontario databases, whereas the third chapter is a longitudinal study which draws data from the longitudinal National Population Health Survey (NPHS). The first chapter examines the role of immigration status and country of origin in explaining the use of three types of health services: primary care physicians, specialists, and hospitals. The findings suggest that immigrants, especially those who are male and have low educational attainment, use more primary care physicians than comparable non-immigrants. However, immigrants are found to use fewer expensive health services, i.e. specialist and hospital care, compared to Canadian-born residents. Likewise, immigrants from non-traditional source countries make even fewer visits to specialists than do those who came from traditional source countries. The second chapter investigates the associations of immigration status, occurrence of hypertension, and occurrence of heart disease. Findings from this chapter show that immigrants have comparable odds of hypertension and heart disease to those of Canadian-born residents after adjusting for other factors. The third chapter examines the effects of time since arrival in Canada on the change in BMI over the 14-year period. This chapter shows that, holding other factors constant, an additional year in Canada leads to a 0.14% increase in an individual’s BMI. This association is found to be more pronounced for women than men and for married than non-married individuals. The effect of time since arrival in Canada on the change in BMI is reduced to 0.07% after controlling for sample selection bias, suggesting that by ignoring the sample selection issue, the effects of time since arrival in Canada on the change in BMI may be overestimated.	PhD	health	3
Theriault, Leah	Chapman, Bruce	A User Innovation Theory of the Numerus Clausus	Law	2012-03	Limitations on the customizability of property rights (the numerus clausus principle) are a puzzling feature of the common law conception of property. An economic rationale, built upon 1) the pivotal role that rules of exclusion play in fostering user innovation, and 2) the role that psychological ownership plays in preventing recontracting around governance rules, is offered to explain the modern persistence of the doctrine. Application of the numerus clausus principle limits the proliferation of governance rules in the economy (governance), replacing them with rules of exclusion (exclusion). Exclusion unifies rights of use and possession in assets, while governance separates, to a greater or lesser degree, possession from use rights. Full user, sale and the policy against restraints on alienation are the paradigmatic examples of exclusion; while governance is exemplified by servitudes and contractually-burdened assets. Exclusion plays a critical role in user innovation because it allows the possessors of assets to unilaterally seek out new uses of those assets. Whenever the law replaces governance with exclusion, user innovation is more likely to occur because the possessors of assets can apply their unique, rival and nontransferable human capital inputs to tangible assets, generating outputs (the new uses) that move resources to their higher-value uses. This is how all innovation, both high-tech and low-tech, occurs. In addition to negatively impacting user innovation, governance hinders recontracting because both possession and legal entitlements (rights of use in an asset) give rise to feelings of psychological ownership, and individuals will not recontract over uses that they feel they already ‘own’. The user innovation theory’s focus on search, innovation and human capital explains why the numerus clausus principle remains most robust in the areas of personal and intellectual property (where users generate a significant amount of innovation), and why it has been somewhat attenuated in the area of real property (where we restrict search in order to facilitate coordination of land uses). It also explains why the law enforces the principle even when the cost of providing notice of governance rules is low.	SJD	innovation, land use, governance	9, 15, 16
Thiagavel, Jeneni	Ratcliffe, John M	Sensory and Cognitive Constraints and Opportunities in Bats	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2019-11	Here I report on three comparative studies and one review chapter addressing the relationships between sensory reliance, neuroanatomy, skull morphology and body size, as they relate to diet and foraging in bats. In chapter two, I use morphological and echolocation data to test whether (i) mass-signal frequency allometry or (ii) emitter-limited (maximum gape) signal directionality better explain the negative relationship between size and peak frequency in bats. The results suggest that body mass and forearm length were important predictors of open space echolocation call peak frequency in ways that (i) reflect species-specific size differences, and (ii) suggest the influence of preferred foraging habitat. In chapter three, I test the predictions that the ancestral bat had (i) an auditory brain design capable of supporting early laryngeal echolocation, but (ii) eyes of insufficient absolute size to allow insect tracking at night. The results suggest that bats’ common ancestor had eyes too small to allow for successful aerial hawking of flying insects at night, but an auditory brain design sufficient to afford echolocation. Further, we find that those with less sophisticated biosonar have relatively larger eyes than do sophisticated echolocators. In chapter four, I continue to explore apparent trade-offs between echolocation call design and vision in predatory bats. I also explored the effects of foraging strategy, roost preference, and migration on the brains and eyes of predatory bats. I found that external roosters had large relative eyes, as did those with conserved calls which also had larger visual regions than those with more derived calls. The results also suggest that gleaners and sedentary bats have larger brains than aerial hawking and migrating bats, respectively. In chapter five, I provide an overview of sensory and cognitive ecology as they relate to foraging ecology and diet in the Phyllostomidae. These bats have a wide spectrum of feeding ecologies and sensory system specializations. Here, I use the Phyllostomidae to illustrate the influences that foraging ecology and diet selection have on the evolution of sensory systems and relative brain and brain region volumes.	Ph.D.	trade, conserv, ecology	10, 15
Thielen-Wilson, Leslie	Razack, Sherene	White Terror, Canada's Indian Residential Schools, and the Colonial Present: from Law Towards a Pedagogy of Recognition	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2012-03	What does it mean to say that settler states have a colonial present? In this thesis, I first draw upon the anti-colonial theory of Frantz Fanon (1963, 1967) and contemporary anti-colonial theorists, to understand the nature of colonial power and settler occupation. I develop the theoretical framework of “white terror as colonial force field” structured by the triadic relation of land—terror—white identity, and emphasize that any given site within a colonial force field must be understood as systematically interrelated with other sites, maintained by a settler collectivity. The old European political rationality of “possessive individualism,” the historical rationale for not only capitalist accumulation but modern liberal law, government, and sovereignty, is especially useful for tracing interconnections (symbolic and material) among sites within a colonial force field. This ideology functions, in Fanon’s words, to “bring settler and native into being” through processes which dehumanize the latter as property. Marking the Indigenous collective as inherently damaged, reconstitutes the settler collective as legitimate occupiers of land. Next, I provide an illustration of this theoretical framework. I argue that the Canadian government and law’s response to Indigenous peoples’ demand for justice regarding the genocidal violence of Canada’s Indian Residential Schools (IRS) must be read within the context of a contemporary colonial force field. I trace possessive individualism and the ontological force of property in IRS case law, specifically, R v. Plint, Blackwater v. Plint, Cloud v. Canada and Baxter v. Canada. I also examine the 2006 IRS Settlement Agreement and Canada’s 2008 Apology to “former students” of IRS. I show how discursive strategies on the part of Canada, recuperate and perpetuate anew the familiar relation of colonized and colonizer. Canada’s response is thereby intimately tied to issues of land, white identity and sovereignty today. Finally, I lay the groundwork for an anti-colonial pedagogy of recognition which requires settler occupiers to recognize the re-colonizing moves which reconstitute settlers as racially dominant in relation to Indigenous nations and their lands. This pedagogy has relevance for the Government’s (now unfolding) IRS Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and other anti-colonial social change and education initiatives.	PhD	justice	16
Thomas, Bryan	Moreau, Sophia	Public Reason and Canadian Constitutional Law	Law	2008-11	Liberals claim that the exercise of state power must be justified on terms that all citizens can reasonably accept. They also support democracy. The challenge is to bring these two desideratum in line-- to ensure that democratic deliberations are somehow predicated on claims that all citizens can reasonably accept. Put differently, the challenge is to set the terms of public reason. Liberal philosophers advance grand theories of political justice towards this end. They claim that a reasonable argument in the political sphere is one that conforms to theory x. The difficulty is that there will be those who reasonably reject theory x, preferring theory y or z, or eschewing theory altogether. Pessimism at the prospect of agreement on higher-order theories of justice leads some to advocate simple majority rule. The thesis argues that convergence on higher order theory is not essential to public reason. The Supreme Court of Canada’s method of adjudication under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is used as a model. Where basic rights are engaged, or are alleged to be engaged, the Court examines the reasonableness of law and policy using a series of open-ended tests. These tests discipline their deliberations by focusing attention on generally accepted facts and values (notably, the values expressed by the Charter). The thesis contends that the Court’s open-ended, contextual approach can serve as a model for broader public reasoning. The thesis then explores the role of religious arguments within this model. In a polity committed above all to Charter values, what is the place of religion in the justification of law? It is argued that religion is understood to be private and inscrutable under the Charter. This is what justifies the Court’s generous reading of the right to religious freedom. It also justifies our forbidding state coercion in the name of religion. With the preceding ideas in mind, the thesis examines Canadian law and public discourse on the issues of therapeutic cloning (ch.4) and same sex marriage (ch.5).	PhD	rights	16
Thomas, Paul Edwin James	White, Graham	Across Enemy Lines: A Study of the All-party Groups in the Parliaments of Canada, Ontario, Scotland and the United Kingdom	Political Science	2016-11	The Parliaments of Canada, Ontario, Scotland and the United Kingdom are now home to a growing number of informal bodies that are formed by politicians from all parties who wish to cooperate on specific policy issues or relations with other countries. Such all-party groups (APGs), which deal with topics from the steel industry to genocide prevention, work to share information, meet with stakeholders, and conduct policy studies. Most also have partnerships with external actors who support their activities. This dissertation explores why the number of APGs is rising in each jurisdiction, but also why there are relatively fewer APGs in the two Canadian cases. Using statistical analyses of APG membership patterns as well as interviews with parliamentarians, lobbyists, and journalists, it finds three main factors behind APG expansion. First, the growth of APGs has helped both parliamentarians and external actors to continue to achieve their goals despite changes in the external political environment such as rising policy complexity and increased demands from citizens. Second, APG expansion has been facilitated by the evolution and increasing modularity of the APG format, which has allowed it to be adapted to a broader range of issues and activities. Finally, the increasing acceptance of APGs as a standard tool of political advocacy has led to the creation of groups by parliamentarians and external actors who feel it is important do so as part of broader lobbying campaigns, even if APG activity is not the most effective way to achieve their goals. The dissertation also finds that differences in APG prevalence are caused primarily by variations in levels of party discipline, with those jurisdictions that feature high discipline, such as Canada, tending to have fewer groups. Strong party discipline also limits the policy advocacy conducted by those APGs that do form in those legislatures.	Ph.D.	industr	9
Thompson, Debra Elizabeth	Nedelsky, Jennifer	Seeing Like a Racial State: the Census and the Politics of Race in the United States, Great Britain and Canada	Political Science	2012-03	This thesis compares the political development of racial categories employed by the United States, Canada and Great Britain on their national censuses, particularly focusing on the enumeration of mixed-race individuals in the late 20th century. Though literature on race and the U.S. census often stresses the causal influence of social mobilization, this analysis reveals that the common explanations for the development of racial classifications such as interest group mobilization, demography and civil rights legislation are not viable in comparative context. To explore and explain how the racial state sees, this thesis conceptualizes race as a system of power relations and develops a framework of the schematic state, which operates concurrently as both an actor responsible for putting the underlying organizational pattern of race into place, solidifying a particular set of racial meanings, and implementing a scheme for the racial configuration of society, and an arena in which policy alternatives are contested and where the state itself participates among other actors. This characterization demonstrates that the schematizing impetus of the census is not an exemplar of a dichotomous relationship between an all-powerful state and powerless racial subjects; instead, the power and meaning of race exist well beyond the control of the fragmented and sometimes contradictory schematic state, from the transnational realm to the level of the group or individual. Contrary to the majority of the literature on race, this thesis demonstrates that state institutions do not act for purely domestic reasons; rather, institutions mediate between national nuances and transnational ideas about race that exist in excess of national boundaries. Thus, while the decision to count mixed-race can be explained by a crystallization of transnational ideational trends that are mediated by national politics, the domestic arena of policy making – or the policy network itself – emerges as a key factor that determines the method of multiracial enumeration. However, these domestic political and policy outcomes are not contained by borders. Once a policy is in place, it has the potential to reinforce domestic policy and contribute to the global discourse of race itself – and in its travels among these levels of abstraction, race transforms.	PhD	institution	16
Thorogood, Adrian	Lemmens, Trudo	Towards Legal Interoperability in International Health Research	Law	2019-11	Interoperability is the ability to exchange meaningful data across complex systems. Connectivity is essential for international health research, but can be hindered by incompatible laws and legal tools. First, this paper considers compatibility between intellectual property law regimes and research data licenses. Second, it reviews data privacy law regimes and how treaties, codes of conduct, and standard safeguards can maintain interoperability across borders. Third, it reviews health research regulation, seeking to reconcile the tension between openness and participant/community control over research data. This paper concludes with a critique of two generic strategies for promoting legal interoperability. The first is access governance, where policies and due diligence processes interface between different legal and organizational contexts. The second is algorithmic access, where researchers submit algorithms to run on secure datasets. Ultimately, interoperability is an essential consideration when designing norms and legal tools to support international health research.	LL.M.	governance	16
Thorpe, Hilary Claire	Thomas, Sean C. ||Caspersen, John	Clearcut Solutions? An Evaluation of Partial Harvesting in the Black Spruce Boreal Forest	Forestry	2008-11	Bringing together field-based empirical studies, a simulation modelling experiment, and a critical analysis of the natural disturbance emulation paradigm, this thesis evaluates partial harvesting in the black spruce boreal forest. Forest management in Ontario is required to emulate natural disturbances, but in regions of the boreal forest where fire cycles are long, regulated even-aged management by clearcutting has truncated forest age-class distributions. Partial harvesting has been proposed as a means to maintain the structural complexity and biodiversity associated with old forests while allowing continued timber production. Despite the potentially important role of partial harvesting in a strategy for sustainable boreal forest management, little research has examined post-harvest stand development, a critical determinant both of habitat and timber supplies.I used a chronosequence approach in combination with dendroecological techniques, a neighbourhood modelling framework, and maximum likelihood statistical methods to quantify stand dynamics over the first decade after partial harvest in the black spruce (Picea mariana) boreal forest of northeastern Ontario, Canada. Residual trees displayed large but time-lagged growth responses to partial harvest. The largest responses were found in young trees, while old trees were largely unable to react to improved post-harvest resource availability. Growth responses were offset by elevated rates of residual-tree mortality, which peaked in the first year after harvest at nearly 13 times the pre-harvest level. Proximity to harvest machinery trails severely escalated the risk of mortality for residual trees. Considering growth and mortality responses together in a forest simulator model, I found that stand development proceeded most rapidly where skidding intensity was reduced and retention areas were aggregated. Given appropriate prescriptions, my results indicate that partial harvesting can be a viable silvicultural option for black spruce boreal forests. However, the ability of partially harvested stands to emulate natural disturbance is questionable, particularly given the strong influence of harvest machinery impacts on post-harvest stand development. I argue that the natural disturbance emulation framework has important flaws and falls short of a justifiable approach for forest management in Ontario.	PhD	biodiversity, forest, production	12, 15
Thulien, Naomi	Gastaldo, Denise	PRECARIOUS LIVES: A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF HOMELESS YOUTH TRANSITIONS TO INDEPENDENT HOUSING	Nursing Science	2017-06	Precarious Lives: A Critical Examination of Homeless Youth Transitions to Independent Housing Naomi S. Thulien Graduate Department of Nursing Science University of Toronto 2017 ABSTRACT Homelessness has reached epidemic proportions in Canada, with youth comprising a significant segment of this population. While we know a great deal about the risk factors associated with young people entering street life, we know much less about how to facilitate and sustain homeless youth transitions off the streets. To date, there have been only a handful of longitudinal studies designed to examine the trajectories of youth who exit homelessness. Moreover, none of these longitudinal studies were designed to exclusively examine the experiences of youth transitioning to independent housing, where youth pay market rent and are required to be more self-sufficient. The goal of the study was to address this knowledge gap by producing an emic (insider) perspective on the experiences of formerly homeless youth as they transitioned into independent housing and attempted to achieve meaningful social integration. To achieve a more nuanced understanding of the subjective and objective aspects of meaningful social integration, the study was guided by a Postcolonial Feminist theoretical framework alongside the World Health Organization Commission on Social Determinants of Health conceptual framework. A critical ethnography was utilized to reveal socioeconomic and political factors that shape the transition to independent housing and to meaningful social integration. During ten months of fieldwork, I met every other week with nine formerly homeless youth who had recently moved into independent housing. The majority of youth were individually interviewed 13 to 19 times. In total, I conducted 119 hour-long informal interviews. Three key findings emerged: 1) youth appeared “successfully” housed but lived in chronic precarity; 2) youth experienced a shift in identity and employed this as a self-preservation strategy; and 3) the process of independently maintaining housing undermined the youths’ sense of mastery and control. Despite their remarkable agency, participants’ lack of tangible and intangible resources meant they were housed in poverty and remained marginalized. I propose a new conceptual framework, highlighting the tangible and intangible resources needed by youth attempting the daunting task of transitioning off the streets.	Ph.D.	poverty, socioeconomic	1
Thwaites, Rayner Bartholomew	Dyzenhaus, David	Judicial Responses to the Indefinite Detention of Non-citizens Subject to Removal Orders: A Comparative Study of Australia, the United Kingdom and Canada	Law	2010-11	In the period 2004-2007, the highest courts of Australia, the United Kingdom and Canada handed down judgments on the legality of the indefinite detention of non-citizens, specifically non-citizens subject to a removal order whose removal was frustrated. Each of the governments claimed that its intention to remove the non-citizens if and when it became viable to do so sufficed to establish that their detention fell within an ‘immigration’ exception to non-citizens’ rights. The cases thus raised fundamental questions about the relationship between non-citizens’ rights and governments’ power to control national borders. I argue that the indefinite detention of a non-citizen subject to a removal order is illegal. The detention of a non-citizen subject to a removal order is lawful if it can be justified as a proportionate measure to effect his or her removal. Indefinite detention fails this proportionality test and as such is an unlawful violation of a non-citizen’s rights. I develop my argument through case studies from the three jurisdictions. I argue that the law of all three jurisdictions contained ample resources to support a ruling that indefinite detention was unlawful. The question then arises as to why this view did not prevail in every jurisdiction. I demonstrate that, taking into account variations in legal frameworks and doctrines, a judge’s response to indefinite detention is at base determined by his or her answer to the question ‘does a non-citizen, against whom a valid removal order has been made, retain a right to liberty?’ The judge’s answer to this question flows through his or her adjudication on the scope of ‘immigration’ exceptions to legal protections of the personal liberty of non-citizens considered in the case studies. I consider the best justification for the view that a removal order revokes a non-citizen’s right to liberty, provided by John Finnis. I argue that it rests on questionable understandings of citizenship, and in operation inevitably undermines the values of community solidarity it seeks to promote.	SJD	rights	16
Timms, Laura	Smith, Sandy	What Happens after Establishment? The Indirect Impacts of the Gypsy Moth on Native Forest Caterpillar Communities	Forestry	2010-11	Invasive insects are considered one of the most serious threats affecting forests today; however, surprisingly little research has addressed the impacts of invasive species establishment on native forest insect communities. Such information is lacking for even the most thoroughly studied invasive forest insect, the gypsy moth. Using gypsy moth as a case study, my thesis addresses the questions: What are the ecological impacts of an exotic forest insect upon its establishment in a new community of native species? Does the community shift after the invasive establishes, and if so, what are the drivers in this realignment? I used multivariate analysis to assess native caterpillar communities collected in forest stands with and without a history of gypsy moth outbreak. I found that gypsy moth outbreak history had no significant effects on native caterpillar communities; however, current gypsy moth abundance was related to shifts in the structure of late season caterpillar assemblages. These results suggest that gypsy moth may affect native caterpillar communities through short-term mechanisms but not through long-term ecological changes. I used quantitative food webs to investigate the effects of gypsy moth on native host-parasitoid webs from the same caterpillar communities, and found that food web structure was resilient to both gypsy moth outbreak history and current abundance. The gypsy moth shared few parasitoids with native species in my study sites, none of numerical significance, thus minimizing the opportunity for enemy-mediated indirect interactions. Finally, I conducted a greenhouse experiment and found that early spring feeding by forest tent caterpillar can indirectly influence gypsy moth susceptibility to its virus, demonstrating that the complex interactions that can occur between native and exotic species do not always benefit the invader. Overall, I argue that the establishment of the gypsy moth into North American forests will not cause major changes in native caterpillar communities.	PhD	food, resilien, forest	2, 15
Tiplady, Oona	Stermac, Lana	Posttraumatic Symptoms in Therapists Following the Suicide of a Client	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2017-11	Research has shown that client suicide can be an alienating, isolating and frightening experience for therapists, whether it occurs at the beginning of their career or well after they have established themselves as professionals. Previous research has failed to examine the therapistâ s experiencing of posttraumatic symptoms in response to client suicide and the factors that affect this, particularly the history of prior trauma, the presence of prior psychological problems, number of previous client suicides, gender, education, working alliance, and perceived support following the client suicide. Ninety-one clinicians who live in North America who experienced a client suicide in the past five years completed measures assessing trauma history (stressful life experiences), prior client suicide, demographics, working alliance, training preparedness, and posttraumatic adjustment. Furthermore, clinician survivors were given the opportunity to reflect on what they found most and least helpful following the suicide of a client, and what advice they would give to another clinician who is experiencing the suicide of a client for the first time. The results of this study indicate that overall clinicians experience posttraumatic distress following a client suicide and that this decreases for most clinicians over time. When a number of factors were examined (e.g., working alliance, setting, gender, multiple client suicides, prior graduate training in client suicide, prior stressful life events, and perceived social supports), it was found that previous graduate school training in client suicide and perceived social support were associated with lower levels of posttraumatic distress, both immediately and several months following a client suicide. In addition, multiple client suicides was associated with higher levels of distress immediately post suicide but prior stressful life events and gender (i.e., women) were associated with higher levels of impact six months following the suicide of a client The type of social support that was recommended to be most useful following the suicide of a client was collegial and supervisorial support. Furthermore, prior graduate training in client suicide was correlated with lower levels of distress, both at seven days and six months post client suicide.	Ph.D.	gender	5
To, Kim Lun Sharon	Helwig, Charles C	Autonomy, Rights, and Parenting in Changing Chinese Cultural Contexts	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2018-06	Drawing on both a universalistic perspective (self-determination theory) and a cultural psychological perspective (Greenfield’s theory of cultural change), the papers presented in this dissertation examine the joint role of universal psychological processes and cultural transformation in accounting for variations and similarities in parenting, children’s rights attitudes, and their outcomes in diverse settings within China. One hundred and twenty-eight Chinese adolescents (12-16-year-olds) and their mothers from urban and rural China - two settings that have been rapidly changing at a different pace over the past decades with the rise of modernization - participated in the current study. The first paper focuses on how cultural parenting practices are transmitted across generations, and their impact on Chinese adolescents’ psychological well-being. The second paper narrows the focus and examines how the socialization environment and other socio-demographic factors may contribute to the development of children’s rights conceptions amongst Chinese mothers and adolescents. Comparing mothers and adolescents from different settings coexisting within the same nation, encompassing urban social ecologies of the Gesellschaft form to the rural social ecologies of the Gemeinschaft form (Greenfield, 2009), these studies provide insight into how the extent of urbanization impacts parenting practices, beliefs and attitudes, and consequently affects children’s development in a non-Western cultural setting. Overall, findings from both of the studies demonstrated converging evidence supporting the universalist claim that children in a variety of cultural contexts benefit from family environments which are responsive and promote children’s needs to exercise autonomy. Findings also suggested that there has been a shift in cultural parenting practices in China (with a different pace of change in urban versus rural areas), consistent with Greenfield’s theory of cultural change.	Ph.D.	urban, rural, rights	11, 16
Tombe, Trevor	Zhu, Xiaodong	Structural Change and Income Differences	Economics	2011-11	Economic growth and development is intimately related to the decline of agriculture’s share of output and employment. This process of structural change has important implications for income and productivity differences between regions within a country or between countries themselves. Agriculture typically has low productivity relative to other sectors and this is particularly true in poor areas. So, as labour switches to nonagricultural activities or as agricultural productivity increases, poor agriculturallyintensive areas will benefit the most. In this thesis, I contribute to a recent and growing line of research and incorporate a separate role for agriculture, both into modeling frameworks and data analysis, to examine income and productivity differences. I first demonstrate that restrictions on trade in agricultural goods, which support inefficient domestic producers, inhibit structural change and lower productivity in poor countries. To do this, I incorporate multiple sectors, non-homothetic preferences, and labour mobility costs into an Eaton-Kortum trade model. With the model, I estimate productivity from trade data (avoiding problematic data for poor countries that typical estimates require) and perform a variety of counterfactual exercises. I find import barriers and labour mobility costs account for one-third of the aggregate labour productivity gap between rich and poor countries and for nearly half the gap in agriculture. Second, moving away from international income differences, I use a general equilibrium model of structural transformation to show a large labour migration cost between regions of the US magnifies the impact improved labour markets have on regional convergence. Finally, I estimate the influence of structural change on convergence between Canadian regions. I construct a unique dataset of census-division level wage and employment levels in both agriculture and nonagriculture between 1901 and 1981. I find convergence is primarily due to region-specific factors with structural change playing little role.	PhD	agriculture, employment, economic growth, labour	2, 8
Tomory, Leslie	Langins, Janis	Progressive Enlightenment: The Origins of the Gaslight Industry 1780–1820	History and Philosophy of Science and Technology	2009-06	Gaslight, an Industrial Revolution technology, developed in the period 1780–1820. The foundations for the technology are partly found in the pneumatic chemistry of the eighteenth century, both in terms of the knowledge of gases and their properties, and the instruments used to manipulate them, such as the gasometer, making gaslight one of the earliest instances of a technology heavily based on science. Although many people experimented with lighting with gases in the late eighteenth century, the move to a commercial technology began with Philippe Lebon and William Murdock who had a clear commercial purpose in mind. The technology in its early phases was found everywhere in Europe, but it was at Boulton & Watt in Birmingham that it was first successfully applied. As Boulton & Watt developed the technology they identified many and solved some of the problems associated with scaling up the technology. They were not, however, very interested in gaslight and only sporadically gave attention to it, before effectively abandoning it around 1812. They nevertheless had an important role to play in its development not only because if their technical work, but also because they demonstrated the technology’s viability to the broad public, and by giving people experience in gas engineering. The technology's final form as a network utility was partly as a result of a battle fought between Boulton & Watt and Frederick Winsor's Gas Light and Coke Company in London during 1807–1810. Boutlon & Watt did not want a large limited-liability corporation as a competitor, and the contest in Parliament between the two groups resulted in a negotiated compromise where the Gas Light and Coke Company gave up all rights to manufacture apparatus, and focused exclusively on gas provision, effectively making it a utility. The years from 1812–1820 saw the technology mature into a large network which included not only technical development, such as the pressure balancing with valves and regulators, but also political and social elements, such as the control of user expectations through education and usage enforcement through inspectors. By 1820, the technology was sufficiently developed to be transferred to the Continent.	PhD	industr	9
Toney, Jared Glen	Kazal, Russell	Locating Diaspora: Afro-Caribbean Migrations and the Transnational Dialectics of Race and Community in North America, 1910-1929	History	2014-11	This dissertation examines the migration of West Indians from the Anglophone Caribbean to the U.S. and Canada in the early twentieth century. It focuses on the transnational negotiations of racial community and conceptions of blackness, a process enacted through Afro-Caribbean migration networks and the encounters between peoples of African descent in North America. The comparative element considers how conceptions of race, and specifically blackness, were differently constituted and expressed among communities in three different locales: New York, Montreal, and Toronto. The transnational dimension illuminates the connective elements between those sites and the mediation of ethnic and national difference among black Canadians, Americans, and West Indians. It proposes three scales by which to analyze formations of community and diasporic conceptions of race in North America. The first scale of analysis is the nation. In their migrations, Afro-Caribbean immigrants encountered different constructions of blackness within the respective national contexts; black peoples themselves expressed multiple and sometimes conflicting identifications with nation, state, and empire in Canada and the U.S. Second, this dissertation evaluates communities at the local level, identifying the characteristics of urban sites that framed the West Indian experience and the formulations of racial communities therein. The third scale of analysis is the transnational. Here, it focuses on how different expressions of race in the respective local and national contexts were mobilized between sites and across space, and how the terms of blackness traveled and translated across geographic, political, and cultural borders. Ultimately, this dissertation illustrates the process and practice of diaspora among peoples in the respective U.S. and Canadian cities, and their transnational engagements with a broader racial community. In the early twentieth century, the category of blackness had increasing resonance among an otherwise diverse, disparate, and ethnically heterogeneous community. Diasporic blackness was rooted in the North American experience, and routed through West Indian migration networks between New York, Toronto, and Montreal. It not only incorporated differences among peoples of African descent, it was contingent upon them. As a result of these cross-border encounters and interactions, racial, ethnic, and national communities were remade through diaspora.	Ph.D.	cities	11
Tong, Dehui	Berman, Oded ||Krass, Dmitry ||Milner, Joseph	Optimal Pricing and Capacity Planning in Operations Management	Management	2011-06	Pricing and capacity allocation are two important decisions that a service provider needs to make to maximize service quality and profit. This thesis attempts to address the pricing and capacity planning problems in operations management from the following three aspects. We first study a capacity planning and short-term demand management problem faced by firms with industrial customers that are insensitive to price incentives when placing orders. Industrial customers usually have downstream commitments that make it too costly to instantaneously adjust their schedule in response to price changes. Rather, they can only react to prices set at some earlier time. We propose a hierarchical planning model where price decisions and capacity allocation decisions must be made at different points of times. Customers first sign a service contract specifying how capacity at different times will be priced. Then, when placing an order, they choose the service time that best meets their needs. We study how to price the capacity so that the customers behave in a way that is consistent with a targeted demand profile at the order period. We further study how to optimally allocate capacity. Our numerical computations show that the model improves the operational revenue substantially. Second, we explore how a profit maximizing firm is to locate a single facility on a general network, to set its capacity and to decide the price to charge for service. Stochastic demand is generated from nodes of the network. Customers demand is sensitive to both the price and the time they expect to spend on traveling and waiting. Considering the combined effect of location and price on the firm's profit while taking into account the demand elasticity, our model provides managerial insights about how the interactions of these decision variables impact the firm's profit. Third, we extend this single facility problem to a multiple facility problem. Customers have multiple choices for service. The firm maximizes its profit subject to customers' choice criteria. We propose a system optimization model where customers cooperate with the firm to choose the facility for service and a user equilibrium model where customers choose the facilities that provide the best utility to them. We investigate the properties of the optimal solutions. Heuristic algorithms are developed for the user equilibrium model. Our results show that capacity planning and location decisions are closely related to each other. When customers are highly sensitive to waiting time, separating capacity planning and location decisions could result in a highly suboptimal solution.	PhD	industr	9
Toor, Arif Mahmood	Wheelahan, Leesa	Ontario’s Graduate Certificate Programs: An Exploration into Colleges’ Perspectives and Students’ Decision-making Processes	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2020-06	This mixed methods study explored the nature and role of one of the credentials offered by the Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology (CAATs) – graduate certificates – in school to work transition of Ontarians and it explored students’ decision-making processes when enrolling in these programs. The role of education in human capital theory underpins specific ways qualifications can be used for economic progress; however, in liberal market economies where an education logic dominates, such a role is not clearly defined. The conceptual frameworks that grounded my study included Iannelli and Raffe’s (2007) concept of transition systems, differentiation (cited in Parsons Platt, 1973, Rhoades, 1983), Perna’s (2006) model of student choice, and Reverse Transfer (cited in Clark, 1960; Hossler et. al, 2012). These were used to analyze data from: 335 program websites; statistical data from the Ontario government and Colleges Ontario documents; and, interviews with six institutional leaders, five program coordinators from five selected CAATs (out of 24), four third-party professionals and 17 students. The quantitative data included all graduate certificates offered by 22 English language Ontario CAATs in fall 2017. The conclusions drawn from this study suggest that graduate certificate programs are the only post-diploma credential offered by the CAATs where degrees are one of the key entry requirements. Due to the government’s policies and market pressures, these programs are relatively homogenous which contributes to isomorphism in Ontario CAATs. These programs produce highly positive labour-market outcomes and this study’s participants considered these program curricula to be closely linked with the job market. However, the system-wide data show that more than half of the graduates get jobs outside their fields of study. Participants perceived the level of these programs to be higher than baccalaureate programs and students enrolled in these programs to gain applied skills which were not offered by their previous education. This study contributes to the existing literature on role of qualifications in liberal market economies and may inform policy, improve program design and delivery, and help increase the understanding of role of these credentials in Ontario’s transition and higher education systems.	Ph.D.	labour	8
Topouzova, Lilia	Viola, Lynne||Lahusen, Thomas	Reclaiming Memory: The History and Legacy of Concentration Camps in Communist Bulgaria	History	2015-03	In the immediate aftermath of 1989, following the collapse of the Eastern European communist regimes, it was revealed that communist Bulgaria had operated one of the most extensive and repressive forced-labor camp networks in the entire socialist bloc. In a country of 7 million people spread across 111,000 square kilometers, there were close to forty camp complexes where people were interned, often without trial during different stages of the communist regime. The camps were fully operational from late 1944 until 1962. Furthermore, the Bulgarian camp network was never completely dismantled and camps continued operating into the 1980s, albeit at a significantly diminished scale and with reduced visibility. In early 1990, news of the atrocities committed in the camps attracted the attention of local and foreign media, earning Bulgaria the rather sinister moniker "Little Siberia." The revelations of human rights abuses prompted post-communist Bulgarian governments to attempt various transitional justice initiatives aimed at overcoming the repressive legacy. To date, however, the history of the Bulgarian concentration camp system and its aftermath remain largely untold. This dissertation focuses on the camp system as a way of exploring the experience of political violence in Bulgaria during the communist era and the diverse post-communist forms of representing this experience. The study uses a wide variety of sources, including recently declassified archival material, private archival collections, oral history interviews, memoirs, unpublished manuscripts, films, and media investigations. More than thirty interviews were conducted with individuals impacted by the Bulgarian camp system, over twenty of which with camp survivors. Archival research was conducted in the collections of Bulgaria's Ministry of the Interior (AMVR) in Sofia, the Central State Archive (TsDA) in Sofia, the National Archives in London, UK, and the Open Society Archives in Budapest, Hungary.	Ph.D.	cities, labour	8, 11
Torres, Rose Ann	Olson, Paul	Aeta Women Indigenous Healers in the Philippines: Lessons and Implications	Sociology and Equity Studies in Education	2012-06	This study investigates two central research problems. These are: What are the healing practices of Aeta women? What are the implications of the healing practices of Aeta women in the academic discourse? This inquiry is important for the following reasons: (a) it focuses a reconsidered gaze and empirical lens on the healing practices of Aeta women healers as well as the lessons, insights and perspectives which may have been previously missed; (b) my research attempts not to be 'neutral' but instead be an exercise in participatory action research and as such hopefully brings a new space of decolonization by documenting Aeta women healers’ contributions in the political and academic arena; and (c) it is an original contribution to postcolonial, anti-colonial and Indigenous feminist theories particularly through its demonstration the utility of these theories in understanding the health of Indigenous peoples and global health. There are 12 Aeta women healers who participated in the Talking Circle. This study is significant in grounding both the theory and the methodology while comparatively evaluating claims calibrated against the benchmark of the actual narratives of Aeta women healers. These evaluations subsequently categorized my findings into three themes: namely, identity, agency and representation. This work is also important in illustrating the Indigenous communities’ commonalities on resistance, accommodation, evolution and devolution of social institutions and leadership through empirical example. The work also sheds light on how the members of our Circle and their communities’ experiences with outsider intrusion and imposed changes intentionally structured to dominate them as Indigenous people altered our participants and their communities. Though the reactions of the Aeta were and are unique in this adaptive process they join a growing comparative scholarly discussion on how contexts for colonization were the same or different. This thesis therefore joins a growing comparative educational literature on the contextual variations among global experiences with colonization. This is important since Indigenous Peoples' experiences are almost always portrayed as unique or “exotic”. I can now understand through comparison that many of the processes from military to pedagogical impositions bore striking similarities across various colonial, geographical and cultural locations.	PhD	health, women, institution	3, 5, 16
Tortell, David Maurice	Roach, Kent	Surfing the Surveillance Wave: Online Privacy, Freedom of Expression and the Threat of National Security	Law	2017-03	This thesis explores the emergence of s. 2(b) of the Charter as a response to privacy breaches flowing from government surveillance of online personal information. My study begins by examining two competing views of the relationship between free speech and privacy: opposites in conflict versus complimentary, interconnected rights. I then proceed to look at privacy itself, addressing difficulties faced in defining this concept and ways in which privacy has been read into, and excluded from, the Charter. Next, I focus on aspects of s. 2(b), including freedom of thought, the chilling effects of surveillance and jurisprudence like the 2014 Supreme Court of Canada R. v. Spencer decision which isolates privacy as a vehicle for expression. I conclude by reviewing the advantages and challenges of this privacy-centric approach to s. 2(b), and discuss two ongoing Canadian constitutional lawsuits which adopt this approach in attacking Bill C-51 and other national security legislation.	LL.M.	rights	16
Touchie, Frances Marianne	Pressnail, D Kim	Improving the Energy Performance of Multi-unit Residential Buildings Using Air-source Heat Pumps and Enclosed Balconies	Civil Engineering	2014-06	Existing multi-unit residential buildings (MURBs) are important assets for urban regions such as Toronto, Canada. These buildings provide high-density housing and allow for the efficient provision of public services and utilities. However, MURB energy-use imposes a significant environmental burden. A preliminary part of the study presented here found that the median energy intensity of MURBs in Toronto is 300ekWh/m	Ph.D.	energy, buildings, urban, environment	7, 9, 11, 13
Tozer, Laura	Maclaren, Virginia	Urban Decarbonization: Politics and Practices of Carbon Neutrality	Geography	2018-11	Urban transformation for decarbonization is a significant challenge. Despite widespread and growing adoption of local goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, climate change mitigation action in cities has taken a piecemeal rather than systemic approach. This dissertation examines how urban low carbon transformations are being imagined, implemented and evaluated. The research design uses a mixed methods approach, including discourse analysis of policy storylines, textual network analysis of planned urban carbon neutrality configurations, and three in-depth urban case studies of Stockholm, London and San Francisco. First, the research examines how urban decarbonization is being imagined by identifying visions for the built environment in carbon neutral urban futures and the storylines driving those urban imaginaries. Key findings include that the developing sociotechnical imaginary of urban carbon neutrality is structuring shifts in policy and practice and that different imaginaries of energy futures are sending cities down divergent sociotechnical paths. Second, the research analyzes the implementation of urban decarbonization. Using a material politics approach, the dissertation examines patterns in which aspects of buildings and energy infrastructure are made to matter as actors implement low carbon measures in the case study cities and finds that emerging patterns in practice carry implications for whether or not cities are on trajectories toward decarbonization. Third, the dissertation contributes to methods of evaluating urban decarbonization by applying a different measure for assessing the effectiveness of urban climate measures – transformative capacity. Using this approach, the dissertation concludes that transformative capacity is under development for new urban space in the case studies, but the effort to change the existing built environment has faced challenges that have limited implementation. This research makes two main contributions to climate governance literature. First, it advances new ways to consider successful progress in urban carbon governance. By combining an examination of the material politics of implemented decarbonization efforts in cities with a policy scaling and entrenchment lens, this dissertation opens up the consideration of progress in carbon governance to encompass the messy, materially embedded and contested transformation of infrastructure. Second, this research develops a deeper understanding of urban carbon neutrality, which represents a new scope of urban action that is aiming for transformative change. The dissertation not only breaks down the building blocks of planned decarbonization, but also considers the ways that these elements are woven together to become narratives that tell an engaging story about the future of cities. Responding to the climate crisis means disruptive change to many of society’s systems in order to avoid catastrophe. While the scope of the transformation is daunting, the process of reimagining and reconfiguring cities can also open the door for new possibilities.	Ph.D.	energy, infrastructure, buildings, cities, urban, greenhouse gas, climate, environment	7, 9, 11, 13
Tracey, Patti Lynn	Muntaner, Carles	Non-governmental Organization's (NGOs) Impact on Health Care Services in Rural Honduras: Evaluating a Short-Term Medical Mission (STMM) Utilizing a Case Study Approach	Nursing Science	2015-11	Non-Governmental Organization’s (NGOs) Impact on Health Services in Rural Honduras: Evaluating a Short-Term Medical Mission (STMM) Utilizing a Case Study Approach Canada is a leading, international country that engages in Non-Governmental Organization (NGO)-led STMMs to low and middle-income countries for the provision of health care, education or structural development. Honduras, a chief destination country, is one of the poorest, most politically unstable in Central America. Health expenditure is among the lowest in the Americas, approximately 30.1% of the population receives no health care, and there is marked exclusion of ethnic and rural minorities. In Honduras, there is a paucity of evidence on the expectations, coordination and outcomes of STMMs. Guided by World Health Organization’s Primary Health Care (PHC) framework, an exploratory, type 2, single case study with a multiple embedded units design was used to address two research questions relating to the processes and outcomes of STMM services, and how stakeholders assess services. Eight propositions supported the data collection and a 12-day STMM involving 7 rural villages in Gracias a Dios (client n = 1120) constituted the case over three time periods (pre, during, and 10-weeks post STMM). Other data sources were key stakeholders (regional health/host officials, Honduran and Canadian health care providers). A revised, adapted Harvard evaluation tool was the principal data collection instrument. According to a review of English publications, this is the first longitudinal assessment of STMM processes, outcomes and community perspectives. Community members provided rich details regarding factors that impact their health, such as their impoverished situation and environmental challenges and risks (water, sanitation, food scarcity, poverty, and limited transportation). Diagnoses and treatments were consistent with the evidence of predominant health issues and medications provided in similar regions. Due to limited resources and/or unavailability of services STMM, clients had no opportunity to follow up on referrals. The results suggest that the existing STMM model is limited to adequately meet the needs of the people living in a rural and remote region of Honduras where poverty is extreme. The discussion situates the findings within the context of a country where, despite individuals’ constitutional right for health, political instability and multiple, intersectoral complexities challenge such right and reveal that STMM’s contributions are valued but fragmented with largely unknown outcomes. Recommendations for STMM quality and accountability, policy, education, and future research are presented.	Ph.D.	poverty, health, sanitation, rural, environment	1, 3, 6, 11, 13
Trachtenberg, Lianne Jill	Piran, Niva	Illness- and Gender- Related Identity Processes and Psychosocial Well-being among Young Breast Cancer Survivors: A Mixed Method Study	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2017-11	The purpose of the current investigation was to explore Identity Integration, defined as the reformation of post-illness identities, and its impact on psychosocial well-being among young breast cancer survivors. Two key aspects of identity were assessed: a) illness-related identity—women’s experience of themselves in relation to developing breast cancer and b) gender-related identity—women’s experience of themselves in relation to stereotypic and hegemonic gender constructions. A triangulation mixed method design was utilized to collect data on identity processes and related shifts among young breast cancer survivors. In the quantitative inquiry, 113 young women breast cancer survivors, diagnosed at age 36.25 (SD=5.89), mostly between stages I-III (93.9%) completed a measure of illness-related identity: the Impact on Self-Concept Scale (ISCS), four measures of gender-related identity: Gender Role Socialization Scale (GRSS), Objectify Body Consciousness Scale (OBCS), Mental Freedom Scale (MF), and Silencing the Self Scale (SS), as well as two measures of well-being: the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast (FACT-B), and the Experience of Embodiment Scale (EES). As predicted, the illness- and gender-related identity subscales were significantly correlated with both measures of well-being. In the multiple regression models, GRSS and MF significantly predicted FACT-B scores, R2=40.0%. In contrast, OBCS and MF predicted EES scores, R2=61%. In the qualitative inquiry, 12 women between the ages of 24 and 44 at diagnosis participated in one interview about identity processes and related shifts before, during, and after their breast cancer experience. Six core dimensions of women’s identity emerged in the Constructivist Grounded Theory analysis: 1) Loss and Adversity, 2) Connection to the Physical Body, 3) Social Power Related to Bodily Experiences, 4) Internalization Versus Rejection of Gender- and Illness-Related Discourses, 5) Relational Connections, and 6) Meaning and Life Goals. Related to the centrality of body experiences in these emergent themes, the results suggested that identity was intertwined with bodily experiences and was therefore referred to as ‘embodied identity’. Taken together, findings from the study highlighted a critical relationship between young women’s altered bodies, illness- and gender-related identities, and their psychosocial well-being after a breast cancer experience. Unlike previous research in psychosocial oncology, which considered identity as disconnected from the body, this study underscored the importance of examining identity through an embodied lens. Theoretical innovation and clinical implications for psychological intervention are discussed.	Ph.D.	gender, women	5
Tran, Tuan Tony	Beck, J. Christopher||Nejat, Goldie	Decomposition Models for Complex Scheduling Applications	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2017-06	The efficient scheduling of tasks on limited resources is important for many manufacturing and service industries to keep costs low and efficiently use resources. However, scheduling problems are often difficult and common scheduling approaches are inadequate for solving problems at the scale necessary for some applications. Therefore, customized scheduling methods are important for the practical application of scheduling techniques. The central thesis of this dissertation is that the understanding of the capabilities of current scheduling technologies and the use of this knowledge to partition a problem into smaller, more manageable parts that are better suited to these technologies is effective for increasing scheduling performance. These decompositions advance the state-of-the-art scheduling methodologies and extend the capabilities of automated scheduling techniques for real-world applications. In this dissertation, three decompositions have been developed with varying levels of integration between solvers. Each decomposition addresses the limitations of a technology and improves upon the current techniques so that they can be used for specific application problems. The first decomposition model is concerned with scheduling a team of robots in a retirement home. The scheduler must consider a complex, multi-objective problem, where it must respect user preferences and schedules. The problem is partitioned into two parts that are each solved using constraint programming. This decomposition shows the improvements that can be obtained when comparing a decomposed model and a non-decomposed model. The second application studied is a large-scale data center. Here, jobs arrive dynamically and are processed on one of approximately 10,000 machines. The decomposition model makes use of techniques developed in two research areas: queueing theory and scheduling. By segmenting a problem into parts that are amenable to the techniques from queueing theory and scheduling, a state-of-the-art scheduling algorithm is crated. Finally, the third decomposition model combines different paradigms of computation, quantum and classical computation, into a cohesive algorithm for use in three different scheduling problems. The hybrid classical computing and quantum computing algorithm develops the capabilities of quantum annealing, a quantum algorithm run on specialized quantum hardware.	Ph.D.	industr	9
Tremblay, Arjun	Bertrand, Jacques	Explaining Multiculturalism's Survival: Electoral Outcomes, Policy Design, and Veto Players	Political Science	2017-06	Multiculturalism, by which I mean the recognition and accommodation of cultural minorities borne out of individual and familial immigration, is a political project of the old political left, one that is logically inconsistent with the ideological positions of the political right. Due to this inconsistency, we should therefore expect multiculturalism to retreat following an ideological shift to the right in national level politics. However, this study shows that this does not always happen: sometimes multiculturalism survives an ideological shift to the right. This study argues that the likelihood of multiculturalism surviving an ideological shift to the right in national level politics is affected by electoral outcomes, by policy design and by the actions of critical veto players. More precisely, it argues that multiculturalism is more likely to survive an ideological shift to the right in national level politics when (1) parties of the political right secure enough votes in national level elections to govern but not to decide unilaterally (i.e. when they fail to form a minimum winning coalition), (2) failing that, when multiculturalism policies have been written into formal rules, have multiple stakeholders, or are ‘locked-in’ and therefore immune to the vagaries of electoral competition and (3) if multiculturalism policies are either de-institutionalized, have a single stakeholder, or are ‘open’ to re-examination, when critical veto players intercede to maintain the status quo despite strong partisan opposition to multiculturalism. Ironically, when the fate of multiculturalism rests in the hands of veto players their decisions to maintain the status quo seems to have little if anything to do with a genuine belief in the recognition and accommodation of cultural minorities. This study’s hypothesis of multiculturalism’s survival is developed through a step-by-step comparison of recent policy developments in three immigrant-receiving countries: Canada, Britain, and the United States. These countries share three things in common. Firstly, they were all part of a vanguard of immigrant receiving countries that turned towards multiculturalism during the latter half of the 20th century. Secondly, they have each recently experienced an ideological shift to the right in national level politics resulting from the electoral victories of center-right political parties. Thirdly, each of these cases demonstrates that multiculturalism has survived, albeit to varying degrees and in different ways, following an ideological shift to the right in national level politics. Due to these similarities, we can control for a stimulus that should have, all things being equal, entailed multiculturalism’s retreat across the three cases and, in so doing, identify the factors that provide the basis for a plausible explanation of multiculturalism’s survival.	Ph.D.	institution	16
Trentham, Barry	Cole, Ardra	Old Coyotes: Life Histories of Aging Gay Men in Rural Canada	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2010-11	Current understandings of aging and the life course are largely based on taken-for-granted hetero-normative assumptions. Gay men lack aging road maps that are unique to their life course experiences and which consider the changing contextual and social conditions that shape their participation choices in family and community roles. This is particularly so for gay men aging in rural environments as most studies of aging gay men focus on the urban experience. This study adds to understandings of aging and the life course by examining the lives of three gay men aging in rural environments. I use a life history approach to shed light on how sexual identity development and marginalization within rural environments intersect with shifting social contexts to shape the aging process in terms of engagement in social role opportunities, namely, community and family participation. As a life course researcher, I pay particular attention to the tensions between individual agency and structural constraints and how they are revealed through the life histories. Epistemological and methodological assumptions based on social constructivism, critical and queer theory inform the study while my own lived experiences as a gay man and an occupational therapist practitioner and educator ground the study. Cross-cutting themes identified in the life narratives reveal connections between sexual identity development and the coming out processes with patterns of social relationships and the gay aging process. These themes are then discussed in terms of their relevance to broader aging and life course constructs including generativity, social capital and gay aging; agency and structure in identity development; and expanded notions of family and social support for gay men. Findings from this study have implications for current explanations of ageing and life course processes; challenge limiting stereotypes of older gay men; inform health and social service professionals who work with older gay people; and provide examples of alternative queer life pathways for gay people of all ages.	PhD	queer, rural, urban	5, 11
Tripp, Lianne	Sawchuk, Lawrence A	Early Twentieth Century Infectious Diseases in the Colonial Mediterranean	Anthropology	2017-06	Disease during adulthood can shape the quality of life at both the personal and familial level, interfere with economic productivity, reproductive success and ultimately one’s survival. The objective of this research has been to explore the 20th century health of small-scale populations (Malta, Gozo and Gibraltar) in the context of infectious disease using traditional statistical, anthropological, demographic and epidemiologic methods. This thesis brings us closer to a deeper comprehension of how disease and humans interact. With respect to the differential undulant experience between Malta and Gibraltar, tradition, non-compliancy, along with the scale effect contributed to the persistence of undulant fever in Malta throughout the study period. Other factors were: Gibraltar’s effective health-directed policies that dealt with herding and milk consumption, its greater enforcement of policies and higher levels of intra-group compliancy. Gozo’s heightened and unique 1918/19 influenza disease experience compared to its sister island of Malta, was shaped by limited exposure to influenza as a consequence of isolation and rurality, along with a community interconnectedness because of the small-scale society, and limited social distancing measures. There were significantly higher rates of influenza morbidity in reproductively aged women (15 to 44 years) compared to men (z-score=5.28; p	Ph.D.	health, women	3, 5
Tseung, Victrine Wing-Yee	Cameron, Jill I.||Jaglal, Susan B.	Considerations for the Implementation of Caregiver Education and Support Programs in a Regional Stroke System	Rehabilitation Science	2018-06	Family caregivers need education and support to care for themselves and their loved ones but caregiver programs have not been formally implemented in the Canadian healthcare system. The overall objective of this research was to explore the organizational/system perspective regarding the implementation of caregiver education and support programs into standard clinical practice in a regional stroke system. This research had 2 phases: 1) Key Informant Study and 2) Qualitative Descriptive Study. The objective of the first phase was to gain insight from key informants from the regional stroke system, health authorities, and government to identify organization and system level considerations associated with implementing stroke caregiver programs to inform data collection and participant groups to include in a large-scale qualitative descriptive study of the Ontario Stroke System. Findings from 12 participants suggested program implementation requires consensus on the need for caregiver programs in the health care system, evidence to support implementation, and engagement of stakeholders. Findings indicated specific system and program level considerations to explore and participant groups to include in the large-scale qualitative descriptive study. There were 72 participants in the qualitative descriptive study. Findings suggested program implementation requires establishing the need for caregiver programs in the health care system, incorporating caregiver programs into the system of care, resolving the uncertainty regarding ownership and responsibility for implementation, and addressing regional variations. Program level considerations included evidence to support local implementation, personnel requirements, barriers related to workflow processes and integration with current practice and existing workflow processes. Implementing caregiver programs in a regional stroke system is a multi-faceted issue that requires a concerted effort from stakeholders across the health care system. This research can be used to inform the development of implementation strategies for such programs to ensure that family caregivers receive the support they need.	Ph.D.	health	3
Tsimicalis, Argerie	Stevens, Bonnie	Costs Incurred by Families of Children Newly Diagnosed with Cancer in Ontario	Nursing Science	2010-06	Problem: Financial strain has been reported by families of children with cancer. However, the specific costs and their impact on these families remain unknown. Objectives: (a) to identify the costs incurred by families of children newly diagnosed with cancer in Ontario, (b) to determine the variables that influence these costs, and (c) to explore the impact of these costs on families. Conceptual Framework: The conceptual framework incorporated the social, economic, disease, and treatment cost predictors with the direct and indirect cost of illness components. Setting: Two university-affiliated tertiary paediatric hospitals in Canada. Sample: English speaking parents of children newly diagnosed with cancer who were receiving treatment. Design: A prospective concurrent mixed method design. Instrumentation: The Ambulatory and Home Care Record © (AHCR) (Guerriere & Coyte, 1998) was used to record costs and an interview guide was developed to explore the impact of these costs on families. Procedure: Parents recorded the resources consumed and costs incurred during one week per month for three consecutive months beginning the 4th week following diagnosis and listed any additional costs incurred since diagnosis or between the face-to-face interviews. Parents also discussed the impact of these costs on their families in an audio taped interview. Data Analysis: Descriptive statistics and multiple regression modelling were used to describe families’ total costs (expressed in 2007 Canadian dollars) and to determine factors that influenced them. Descriptive qualitative content analytic methods were used to analyze the transcribed interview data. Results: In total, 99 parents including 28 fathers and 71 mothers completed three sets of cost diaries. The mean total three month expenditure was $28,475 (SD $12,670; range $2013 to $79,249) per family. There were no statistically significant factors that influenced families’ direct costs; however, 23% of the variance for indirect costs was explained by inpatient tertiary hospitalizations, language spoken at home, and distance to the hospital. Parents described the costs associated with their child’s illness and coping and management strategies used to lessen the financial impact including managing their expenses and seeking ways to increase their cash flow. Significance: Findings will inform health professionals and policy makers about families who are faced with potentially catastrophic costs following their child’s diagnosis with cancer.	PhD	health	3
Tsuyuhara, Kunio	Shi, Shouyong	Essays on Dynamic Contracts: Microfoundation and Macroeconomic Implications	Economics	2011-06	This thesis consists of three chapters pertaining to issues of long-term relationships in labour markets. In Chapter 1, I analyze a model of a two-period advice game. The decision maker chooses to retain or replace the advisor after the first period depending on the first period events. Even though the decision maker and the advisor have identical preferences, this potential replacement creates incentive for the advisor to avoid telling the truth. I show the condition under which the decision maker can find a random retention rule that induces a truthful report from the advisor, and I characterize an optimal retention rule that maximizes the decision maker's expected payoff. In Chapter 2, I propose a search theoretic model of optimal employment contract under repeated moral hazard. The model integrates two important attributes of the labour market: workers' work incentive on the job and their mobility in the labour market. Even though all workers and firms are ex ante homogeneous, these two factors jointly generate (1) wages and productivity that increase with worker's tenure and (2) endogenous dynamic heterogeneity of the labour productivity of the match. The interaction of these factors provides novel implications for wage dispersion, labour mobility, and the business cycle behaviour of macroeconomic variables. Lastly, in Chapter 3, I quantitatively assess wage dispersion and business cycle implications of the model developed in Chapter 2. In terms of wage dispersion, the model with on-the-job search with wage-tenure contracts seems to accommodate sizable frictional wage dispersion. The model, however, generates very small productivity difference among workers, and shows weak evidence that the productivity difference generated by the endogenous variations in incentives is responsible for frictional wage dispersion. In terms of business cycle implications, workers' endogenous effort choice first amplifies the effect of productivity shock on unemployment rate. Second, responses of workers to productivity shocks generate marked difference between the effects of temporary productivity shock and that of permanent shock. Third, the analysis shows the importance of the distributional effect on macroeconomic variables during the transitory periods after a shock.	PhD	employment, labour, worker, rights	8, 16
Tu, Ran	Hatzopoulou, Marianne	Traffic Emission Modelling for Robust Policy Design in Connected and Electric Transportation	Civil Engineering	2020-06	Traffic emissions such as greenhouse gases (GHGs, in CO2eq), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and traffic-related air pollution lead to global problems including climate change and public health issues. In order to mitigate the impacts of growing urban traffic on emissions and air pollution, travel demand management, driving operation control, and advanced technology initiatives have been implemented in many cities. The aim of this research is to realize robust transportation policy decisions with improved emission estimation approaches at local and regional levels. In the first module of the thesis, the emission factor (EF, in grams of traffic emissions per unit distance) within one traffic condition, which is commonly defined as a single value, is expanded to a distribution. A regional emission distribution is therefore established using the EF distribution, enhancing the robustness of policy analysis. Meanwhile, the identification of the EF variation leads to the development of a machine-learning based emission estimation approach, CLustEr-based Validated Emission Re-calculation (CLEVER). The CLEVER approach can accurately estimate regional traffic emissions without heavy data collection burden through refined traffic condition categories and representative EFs using traffic data of multiple resolutions. In the second module, several traffic emission control strategies are tested from perspectives of emissions, air pollution, and energy consumption. First, a travel demand management targeting on high-emitting trips is tested. Compared to a short-distance trip management, the proposed strategy is more effective on reducing GHG emissions and improving traffic conditions. Second, a travel-time minimized routing algorithm with connected automated vehicles is applied in an urban road network and the application causes potential increases of near-road NO2 concentrations. Lastly, electric vehicle charging schedules are optimized to minimize GHG emissions from electricity generation. The optimized plan demonstrates high potentials for reducing GHG emissions. However, trade-offs between emission reductions and charging facility costs are identified by comparing the optimized plan with non-optimized plans. This research achieves a reliable regional traffic emission estimation with much less data requirement. Based on that, innovative control strategies proposed in this research and their comprehensive evaluation process can contribute to a robust transportation policy decision.	Ph.D.	pollut, greenhouse gas, climate, consum, urban, energy	7, 11, 12, 13
Tucker, Caroline	Cadotte, Marc	Biodiversity in Two Parts: Environmental Heterogeneity and the Maintenance of Diversity, and the Prioritization of Diversity	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2013-11	Questions surrounding the causes and consequences of diversity lie at the centre of community ecology. Understanding the mechanisms by which species diversity is maintained motivates much experimental and theoretical work, but this work often focuses on fluctuation-independent mechanisms. Variability in habitat suitability is ubiquitous through space and time however, and provides another important path through which species diversity can be maintained. As a result, considering environmental variability has value for conservation and management. Finally, differences through space and time in the mechanisms that promote and maintain diversity produce spatially varying patterns of diversity. Spatial variation in different forms of diversity (species (SR), phylogenetic (PD), and functional diversity (FD)) creates difficult decisions about prioritization and reserve locations. This thesis uses experimental, observational, and theoretical methods to explore the causes and consequences of diversity. I show that variation in space and time has important implications for species coexistence and diversity maintenance. In microbial nectar communities, temperature variation through space and time alters the importance of priority effects on community assembly. Using models of warming temperatures in annual plant communities I show that considering temporal partitioning of flowering (a strategy to minimize competition) introduces constraints on phenological shifts: this has implications for phenological monitoring programs. Finally, I show that variability in the timing of fire events in Mediterranean shrublands contributes to coexistence between life forms, suggesting that it should be considered for fire management. In the final two chapters, I focus on conservation prioritization. Comparisons of species richness and evolutionary diversity through space in the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa show that existing reserves protect Proteaceae richness, but fail to capture evolutionary distinct species. More generally, in the final chapter I suggest that SR and PD should be congruent through space when species are of similar ages, regions are depauperate, or ranges are discontinuous.	PhD	environment, conserv, ecology	13, 15
Tufford, Lea	Bogo, Marion	Clinician Mandatory Reporting and Maintenance of the Therapeutic Alliance	Social Work	2012-11	The objectives of this study are two-fold: (a) to delineate the factors that guide Ontario social workers’ decision-making when rendering judgments on the mandatory reporting of child maltreatment and (b) to understand how social workers maintain the therapeutic alliance with children and families following the decision to report suspected child maltreatment. The study is informed by two distinct bodies of literature: the decision-making theoretical literature within the fields of medicine, psychology, social work, and marriage and family therapy and the therapeutic alliance theoretical literature. Harnessing the advantages of online survey technology, the study surveyed registered members (n = 480) of the Ontario Association of Social Workers who provide direct service to children and families. Participants responded to prepared vignettes of suspected child maltreatment followed by Likert-scale questions (strongly agree to strongly disagree) and open-ended questions on strategies to maintain the alliance. Open-ended questions allowed respondents to offer further commentary regarding their opinions on mandatory reporting and on maintaining the therapeutic alliance. These comments added a rich source of information to the quantitative data. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that social workers’ ethical responsibility to the College of Social Workers and Social Service Workers, their legal responsibility to the provincial mandatory reporting laws of Ontario, and consultation with peers or eliciting direction from a supervisor comprised the main factors in their decision-making around reporting suspected child maltreatment to the Children’s Aid Society. Qualitative analyses showed that social workers employ a plethora of strategies to repair the alliance following a disclosure of child maltreatment including reporting strategies, information strategies, affect regulation strategies, advocacy strategies, and resource strategies. The major limitation of the research design was the use of vignette research, which in proscribed circumstances may not reflect what the social worker does in actual practice. Design features that compensate for this limitation include (1) use of a 5-point Likert-item response of strongly agree to strongly disagree to allow respondents a range of responses; and (2) use of open-ended questions to allow respondents the opportunity to express their opinions on the issues.	PhD	worker	8
Tuite, Ashleigh	Fisman, David N	Using Mathematical Models to Inform Syphilis Control Strategies in Men Who Have Sex with Men	Medical Science	2015-11	Syphilis is resurgent in many high-income countries, disproportionately affecting urban men who have sex with men (MSM). Frequent screening of at-risk individuals remains the best available tool for syphilis control, but current public health efforts are not resulting in reduced disease burden. The aim of this thesis was to use mathematical modeling to understand the effect of different approaches to syphilis screening on epidemic dynamics and the health of MSM. An agent-based model of syphilis transmission in a core group of sexually active MSM was parameterized with data on the epidemiology of the current epidemic to evaluate plausible screening strategies that might be employed for epidemic control. Of the strategies evaluated, more frequent screening of at-risk MSM already accessing screening, rather than expanding outreach to provide screening to unscreened individuals, was found to be the most effective means of reducing syphilis incidence over a 10-year intervention period. A state-transition microsimulation model of syphilis natural history and medical care was developed to determine the cost-effectiveness of incorporating routine syphilis testing into the blood-work of MSM under care for HIV. When rates of syphilis acquisition were high, opt-out syphilis screening in HIV-infected MSM was projected to be a highly cost-effective intervention. A risk-structured deterministic compartmental mathematical model of syphilis transmission in MSM was used to examine the impact of sustained syphilis screening at varying levels of population coverage. Increasing screening in a population with initially low levels of coverage was shown to lead to increases in infection incidence. Although screening has the potential to control syphilis outbreaks, suboptimal screening coverage may result in the establishment of higher equilibrium infection incidence than that observed in the absence of the intervention, possibly contributing to outbreak persistence. The results of this research suggest that current control efforts are not expected to reduce syphilis incidence, with more effective screening programs required to reduce syphilis burden in MSM. The work presented in this thesis provides some insight into factors that may lead to screening programs that both improve the health of individuals and reduce the overall population burden, ultimately resulting in improved epidemic control.	Ph.D.	health, urban	3, 11
Tungohan, Ethel Antoinette	Carens, Joseph	From the Politics of Everyday Resistance to the Politics From Below: Migrant Care Worker Activism in Canada	Political Science	2014-06	The purpose of this dissertation is to understand why, when, and how migrant care workers in Canada have engaged in political actions to resist their living and their working conditions. I do so by analyzing primary source documents at the National Archives of Canada and the Canadian women’s movement archives, conducting interviews with 103 migrant care worker activists across Canada and in various activist sites in Hong Kong, Singapore, the Philippines and Geneva, Switzerland and attending and observing various events sponsored by local and national organizations in Vancouver, Toronto, and Montreal, by mainstram international organizations like the International Labour Organization (ILO) and by grassroots international organizations like the International Migrants Alliance (IMA). By assessing the multiple scales where migrant care worker activists resist their living and working conditions, I was able to trace the interlinkages between the ‘politics of everyday resistance’, of which migrant care workers’ individual and organizational forms of micro-rebellion are a part, and the ‘politics from below’ that characterizes the Canadian migrant care workers’ ‘movement.’ In doing so, migrant care workers counter academic and popular representations depicting them as being docile and compliant. They demonstrate their capacity to contest individual micro-aggressions at home and at work, to form ‘new’ transnational family arrangements to meet their needs, to shift the discourse on migrant care work, to faciliate important changes to Canada’s policies on migrant care work, to help ensure the passage of the landmark international “Convention on Domestic Work,” and to begin discussions on alternatives to labour migration and to sending countries’ economic dependence on receiving countries, among their many activities. Although the Canadian migrant care workers’ movement has key divisions – namely surrounding activist scope, strategy and normative inclinations – organizations representing migrant care workers are united in their conviction that migrant care workers’ interests matter and merit representation.	PhD	worker, labour	8
Turgeon, Luc	Simeon, Richard	Tax, Time and Territory: The Development of Early Childhood Education and Child Care in Canada and Great Britain	Political Science	2010-06	This dissertation examines the evolution of Britain’s and Canada’s early childhood education and child care (ECEC) sectors, especially the growing number of policy initiatives adopted in both countries over the past thirty years. I contend that policy coalitions in both countries have been able to promote gradual but nevertheless important policy changes by grafting new purposes onto inherited institutions. The result of these incremental changes has been ECEC systems that often appear incoherent and disjointed. The dissertation also explores how Canada and Great Britain have increasingly followed distinct trajectories. In particular, I demonstrate that while a growing proportion of ECEC services are provided by the commercial sector in Britain, Canada has instead increasingly relied on the non-profit sector to deliver such services. I contend in this dissertation that differences between the two cases are the result of distinct policy coalitions that have emerged in both countries. I make the case that the character of these coalitions and their capacity to promote, institutionalize, protect and further their policy preferences are the result of, first, the sequence of policy development and, second, the territorial organization of the welfare state in both countries. In short, as a result of the federal nature of Canada, Canadian child care activists were able to ensure the early institutionalization of a regulatory framework that constrained the expansion of for-profit services. By the time Britain adopted a national framework, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, on the other hand, the for-profit sector had already established a strong presence. Covering more than one hundred twenty five years of policy development in both countries, this dissertation draws both on extensive archival research and on interviews with policy-makers and ECEC activists.	PhD	institution	16
Turley, Nash Elia	Marc, T J Johnson	Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Herbivory on Plant Communities	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2014-11	Understanding the consequences of species interactions is central to ecological and evolutionary research. My research focused on better understanding the evolutionary ecology of plant- herbivore interactions by asking two broad questions: 1) How do herbivores shape the composition and diversity of plant populations and communities? And, 2) How does genetic variation and ongoing evolutionary dynamics in herbivores influence plant ecology? To test the first question, I utilized long-term herbivore manipulations in the grasslands of Silwood Park, England. I tested ecological and evolutionary consequences of rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) grazing on plant populations by collecting seeds from rabbit exclosures ranging in age from 4 months to >20 years and growing them in common environments. I found that rabbit exclusion caused evolution of multiple plant defensive traits in three plant species and influenced the costs and benefits of a mutualistic interaction between a grass and its fungal endophyte. In another experiment at Silwood Park I investigated how multiple groups of herbivores (rabbits, insects, and mollusks) and nutrient additions shaped plant species richness and phylogenetic diversity. I found that nitrogen addition strongly reduced species richness while rabbit grazing increased plant phylogenetic diversity. To test the second question, I conducted field experiments where I manipulated the genotypic composition of green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) populations on two host plant species. I found that genetic variation in M. persicae had large impacts on plant growth, that M. persicae populations changed in genotype frequency (i.e. they evolved) over 5 generations, and that in some cases faster evolving populations had larger negative impacts on plant growth. Together these results demonstrate how herbivory can concurrently shape the ecology and evolution of plants at multiple levels of organization and that herbivore genetic variation and evolution can have important consequences on plant ecology.	Ph.D.	ecology	15
Turnbull, Sarah Louise	Hannah-Moffat, Kelly	Reconfiguring Canadian Penality: Gender, Diversity, and Parole	Criminology	2012-11	This research provides a local case study of responses to ‘gender’ and ‘diversity’ within Canada’s federal parole system. I examine the following questions: How are certain ‘differences’ and categories of offenders constituted as targets for ‘accommodation’ or as having ‘special needs’? How do penal institutions frame ‘culturally relevant’ or ‘gender responsive’ policy and, in doing so, use normative ideals and selective knowledge of gender, race, culture, ethnicity, and other social relations to constitute the identities of particular groups of offenders? I explore these questions by tracing the history of policy discussions about gender and facets of diversity within legislation and penal and parole policies and practices, as well as the current approaches to managing difference used by the National Parole Board (NPB). Specific focus is given to the organizational responses and approaches developed for Aboriginal, female, and ‘ethnocultural’ offenders. In this study, I show that the incorporation of diversity into the federal parole system works to address a variety of organizational objectives and interests, including fulfilling the legislative mandate to recognize and respond to diversity; appealing to human rights ideals and notions of fairness; managing reputational risk and conforming to managerial logics; instituting ‘effective’ correctional practice; and addressing issues of representation. At the same time, the recognition of gender and diversity produces new penal subjectivities, discourses, and sites upon which to govern. I argue that the accommodation of gender and diversity provides a narrative of conditional release and an institutional framework that positions the NPB as responsive to the diverse needs and/or experiences of non-white and non-male offenders. In the Canadian context, the penal system strives to deliver ‘fair’ punishment through the selective inclusion of difference, and without altering or reconsidering fundamental structures, practices, and power arrangements. Diversity and difference are instead added onto and/or incorporated into preexisting penal policy and logics, including risk management and managerialism.	PhD	gender, rights	5, 16
Turner, Gary R.	Levine, Brian	Investigating the Impact of Diffuse Axonal Injury on Working Memory Performance following Traumatic Brain Injury Using Functional and Diffusion Neuroimaging Methods	Psychology	2008-06	Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability globally. Cognitive deficits represent the primary source of on-going disability in this population, yet the mechanisms of these deficits remain poorly understood. Here functional and diffusion-weighted imaging techniques were employed to characterize the mechanisms of neurofunctional change following TBI and their relationship to cognitive function. TBI subjects who had sustained moderate to severe brain injury, demonstrated good functional and neuropsychological recovery, and screened positive for diffuse axonal injury but negative for focal brain lesions were recruited for the project. TBI subjects and matched controls underwent structural, diffusion-weighted and functional MRI. The functional scanning paradigm consisted of a complex working memory task with both load and executive control manipulations. Study one demonstrated augmented functional engagement for TBI subjects relative to healthy controls associated with executive control processing but not maintenance operations within working memory. In study two, multivariate neuroimaging analyses demonstrated that activity within a network of bilateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and posterior parietal regions was compensatory for task performance in the TBI sample. Functional connectivity analyses revealed that a common network of bilateral PFC regions was active in both groups during working memory performance, although this activity was behaviourally relevant at lower levels of task demand in TBI subjects relative to healthy controls. In study three, diffusion-imaging was used to characterize the impact of diffuse white matter pathology on these neurofunctional changes. Unexpectedly, decreased white matter integrity was not correlated with working memory performance following TBI. However, markers of white matter pathology did inversely correlate with the compensatory functional changes observed previously. These results implicate diffuse white matter pathology as a primary mechanism of functional brain change following TBI. Moreover, reactive neurofunctional changes appear to mediate the impact of diffuse injury following brain trauma, suggesting new avenues for neurorehabilitation in this population.	PhD	health	3
Turner, Sarina	Chan, Timothy C.Y.	Advancing Sustainability Research Using Mathematical Programming Techniques	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2015-06	The central thesis of this dissertation is that mathematical programming techniques can be successfully applied to gain novel insight into problems in the energy sector related to building assessment systems and wind farms. We focus on the novel application of mathematical programming to the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system, and wind farm layout optimization (WFLO). In the first part of this dissertation, we use an inverse optimization technique to assess and propose improvements to the LEED rating system for buildings. Due to the large dimensionality of the inverse optimization problem, we develop an approximation to improve tractability, and provide numerical evidence to validate the approximation method. Based on the results from our inverse model, we perform a statistical analysis and determine that some of the valuation of LEED credits by building designers may be based on specific building attributes not previously considered. Second, we develop a new mathematical programming approach for wind farm layout optimization. We use Jensen's wake decay model to represent multi-turbine wake effect, develop mixed-integer linear and quadratic optimization formulations, and apply our formulations to several example layouts cases. Compared to previous approaches, our models generate layouts that are more symmetric and produce more power. We also develop a heuristic bounding policy for a special class of quadratic integer programs to speed up computational times, useful in this case, and potentially other applications. Finally, in the last part of this dissertation, we develop a comprehensive WFLO framework that simultaneously takes into account wake effect, sound regulations, turbine infrastructure, and landowner compensation. A financial analysis is performed to determine a common measure of comparison for these different factors, and we develop various mixed-integer linear formulations by combinations of specific factors. We perform six different experiments using our formulations to demonstrate the value of our framework, and from the results we determine the factors impact on the optimal positioning of turbines, infrastructure, and landowner compensation.	Ph.D.	energy, wind,, infrastructure, buildings, environment	7, 9, 13
Tustin, Jordan Lee	Crowcroft, Natasha S	The Internet and Childhood Immunizations in Canada	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2016-06	The Internet has been identified as a potential determinant in parental fears of immunization and subsequent sub-optimal immunization coverage. Facebook is the most popular social media (SM) platform in Canada, and as more people abandon landlines, this platform presents an opportunity for novel recruiting of vaccine hesitant (VH) parents. In this thesis, I investigate Facebook as a tool to recruit VH Canadian parents and examine the determinants of vaccine hesitancy among Canadian parents, including the influence of the Internet. The aims are to describe the methods in studying health behaviours via SM; investigate Facebook as a tool to recruit VH parents compared to Random digit dialing (RDD) methods and describe their determinants of vaccine hesitancy; quantify the association between seeking vaccination information online and parental perception of risk on childhood immunization; and assess the vaccination sentiments and themes in an unsolicited online debate on immunization. My systematic review revealed limited research using SM to study health behaviours and limitations in terms of representativeness and validity. Notwithstanding, SM was shown to be a useful tool in gathering data from targeted populations. I recruited Canadian parents by Facebook advertisements linked to an online survey on childhood immunization, and compared methodological parameters, key demographics, and vaccine hesitancy indicators to a population-based RDD sample of Canadian parents. Facebook recruitment yielded a large sample size within a short time period and at lower costs compared to RDD recruitment, and was superior in reaching VH mothers with young children. Lack of knowledge/awareness and misperceptions on the risk of immunization were the most reported determinants of vaccine hesitancy. Multivariate ordinal regression on both datasets revealed the odds of perceiving vaccines as less safe were significantly higher for parents who seek vaccination information online compared to parents who do not, after adjusting for income, Internet reliability, parental age and region. Analysis of online user-driven comments revealed the main themes in the anti-vaccination comments were inaccurate information and misperceptions on the risks of immunization. The majority of the pro-vaccination comments communicated the risks of not vaccinating, and judgments on the knowledge level of non-vaccinators. The results provide evidence to inform the development of targeted interventions on immunization.	Ph.D.	health	3
Tyrrell, Pascal Norman	Silverman, Earl	Assessment for Early Cardiovascular Risk in Pediatric Rheumatic Disease	Medical Science	2012-06	Objectives: 1) Evaluate the risk of atherosclerosis in rheumatic disease compared to healthy controls; 2) Assess the lipid profile of children with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) at presentation before treatment with corticosteroids; 3) Compare the lipid profiles of children with juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM), systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA), and SLE; 4) Evaluate the extent of early atherosclerosis in children with JDM, SJIA, and SLE; 5) Investigate the progression of early markers of atherosclerosis in children with SLE. Methods. The methods include a systematic review, a cross sectional study of serum lipid levels of a cohort of children with SLE, an analysis of the first time point of a prospective study of cardiovascular disease risk factors and vascular function measures of a cohort of children with JDM, and SJIA, and SLE and a longitudinal study of vascular function measures of a prospective study of a cohort of children with SLE. Results. Our systematic review demonstrated that carotid intima media thickness (CIMT), a surrogate marker of early atherosclerosis, was significantly increased in rheumatic disease populations. We found that newly diagnosed children with SLE before corticosteroid treatment exhibited a pattern of dyslipoproteinemia of increased triglycerides and depressed HDL-cholesterol. When we measured the lipid profiles in children with the rheumatic diseases of JDM, SJIA, and SLE, one third of children had at least one abnormal lipid value. The most common abnormalities were found for total cholesterol and triglyceride levels and most often in children with JDM. One quarter of all patients were found to have insulin resistance. Lastly, when we considered the effects of treatment in children with SLE, we found that improvement in CIMT was possible and it correlated with a higher cumulative dose of prednisone over the study period. Conclusions. Early markers of atherosclerosis in pediatric rheumatic disease are important for determining the risk of these children in developing heart disease as young adults. Chronic inflammation plays a significant role and should be considered an important predictor of premature atherosclerosis.	PhD	health	3
Tzanetakis, Tommy	Thomson, Murray J.	Spray Combustion Characteristics and Emissions of a Wood derived Fast Pyrolysis Liquid-ethanol Blend in a Pilot Stabilized Swirl Burner	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2011-11	Biomass fast pyrolysis liquid (bio-oil) is a cellulose based alternative fuel with the potential to displace fossil fuels in stationary heat and power applications. To better understand the combustion behavior and emissions of bio-oil, a 10 kW spray burner was designed and constructed. The effect of swirl, atomization quality, ignition source (pilot) energy, air/fuel preheat and equivalence ratio on the stability and emissions of bio-oil spray flames was investigated. A blend of 80% pyrolysis liquid and 20% ethanol by volume was used during the tests and the results were compared to burner operation with diesel. It is important to have good atomization, thorough mixing and high swirl in order to stabilize ignition, promote the burnout of bio-oil and decrease CO, hydrocarbon and particulate matter emissions. The total amount of primary air and atomizing air that can be used to improve turbulence, mixing, droplet burnout and overall combustion quality is limited by the distillable fraction and narrow lean blow-out limit associated with pyrolysis liquid. Air and fuel preheat are important for reducing hydrocarbon and CO emissions, although subsequent fuel boiling should be avoided in order to maintain flame stability. The NOx produced in bio-oil flames is dominated by the conversion of fuel bound nitrogen. The particulate matter collected during bio-oil combustion is composed of both carbonaceous cenosphere residues and ash. Under good burning conditions, the majority consists of ash. Pilot flame energy and air/fuel preheat have a weak effect on the total particulate matter in the exhaust. Generally, these results suggest that available burner parameters can be adjusted in order to achieve low hydrocarbon, CO and carbonaceous particulate matter emissions when using pyrolysis liquid. Total particulates can be further mitigated by reducing the inherent ash content in bio-oil. Comparative burner tests with diesel reveal much lower emissions for this fuel at most of the operating points considered. This is due to the fully distillable nature, better atomization and improved spray ignition characteristics associated with diesel. Because of its superior volatility, diesel can also operate over a much wider range of primary air and atomizing air flow rates compared to bio-oil.	PhD	energy	7
Tzekova, Ekaterina	Pressnail, Kim D	Improving the Thermal Performance and Durability of Historic Masonry Buildings	Civil Engineering	2015-06	Historic buildings are less energy efficient than modern structures due to the nature of their construction. Although envelope improvements can reduce operating energy, such retrofits can potentially accelerate the deterioration of the historic facade. Consequently, the challenge is to improve the energy performance while maintaining a durable facade. This research proposes a retrofit approach for historic buildings that addresses both energy consumption and durability of the masonry facade. To improve energy performance, an 1879 historic solid masonry home was retrofitted using an innovative Nested Thermal Envelope Design (NTED). An envelope controlling heat, moisture and air movement was constructed around Core and Perimeter zones that were independently operated. Conditioning the entire house provided 36% space heating energy savings below the Ontario Building Code 2012, while turning off the heat to the Perimeter areas increased savings to 68%. To address durability concerns arising from insulating the masonry walls, the use of a vented airspace installed between the masonry and the thermal insulation was explored. The vented airspace at the first field trial increased the drying potential of the historic masonry during the winter when the brick was most vulnerable to freeze-thaw damage. An estimated 1.1 kg/m2/a was removed at South and East walls. The second field trial showed drying between 4.3 kg/m2/a and 5.7 kg/m2/a at the South and 0.08 kg/m2/a wetting at the North. In situ moisture content levels of the brick varied between 10% - 15% while laboratory testing of similar brick revealed a saturated moisture content of 29%. Both field trials showed that the vented airspace drying potential was influenced by facade orientation and solar radiation levels. An alternative way of constructing the airspace was then tested in the laboratory to explore the use of air permeable insulation in lieu of a clear airspace. Walls constructed with rock wool insulation and vent holes, but with no clear airspace, removed between 52% - 90% of moisture, depending on the insulation density and vent hole area. Walls featuring a clear airspace removed between 59% - 95% of moisture. These laboratory tests showed that enough air was able to move through the air permeable insulation thereby improving the drying potential of the walls.	Ph.D.	energy, solar, buildings	7, 9
Uda, Mariko	Kennedy, Christopher	Sustainable and Resilient Neighbourhood Design	Civil Engineering	2016-06	The objective of this thesis is to support initiation of resilience work at the neighbourhood scale, where “resilience” is the capability of dealing with future shocks and stresses (climate change related and non-related) and continuing to function. First, a framework for analyzing and improving neighbourhood resilience is developed. The key parts of this framework are the definition of the essential needs of the community, identification of future shocks/stresses, and the execution of a series of resilience analyses. This framework was partially applied to a case study neighbourhood, a proposed mixed use neighbourhood in Ontario. It was applied to identify ways to improve the resilience of the neighbourhood with respect to energy, and was found to be straightforward to use and effective in generating ideas. Second, the relationship between sustainability and resilience was explored, by examining the resilience potential of actions in the LEED for Neighbourhood Development (LEED-ND) sustainability rating system to a wide range of future shocks/stresses. LEED-ND was found to contribute resilience to a number of future shocks/stresses (especially energy shortage and heat waves), and had minimal conflicting qualities, but did not address resilience needs comprehensively, thus confirming the need for a neighbourhood resilience framework. Third, literature reviews were conducted to come up with a single set of resilience strategies to aid design for resilience. A design aid was developed consisting of 59 resilience strategies (e.g., avoidance, diversity, social capital) that improve “core,” “specified,” and “general” resilience. The design aid was used to find ways to improve the resilience of the case study neighbourhood to any threat, and also to heat waves specifically. It was found to be effective in generating many ideas, and relatively straightforward to use, albeit a little difficult in some parts and lengthy in process. Finally, a step-wise procedure for showing how the framework and design aid can be used together is presented.	Ph.D.	climate, resilien, energy	7, 13
Um, Seong Gee	Lightman, Ernie	At the Bottom: Migrant Workers in the South Korean Long-term Care Market	Social Work	2012-06	This thesis explores Korean-Chinese migrant workers’ local experiences of the global phenomenon of international migration of care labour, focusing on how the care labour of migrant workers is being constructed through the intertwined social and political processes in South Korea’s shifting long-term care sector for the elderly. The thesis uses a qualitative case study method and relies on data collected through participant observation, interviews, and textual analysis during field research between November 2009 and May 2010. The analysis is based on a global economy of care framework, which understands care work as being made of products that are socially and politically constructed in the global processes. My study findings illuminate the roles and relations of the state, the employers, and the workers in producing a huge migrant workforce in South Korea’s segregated elder care labour market. The policy analysis at the intersection of elder care, labour market, and immigration policies shows that, over the last decade, the South Korean government has significantly reconstructed the boundaries of elder care work through the expansion of publicly-funded programmes for the elderly and the institutionalisation of care work in those programmes. In the institutionalisation process, the government’s ignorance about the care work performed in the private care sector has resulted in different regulations and working conditions for care workers in the publicly-funded versus the private sector. My empirical findings highlight how employers’ search for ‘cheap’ and ‘flexible’ labour and older female migrants’ disadvantageous status in the labour market have placed these workers in the less regulated private sector and their pay and working conditions at the bottom of hierarchical elder care workforce. In advocating for migrant care workers’ labour rights, this thesis challenges the current discriminative employment practices and the government’s lack of protection and regulation of care work in the private sector.	PhD	employment, labour, worker, rights	8, 16
Urajnik, Diana J.	Ferguson, Bruce	Attrition from Child/Youth Mental Health Treatment: The Role of Child Symptoms	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2012-06	This study examined the associations between social adversity, barriers-to-care (logistical obstacles, wait-time) and participation in children’s mental health treatment. The theoretical role of child symptoms (impact on the child, family burden) was addressed. Records were obtained for 1,963 parents who had accessed community-based care for their child (3-17 years). Data were collected as part of a provincial (Ontario, Canada) screening and outcome measurement initiative. The data were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Children with behavioural problems were at increased risk for attrition from treatment (OR=1.47, p < 0.001). The effect held upon controlling for age, gender, and co-morbid emotional symptoms; however, it was explained by child functional impairment. Similar effects were not found for the impact of symptoms on the family. Dropout was greater for adolescents (OR=1.43, p < 0.01) than younger children. Disadvantaged youth were more likely to drop out than more advantaged clients (OR=1.86, p < 0.001). Perceptions of difficulties in attending treatment were associated with a decreased risk (OR=0.89, p < 0.001). The adversity and service relationships were not mediated by child behavioural symptoms, functioning, or family burden. Waiting for care did not influence parent decisions to participate. Moderation analyses showed effects for adversity, service obstacles, emotional symptoms, functional impairment, and family burden for clients with behavioural problems. These children were more likely to drop out if they were socially disadvantaged, or had functional impairment at intake to services. However, completion was more likely for co-morbid children, and parental reports of burden. Families were also willing to overcome access difficulties in order to continue with treatment. There were few findings for children without behavioural problems. The results suggest a focus on other constructs, such as parent cognitions, that may link adversity and barriers with participation. The effects for symptoms as a moderator, suggests different levels of service provision based on sub-types of children. Efforts to engage “high-risk” clients are necessary. On the other hand, resources for intensive services would be appropriate for clients with more severe problems.	PhD	health	3
Urch, R. Bruce	Corey, Paul ||Silverman, Frances	Controlled Human Exposures to Concentrated Ambient Fine Particles and Ozone: Individual and Combined Effects on Cardiorespiratory Outcomes	Medical Science	2010-11	Epidemiological studies have shown strong and consistent associations between exposure to air pollution and increases in morbidity and mortality. Key air pollutants that have been identified include fine particulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3), both major contributors to smog. However, there is a lack of understanding of the mechanisms involved and the relative contributions of individual pollutants. A controlled human exposure facility was used to carry out inhalation studies of concentrated ambient fine particles (CAP), O3, CAP+O3 and filtered air following a randomized design. Exposures were 2 hrs in duration at rest. Subjects included mild asthmatics and non-asthmatics. This thesis focuses on acute cardiovascular responses including blood pressure (BP), brachial artery reactivity (flow-mediated dilatation [FMD]) and markers of systemic inflammation (blood neutrophils and interleukin [IL]-6). Results showed that for CAP-containing exposures (CAP, CAP+O3) there were small but significant transient increases in diastolic BP (DBP) during exposures. Furthermore, neutrophils and IL-6 increased 1 - 3 hrs after and FMD decreased 20 hrs after CAP-containing exposures. Responses to O3 were smaller, comparable to filtered air. The data suggests that adverse responses were mainly driven by PM. The DBP increase was rapid-developing and quick to dissipate, which points to an autonomic irritant response. The magnitude of the DBP increase was strongly negatively associated with the high frequency component of heart rate variability, suggesting parasympathetic withdrawal as a mechanism. In comparison, IL-6, neutrophil and FMD responses were slower to develop, indicative of an inflammatory mechanism. An intriguing finding was that IL-6 increased 3 hrs after CAP, but not after CAP+O3. Further investigation revealed that exposure to CAP+O3 in some individuals may trigger a reflex inhibition of inspiration, decreasing their tidal volume and inhaled pollutant dose, leading to a reduction in systemic IL-6, a potential protective mechanism. Together the findings support the epidemiological evidence of adverse fine PM health effects. Many questions remain to be answered about the health effects of air pollution including a better understanding of how inhaled pollutants result in cardiovascular effects. It is hoped that the insights gained from this thesis will advance the understanding of air pollution health effects.	PhD	pollut	13
Vachhrajani, Shobhan	Kulkarni, Abhaya V||Beaton, Dorcas E	School Function In Children After Traumatic Brain Injury: Developing A New Outcome Measure	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2016-06	Trauma remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality for children. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is responsible for large population-level costs, and protracted burden on family and caregivers. TBI can significantly impact a child's ability to learn and attain important educational and social milestones. Coordinated reintegration into the school environment is paramount in order to achieve optimal outcome. To date, no validated instrument exists for teachers to be able assess the function of children in school after suffering TBI. By using Food and Drug Administration guidelines on Patient Reported Outcomes (PRO), and National Institutes of Health guidelines on mixed methods research, this thesis aims to develop a validated measure of school function in children after TBI, as assessed by the educational professional most closely involved with that child's education. There are multiple intended uses of this instrument. It will serve as a means for teachers to assess the function of their injured students in the classroom. It will also serve as a vehicle to provide tailored rehabilitation services to injured students. Clinicians will be able to assess the recovery of their patients who have returned to school using this outcome measure. Finally, it will serve as a validated outcome measure for clinical trials in pediatric TBI. This work was carried out in three phases. First, qualitative research methodology was used to develop a measurement concept of school function after TBI. School function was defined as the observable traits and behavioural manifestations of multiple cognitive, psychosocial, and neurologic processes, as well as performance on in-classroom academic tasks that represent a child's ability to achieve expected academic and social milestones. The qualitative data informed the second phase of instrument development, in which items were generated and reduced to form a 95-item prototype questionnaire. In the third phase, field testing was performed in order to validate the concept of school function and further reduce items. Only 58 questionnaires were completed; much further work is necessary to achieve the goal of generating a valid and reliable instrument. When complete, it will fill a large gap in the outcome assessment of this vulnerable population.	Ph.D.	health	3
Vahid Shahidi, Faraz	Siddiqi, Arjumand||Muntaner, Carles	Unemployment, Unemployment Protection, and Health in the Era of Neoliberal Welfare State Retrenchment	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2019-11	Research in the field of public health has generated a broad consensus that the organization of the welfare state has a major influence on the distribution of health within and across populations. By and large, extant contributions to this body of scholarship have adopted a relatively static view of the welfare state. Yet, due to the rise of neoliberalism and its attendant political consequences, contemporary welfare state arrangements differ in important respects from the prevailing regimes of the past. In fact, over the last several decades, governments in a vast majority of advanced capitalist countries have undertaken substantial efforts to reduce the scope and generosity of their social protection systems. From a public health standpoint, these developments raise important questions concerning the extent to which neoliberal-era welfare state policies remain effective levers with which to protect population health and promote health equity. In the present dissertation, I pursue this line of inquiry with specific reference to the neoliberal-era connections between unemployment, unemployment protection, and health in two retrenched welfare states: Canada and Germany. Through a series of empirical studies, I show that: (i) health inequalities between employed and unemployed workers are widening over time; (ii) unemployment benefits play an important role in protecting workers against the adverse health consequences of unemployment; and (iii) the neoliberal retrenchment of unemployment benefits has negatively impacted the health of unemployed workers. Taken together, my findings implicate the neoliberal restructuring of the welfare state as a significant factor contributing to adverse trends in the health of the unemployed and, by extension, as a driving force behind widening unemployment-related health inequalities. These insights, in turn, add empirical weight to growing political demands for the expansion of the welfare state. Beyond illustrating the value and importance of adopting a dynamic view of the welfare state determinants of health, this dissertation makes a contribution to outstanding efforts on the part of public health researchers and practitioners to tackle the problem of persistent health inequalities in our neoliberal times.	Ph.D.	worker, employment, inequality	8, 10
Vaillancourt, Anita	Mishna, Faye	Understanding Social Assistance in Northern Ontario: 1997-2010	Social Work	2016-11	This study explores how the post-1997, redeveloped Ontario Works welfare system, together with the economic and social conditions in northern Ontario, influenced the administration and delivery of social assistance. In particular, this research aims to expand the limited knowledge of welfare in northern rural and non-metropolitan contexts and to increase understanding of how economic and social conditions influence the provision of the Ontario Work program. Using a constructivist grounded theory methodology, the experiences of Ontario Works program deliverers were drawn upon to foster an increased understanding of issues commonly encountered when providing social assistance to northern Ontario residents. Data were gathered over two primary periods through in-depth interviews, and follow-up interviews conducted throughout a several year data collection and analysis process. Forty-three northern Ontario Works program deliverers comprised of Ontario Works managers, supervisors, and caseworkers from across northern Ontario participated in the study. The analysis of the data reveals that northern Ontario Works program deliverers experience a multitude of resource constraints arising from local northern conditions as well as those situated within the welfare system. Research participants across northern Ontario reported that northern areas had limited economic capacity to provide adequate social services and infrastructure necessary to support the fulfillment of social assistance employment objectives. This study also found that social assistance employment objectives were compromised by limited local control over decision-making, under-resourcing within the Ontario Works program, and â urban-centricâ funding arrangements that disadvantaged northern areas. In addition, northern Ontario Works program deliverers reported substantive barriers to employment due to extremely low human capital among welfare recipients. Moreover, findings indicate that these constraints are compounding. In other words, northern Ontario Works program deliverers frequently encountered multiple and simultaneously occurring resource barriers. The result was described as intensifying resource deficiencies and inhibiting efforts to facilitate sustained labour market attachment among welfare recipients.	Ph.D.	rural, urban, infrastructure, worker, labour	8, 9, 11
Vakili, Keyvan	McGahan, Anita	The Interaction between Competition, Collaboration and Innovation in Knowledge Industries	Management	2013-11	The three studies in this dissertation examine the relationship between the decision of market participants to compete or collaborate on their innovation strategies and outcomes as well as the broader industry structure and technological progress. The first study analyzes the impact of modern patent pools on the innovative performance of firms outside the pool. Theories generally predict that modern patent pools have a positive impact on innovation by reducing the cost of access to the pool’s technology, but recent empirical research suggests that patent pools may actually decrease the innovation rate of firms outside the pool. Using a difference-in-difference-with-matching methodology, I find a substantial decline in outsiders’ patenting rate after the pool formation. However I find that the observed reduction is mainly due to a shift in firms’ investment from additional patentable technological exploration toward implementing the pool technology in their products. The results shed light on how the interaction between cooperation, in the form of patent pooling, and competition shapes firms’ innovative strategies by enabling opportunities for application development based on the pooled technologies. In the second study, I examine the impact of restrictive stem cell policies introduced by George W. Bush in 2001 on the U.S. scientists’ productivity and collaboration patterns. Employing a difference-in-differences methodology, I find that the 2001 Bush policy led to a decline in the research productivity of U.S. scientists. However, the effect was short-lived as U.S. scientists accessed non-federal funds within the United States and sought funds outside the United States through their international ties. The results suggest that scientists may use international collaborations as a strategic means to deal with uncertainties in their national policy environment. In the third study, I examine the effects of the fragmentation of patent rights on subsequent investment in new inventions. Using a theoretical model and an empirical analysis of the semiconductor industry, I seek to shed light on the contingency factors that shape the role of technological fragmentation in explaining the investment decisions and appropriation strategies of firms. The results provide a dynamic explanation of the interplay between firms’ R&D investment, their patenting strategies, and technological fragmentation.	PhD	rights, industr, innovation	9, 16
Valenta, Kim	Shawn, M Lehman	Primate-Plant Interactions in the Tropical Dry Forests of Northwestern Madagascar: Seed Dispersal and Sensory Ecology of Eulemur fulvus.	Anthropology	2014-11	Fruiting plants and frugivores are involved in a complex set of interactions. Frugivores rely on fruiting plants as critical food resources, while fruiting plants rely on frugivores for seed dispersal services. Here, I measure the interrelatedness of brown lemurs (Eulemur fulvus) and the endemic fruits they disperse in the tropical dry forests of Ankarafantsika National Park, northwestern Madagascar. I analyze fruit traits across all fruits consumed by brown lemurs over the course of one year of behavioral study of three groups of habituated, individually identifiable brown lemurs. Using non-invasive genetic sampling, I determine that brown lemurs are dichromatic, or red-green color blind. Using spectroscopy, I quantify fruit color, and model it according to the brown lemur dichromatic phenotype and known optical morphology. I additionally quantify fruit puncture resistance using a modified force gauge and fruit odor using XAD filtration and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. I determine that many ripe fruits colors are conspicuous to brown lemurs against a background of leaves, and that ripe fruits are significantly different chromatically from unripe fruits. I also determine that ripe fruit odors are significantly higher in ripe versus unripe fruits, and that during foraging, fruit odor and fruit size are the two strongest determinants of brown lemur foraging behavior and efficiency. Understanding the degree of fruit-frugivore interrelatedness is critical in the dry forests of Madagascar, where habitat and species loss is proceeding at a rapid pace.	Ph.D.	food, forest	2, 15
Valentovitch, Igor Igorievitch	Deibert, Ronald J.	Development and Pluralization of the Media of Security Sensitive Ethnic Minority Groups: the Experience of South Eastern European States	Political Science	2014-06	This thesis is about the media of security sensitive ethnic minority groups in South Eastern Europe. Why some of them enjoy developed media spheres whereas others are media-deprived? Why operating in similarly structured liberal contexts, the media spheres of some minorities develop as pluralist and liberal, whereas those of others as non-pluralist and authoritarian? In search for answers to these questions, this dissertation compares the media of Turks in Bulgaria, Albanians in Macedonia and Hungarians in Romania. It proposes a model of development of pluralist media spheres of security sensitive ethnic minorities, incorporating variables from three levels of analysis (group, state and system), namely, political cohesion of ethnic minority groups, their level of education, status of interethnic relations, media funding mechanisms, external system pressure and grand polity design.	Ph.D.	inclusive	4
van der Ven, Hamish	Bernstein, Steven	Eco-labeling and the Conditions for Rigorous and Credible Transnational Governance	Political Science	2016-06	Eco-labeling schemes now exist in nearly every country on Earth and are gaining traction with some of the world’s largest companies. However the rigour and credibility of these schemes varies widely. Whereas some eco-labeling organizations (ELOs) adhere to best practices designed to increase the likelihood that their schemes will be rigorous and credible, others do not. In this dissertation, I explain variation in the level of adherence to best practices amongst transnational eco-labeling organizations using a two-phased mixed-method research design. In the first phase, I build and analyze an original dataset comprising information on the policies and practices of 123 transnational ELOs. In the second phase, I build on my statistical findings by further investigating both deductive and abductive hypotheses in the context of two representative case studies, sustainable aquaculture and carbon labeling. My central argument is that who an eco-labeling organization targets for governance holds a strong relationship to its propensity to follow best practices. Specifically, ELOs that “aim big” – meaning those that target a large proportion of a relevant global market – are more likely to follow best practices than those with narrower ambitions. “Aiming big” subjects ELOs to heightened critical scrutiny, increases demand for democratic legitimacy, and over time, augments their organizational capacity. These three conditions, in turn, drive attention to best practices and help create rigorous and credible eco-labels with a better chance of meeting environmental objectives. This dissertation contributes in several ways to scholarship on private authority and global governance. First, it suggests that renewed scholarly attention be directed towards the targets of governance, since pressure towards procedural rigour often comes from the governed community and not the owners of a governance scheme. Second, it argues that there is no unitary pathway to rigorous and credible governance; different causal mechanisms and multiple behavioral logics are operative in steering ELOs towards increased best practice adherence. Lastly, it holds implications for policy by suggesting that ELOs should purposively seek global presence and target large businesses when seeking to maximize their environmental impacts.	Ph.D.	environment, governance	13, 16
Van Rythoven, Adrian David	Schulze, Daniel J.	Chemical, Isotopic, and Textural Characteristics of Diamond Crystals and Their Mineral Inclusions from A154 South (Northwest Territories), Lynx (Quebec), and Kelsey Lake (Colorado): Implications for Growth Histories and Different Mantle Environments	Geology	2012-06	Parcels of diamond crystals from the A154 South kimberlite diatreme, Northwest Territories (n=281), and the Lynx kimberlite dyke, Quebec (n=6598) were examined in terms of colour, size, morphology, and UV fluorescence (A154 South samples only). A subset of stones from each parcel (A154 South: n=60, Lynx: n=20) were cut and polished to expose internal zonation and mineral inclusions. Exposed primary mineral inclusions were quantitatively analyzed for major elements by EMPA. Diamond crystals from the Kelsey Lake kimberlite diatreme, Colorado (n=20), were cut into plates and analyzed for nitrogen aggregation states by FTIR. Twelve of these stones were then analyzed with further subsets from A154 South (n=18) and Lynx (n=16) for carbon isotope ratios and nitrogen abundances by SIMS. Every diamond crystal cut and polished had its internal zonation imaged with CL. Mineral inclusion data from A154 South and Lynx show that the mantle keel of the Slave craton is slightly less depleted than that of the Superior craton, and both are less depleted than those of the Kaapvaal and Siberian cratons. Equilibration conditions plot on hotter geothermal gradients (surface heat flows ~42 mW/m2) than for those of typical Archean cratons (≤40 mW/m2). Equilibration temperatures (~1150-1250°C) are ~100-200°C hotter than previously reported from Kelsey Lake (~1020°C). Kelsey Lake and A154 South samples have carbon isotope ratios and nitrogen contents typical of most diamond populations worldwide. Diamond crystals from Lynx are entirely different, consisting of mostly Type II diamond with δ13C (vs. PDB) values from approximately -3.6 ‰ to +1.7 ‰. These 13C-enriched samples are suggested to be the result of extreme Rayleigh fractionation of diamond from a carbonate fluid and possibly input of carbon sourced from subducted abiotic oceanic crust. Also notable is that growth trends (δ13C-[NT]) for most of the samples studied show little or no consistency with published fractionation models.	PhD	geothermal, ocean	14
Vanderwel, Mark Christopher	Malcolm, Jay R. ||Caspersen, John	Modelling Effects of Partial Harvesting on Wildlife Species and their Habitat	Forestry	2009-11	In Canada’s eastern boreal forest region, partial-harvest silviculture has garnered increasing support for maintaining wildlife species and habitat structure associated with late-successional forests. If late-successional species can find suitable habitat in managed stands that retain a certain number, type, and pattern of live trees, then partial harvesting might represent a viable tool for maintaining species associated with old and complex forests. I used several indirect forms of inference to evaluate whether late-successional vertebrate species can be maintained within partially harvested stands in the eastern boreal forest. A meta-analysis of studies across North America showed that no bird species decreased in abundance by half where light harvesting retained at least 70% of live trees. However, adverse effects occurred at lower levels of retention, with some bird species unlikely to use harvested stands with less than 50% retention until appropriate habitat structure returned. A spatially explicit stand dynamics model showed that while partial harvesting can promote development of understory saplings, downed wood, and heterogeneity, it can also induce long-term decreases in the abundances of large trees and snags. Consequently, species dependent on the latter, such as brown creepers (Certhia americana) and northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus), were projected to be more susceptible to partial harvesting than those associated with other types of structure. At a more detailed scale, a neighbourhood model developed from live-trapping data revealed that southern red-backed voles (Myodes gapperi) exhibited local associations with several late-successional features within boreal mixedwood stands. Their associations with some features depended on stand-level habitat conditions, which suggested that vole habitat in managed stands could be improved by retaining live trees and downed wood. A spatially explicit model of optimal home range establishment that incorporated these relationships fit vole abundance data marginally better than an aspatial habitat model. When the home range model was applied to simulated partially harvested stands, it predicted that spatial heterogeneity could have a positive effect on vole abundance, but only at harvest intensities of 70-90% with suppressed shrub cover. With careful attention to issues such as these, partial-harvest silviculture could be useful in maintaining vertebrate biodiversity within eastern boreal forests.	PhD	forest, biodiversity	15
Varley, Emma E.A.	Lambek, Dr Michael J.	Belaboured Lives: An Ethnography of Muslim Women's Pregnancy and Childbirth Practices in Pakistan's Northern Areas	Anthropology	2012-03	My doctoral thesis, “Belaboured Lives,” examines the relationship between Sunni Muslim women’s reproductive and maternal health practices, Islamic conservatism, federal and non-governmental health programming, intense Shia-Sunni conflict, interpersonal enmity and ‘occult’ forces in Gilgit Town, economic and administrative capital of Pakistan’s semi-autonomous, federally neglected and multi-sectarian Northern Areas. Over 14 months between 2004 and 2005, my doctoral ethnographic fieldwork involved research interviews and participant-observation among Sunni women and Gilgit Town’s biomedical, traditional and Islamic therapeutic service providers, as well as in household, community, mosque and clinical-settings. With Gilgit District’s maternal morbidity and mortality rate (MMR) being among the highest in Pakistan, my thesis argues that Gilgiti Sunni women’s reproductive and maternal health outcomes were the product of restrictive, inter-linked or mutually interacting structural and ideological forces, which were socio-economic, political, familial and religious in nature. By providing an ethnography not only of women’s home-centered health practices but also their in-clinic experiences, I address the wide array of physical, symbolic and cosmological threats women perceived as being interwoven with their fertility, pregnancy and childbirth-related health. To different degrees and in different ways, women, their families and health providers described how the socio-spatial constraints associated with Islamic pardah (veiling, gender seclusion) and izzat (honour) paradigms, conflict-related service exclusions, iatrogenic risk and hospital funding insufficiencies, ‘black magic’ and spirit ‘attacks’ were contributory factors to women’s poor health outcomes. But my participants’ reproductive health was not only the arena for wellness-seeking and crisis resolution, but also for the enactment and expression of cultural values and sectarian identity; the tension between doctrinal Islam and local interpretations, modern/traditional divides; Sunni militarism, symbolic and structural violence. Moreover, Gilgiti Sunni women’s reproductive and maternal health narratives demonstrated subjectivity, inter-subjectivity and reflexivity, resistance and negotiation, and gendered and reproductive agency. Within this context, any one pregnancy could evidence and communicate multiple domains of experience, as well as patient-provider interaction, access to care, its quality and relation to socio-economic factors, ideological stance or community-bound interpersonal relations. Ultimately, by using pregnancy and childbirth as a central point of inquiry, my thesis examines different aspects of Gilgiti Sunni women’s health experiences: biomedical and traditional; urban and rural childbirth and post-partum practices; Family Planning, fertility and infertility, unwanted pregnancies and abortions; conflict-related constraints, medical malpractice and cosmological harm.	PhD	health, gender, women, rural	3, 5, 11
Varughese, Anil Mathew	Sandbrook, Richard	Democracy and the Politics of Social Citizenship in India	Political Science	2013-06	Why do some pro-poor democracies in global South enact generous and universal social policies accompanied by empowering outcomes while others, similar in many ways, do not? If lower-class integration and programmatic commitment steers policy outcomes to be more egalitarian, what explains the variance in redistributive commitment within the cluster of radical democracies? These questions are examined in the context of two celebrated cases of pro-poor reform in the developing world: the Indian states of Kerala and West Bengal. Despite a host of similar background conditions (democratic framework, programmatic political parties, strong labor unions, and a high degree of subordinate-class integration), the cases display considerable variation in their redistributive commitment. Using the comparative-historical method, this dissertation seeks to explain the variance. It argues that the welfare divergences of Kerala and West Bengal are a function of their divergent modes of lower-class integration. In Kerala, a radical-mobilizational mode of lower-class integration has organized the poorer sections of the working classes—landless laborers and informal sector workers—in autonomous class organizations. This has enabled them to vigorously assert their interests within the working-class movement and harness state power to advance their interests through a wide range of legislative protections and statutory entitlements. In contrast, a clientelist-corporatist mode of lower-class integration in West Bengal relies on dependent mobilization of the poorer sections, without effective self-representing class organizations and without the strategic capacity to pursue class action independent of middle-class collaborators. These distinct modes of lower-class integration engender qualitatively different state-poor relationships and, in turn, divergent visions of social citizenship. The origins of these distinct modes are then traced to their historical and peculiar patterns of class formation, class struggle, and class compromise. This dissertation provides nuance to the welfare-state literature by proposing analytical differentiation within a subset of radical democracies and then by specifying the conditions under which lower-class power and state power can be harnessed to create more redistributive and empowering social outcomes in the global South. It also makes a contribution in linking agrarian labor movements to the nature of welfare regimes and more broadly to social citizenship.	PhD	worker, gender	5, 8
Venayak, Naveen	Mahadevan, Radhakrishnan	Dynamically controlling metabolic valves to decouple and switch between phenotypic states.	Chemical Engineering Applied Chemistry	2018-11	Microorganisms are well positioned to address many societal concerns in areas such as health, sustainability, and energy. Rapid progress in systems biology and synthetic biology has drastically improved our ability to understand and engineer complex biological systems. Sustainable biochemical production has received significant attention over the past 30 years; however, these processes must often reach near theoretical maximum performance to become competitive with petroleum alternatives. Here, we implement synthetic biological circuits in order to gain finer control over microorganisms and surpass the theoretical limits of organisms lacking such control. To do so, we aim to identify a set of important reactions which can be dynamically controlled to redirect flux between two phenotypes: growth and production. Then, cells can rapidly accumulate in a growth stage, before a phenotypic switch to production. We have shown that this strategy can significantly improve process rates in two-stage production processes. Since the process of metabolic engineering is iterative, we tackle diverse challenges through the design-built-test-learn cycle. First, we implement and characterize a bistable transcriptional controller as a genetic memory element to drive gene expression. We show that an optimized controller can effectively decouple growth from lactic acid production and can be implemented for two-stage production. Second, we develop a strain design algorithm (MoVE) which can use a stoichiometric metabolic model to predict genetic engineering strategies using two distinct interventions: static knockouts and dynamically controlled metabolic valves. Using this algorithm, we have identified promising candidates for metabolic valves which can be used for a range of products. Finally, we develop liquid handling workflows and a data analysis framework (Impact) to allow for the rapid and thorough characterization of microbial physiology. We anticipate that these tools and techniques will expedite the implementation of efficient dynamic control strategies. Furthermore, we expect studies which improve the accuracy of metabolic models will reduce the development time to commercialization of metabolic engineering technologies.	Ph.D.	production, energy, health	3, 7, 12
Venturelli, Paul Anthony	Shuter, Brian ||Abrams, Peter	Life History, Maternal Quality and the Dynamics of Harvested Fish Stocks	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2009-11	Knowledge of offspring production (recruitment) is fundamental to understanding and forecasting the dynamics of a population. In this thesis, I focus on two demographic characteristics of fish stocks that are important to recruitment: population density and age structure. First, populations produce more recruits at low density, but quantifying this response has proven difficult. Using data from hundreds of populations of walleye (Sander vitreus), an economically important freshwater fish, I demonstrate that the growing-degree-day metric (a temperature index) is better than age at explaining variation in density-dependent growth and maturity both within and among populations. I then incorporate multi-lake measures of density-dependent life history change into a temperature-based biphasic model of growth and reproduction to predict sustainable rates of mortality for walleye throughout most of their range. Second, the age (or size) structure of a population may also affect recruitment because of positive effects of maternal age on offspring production and survival; however, evidence for these ‘maternal influences’ on recruitment is limited. Using both an analytical model and a meta-analysis of stock-recruitment data from 25 species of exploited marine fish, I show that (i) maximum reproductive rate increased with the mean age of adults in a population, and (ii) the importance of age structure increased with a species’ longevity. I then demonstrate a similar effect of maternal influences on reproductive rate in a detailed study of Lake Erie walleye. By highlighting the importance of fisheries-induced demographic change to recruitment, this thesis provides insight into past and present failures. However, it also demonstrates clearly the benefits of proactive management strategies that (i) identify and respect the limits of exploitation, (ii) protect from exploitation reproductively valuable individuals—principles that apply generally to any freshwater, marine, or terrestrial species that is of recreational, commercial, or conservation value.	PhD	water, marine, fish, conserv, production	12, 14
Veryard, Joseph	Jane, Gaskell	The Implementation of Suspension and Expulsion Programs in Two Ontario School Boards	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2014-11	In 2008, the Ontario Ministry of Education made it mandatory that school boards in the province institute programs to serve suspended and expelled youth. These programs have now been in place for five years. Limited information has been collected as to how effective they are in addressing the needs of these students and little is known about the factors that have had an effect on the implementation of these policies. This study provides a description of the programs and focuses on the factors that have impacted policy implementation in this area. Research has shown that several factors impact policy implementation in general. Among the main influential factors are the impact of policy actors, the conditions that exist, supports that are available and the level and type of central control that is in place. Through one-on-one interviews involving thirteen school and board personnel in two Ontario school boards, this research explored how these four factors had an impact on the policy implementation process as it relates to the suspension and expulsion programs. The study participants believed that the relationships within and between these four factors and the creativity and flexibility this allowed were important in their ability to implement the new policies. Collaborative relationships between school board personnel and their community partners were highlighted in both participating boards as encouraging policy implementation. Strong relationships between staff, the students, and their families were important in finding program solutions for the particular conditions that existed, especially in the rural board that participated in the study. The importance of strong relationships between board personnel and community partners was also stressed, especially in the board that had a combined urban and rural make-up. Two-way communication between board and Ministry personnel allowed for the provision of appropriate supports in order to keep the programs viable. I conclude that when it comes to implementing new policies, central control from the Ministry should demonstrate an understanding of the distinct situations that exist in each board, the importance of key relationships, and the need for flexibility in allowing for creative responses to the needs that exist.	Ed.D.	educat, urban, rural	4, 11
Vitale, Patrick	Lewis, Robert	The Atomic Capital of the World: Technoscience, Suburbanization, and the Remaking of Pittsburgh during the Cold War	Geography	2013-11	Using metropolitan Pittsburgh as an example, this dissertation traces the relationship between suburbanization, the remaking of urban space, technoscience, and the Cold War. It argues that producing spaces for technoscience was a central part of the remaking and suburbanization of metropolitan Pittsburgh. An elite regional alliance enrolled scientists and engineers in their efforts to transform the region from a center of manufacturing to a place focused on rationalizing, administering, and financing production that took place elsewhere. In doing so they created a technological landscape that cast the region’s transformation as part of an inevitable search for progress and as a widely deployable symbol of capitalist rebirth. To enroll scientists and engineers in their efforts they created spaces – research centers, residential suburbs, and urban renewal projects among others – that helped reproduce scientists and engineers’ privilege and authority. Metropolitan Pittsburgh became a key site where technoscience took place, but it was also remade through technoscience. This points to the need for a broader understanding of the processes that reproduce scientists and engineers and their authority and the spaces where technoscience takes place.	PhD	urban, production	11, 12
Vitopoulos, Antigone Nina	Peterson-Badali, Michele||Skilling, Tracey	What's Good for the Goose? Examining the Impact of Gender-neutral and Gender-specific Factors in the Assessment and Treatment of Female and Male Justice-involved Youth	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2016-06	In response to female youths’ increased visibility in the legal system, more attention has been paid to understanding girls’ pathways to justice system involvement, risk for re-offending, and rehabilitative needs. Widely-used risk assessment and case management tools based on the Risk Need Responsivity (RNR) framework are largely gender neutral. Gender-responsive scholars have long advocated for the importance of additional gender-specific factors in guiding the assessment and treatment of female justice-involved youth. The dissertation is comprised of two papers which examine the contribution of proposed gender-specific factors alongside well established RNR factors in the prediction of recidivism, and how service provision aimed at intervening with these factors impacts recidivism for both male and female justice-involved youth. Paper 1 explores the relationship between trauma, criminogenic needs and recidivism. I first sought to define the distinct constructs often referred to under the umbrella term ‘trauma’: PTSD symptomology, maltreatment, and childhood adversity. The relationships between these factors, well-established criminogenic needs, and recidivism were examined and compared in a matched sample of 50 female and 50 male justice-involved youth. Females were significantly more likely than males to have experienced multiple forms of maltreatment. Several maltreatment and childhood adversity factors were significantly and positively related to criminogenic needs. PTSD symptomology and childhood adversity were not significant predictors of recidivism; however, maltreatment was the strongest predictor of recidivism for both males and females in a model that included well established risk factors. Gender was not found to be moderating the relationship between maltreatment and recidivism. Implications of the findings for theory and practice are discussed. Paper 2 examines the contribution of both criminogenic needs and several additional proposed ‘female’ gender-specific factors to risk assessment and rehabilitative treatment. Female youth were more likely than male youth to have proposed ‘female’ gender-specific needs but these needs alone did not predict recidivism. Successfully matching services to youths’ criminogenic needs predicted reduced recidivism for both male and female youth. For youth who had ‘female’ gender-specific needs, successful matching of services to these needs also predicted reduced recidivism for both genders. Theoretical and practice implications of these results are discussed.	Ph.D.	justice, gender	5, 16
Vogan, Patrick	Sage, Rowan F.	The Physiological Ecology of C3-C4 Intermediate Eudicots in Warm Environments	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2010-11	The C3 photosynthetic pathway uses light energy to reduce CO2 to carbohydrates and other organic compounds and is a central component of biological metabolism. In C3 photosynthesis, CO2 assimilation is catalyzed by ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), which reacts with both CO2 and O2. While competitive inhibition of CO2 assimilation by oxygen is suppressed at high CO2 concentrations, O2 inhibition is substantial when CO2 concentration is low and O2 concentration is high; this inhibition is amplified by high temperature and aridity (Sage 2004). Atmospheric CO2 concentration dropped below saturating levels 25-30 million years ago (Tipple & Pagani 2007), and the C4 photosynthetic pathway is hypothesized to have first evolved in warm, low latitude environments around this time (Christin et al. 2008a). The primary feature of C4 photosynthesis is suppression of O2 inhibition through concentration of CO2 around Rubisco. This pathway is estimated to have evolved almost 50 times across 19 angiosperm families (Muhaidat et al. 2007), a remarkable example of evolutionary convergence. In several C4 lineages, there are species with photosynthetic traits that are intermediate between the C3 and C4 states, known as C3-C4 intermediates. In two eudicot genera, Flaveria (Asteraceae) and Alternanthera (Amaranthaceae), there is evidence that these species represented an intermediate state in the evolution of the C4 pathway (McKown et al. 2005; Sanchez-del Pino 2009). The purpose of this thesis is to ascertain the specific benefits to plant carbon balance and resource-use efficiencies of the C3-C4 pathway relative to C3 species, particularly at low CO2 concentrations and high temperatures, factors which are thought to have been important in selecting for C3-C4 traits (Ehleringer et al. 1991). This will provide information on the particular advantages of the C3-C4 pathway in warm, often arid environments and how these advantages may have been important in advancing the initial stages of C4 evolution in eudicots. This thesis addresses the physiological intermediacy of previously uncharacterized C3-C4 species of Heliotropium (Boraginaceae); the water- and nitrogen-use efficiencies of C3-C4 species of Flaveria; and the photosynthetic performance and acclimation of C3, C4 and C3-C4 species of Heliotropium, Flaveria and Alternanthera grown at low and current ambient CO2 levels and high temperature.	PhD	environment, energy	7, 13
Voineskos, Aristotle	Kennedy, James	Imaging and Genetics Investigations in Schizophrenia and Aging: A Focus on White Matter	Medical Science	2012-03	Schizophrenia has long been considered a disorder of impaired brain connectivity, and such disconnectivity might be due to disruption of white matter tracts that connect brain regions. This thesis investigates the oligodendrocyte/myelin/white matter pathway in schizophrenia in vivo, and also considers aging effects, as similar substrates are affected during the healthy aging process. In study one, association of oligodendrocyte/myelin genes is examined with schizophrenia, and in study two association of a myelin gene is examined with basic MRI volumetric phenotypes. Then, in study three, diffusion tensor tractography, a technique that can visualize and measure white matter is applied, and is shown to be reliable in healthy controls and schizophrenia patients using a novel clustering segmentation method. In study four, this method is then used to examine interaction of schizophrenia and aging with respect to white matter, where fronto-temporal disconnectivity is demonstrated in younger chronic schizophrenia patients, but not in elderly community dwelling schizophrenia patients compared to age-matched controls. In study five, relationships among age, white matter tract integrity, and cognitive decline in healthy aging are demonstrated using diffusion tensor tractography and structural equation modeling. Genetics and neuroimaging are then combined using the intermediate phenotype approach in study six to demonstrate a key role for the BDNF gene across adult life in healthy aging. In these individuals, the BDNF val66met variant influenced neural structures and cognitive functions in a pathological aging risk pattern. Finally, in study seven, complex relationships are then demonstrated among oligodendrocyte gene variants, white matter tract integrity and cognitive performance in both healthy controls and schizophrenia patients. The combination of genetics and neuroimaging can parse out heterogeneity of disease phenotypes, and characterize the effects of gene variants on at-risk neural structures and cognitive functions in healthy and disease populations.	PhD	health	3
Voineskos, Daphne Zaharoula Ageliki	Daskalakis, Zafiris J	Indexing Cortical Reactivity with TMS in Major Depressive Disorder and Response to Therapeutic Brain Stimulation	Medical Science	2019-11	The neuropathophysiology of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) appears to be linked to aberrant cortical inhibition and excitation. These processes are mediated by g-amino butyric acid (GABA) and glutamate, the main inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters of the cortex, and modified by therapeutic brain stimulation, such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Cortical inhibition and excitation can be indexed via transcranial magnetic stimulation, affording high potential as biomarkers of illness state and response to brain stimulation. When combined with electromyography (TMS-EMG), the motor cortex response is assessed. When combined with electroencephalography (TMS-EEG), TMS indexes cortical inhibition and excitation over other cortical regions, more closely associated with MDD. In study one, cortical inhibition was indexed with TMS-EMG over the motor cortex before and after a course of ECT. A TMS-EMG measure of GABAB receptor-mediated cortical inhibition, the cortical silent period, was shorter at baseline in patients who responded to ECT, when compared to the non-responder group. Contrary to evidence, neither cortical silent period nor short interval cortical inhibition (both TMS-EMG measures of cortical inhibition) were altered by a course of ECT. In study two, TMS-EEG indexed cortical inhibition and excitation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in healthy subjects and patients with MDD. MDD patients had larger TMS-EEG amplitudes of markers of cortical inhibition (N45 and N100) and excitation (P60 and GMFA Area Under the Curve). In fact, the N45 predicted illness state with high accuracy, and N100 was associated with illness severity. In study three, DLPFC response to rTMS was indexed via TMS-EEG in patients recruited for a trial comparing active rTMS to sham rTMS. Sham rTMS did not alter TMS-EEG markers. Active rTMS resulted in differences in the markers of cortical inhibition. The N100 amplitude, a marker associated with GABAB receptor mediated inhibition, decreased in amplitude after rTMS in association with improvement in depressive symptoms. Moreover, a local dampening of cortical activity over the DLPFC, where rTMS was applied, was noted only with active rTMS. TMS markers of cortical inhibition and excitation therefore demonstrate high potential as biomarkers of MDD and response to therapeutic brain stimulation.	Ph.D.	health	3
Voronka, Jijian	Razack, Sherene	Troubling Inclusion: The Politics of Peer Work and 'People with Lived Experience' in Mental Health Interventions	Social Justice Education	2015-11	Abstract This thesis is a study of how some mad people come to be known as ‘people with lived experience,’ an emerging identity and strategic essentialism which attempts to valorize the knowledge of those with experiences of distress/mental health system encounters. Currently, claiming such an identity authorizes us to work professionally as peer workers within mental health research and service systems. Thus, by virtue of our ‘lived experience,’ the peer worker becomes enmeshed in the governance of ‘similar others.’ This study maps the emergence, performance, and performativity of the peer worker through the case study of the At Home/Chez Soi project (2009-2013), a national research demonstration project which both implemented services and studied their effects to learn how to best manage the ‘chronically homeless mentally ill’ in Canada. Because peer inclusion is now considered a best practice in mental health interventions, peer workers are key paraprofessionals recruited to be part of the project assemblage. Through ethnographic and interview data, I offer a critical analysis of how peer participation is mobilized and put to work within the confines of mental health governances. By demonstrating how peers actively work to self-govern our subjectivity and subject-positions to become recognizable as peers, this work denaturalizes peer identity. I argue that peer work is ‘bridge work:’ we work as informants to bridge the divides between respectable and degenerate bodies in order to help inform neoliberal governance. Key to this process is peer storytelling, a central way in which our experiences become commodities, consumed as recovery narratives which help maintain us as the problems that need to be fixed. The study elaborates two main conclusions that elucidate a paradox inherent to peer work. First, that our participation is conceived as useful when the target of our experiential knowledge is directed at managing abject populations. Secondly, that when we make attempts to deploy our knowledge to challenge the regimes of truth and practices that govern us, this work is troubled and managed. In this way, peers workers, through practice, learn the rules of engagement that govern our inclusion within the folds of systems of power.	Ph.D.	health, worker	3, 8
Voruganti, Rishi T.	Grunfeld, Eva	Team-based electronic communication in the care of patients with complex conditions	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2017-11	Background: The management of patients with complex care needs often involves specialized care from multiple providers in different settings. Care coordination is often inadequate, leading to poor continuity of care. Digital health tools can connect patients and their team of providers to facilitate communication across institutions, disciplines and health events. This dissertation examines digital health tools for patient-provider team-based communication, their feasibility in practice and role in improving continuity of care. Methods: Three studies were conducted. The first study was a scoping review of web-based tools for text-based communication between patients and providers, including those for team-based communication. The second study was a cluster randomized controlled feasibility trial evaluating the feasibility of implementation and preliminary effectiveness of a web-based tool for asynchronous, patient-provider team-based communication on continuity of care relative to usual care. Finally, a qualitative descriptive study was conducted with participants from the trial to understand their perceptions on the value of the tool. Results: The first study identified tools for a variety of chronic conditions, the majority of which targeted diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases and mental illness for purposes of providing symptom updates or to facilitate lifestyle/behavior change. Few tools were found specifically for team-based communication. In the second study, it was shown that implementation of a tool for patient-centered, team-based communication was feasible. Numerically-higher continuity of care scores were observed in the intervention arm relative to the control arm. In the third study, participants felt that web-based communication tools provided more opportunity to seek clarification between appointments. Patients, however, viewed such communication as supplemental to clinical appointments, highlighting traditional face-to-face interaction with their providers as an integral aspect of the therapeutic relationship. Conclusions: Patient-provider team-based communication tools are promising. It is suggested that patient-centered and team-specific implementation approaches are needed to optimize uptake of tools for team-based communication in the complex care population. Further study is needed to establish the effectiveness of improving continuity of care.	Ph.D.	health	3
Vyushin, Dmitry	Kushner, Paul	Statistical Approximation of Natural Climate Variability	Physics	2010-06	One of the main problems in statistical climatology is to construct a parsimonious model of natural climate variability. Such a model serves for instance as a null hypothesis for detection of human induced climate changes and of periodic climate signals. Fitting thismodel to various climatic time series also helps to infer the origins of underlying temporal variability and to cross validate it between different data sets. We consider the use of a spectral power-law model in this role for the surface temperature, for the free atmospheric air temperature of the troposphere and stratosphere, and for the total ozone. First, we lay down a methodological foundation for our work. We compare two variants of five different power-law fitting methods by means of Monte-Carlo simulations and their application to observed air temperature. Then using the best two methods we fit the power-law model to several observational products and climate model simulations. We make use of specialized atmospheric general circulation model simulations and of the simulations of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 3 (CMIP3). The specialized simulations allow us to explain the power-law exponent spatial distribution and to account for discrepancies in scaling behaviour between different observational products. We find that most of the pre-industrial control and 20th century model simulations capture many aspects of the observed horizontal and vertical distribution of the power-law exponents. At the surface, regions with robust power-law exponents—the North Atlantic, the North Pacific, and the Southern Ocean — coincide with regions with strong inter-decadal variability. In the free atmosphere, the large power-law exponents are detected on annual to decadal time scales in the tropical and subtropical troposphere and stratosphere. The spectral steepness in the former is explained by its strong coupling to the surface and in the latter by its sensitivity to volcanic aerosols. However power-law behaviour in the tropics and in the free atmosphere saturates on multi-decadal timescales. We propose a novel diagnostic to evaluate the relative goodness-of-fit of the autoregressive model of the first order (AR1) and the power-law model. The collective behaviour of CMIP3 simulations appears to fall between the two statistical models. Our results suggest that the power-law model should serve as an upper bound and the AR1 model should serve as a lower bound for climate persistence on monthly to decadal time scales. On the applied side we find that the presence of power-law like natural variability increases the uncertainty on the long-term total ozone trend in the Northern Hemisphere high latitudes attributable to anthropogenic chlorine by about a factor of 1.5, and lengthens the expected time to detect ozone recovery by a similar amount.	PhD	climate	13
Wadgymar, Susana Maria	Weis, Arthur E	Climate Change and Reproductive Phenology: Context-dependent Responses to Increases in Temperature and Implications for Assisted Colonization	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2015-11	Contemporary changes in climate have rapidly increased temperatures worldwide, extending the length of the growing season and eliciting large shifts in reproductive and growth traits across a diversity of plant taxa. The role of phenotypic plasticity in alleviating immediate changes in selection pressures must be thoroughly explored in order to identify the circumstances under which the survival of particular species may require active management. The major goals of my thesis were to characterize the contexts in which responses to warming occur and are adaptive, and to provide insight on the feasibility of assisted colonization (the movement of species beyond their current range boundary to climatically favorable habitat) and assisted gene flow (the relocation of multiple, genetically distinct populations to facilitate local adaptation). Focusing on the annual legume, Chamaecrista fasciculata, I applied artificial warming to simple plant communities to mimic the thermal regimes expected by the mid-21st century. Among experiments, I manipulated aspects of the abiotic and biotic environment likely to contribute to variation in plastic responses to warming, including plant genotype, community diversity, population density, internal patterns of resource allocation, and the frequency of rainfall. Reproductive phenological traits varied in their degree of response to warming, and photoperiodic constraints prevented optimal responses in populations of C. fasciculata from lower latitudes. In all cases, temperature-induced phenotypic plasticity was adaptive or neutral, but only sufficiently alleviated selection pressures in particular situations. Variation in competitive dynamics, pollinator access, and rainfall frequency did not modify responses to changes in temperature. This work identified barriers to assisted colonization across latitudes that arise when reproductive phenology is dependent on photoperiodic cues. Phenotypic plasticity may ameliorate some of the negative effects of increases in temperature, but persistent, directional selection pressures will require the evolution of life history traits for adaptation to climate change.	Ph.D.	climate, environment	13
Wahab, Abdurrahman Ahmad	Portelli, John P.	Education in Kurdistan Region at the Intersection of Nationalism and Democracy	Social Justice Education	2017-06	This dissertation studies the condition of formal education in Kurdistan Region-Iraq by taking a critical theoretical approach to examine major educational policy documents in both K-12 and higher education. The critical examination of the documents reveals major policy frameworks, which are related to the Kurdish nationalist agenda of establishing a nation-state. These policy frameworks in education are: Kurdish nationalism, democratization and bureaucratization. Analyzing the documents reveals the intricate relationship among these policy frameworks in forming the overall national agenda of state building of Kurdistan Regional Government, as well as their relationship with developing and perpetuating various educational issues in Kurdistan Region. By analyzing the documents through a critical democratic lens, I elaborate on the ways in which Kurdish ethno-nationalism, a titular, rhetorical and institution- and market-friendly notion of democracy, and an overriding, top-down bureaucratization, all within the political context of establishing a Kurdish nation-state for the past 25 years, have rendered a non-democratic, socially unjust and oppressive educational system. The main argument in this dissertation concerns presenting a transformative democratic framework in education as an alternative to the current pervasive nationalist paradigm. Rather than framing education and society within the paradigm of Kurdish ethno-nationalism, which depends on the exercise of power, hegemony, violence and indoctrination within the parameters of a modern nation-state, the transformative democratic framework, which promotes democratic relationships based on substantive moral values, such as equity, inclusion, empathy and human relatedness, can become the basis for establishing a more equitable and just society in Kurdistan Region.	Ph.D.	educat, equitable, institution	4, 16
Waito, Ashley Anne	Steele, Catriona M	Swallowing Physiology and Impairment in Individuals with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)	Rehabilitation Science	2019-06	Dysphagia, or swallowing impairment, is a common symptom of bulbar disease in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Dysphagia in ALS significantly affects quality of life and places an affected individual at risk of developing chest infections, becoming malnourished, and shortened life expectancy. The purpose of this doctoral thesis is to provide a comprehensive overview of swallowing physiology in ALS and elucidate potential relationships between swallowing physiology and clinical swallowing function. The first chapter of this thesis provides an introductory overview of normal swallowing, dysphagia, and ALS pathology, highlighting commonly reported swallowing impairments and associated complications in individuals with ALS. Chapter 2 builds on this discussion through a comprehensive review of research literature on dysphagia in ALS. Following scoping review methodology, we identified research trends and areas for further exploration, including a need for further quantitative analysis of swallowing physiology. Chapter 3 involves a retrospective, cross-sectional study of swallowing physiology in ALS, using quantitative videofluoroscopic analysis. Measures of pharyngeal area at maximum constriction and swallow-related hyoid kinematics were obtained and compared against reference data to test face validity of the measures and identify changes associated with disease pathology. Through this analysis, we identified reductions in maximum pharyngeal constriction and anterior hyoid movement, compared to healthy reference data. Further, we revealed relationships between enlarged maximum pharyngeal constriction areas and measures of swallowing inefficiency. Expanding on these findings, we completed a comprehensive summary of swallowing physiology and function in ALS, summarized in Chapter 4, comparing additional metrics of swallowing physiology against healthy norms, examining relationships between parameters of swallowing physiology and function (i.e., safety/efficiency), and exploring modulatory effects of liquid thickness. Proposed approaches to future research, incorporating theories of motor control and methodological frameworks, are provided in Chapter 5.	Ph.D.	health	3
Walji, Rishma	Boon, Heather	Reporting Adverse Drug Reactions Associated with Herbal Products: Consumer, Health Food Store Personnel and Pharmacist Perspectives	Pharmaceutical Sciences	2008-11	Natural health products (NHPs) are sold over-the-counter and are often perceived to be safe, despite potential risks. The current Canadian reporting system collects information on suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and suffers from severe under-reporting. As retailers, pharmacists and health food store personnel may be in a position to facilitate collection of herbal ADR reports because of their accessibility to consumers. Objective: To investigate retailer and consumer responses to herbal ADRs. Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted with retailers and consumers across Toronto until theoretical saturation was achieved (n=36). Participants were purposefully selected to ensure diverse backgrounds and experiences. Interviews were transcribed and coded for key emerging themes. Results: Consumers tended to self-prescribe NHPs and were only likely to discuss their NHP use with people they trusted – usually health food store personnel, family and friends. Many consumers did not have good relationships with their conventional health providers, which inhibited discussions about NHP-related ADRs. When consumers did disclose suspected ADRs to retailers, the retailers generally did not report these NHP-related ADRs to Health Canada. Most pharmacists found workplace challenges insurmountable, although pharmacist approaches to herbal ADRs tended to vary depending on their professional disposition. Pharmacists who saw themselves as knowledge generators were more likely to report. Health food store personnel offered generous product return policies and actively returned NHPs suspected of causing an ADR to the manufacturer. However, they had no knowledge of the Canadian ADR reporting system and thus did not submit any reports. Conclusion: Consumers tended to disclose suspected NHP-related ADRs only rarely and to retailers with whom they had developed previous good relationships. This highlights the importance of improving patient-practitioner (or retailer) communication. Pharmacists generally did not report ADRs due to workplace challenges, unless they had a very strong professional disposition. These results have important implications with respect to pharmacy education. Health food store return policies resulted in suspected ADR reports to the manufacturers. Manufacturers are mandated to report ADRs to Health Canada, so this finding may have important implications within industry for the future of ADR reporting systems involving herbal products and public health.	PhD	food, health, industr, consum	2, 3, 9, 12
Walker, Meghan Jane	Anna, M Chiarelli	Breast Cancer Screening Behaviours and Outcomes in Women with a Family History of Breast and/or Ovarian Cancer in Ontario	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2014-11	Having a family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer is one of the most important risk factors for developing breast cancer. It is unknown if the survival benefit from mammography screening extends to women with a family history, and if prognostic features differ by level of familial risk. The relationship between perceived breast cancer risk and breast screening has been widely studied in women with familial risk; however, most studies are cross-sectional, precluding insight into the directionality of this relationship. The objectives of this thesis were to: examine the impact of mammography screening and familial risk on diagnoses and prognostic features of breast cancer and benign breast disease (BBD); and examine the effect of perceived risk on breast screening. An additional methodological objective was to evaluate the validity of self-reported mammogram data. The data source for this thesis was the Family History Study (FHS), a prospective cohort study of women from the Ontario site of the Breast Cancer Family Registry with a family history of breast/ovarian cancer. Women with high familial risk were more likely to be diagnosed with breast cancer (OR = 2.84; 95% CI:1.50-5.38), or BBD (OR = 1.94; 95% CI:1.03-3.66), than women with low/moderate risk. No significant differences were detected in prognostic features by level of risk; however, symptomatic cancers were larger (OR = 9.72; 95% CI:1.01-93.61) and diagnosed at a later stage (OR = 7.80; 95% CI:1.18-51.50) than screen-detected cancers. In low risk women, women who perceived their risk as >50% were more likely to have a mammogram (OR = 1.13; 95% CI:0.59-2.16), and clinical breast examination (CBE (OR = 1.11; 95% CI:0.63-1.95) than women who perceived their risk as 50%. In moderate/high risk women, women who perceived their risk as >50% were less likely to have a mammogram (OR = 0.70; 95% CI:0.40-1.20), and CBE (OR = 0.52; 95% CI:0.30-0.91) than women who perceived their risk as 50%. Over 90% of women in the FHS accurately reported their mammogram use in the previous year. Together, these studies make an important contribution to understanding the effectiveness and use of breast screening in women with familial risk.	Ph.D.	women	5
Walker, Pamela Anne	Muzzin, Linda	Caring About Racism: Early Career Nurses' Experiences With Aboriginal Cultural Safety	Leadership, Higher and Adult Education	2017-06	The Aboriginal population in Canada is the youngest and most rapidly growing demographic in the country, and more than half of the 1.4 million Aboriginal people in Canada live in urban centres (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013). As a result, all nurses can expect to provide nursing care to Aboriginal peoples during the course of their work, regardless of the setting of their employment. Since the beginning of the new millennium, however, Canadian researchers have documented that Aboriginal people encounter racism and discrimination at the hands of health professionals when they access health care in this country. In an effort to address this racism and improve the experience of Aboriginal peoples in health care, the Canadian Association of Schools of Nursing (2013) now recommends that undergraduate nursing students receive cultural safety education during their nursing programs. This recommendation is significant because cultural safety differs in important ways from cultural competence, the dominant model of attending to cultural differences practiced by health professionals in North America. The purpose of this study was to examine the experiences of early career nurses translating knowledge of cultural safety into nursing practice. This qualitative research study used Adele Clarkeâ s (2005) Situational Analysis to interrogate the complex forces and colonial discourses that influence the practice of nurses with Aboriginal people in contemporary health care environments. Thirteen early career nurses and seven experienced northern nurses were interviewed as part of this study, and results showed that for these nurses, a culturally safe approach is one where respect and relationship are centred. The nursesâ narratives also revealed that health care professionals make use of discriminatory labels to withhold and delay care for Aboriginal patients, and that intervening on behalf of patients can provoke strong opposition from nursing colleagues in some settings. However, findings also suggest that cultural safety education can help early career nurses to resist and disrupt pervasive colonial discourses in the health care arena. Further, bearing witness to the suffering created by colonialism also informs the nursesâ motivation to work as allies with Aboriginal peoples, revealing the link between cultural safety and reconciliation.	Ph.D.	health, worker, urban, rights	3, 8, 11, 16
Walker, Samuel	Wakefield, Sarah	Crisis-Opportunity, Liability-Asset: Governing Vacant Land Reuse in Cleveland, Ohio	Geography	2018-06	This dissertation contributes to the literatures on post-2007 urban governance and urban greening by drawing novel connections between vacant land reuse, including urban agriculture, and the structures of urban governance. Through a historical analysis of housing vacancy, an institutional analysis of Cleveland’s community development industry’s response to the 2008 foreclosure crisis, and a case study of a vacant land reuse project, I argue that Cleveland’s community development industry shifted towards vacant land reuse and intervention to stabilize property values in response to the foreclosure crisis. This shift reveals a temporary resolution of the failure of subsidized housing construction following the crisis, but does not represent a significant departure from neoliberal community development. While the City has been effective in fostering certain forms of reuse, the heavy involvement of the community development industry and community foundations, combined with a local government facing fiscal pressure, has resulted in a constrained political field of opportunity for vacant land reuse. By devolving the labor of lot maintenance onto residents and continuing to prioritize traditional economic development, many of the possibilities for using vacant land reuse for social and environmental justice have been limited. However, I also show that the incorporation of vacant land reuse within the community development industry in Cleveland was the outcome of a process of weak contestation, negotiation, and path dependency, not a simple imposition of neoliberal ideology. Additionally, my findings concerning reuse projects on the ground reveals the shortcomings of relying on under-resourced resident labor and shows cracks in the hegemony of private property and market logics in high-abandonment neighborhoods. My findings point to the importance of studying how greening projects are interacting with preexisting structures of urban governance. It suggests that the commodification of land and market-based community development places limits on vacant land reuse that directly benefits residents and works towards environmental and food justice.	Ph.D.	governance, justice, environment, urban, agriculture, environment	2, 11, 13, 16
Walker, Thomas	Jones, Dylan	Applications of Adjoint Modelling in Chemical Composition: Studies of Tropospheric Ozone at Middle and High Northern Latitudes	Physics	2014-06	Ozone is integral to tropospheric chemistry, and understanding the processes controlling its distribution is important in climate and air pollution contexts. The GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model and its adjoint are used to interpret the impacts of midlatitude precursor emissions and atmospheric transport on the tropospheric ozone distribution at middle and high northern latitudes. In the Arctic, the model reproduces seasonal cycles of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and ozone measured at the surface, and observed ozone abundances in the summer free troposphere. Source attribution analysis suggests that local photochemical production, ≤ 0.25 ppbv/day, driven by PAN decomposition accounts for more than 50% of ozone in the summertime Arctic boundary layer. In the mid-troposphere, photochemical production accounts for 30-40% of ozone, while ozone transported from midlatitudes contributes 25-35%. Adjoint sensitivity studies link summertime ozone production to anthropogenic, biomass burning, soil, and lightning emissions between 50N-70N. Over Alert, Nunavut, the sensitivity of mid-tropospheric ozone to lightning emissions sometimes exceeds that to anthropogenic emissions. Over the eastern U.S., numerous models overestimate ozone in the summertime boundary layer. An inversion analysis, using the GEOS-Chem four-dimensional variational data assimilation system, optimizes emissions of NOx and isoprene. Inversion results suggest the model bias cannot be explained by discrepancies in these precursor emissions. A separate inversion optimizes rates of key chemical reactions including ozone deposition rates, which are parameterized and particularly uncertain. The inversion suggests a factor of 2-3 increase in deposition rates in the northeastern U.S., decreasing the ozone bias from 17.5 ppbv to 6.0 ppbv. This analysis, however, is sensitive to the model boundary layer mixing scheme. Several inversion analyses are conducted to estimate lightning NOx emissions over North America in August 2006, using ozonesonde data. The high-resolution nested version of GEOS-Chem is used to better capture variability in the ozonesonde data. The analyses suggest North American lightning NOx totals between 0.076-0.204 Tg N. A major challenge is that the vertical distribution of the lightning source is not optimized, but the results suggest a bias in the vertical distribution. Reliably optimizing the three-dimensional distribution of lightning NOx emissions requires more information than the ozonesonde dataset contains.	PhD	climate, pollut	13
Walkerley, Shelley	Sidani, Souraya	Providing Smoking Cessation Interventions: A Survey of Nurses in Primary Health Care Settings in Ontario, Canada	Nursing Science	2013-11	Globally tobacco use and exposure to tobacco smoke represent some of the greatest risk factors for mortality. Best practice guidelines and standards of practice support nurses' provision of smoking cessation interventions. Nurses employed in primary health care settings interact with large numbers of people who smoke, and have the potential to significantly reduce tobacco use in the population. Evidence shows that nurses do not consistently implement smoking cessation interventions. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to describe nurses' perceptions of factors that influence their intentions related to providing smoking cessation interventions in primary health care settings. A conceptual framework derived from the Theory of Planned Behavior and relevant empirical literature guided the study. A questionnaire measuring the concepts of interest was mailed to a random sample of Registered Nurses and Nurse Practitioners in Ontario. Responses of 237 eligible participants were available for analysis. Multiple regression analyses were used to examine the hypothesized relationships between nurses' attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control, and their intention to implement smoking cessation interventions, and the association between intention and practice related to smoking cessation. The Theory of Planned Behavior concepts explained up to 48.5% of variance in behavioural intention. Perceived behavioural control was most strongly associated with intention to provide smoking cessation interventions. Behavioural intention was correlated with smoking cessation practice. Analysis of responses to open-ended questions identified factors that facilitated (wish to improve patients' health, organizational support, access to resources, a perception of patient readiness to quit, and training in smoking cessation) and hindered (lack of time, lack of patient readiness, lack of support and resources, and lack of knowledge) nurses' provision of smoking cessation interventions. Overall, the study results suggest that nursing intention to engage in smoking cessation practices in primary health care settings was associated with organizational factors. Further research is required to explore how primary health care organizations can support nurses so that they fully realize their role in reducing the impact of tobacco use on the health of the people in Ontario.	PhD	health	3
Walls, Matthew	Friesen, Max	Frozen Landscapes, Dynamic Skills: An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Inuit Kayaking Enskilment and the Perception of the Environment in Greenland	Anthropology	2014-03	This dissertation is an ethnoarchaeological study of kayaking – a skill that has been practiced by Inuit in the Eastern Arctic since the first Thule migrants explored and settled the region around 1250 A.D. In this project, I aim to better understand the archaeological record of Inuit culture by working closely with a community in Greenland that builds kayaks and practices traditional hunting skills. Although kayaking is no longer a primary mode of subsistence, the community finds meaning in the persistence of the skill because it is an important mechanism of intergenerational experience, and because it contains types of cultural and environmental knowledge that can only exist through practice. The community is specifically focused on the physicality of enskilment – the process through which individuals develop unique capacities for awareness and response through environmentally situated practice. Through enskilment, kayakers attune their senses to subtleties and nuances of the environment which would not otherwise be apparent, and they embody a heritage of resilience and creative responsiveness in both the natural and social environment. Drawing on three field seasons of ethnoarchaeological fieldwork, I document the process through which individuals become skilled kayakers and explore the constitution of the kayaking community through practice. As demonstrated in this dissertation, the acquisition of skill in kayaking is not a passive process where knowledge is simply handed from one generation to the other. This is an important observation for archaeologists who study the past through the interpretation of material culture. It will be argued that understanding the impermanence and inherent creativity through which environmentally situated knowledge is re-grown in the experiences of each generation allows for more nuanced archaeological narratives which emphasize skilled practice on the part individuals as causative agents at work in the deeper history of Inuit culture.	PhD	cities, reselien, environment	11, 13
Walsh, Christopher James	dos Santos, Claudia	Transcriptional Profiling and Regulation in Survivors of Critical Illness with Muscle Weakness and Meta-analysis across Human Muscle Diseases	Medical Science	2019-11	ICU acquired weakness (ICUAW) is a common complication of critical illness characterized by decreased muscle mass and function with resulting physical impairment that may persist for years after ICU discharge. Transcriptomic profiling of peripheral muscle biopsies in patients with muscle weakness and healthy controls may detect changes in key biological processes related to muscle impairment. We hypothesized that abnormal expression of mRNAs and miRs related to muscle repair may be an important feature of ICUAW compared to controls. In study 1, we integrated clinical data and mRNA transcriptomic data from quadriceps muscle biopsies from patients with ICUAW at day 7 post-ICU discharge and at follow up at month 6 post-ICU discharge and compared to healthy controls. A gene co-expression network analysis method detected groups of co-expressed genes related to muscle repair that were downregulated in ICUAW compared to healthy controls. In study 2, we aimed to identify miRs that are significant regulators of mRNAs and mRNA networks in ICUAW. Mir-424-5p was found to regulate the greatest number of mRNAs in early ICUAW, including downregulated mRNAs related to striated muscle cell differentiation. At month 6 post-ICU, a differentially expressed miR signature was found between patients that increased quadriceps muscle mass (“Improvers”) from those who did not (“Non-improvers”). In study 3, we performed meta-analysis of mRNA transcriptional profiles from muscle biopsies from human muscle diseases and healthy controls to identify a common signature of genes dysregulated across muscle diseases as well as those genes with expression changes that are unique to ICUAW. We detected a common muscle signature of 131 genes similarly expressed across five categories of muscle diseases. Finally, removing the genes common to muscle disease from meta-analysis of only ICUAW cohorts revealed uniquely down-regulated muscle development and contraction genes specific to ICUAW. In summary, dysregulation of mRNAs and miRs related to muscle repair was detected in ICUAW compared to controls. Transcriptional changes unique to ICUAW versus other categories of muscle disease were detected using meta-analysis strategy.	Ph.D.	health	3
Walsh, Hedy Anna	Faye, Mishna	Cultural Considerations in the Delivery of Homecare Services: "Beyond 2 kitchens and a disability/ più di due cucine e disabilità "	Social Work	2014-11	This study explored the experiences, interpretations and cultural beliefs of older Italian immigrants who were receiving culturally specific formal homecare services through an assisted living facility in Ontario, to examine how their identity and life history influenced their experiences of receiving care.The current study builds on the existing body of knowledge about Canada's older Italian immigrants, in particular their caregiving traditions and current need for formal care. This research study employed phenomenology to explore the subjective experiences of Canadian Italian older immigrants who were receiving formal homecare services to capture the personal meanings and interpretations of their immigration experiences, as they related to their need for formal homecare services. Interviews were conducted with 25 older Italian immigrants over the age of 75 that were receiving culturally specific homecare services. The participants shared their immigration stories, fears, work history, healthcare challenges and descriptions of arrival, family, losses, and life in Canada. The Life Course Framework was selected to guide this research study, to represent the process of aging and human development that continuously occurs across the life span. The Social Identity Theory was also used to provide additional guidance in understanding the social, cultural and historical influences of their life histories, as they related to their living arrangements in an assisted-living facility in Ontario and need for caregiving services. Three major themes emerged: 1. the importance of communication and relationship building in the provision of care and the barriers in accessing health care services, 2. retaining identity and control, and 3. facing an uncertain future. These themes reveal the importance of language, cultural practices and residential location. At the micro level, these findings demonstrate the importance individuals assign to their immigration history and cultural traditions. At a macro level, the findings reveal the need to provide cost-effective care that enhances the physical and mental well-being of individuals. These findings also reflect the importance assigned to the home environment and the need for workers to develop relationships with clients that are reflective of their cultural needs. Social workers have the ability to appreciate the historical context of Canada's immigrants; to develop policies in support of their cultural practices, traditions and acculturative interests, and the ability to appreciate the aging process and the associated need for formal services. As Canada's multicultural population continues to grow, social workers will be increasingly challenged to deliver culturally competent healthcare services. The findings are intended to offer additional guidance into the meaning of culture and its importance in furtherance of these goals.	Ph.D.	health ,worker	3, 8
Walter, Eleanor Jane	Lilge, Lothar	Optical Spectroscopy for Breast Cancer Risk Screening	Medical Biophysics	2018-06	Breast cancer (BC) has the highest mortality rate among women’s cancers worldwide, and incidence rates are rising in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Screening programs are well-established in most high-income countries, but there is much debate about screening frequency and the optimal screening ages. In LMIC screening infrastructure is insufficient. Optical spectroscopy (OS) can be used as a pre-screening technique to measure breast composition and predict mammographic density (MBD), a known BC risk factor. The goal of this thesis was to develop and evaluate an OS device which is portable, low cost and requires minimal operator interaction. The device was based on a research prototype used in previous studies, with two major changes: (1) a 13-laser-wavelength module replaced the broadband light source and (2) the source and detector positions were fixed within rigid holders of different sizes. The wavelengths critical for distinguishing between BC risk groups were selected using a principal components analysis of data from previous studies. Source and detector positions were chosen to match the optically-interrogated volumes of the original device via Monte Carlo simulations of photon propagation. Two versions were developed – one for women (the Cups device) and one for girls (the LEGACY device). The Cups device was evaluated in comparison with the research prototype on its ability to predict MBD. For both devices, women with high MBD could be identified from spectra with high sensitivity and specificity and correlation between mammographic percent density (MPD) and OS-predicted MPD was significant, although slightly weaker for the Cups device (r = 0.62 vs. r = 0.74). For girls, OS had been used as an objective method for distinguishing between breast development stages. Spectral analysis using only the wavelengths from the LEGACY device showed that the reduced spectral content does not affect the ability to distinguish between development stages.	Ph.D.	women	5
Walters, Dylan David	Laporte, Audrey	Economics of Maternal and Child Nutrition: Food Fortification with Vitamin A in Tanzania	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2018-11	In 2011, Tanzania mandated the fortification of edible oil with vitamin A to help address its vitamin A deficiency public health problem. By 2015, only 16 percent of edible oil met the standards for adequate fortification. The MASAVA project initiated the production and distribution of unrefined sunflower oil fortified with vitamin A by small- and medium-scale producers in the Manyara and Shinyanga regions of Tanzania. A quasi-experimental non-equivalent control group research trial and an economic evaluation were conducted to study 1) the determinants of vitamin A deficiency in children aged 6 to 59 months, 2) the effectiveness of fortification by small- and medium-scale producers and fortification standards, and 3) the cost-effectiveness of fortification in preventing vitamin A deficiency. Data collection was conducted through a household baseline survey with a sample of 568 mother and child pairs before the intervention and a follow-up survey 18 months later. This study found that the primary determinants of vitamin A deficiency in young children at the time of the baseline household survey were not being breastfed and the low retinol binding protein concentration level of mothers. This study demonstrated that fortification by small- and medium-scale producers was feasible and may have increased the mean retinol binding protein concentration levels in children but did not have a significant effect on the prevention of vitamin A deficiency due to insufficient coverage. Mandatory fortification standards and fortification by large-scale producers increased the mean retinol binding protein levels in children by 3.5 µg/ml as well as reduced the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency by 21.4 percentage points in the Shinyanga region. From a social perspective, the incremental cost of fortification could be as low as US$0.13, $0.06 and $0.02 per litre for small-, medium- and large-scale producers respectively. The estimated cost per disability-adjusted life year averted was $281 for large-scale producers and could be as low as $626 for medium-scale and $1,507 for small-scale producers under ideal conditions. According to World Health Organization thresholds, this is very cost-effective for large- and medium-scale producers, and cost-effective for small-scale producers.	Ph.D.	health	3
Walters, Grant William	Sargent, Edward H	Extending the Breadth of Metal Halide Perovskite Applications to the Control and Modulation of Light	Electrical and Computer Engineering	2019-06	The rapid rise of metal halide perovskites as photovoltaic materials has been an impressive achievement. Their performance as solar energy harvesters stands out amongst solution processed materials. Metal halide perovskites have also emerged as efficient light emitters for potential use in light emitting diodes and lasers. Their promise derives from a combination of their solution processing, desirable optical and electronic properties, and compositional flexibility. Perovskites can be engineered to have sharp absorption onsets, high photoluminescence quantum yields, and low trap state densities. In this thesis I present applications of metal halide perovskites in the control and modulation of light. I expand their applicability by exploiting nonlinear and electro-optic processes in these materials. I begin by investigating the electro-optic behaviour of germanium halide perovskites. The electro-optic coefficients of these compounds are calculated using density functional theory. CsGeI3 is predicted to have an electro-optic coefficient of 47 pm·V-1 at the communications wavelength of 1550 nm, exceeding the greatest coefficient of lithium niobate. This study is the first exploration of the linear electro-optic process in metal halide perovskites. Next, I study quantum-confined Stark effects in layered perovskites. Electroabsorption spectroscopy is conducted with thin films of two-dimensional metal halide perovskites featuring either methylammonium or cesium cations bound in the quantum well structures. While the cesium compounds display conventional energetic red-shifts, methylammonium compounds exhibit blue-shifts. These anomalous blue-shifts are attributed to extraordinary weakening of the exciton binding energy ultimately induced by polarization of the methylammonium dipoles. Both the red-shifts and blue-shifts are engineered to produce modulations in the amplitude of the absorption coefficient of 70 cm-1 for 56 kV·cm-1 applied fields, the strongest modulation amplitudes reported for solution processed materials at room temperature. Lastly, I characterize two-photon absorption in methylammonium lead bromide perovskite crystals. I determine the nonlinear absorption coefficient, along with its polarization dependence. A two-photon absorbing photoconductor was fabricated to autocorrelate ultrafast laser pulses and demonstrate the applicability of this process in metal halide perovskites.	Ph.D.	solar, energy	7
Walz, Leah Claire	Sawchuk, Lawrence A.	Malta, Motherhood, and Infant Mortality: Integrating Biological and Sociocultural Insights	Anthropology	2008-06	Because infants are the most vulnerable members of a community, their deaths – and the resulting infant mortality rate (IMR) – are said to signal more fundamental problems that are likely to affect the general health of a community. However, a focus on proximate- and intermediate-level risk factors in epidemiological analyses presents a decontextualized picture and ignores the role of larger forces on health, disease, and illness. In response to this trend, this project will contribute to a revitalization of the use of infant mortality as an index of larger social problems by tempering statistical analyses with critical reflection regarding the effects of the liminal position of Malta within the British imperial system, prior to the Second World War. In addition, by bringing together several analytic approaches which often proceed in parallel, rather than in dialogue – historical epidemiology, social history, and the analysis of colonial discourse – this dissertation highlights the problematics of knowledge production at both the theoretical and methodological level. As a result, my work is not just about Malta, one moment in history, the calculation of infant mortality rates, or the disentanglement of various determinants of infant mortality in this context; it is about the dynamics and repercussions of power differentials and of social, economic, and political inequalities, as they define and structure health outcomes and experiences. Specifically, I will show that fluctuations in international tensions affected Malta’s population on a number of levels because of the island’s importance as a British military and naval base and its location in the middle of the Mediterranean. I will demonstrate how Malta’s “strategic position” restricted political and economic development in the island and articulated with colonial perceptions of the Maltese as “Other” and Malta as “overpopulated.” Finally, I will argue that international tensions, Malta’s location within Empire, and perceptions of the island and its inhabitants in the early twentieth century affected the ways in which infant deaths were explained and understood and the strategies of intervention initiated in the island to curtail infant mortality – all of which had a tremendous impact on the rates at which infants in Malta died.	PhD	health	3
Wang, Bei	Sain, Mohini	DIispersion of Cellulose Nanofibers in Biopolymer Based Nanocomposites	Forestry	2007-11	The focus of this work was to understand the fundamental dispersion mechanism of cellulose based nanofibers in bionanocomposites. The cellulose nanofibers were extracted from soybean pod and hemp fibers by chemo-mechanical treatments. These are bundles of cellulose nanofibers with a diameter ranging between 50 to 100 nm and lengths of thousands of nanometers which results in very high aspect ratio. In combination with a suitable matrix polymer, cellulose nanofiber networks show considerable potential as an effective reinforcement for high quality specialty applications of bio-based nanocomposites. Cellulose fibrils have a high density of –OH groups on the surface, which have a tendency to form hydrogen bonds with adjacent fibrils, reducing interaction with the surrounding matrix. The use of nanofibers has been mostly restricted to water soluble polymers. This thesis is focused on synthesizing the nanocomposite using a solid phase matrix polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene (PE) by hot compression and poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) in an aqueous phase by film casting. The mechanical properties of nanofiber reinforced PVA film demonstrated a 4-5 fold increase in tensile strength, as compared to the untreated fiber-blend-PVA film. It is necessary to reduce the entanglement of the fibrils and improve their dispersion in the matrix by surface modification of fibers without deteriorating their reinforcing capability. Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) was used to explore how various surface treatments would change the dispersion component of surface energy and acid-base character of cellulose nanofibers and the effect of the incorporation of these modified nanofibers into a biopolymer matrix on the properties of their nano-composites. Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) based nanocomposites using cellulose nanofibers were prepared by extrusion, injection molding and hot compression. The IGC results indicated that styrene maleic anhydride coated and ethylene-acrylic acid coated fibers improved their potential to interact with both acidic and basic resins. From transmission electron micrograph, it was shown that the nanofibers were partially dispersed in the polymer matrix. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were lower than those predicted by theoretical calculations for both nanofiber reinforced biopolymers.	PhD	water, energy	6, 7
Wang, Cheng (Marshal)	Chan, Timothy	Stochastic Integer Programming: Decomposition Methods and Industrial Applications	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2014-06	Many practical problems from industry that contain uncertain demands, costs and other quantities are challenging to solve. Stochastic Mixed Integer Programs (SMIPs) have become an emerging tool to incorporate uncertainty in optimization problems. The stochastic and mixed integer nature of SMIPs makes them very challenging to solve. Decomposition methods have been developed to solve various practical problems modeled as large-scale SMIPs. In the thesis, we propose a scenario-wise decomposition method, the Dynamic Dual Decomposition method ($D^3$ method), to decompose large-scale SMIPs in order to solve practical facility location problems more efficiently. The Lagrangian bounds are dynamically determined. We also consider alternative ways to represent non-anticipativity conditions to improve computational performance. The $D^3$ method efficiently solved moderate and large sized instances whose deterministic equivalent problem could not be solved or solved much slower by a state-of-the-art commercial solver. Three-stage models are also studied and solved by the $D^3$ method, which is found to be effective as well. We combine the $D^3$ method and Column Generation approach to solve a stochastic version of the set packing problem. The proposed method is quite effective in numerical experiments and outperforms the commercial solver dramatically in most cases. We study the sensitivity of different density of patterns and find our proposed method is more robust than solving the whole problem by the commercial solver or by implementing the conventional column generation method directly.We use the $D^3$ method as a framework and combine it with Benders Decomposition Method (BDM) to solve the Stochastic Multi-plant Facility Location Problem. The mathematical formulation of the model is a two-stage SMIP problem with integer first stage variables and mixed integer second stage variables. The integer variables in both stages cause the large-scale SMIP model to be intractable. Some strategies for accelerating BDM have been developed in solving scenario subproblems which are decomposed by $D^3$ method. We develop the aggregation method to aggregate scenarios in solving decomposed Benders Dual subproblems and approximate the solution of the original problems. Our computational experiments on benchmark data and randomly generated data shows that the proposed method can solve large-sized problems more efficiently than conventional Benders Decomposition or a commercial solver. The computational comparisons also show that the aggregation method can reduce the number of scenarios in large problems and obtain approximately optimal solutions in much shorter computational time.	Ph.D.	industr	9
Wang, Ding	Hofmann, Ron	Application of the UV/Chlorine Advanced Oxidation Process for Drinking Water Treatment	Civil Engineering	2015-06	This research investigated the feasibility of a novel advanced oxidation process (AOP) using ultraviolet light combined with free chlorine (UV/chlorine) in drinking water treatment. A bench-scale study using a medium pressure UV collimated beam apparatus showed that the UV/chlorine process was more efficient than the UV combined with hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2) AOP for the destruction of trichloroethylene (TCE) at pH 5 in a laboratory prepared water, but was less efficient than the latter at pH 7.5 and 10. A Matlab® mathematical model made accurate predictions of the observed experimental rates of TCE decay. The model predicted that increasing concentrations of hydroxyl radical scavengers in the treated water would tend to raise the pH at which UV/chlorine would remain competitive relative to UV/H2O2. Full-scale experiments at the City of Cornwall Water Purification Plant (Ontario, Canada) and pilot-scale tests in a Rayox® batch UV reactor using water from the Keswick Water Treatment Plant (Ontario, Canada) demonstrated comparable performance of UV/chlorine AOP to UV/H2O2 for geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), and caffeine destruction. Organic and inorganic disinfection by-products (DBPs) were also monitored in the full- and pilot-scale tests. Minimal trihalomethane and haloacetic acid formation was observed across the UV reactor, while dichloroacetonitrile and bromochloroacetonitrile were produced rapidly, although overall concentrations were below 6 mg L-1. Adsorbable organic halide was formed rapidly (up to 70 mg Cl L-1) in water that had not been prechlorinated, while little formation was observed in previously chlorinated water. Chlorate and bromate were formed, equivalent to approximately 2-17% and 0.01-0.05% of the photolyzed chlorine, respectively, while no perchlorate or chlorite formation was observed. In addition, the 24 h organic DBP formation potential was increased by UV/chlorine pretreatment to an extent that was similar to that observed when the water was pretreated with UV/H2O2.	Ph.D.	water	6
Wang, Fei	Ryan, James	Leading Diverse Schools: Tempering Accountability Policy with Social Justice	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2012-03	This qualitative research examines how school principals perceive social justice and accountability, the actions they take, and the reasoning process they use in their attempt to satisfy accountability mandates while simultaneously tackling the various causes of social injustices in their schools. This constructive study aims to gain an in-depth understanding of the world from the subjects’ points of view, to unfold the meaning of their experiences, and to uncover their lived world. It employs semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions guided by the conceptual framework developed from review of literature on social justice, educational leadership, and accountability policy. Twenty-two school principals and vice-principals from the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) were interviewed. The findings show that some participants define social justice as equity, which goes from the economic and political dimensions of resource distribution and equality of opportunity and access, to the cultural aspect of social representation and inclusion. Some view public education as a social justice endeavour with a particular reference to the purpose of public education. Others construe social justice by focusing on its end goal – the academic and social outcomes of students and the impact on their lives. Study participants implement their social justice beliefs and values in praxis by engaging all stakeholders and catalyzing them to be the new force for the social justice movement. Evident in this study is that participants enacted their social justice practices by putting students at the centre, positioning themselves as social justice leaders, developing people for social justice, building school climate through justice, and fostering positive relationship with families and communities. Under current accountability context, principals in this study responded to the current reform by going beyond its narrow focus through instilling a sense of moral responsibility in their perceptions of accountability itself. As social justice activists, they are proactively engaged in expanding its parameters by encompassing the moral, social, and professional aspects of their accountability. Leading for social justice thus becomes a process of constantly confronting and tearing down such obstacles and barriers by leveraging the politics of accountability and social justice to move towards what is best for students.	PhD	equality, justice	5, 16
Wang, Hui	Siow, Aloysius ||Aguirregabiria, Victor ||Brandt, Loren	Three Essays in Applied Microeconomics	Economics	2010-11	In this thesis, I investigate economic and policy implications of individual choice decisions, including consumers’ choices among differentiated products and households’ decisions on intra-household resource allocations. In the first chapter, I develop a consumer demand model for US retail banking services in which consumers have preference over the geographical convenience of their banks’ networks. The purpose of the study is to identify consumers’ taste for branch network convenience in the US banking industry and to assess the effect of this demand motive on bank revenues, consumer surplus, and market structure. I show that consumers value the geographical convenience of their bank branch network to a large extent. Specifically, a branch that is one mile closer is equivalent to a branch with a 0.4 percent higher annual interest rate. Furthermore, consumers value proximity of the branch network to both their residence and workplace. The counterfactual experiment shows that banks with a larger number of branches enjoy greater network benefits in terms of revenue. Meanwhile, consumers benefit from the reduction in their expected travel distance by choosing depository institutions with large-scale networks. The second chapter examines how parents adjust bride-prices and land divisions to compensate their sons for differences in their schooling expenditures in rural China. The model is tested using data from a unique household interview survey carried out in Hebei Province. The main estimate implies that when a son receives one yuan less in schooling investment than his brother, he will obtain 0.7 yuan more in observable marital and post-marital transfers as partial compensation. This marginal compensation estimate is quantitatively larger than any comparable estimate using North American data, suggesting that the unitary model is a useful model of resource allocation for sons in traditional agricultural families. As a supplement to Chapter 2, Chapter 3 investigates matchmakers’ negotiation role in rural Chinese marriages and its impact on marital transfer from the parents to the children at the time of marriage. Using a unique household-level dataset collected in Hebei province, I find that a negotiator’s involvement can raise the total marital transfer by 20 percent, which supports my public goods story.	PhD	institution, consum	12, 16
Wang, Jonathan M.	Evans, Greg J	Air Quality Impacts of Vehicle Emissions on the Urban Environment: Real-World Emission Factors and Capturing the Fleet Signal	Chemical Engineering Applied Chemistry	2018-06	Human exposure to vehicle emissions and traffic-related air pollution is a major concern with the increasing population living near major roadways and in urban areas. Although there has been a growing interest in near-road measurements and deployment of near-road monitoring networks, isolating and quantifying vehicle emissions from these measurements have always been a challenge. Emission factors has proven to be a method that is invaluable in targeting vehicle emissions while normalizing for the effects of local dilution and dispersion. Algorithms were developed to automatically capture and calculate emission factors from exhaust plumes from vehicles. The individual plume emission factor method utilized high time resolution measurements and provided insight on inter-fleet emission dynamics and trends, providing mean emission factors for the downtown Toronto on-road fleet, co-emitted pollutants from various emitter groups, relative contributions from heavy emitters, and compared well with real-world emission factors from past studies. Additionally, discrepancies were observed between past laboratory and the measured real-world emission factors, with differences upwards of an order of magnitude for the more dynamic pollutants such as particle number concentration. Temporal variation in emission factors were also observed diurnally, weekday vs. weekend, and seasonally, where influences were found to be from changes in fleet make-up, fuel composition, and ambient conditions. A simplified daily-integrated emission factor method was subsequently applied to nearly two years of continuous measurements made at three near-road sites with varying site and fleet characteristics, as well as different meteorological conditions. Emission factors proved to be a useful metric in normalizing the site differences, and provided insight on inter- and intra- fleet emissions characteristics.	Ph.D.	pollut, urban	11, 13
Wang, Lifei	Jackson, Donald Andrew	Species Distribution Modeling: Implications of Modeling Approaches, Biotic Effects, Sample Size, and Detection Limit	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2013-11	When we develop and use species distribution models to predict species' current or potential distributions, we are faced with the trade-offs between model generality, precision, and realism. It is important to know how to improve and validate model generality while maintaining good model precision and realism. However, it is difficult for ecologists to evaluate species distribution models using field-sampled data alone because the true species response function to environmental or ecological factors is unknown. Species distribution models should be able to approximate the true characteristics and distributions of species if ecologists want to use them as reliable tools. Simulated data provide the advantage of being able to know the true species-environment relationships and control the causal factors of interest to obtain insights into the effects of these factors on model performance. I used a case study on Bythotrephes longimanus distributions from several hundred Ontario lakes and a simulation study to explore the effects on model performance caused by several factors: the choice of predictor variables, the model evaluation methods, the quantity and quality of the data used for developing models, and the strengths and weaknesses of different species distribution models. Linear discriminant analysis, multiple logistic regression, random forests, and artificial neural networks were compared in both studies. Results based on field data sampled from lakes indicated that the predictive performance of the four models was more variable when developed on abiotic (physical and chemical) conditions alone, whereas the generality of these models improved when including biotic (relevant species) information. When using simulated data, although the overall performance of random forests and artificial neural networks was better than linear discriminant analysis and multiple logistic regression, linear discriminant analysis and multiple logistic regression had relatively good and stable model sensitivity at different sample size and detection limit levels, which may be useful for predicting species presences when data are limited. Random forests performed consistently well at different sample size levels, but was more sensitive to high detection limit. The performance of artificial neural networks was affected by both sample size and detection limit, and it was more sensitive to small sample size.	PhD	environment, forest	13, 15
Wang, Luhang	Brandt, Loren	Three Essays on the Chinese Economy	Economics	2013-03	This dissertation comprises three essays. In the first two chapters, I examine the performance of Chinese firms in the context of trade liberalization: one chapter looks at the quality of China's exports and the other investigates the productivity impact of China's tariff reduction. In the third chapter, I study the change induced by a tax reform in the institutional incentive structure faced by Chinese village leaders.	PhD	trade, economic growth	8, 10
Wang, Lurong	Heller, Monica	Immigration, Literacy, and Mobility: A Critical Ethnographic Study of Well-educated Chinese Immigrants’ Trajectories in Canada	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2011-03	This dissertation interrogates the deficit assumptions about English proficiency of skilled immigrants who were recruited by Canadian governments between the late 1990s and early 2000s. Through the lens of literacy as social practice, the eighteen-month ethnographic qualitative research explores the sequential experiences of settlement and economic integration of seven well-educated Chinese immigrant professionals. The analytical framework is built on sociocultural approaches to literacy and learning, as well as the theories of discourses and language reproduction. Using multiple data sources (observations, conversational interviews, journal and diary entries, photographs, documents, and artifacts collected in everyday lives), I document many different ways that well-educated Chinese immigrants take advantage of their language and literacy skills in English across several social domains of home, school, job market, and workplace. Examining the trans-contextual patterning of the participants’ language and literacy activities reveals that immigrant professionals use literacy as assistance in seeking, negotiating, and taking hold of resources and opportunities within certain social settings. However, my data show that their language and literacy engagements might not always generate positive consequences for social networks, job opportunities, and upward economic mobility. Close analyses of processes and outcomes of the participants’ engagements across these discursive discourses make it very clear that the monolithic assumptions of the dominant language shape and reinforce structural barriers by constraining their social participation, decision making, and learning practice, and thereby make literacy’s consequences unpredictable. The deficit model of language proficiency serves the grounds for linguistic stereotypes and economic marginalization, which produces profoundly consequential effects on immigrants’ pathways as they strive for having access to resources and opportunities in the new society. My analyses illuminate the ways that language and literacy create the complex web of discursive spaces wherein institutional agendas and personal desires are intertwined and collide in complex ways that constitute conditions and processes of social and economic mobility of immigrant populations. Based on these analyses, I argue that immigrants’ successful integration into a host country is not about the mastery of the technical skills in the dominant language. Rather, it is largely about the recognition and acceptance of the value of their language use and literacy practice as they attempt to partake in the globalized new economy.	PhD	inclusive, employment	4, 8
Wang, Po-Hsiang	Edwards, Elizabeth A	ESSENTIAL COFACTORS IN ANAEROBIC MICROBIAL CONSORTIA USED FOR BIOREMEDIATION: BIOSYNTHESIS, FUNCTION AND REGENERATION	Chemical Engineering Applied Chemistry	2018-11	Most microorganisms in nature live in communities and have developed tightly coordinated metabolism via metabolite exchanges. Cofactors are “helper molecules” in all cells, modulating the activity of many enzymes or serving as the electron shuttle. However, biosynthesis of cofactors, such as cobamides, is sometimes accomplished by only one specific phylogenetic group of microorganisms. Therefore, cofactors and their producers play pivotal roles in the functionality, metabolic rates, and population structure of a microbial community. This thesis focuses on three types of cofactors: (i) cobamides, (ii) NADPH, and (iii) prenylated flavin mononucleotide (prFMN) that are involved in anaerobic bioremediation of chlorinated solvents and aromatic pollutants. Cobamides are a family of cobalt-containing tetrapyrroles involved in biochemical reactions including methyltransfer reactions, isomerizations, and reductive dehalogenation. This thesis reports the identification of a functional cobamide prosthetic group in tetrachloroethene dehalogenases (PceA) of Desulfitobacterium hafniense and Geobacter lovleyi using a tiered blue-native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) and liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) method. The metabolic annotations of Dehalobacter restrictus (Dhb), a model organism for bioremediation of chlorinated solvents, were experimentally verified. The verified annotations were written into a constraint-based metabolic model, which identified that NADPH regeneration and de novo serine biosynthesis could be bottlenecks in Dhb metabolism. Using an integrated computational/experimental approach, the stringent nutrient requirements of Dhb were characterized. Further experimental analysis on the Dhb-enriched ACT-3 consortium has revealed an interspecies malate-pyruvate shuttle system between Dhb and its syntrophic partner. prFMN is a newly identified cofactor of UbiD reversible aromatic decarboxylases that are involved in ubiquinone biosynthesis, biological decomposition of lignin monomers, and anaerobic biodegradation of aromatic pollutants. We discovered that in Escherichia coli, dimethylallyl-monophosphate (DMAP), the prenyl donor of prFMN, can be produced from either prenol phosphorylation or from dimethylallyl-pyrophosphate dephosphorylation. In conclusion, this thesis reports biosynthesis and function of new cofactors as well as new mechanisms for reconciling cofactor regeneration in anaerobic microbial communities. Realizing these metabolic interdependencies generates opportunities to manipulate the microbiomes for better outcomes in bioremediation and industrial biotechnology. Interestingly, the identified interspecies cofactor exchange mechanism also provides insights into how life gradually evolved into complexity.	Ph.D.	pollut, industr, water	6, 9, 13
Wang, Rong	Chen, Jing M.	Improving the Estimation of Seasonal Leaf Area Index of Coniferous Forests for Better Carbon and Water Flux Estimation	Geography	2017-11	The availability of global products of leaf area index (LAI) using remote sensing (RS) data makes it possible to model land surface processes at regional and global scales. Due to the lack of continuous observations of in-situ LAI, studies on the seasonal variability of RS LAI products are rare in the literature. Moreover, the application of existing global LAI products is largely restricted by the underestimation of winter LAI over high-latitude evergreen coniferous forests. Low winter LAI values, due to the influence of background, the presence of ice and snow on leaves and the seasonal variation of leaf pigments, exaggerate the LAI seasonality, possibly causing errors in land surface modeling. The aim of this thesis is to gain a better understanding of the quality of existing RS LAI products, to improve these products, and to further investigate the influence of the improvements on modeling carbon, water and energy fluxes. Frequent measurements of LAI in all seasons were conducted at two white pine sites near Turkey Point, Ontario, Canada, using direct and indirect methods. The in-situ LAI measurements were then used to validate the University of Toronto RS LAI product Version 2. Results show that RS LAI captures mostly canopy structural information from the onset of needleleaf growth to the seasonal peak, but captures both leaf chlorophyll and structural information from the seasonal peak to the completion of needleleaf fall. This finding has significant implications for the application of current RS LAI products to terrestrial productivity modeling and prompts the need for separating leaf structure and chlorophyll information. A simple scheme for correcting the distorted LAI seasonality of evergreen conifers is proposed in my research, through which an improved LAI product over conifers in Canada has been developed. It is demonstrated that the improved product greatly increases the accuracy of the simulation of land surface carbon, water and energy fluxes in coniferous forests in Canada.	Ph.D.	water, energy, forest	6, 7, 15
Wang, Yu	Chen, Li	Listening to the State: Radio and the Technopolitics of Sound in Mao’s China	History	2019-11	My dissertation argues that radio played vital roles in state building and social integration in the 1950s and 1960s China. Radio as a technological infrastructure brought about a series of radical changes that fundamentally affected the state’s self-perception as well as its agenda in transforming everyday life. My dissertation demonstrates that the acoustic state heavily utilized the senses and techniques of hearing and listening. The state incorporated listening techniques into government bodies during the management of everyday life to inform, educate and mobilize the masses and to modernize the country. The techniques of speaking and their institutionalization in return signaled the state’s efforts to search for and naturalize a voice for its presence in daily life. The dissemination of the voice further gave birth to a new type of state-agents, the radio operators, who carried radio sets with them to areas beyond the reach of electricity. As radio became integral to listeners’ work and life, it triggered further political and social changes, one of which was that listeners learned to circumvent local authorities and contact the higher-level radio stations for solving their concerns. Listeners also became not only selective in listening to state-sanctioned programs but also curious enough to transgress the state’s acoustic boundary to listen to radio programs from abroad. Radio also played a crucial role in drawing the boundaries between enemies and people, which was crucial to the creation and maintenance of the socialist regime. Such transgressive listeners prompted the state to perceive sound as sovereign territory and consequently led it to territorialize sound to defend itself from the sonic invasion of capitalist countries. To conclude, radio not only equipped the state with new techniques of governance but also fundamentally changed the way the state interacted with the masses, reshaping socialist modernity and subjectivity.	Ph.D.	infrastructure, institution	9, 16
Wanigaratne, Susitha	Urquia, Marcelo||Cole, Donald	Maternal and Perinatal Health of Refugees in Ontario: A Population-based Perspective	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2015-06	Refugee women and their newborns are suspected to experience greater risk of adverse maternal and perinatal health outcomes. However, little systematic refugee-specific research has been done. This dissertation poses the research question - "are refugee immigrant women and their newborns at higher risk of adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes compared to 1) non-refugee immigrant and 2) non-immigrant women?" Large population-based immigration (1985-2010) and hospitalizations databases (2002-2010) from Ontario, Canada were used (all women eligible for health insurance). The first manuscript examined severe maternal morbidity (SMM) and SMM subtypes among refugee immigrants compared to both non-refugee immigrants and non-immigrants. The rate of any SMM was elevated among refugees (n=30,420) compared to non-refugee immigrants (n=235,540) (adjusted rate ratios (ARR)=1.22, 95% confidence interval: 1.09-1.36) and non-immigrants (n=878,709) (ARR=1.34 (1.23-1.47)). HIV (SMM subtype) among refugees was 8 and 17 times that of non-refugee immigrants and non-immigrants, respectively. The SMM rate among refugees was no longer elevated when deliveries with HIV were excluded. The second manuscript examined the risk of severe neonatal morbidity (SNM) among neonates born to refugees compared to those of non-refugee immigrants and non-immigrants. SNM risk among non-sponsored refugees (i.e., asylum seekers) was also compared to that of sponsored refugees (i.e., government, privately sponsored). The risk of severe neonatal morbidity was significantly higher among newborns of refugee compared to non-refugee immigrants (ARR=1.10 (1.03-1.17)) but lower in comparison to non-immigrants (ARR=0.94 (0.89-0.99)). There was no difference by sponsorship status. The objective of the third manuscript was to determine if the relationship between refugee status and risk of preterm birth (PTB) was modified by secondary (migration to another country prior to Canada) or primary (direct to Canada) migration. A secondary objective was to examine whether this relationship varied by maternal region of birth. Secondary refugees and primary refugees experienced a significantly higher cumulative probability of PTB (22-31, 32-36, ≥37 weeks) compared to their secondary and primary non-refugee counterparts (adjusted cumulative odds ratio (ACOR) =1.59 (1.25-2.01) and ACOR=1.12 (1.02-1.23)), respectively. These associations were also significant for Asian immigrants. This dissertation makes a substantial contribution towards understanding the health and the determinants of health of refugee immigrant mothers and their infants in Canada.	Ph.D.	health, women	3, 5
Ward, Courtney	Benjamin, Dwayne ||Stabile, Mark	Essays on the Economics of Public Health	Economics	2012-03	This dissertation considers the economics of public health in the context of respiratory disease, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The pervasive nature of respiratory illness represents a significant reduction to health and longevity, but private actions to prevent illness may not consider the full-scale benefit of societal health improvement. In this thesis, I consider two determinants of respiratory illness: (1) the spread of influenza disease and (2) air pollution. In both cases, public policy aims to attenuate the effects of these factors by incentivizing or mandating preventative action. Because such interventions come at a cost, it is important to consider the magnitude of benefits associated with these actions. I consider each determinant in turn. First, I provide causal evidence on the health and economic consequences of an ongoing broad-scope vaccination program. The Ontario Influenza Immunization Campaign expanded the scope of vaccine coverage leading to a 20-percent increase in vaccination. Using the timing of this campaign and exogenous variation in vaccine quality, I link higher vaccination rates to decreases in lost-work-time, hospitalization, and death. Results indicate that, when vaccine quality is high, the program leads to higher gains for Ontario relative to other provinces and in short, an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. Second, I provide evidence of the impact of air pollution on respiratory health. Recent changes in standards for air pollution are highly contentious and represent stringent constraints on economic activity. Evidence from this dissertation directly informs this debate. By linking daily pollution to hospital admissions for municipalities across Ontario, I study the impact of air pollution at levels below those historically considered. Results indicate that particulate matter has a significant effect on respiratory health of children but that ozone and carbon monoxide have little effect on respiratory hospitalizations for all age groups.	PhD	pollut	13
Warrick, Natalie Irene	Williams, A P	Caregiver Support Policies in Ontario: Analyzing the Pace and Direction of Policy Change	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2019-11	Population aging and concomitant growth in the number of older Canadians experiencing multiple chronic health and social needs has sparked inquiry respecting the support of informal caregivers—the family, friends and neighbours who provide the bulk of the everyday personal, instrumental and emotional help required by persons with chronic needs to maintain well-being and independence. The central argument proposed in this thesis is that, although there have been advances in caregiver support policies in Ontario, for the most part, progress in this area has been uneven, halting, and at the policy margins. Chapter 2 (Study 1) identifies policy instrument use, programmatic interventions, and the comprehensiveness of supports targeting caregivers among five OECD Member States: Canada, Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Policies for informal caregivers of seniors in Ontario are also examined from 1981 to 2016. Results demonstrated despite a similar policy context, heterogeneity exists among interventions and policy instruments across the OECD. Additionally, as early as the mid-1980s a large and growing body of evidence documented the difficulties of Ontario’s caregivers, and yet, their situation remains only minimally addressed by policymakers. Chapter 3 (Study 2), examines the Caregiver Framework for Seniors Project (CFSP) using quantitative analysis. Results demonstrated that the mix, cost, and volume of supports selected in care plans signaled that program resources were deployed to cross-subsidize and offset rising care burden amidst constricted home and community care budgets. Chapter 4 (Study 3), examines the dynamics of policy change and/or stasis in Ontario. As neo-institutional theory would predict, change is heavily influenced by political and historical factors, including: (1) powerful interests and the structure of health system design on resource allocation, (2) economic and demand side factors, and (3) institutional factors that limit scale and spread. Chapter 5 reviews key findings, strengths and limitations. Recommendations for future research are also presented in this concluding chapter. The findings of this thesis confirm that progress across Canada has been halting. With few exceptions, including the Ontario case, even promising initiatives such as the CFSP have not scaled or spread.	Ph.D.	health	3
Wasilewski, Marina Bastawrous	Cameron, Jill I	Peer Similarity and Use of Online and In-person Supports Amongst Adult Children Caregivers: A Mixed Method Study	Rehabilitation Science	2016-11	Background: Due to current demographics, adult children are increasingly caring for an elderly parent, which can threaten their health. Social support from similar peers can mitigate caregiving-related health declines. Studies have only explored ‘peer similarity’ within the intervention context, limiting our understanding of its role in naturally occurring support. Many carers are turning to the Internet for convenient and efficient access to peer support. Literature to date has largely focused on Internet-based interventions, overlooking carers’ everyday engagement in peer support across communication modalities. Objective: To explore: 1) the relationship between peer similarity and perceived support; and 2) carers’ experiences with online and in-person peer support. Methods: A mixed method study guided by the Interactional Cognitive Model of Social Support. Twitter was used as an innovative recruitment avenue similar to snowball sampling. A web-based survey measured peer similarity and perceived support. Interviews explored carers’ perspectives on peer similarity and experiences with online and in-person peer support. A hierarchical regression analyzed quantitative data and interviews were thematically analyzed. Results: Seventy-one adult children carers (ACCs) participated, with 15 completing qualitative interviews. The mean age of ACCs was 51 and 90% were daughters. Thirty-eight percent of carers were recruited through Twitter and found to be demographically comparable to those recruited through other strategies. ACCs mobilized their existing networks for support and used a blend of communication modalities to meet practical and relational support needs. Type of support received was consistent across online and in-person modalities. Peer similarity positively and significantly influenced perceived support. ‘Shared caregiving experience’ was described as the most important aspect of similarity since it was multi-faceted and optimized support and relationship quality. Conclusion: Interventions for ACCs should emulate their naturally pragmatic support-seeking style. ‘Shared caregiving experience’ and its various dimensions should be comprehensively investigated to inform measurement instruments and peer-matching interventions.	Ph.D.	health	3
Watson, Tara Marie	Hannah-Moffat, Kelly	Risks Inside and Beyond Institutional Walls: Organisational Responses to Substance Use in Canadian Federal Prisons	Criminology	2014-06	My dissertation examines substance abuse policy and related practices within Canadian federal prisons. I triangulated across three data sources: 16 interviews with former Correctional Service of Canada (CSC) senior administrative officials, former frontline staff, and external stakeholders; publicly available CSC documents; and testimony from a relevant House of Commons Standing Committee study. Thematic analysis was used to examine themes of interest and emergent themes. I attempted to interview current CSC employees, but access was denied. I turn my access experience into a case study and use reputational risk as a conceptual tool, whereby my proposed research is interpreted as a risk to be managed from the organisation’s point of view. I view CSC’s enhanced drug interdiction response through an organisational risk management lens and examine “unintended”, negative effects that have resulted. Five key themes emerged: 1) continued efforts by offenders to bring substances into prisons; 2) climate of tensions and violence; 3) offenders switching substances; 4) health-related harms; and 5) culture of distrusting visitors. I thread through my analysis two divergent framings – a dominant, safety-reaffirming framing versus one that challenges enhanced interdiction. I provide an in-depth account of political barriers that prevent implementation of prison-based harm reduction programs. Four interrelated issues are central to the politics: 1) a narrower definition of harm reduction in corrections; 2) the Conservative government with a tough-on-crime agenda; 3) strong union opposition; and 4) stakeholder perceptions of ongoing constraints. Contributing knowledge as an external researcher is made difficult by an overprotective organisation with formal research access that appears to favour certain kinds of research over potentially critical research. A downside of such protectionism is the curtailment of studying innovative approaches. Viewing CSC as a complex organisation reveals how embedded practices and cultures are resistant to change, even when the traditional response (i.e., zero tolerance) has adverse effects. CSC could be at an impasse in terms of overcoming political and operational logics that align to oppose in-prison harm reduction services. Despite a highly challenging policy environment, future researchers can move forward by asking new questions and devising strategic ways of entering the political-operational dialogue.	PhD	institution	16
Watt, Graham Alexander	Sandy, Smith	Enhanced Vertical Fuel Continuity in Forests Defoliated by Spruce Budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) Promotes the Transition of a Surface Fire into a Crown Fire	Forestry	2014-11	Evidence exists for a link between spruce budworm defoliation and large-scale forest fires. However, the underlying mechanisms of the spruce budworm-wildfire interaction have yet to be adequately explained. A driving factor for the occurrence of crown fires is the vertical distribution of fuels. Therefore I first describe the vertical fuel restructuring that took place during sustained, aerially-mapped spruce budworm defoliation in boreal mixedwood forest of northern Ontario and then investigate stand breakdown and surface fuel accumulation during and after a period of defoliation. Forest structural data were then modeled using Van Wagner's (1977) conditions for the start and spread of crown fire and the Fire Behaviour Prediction (FBP) system as well as in the Crown Fire Initiation and Spread (CFIS) simulator to develop an estimate of the associated changes in the probability of a surface fire crowning (PSC) after different lengths of defoliation. Vertical fuel continuity increased with years of continuous defoliation, with the highest measured occurring after sixteen years. The PSC due to stand breakdown and surface fuel accumulation increased with successive years of defoliation, and in the years following the end of defoliation, as mapped by the Forest Insect and Disease Survey (FIDS). Likewise, in the simulator, higher continuity and surface fuel loads were associated with increased PSC. This investigation unites past research into the interaction between spruce budworm and fire and provides a common framework for future study. Once refined for the range of variations in climate and forest characteristics in Ontario, it may provide a useful tool for the assessment of fire hazard from the FIDS defoliation maps. This in turn could ultimately lead to improved organization and deployment of fire detection and initial attack resources and a more effective management of large fires.	Ph.D.	forest, climate	13, 15
Watts, Alexander Gordon	Fortin, Marie-Josee	Effects of Landscape Spatial Heterogeneity on Host-Parasite Ecology	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2015-11	Landscape spatial heterogeneity interacts with ecological processes that influence pathogen emergence and infectious disease spread. Modification of landscape composition and configuration is hypothesized to alter host densities, frequency of host-parasite interactions, host community assembly processes, and dispersal processes of host, vector, and parasite populations. Understanding the spatial and environmental dependence on host-parasite interactions is, therefore, critical in predicting the response of disease dynamics to widespread habitat modification. I combine wildlife disease ecology with landscape ecological concepts and varied modeling techniques (i.e., multivariate redundancy analyses, network connectivity models, bipartite mutualistic networks, beta diversity analyses) to test the mediating role of landscape spatial heterogeneity on the spread of a vector-borne disease system (chapter 2), and the effect of urban landscape spatial heterogeneity on host exposure to parasitism (chapter 3), host-parasite interaction structure (chapter 4), and host-parasite beta diversity (chapter 5). My results demonstrate that landscape spatial heterogeneity has a differential influence on tick dispersal than pathogen dispersal by the movement of a host community, most critically mediated by stepping-stone habitat. I also provide evidence that urban landscape spatial heterogeneity affects the exposure likelihood of a single host population, the structure of host-parasite interactions in multiple host populations, and the spatial contributions of host and parasite beta diversity. My work demonstrates that landscape spatial heterogeneity has a mediating role in multiple disease systems whereby spatial and environmental factors play a critical role in the likelihood of short- and long-distance pathogen invasion, the persistence of environmentally-mediated parasites, and the selection of generalist host and parasite species in urbanized habitat. Overall my research contributes to our theoretical understanding of the multi-scalar ecological interactions between landscape change and disease dynamics and our applied understanding of the role of landscape in the emergence of infectious diseases.	Ph.D.	urban, ecology	11, 14
Weadick, Cameron James	Chang, Belinda ||Rodd, F. Helen	Molecular Evolution of Visual System Genes in Fishes	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2012-03	For many species, vision contributes to a number of fitness-related tasks, including mating and the detection of prey and predators. Selection on the visual system should therefore be strong, especially when ecological or genomic changes open new avenues for evolutionary changes. Visual system proteins are thus attractive systems for molecular evolutionary analyses. This thesis presents a collection of evolutionary studies on two gene families, opsins and crystallins. Opsin proteins determine the wavelengths of light detected by the retina, while crystallin proteins contribute to lens transparency and refractory power. My studies focus on teleost fishes, because teleost visual ecology is exceptionally diverse and because gene duplication is common in this group. In Chapter One, I outline the relevance of protein variation to organismal evolution and describe the analytical methods employed throughout this thesis. Chapter Two considers the long-wavelength sensitive (LWS) opsins of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). The guppy is shown to possess multiple LWS opsins that have accumulated differences at functionally important amino acid sites since duplicating. Chapter Three focuses on the guppy’s main predator, the pike cichlid Crenicichla frenata, which is shown to have a greater capacity for short-wavelength vision than previously believed. However, this cichlid possesses three fewer opsins than closely-related African cichlids, a difference partly due to duplication of a green-sensitive (RH2) opsin in African cichlids. In Chapter Four, this RH2 duplication event is studied in greater depth; variation in selective constraint is documented following gene duplication and between species from different lakes. Some of the analytical methods employed in Chapter Four were newly developed, as detailed in Chapter Five, where a test for functional divergence among clades is evaluated and then improved upon through the presentation of a new null model that better accommodates among-site variation in selection. In Chapter Six, phylogenetic relationships within the βγ lens crystallin superfamily are clarified, and the functionally distinct γN family is shown to have evolved conservatively compared to other crystallin families. The thesis concludes with suggestions for future directions for evolutionary research on opsins and crystallins, and summarizes recent work that has built on these studies.	PhD	ecology, fish	14
Weaver, Daniel	Strong, Kimberly	Water Vapour Measurements in the Canadian High Arctic	Physics	2019-06	This thesis provides an evaluation of atmospheric H2O measurements at the high Arctic site in Eureka, Nunavut made using ground-based and satellite instruments. The focus is on measurements acquired using a solar absorption Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (the 125HR) located at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL), as part of the MUSICA project. Close agreement is observed between H2O total columns from seven PEARL instruments, with mean differences ≤ 1.0 kg/m2 and correlation coefficients (R) ≥ 0.98, except for a comparison between a microwave radiometer and a radiosonde product, which had a correlation coefficient of 0.92. Comparisons revealed a 6% wet bias in the 125HR MUSICA product. Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer measurements were shown to provide accurate H2O measurements, e.g. within 4% of radiosondes. The PEARL 125HR and Eureka radiosondes were used to demonstrate that the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) satellite instruments, ACE-FTS and ACE-MAESTRO, produce accurate H2O profiles in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. ACE-FTS showed a wet bias of up to 6 ppmv (6 to 13%) of 125HR measurements between 6 and 14 km and was within 6 ppmv (12%) of radiosondes between 7 and 11 km. ACE-MAESTRO profiles showed a dry bias relative to the 125HR of between 7% and 12% between 6 and 14 km. ACE data showed closer agreement with the radiosondes and 125HR than did other satellite datasets, e.g. MIPAS, MLS, SCIAMACHY, and TES, except AIRS, which showed mean differences within 5%. In addition, TCCON H2O and δD total column datasets, retrieved from near-infrared 125HR spectra, and not yet assessed in detail, were compared with the well-validated MUSICA products at Eureka and six other globally-distributed sites. The results showed TCCON measurements agree well with MUSICA, although the H2O product had a small dry bias (6%) and the δD had a high bias (40‰).	Ph.D.	solar, environment	7, 13
Weaver, Jennifer Elisabeth	Conway, Tenley ||Fortin, Marie-Josee	Invasive Species Distribution Models: An Analysis of Scale, Sample Selection Bias, Transferability and Prediction	Geography	2012-11	Species distribution models must balance the need for model generality with that for precision and accuracy. This is critical when modelling range-expanding species such as invasive species. Given the increased use of species distribution models to study invasive species-landscape relationships, a better understanding of the effect of spatial scales, sampling biases, model transferability and discrepancies between different models’ future predictions is necessary. This dissertation addresses these knowledge gaps using mute swans (Cygnus olor) as a case study species. I specifically examine mute swan’s distributions in parts of their native range of Britain and their non-native range of Ontario, Canada. I first investigate which environmental variables at which spatial scales best explain mute swan’s distribution in its non-native range. Second, I perform a sample selection bias study to examine predictive accuracy when species distribution models are built using varying ranges of environmental variables and applied to broader spatial extents. Third, I examine the potential for, and limitations of model transferability between native and non-native regions. Finally, I use two different modelling approaches and three different climate change and land use change scenarios to predict future mute swan habitat suitability. The results indicate that (1) models with better predictive accuracy include environmental variables from multiple ecologically-meaningful scales and measured at spatial extents that include a broad range of environmental variable values; (2) models can exhibit asymmetrical transferability; (3) climate change will facilitate mute swan range expansion in the future more than land use change; and (4) mute swans are often found near urban waterbodies. When modelling invasive species distributions, I suggest that ecologists consider: (I) spatial scale of the underlying landscape processes and species’ use of the landscape; (II) variability and range of each environmental variable used for building models; and (III) stage of establishment of the invasive species.	PhD	land use, water, environment, climate, urban	6, 11, 13, 15
Webb, Christopher	Hunter, Mark	Liberating the Family: Education, Aspiration and Resistance Among South African University Students	Geography	2019-06	In October 2015, South Africa witnessed the largest student protests since the end of apartheid over rising tuition costs. Based on qualitative research conducted between 2015-2016, this dissertation analyses these protests through the experiences of working-class students from Khayelitsha, an urban township in Cape Town, South Africa. Education-based resistance since the end of apartheid occurs in a context of rapid and shifting patterns of class formation, in which higher education is both critical to ensuring social mobility and avoiding chronic unemployment. At the same time, higher education access is constrained by the endurance of racial and spatial inequalities, and limited forms of state support for working class students. My research reveals how working-class students develop aspirations toward higher education and how these are intimately connected to circumstances of household poverty. For these students, support for the protests did not merely involve opposition to commodification, but was connected to shared experiences of racialized poverty, aspirations toward collective social mobility, and the debilitating role of student debt. By focusing on how higher education reconfigured young people’s bonds with family and generated anticipated financial obligations, I highlight how the protests spoke to a crisis of social reproduction affecting working-class households. In doing so, I highlight young people’s role as economic actors in household distributive economies. This dissertation also reveals how higher education is frequently a contradictory resource for working class youth. It provides pathways toward social mobility for a limited number, while simultaneously binding them into systems that reproduce wider forms of social inequality. Rather than simply struggles against neoliberalism then, the protests reveal the multiple and contradictory functions of higher education in South Africa, as it is aimed at addressing racialized inequalities while meeting the human capital requirements of a globalized economy. Finally, I highlight the importance of relational approaches to youth studies, that understand young people’s agency as embedded within wider social, political and economic structures.	Ph.D.	poverty, equality, employment, inequality, urban	1, 5, 8, 10, 11
Webber, Jeanine Anne	Stern, Susan	The Difference between Ecological Context and Treatment Progress of Young Girls with Comorbid Externalizing and Internalizing Disorders and Young Girls with Only Externalizing Disorders	Social Work	2010-11	Many children and their families who seek assistance for childhood behaviour disorders experience comorbid disorders, namely the presence of two or more disorders. Although comorbid disorders are recognized as a frequent clinical complication, minimal direction exists within the literature about the risk factors for comorbid conditions and how best to provide intervention services. In this study an ecological framework was used to compare the individual, family, and community environmental contexts of young girls who presented at intake at a children’s mental health centre with comorbid externalizing and internalizing disorders, and girls who presented at intake with externalizing disorders only. The treatment response to a cognitive-behavioural intervention for externalizing behaviour disorders was examined, by comparing externalizing scores over time between girls with comorbid externalizing and internalizing disorders and girls with externalizing disorders only. Additionally, internalizing scores over time for girls with comorbid disorders were examined. Results indicated that a history of abuse and a cluster of individual characteristics placed girls at higher risk to present with comorbid conditions. The results also indicated that girls with comorbid disorders experienced a reduction of both externalizing and internalizing symptoms. Only 1 in 7.4 girls, however, scored below the clinical range for both externalizing and internalizing disorders at the end of the treatment phase, in comparison to 1 in 5 girls scoring below the clinical range for externalizing disorders in the noncomorbid group.	PhD	health	3
Webber, Jeffery Roger	Teichman, Judith A.	Red October: Left-Indigenous Struggles in Bolivia, 2000-2005	Political Science	2009-11	This dissertation provides an analytical framework for understanding the left-indigenous cycle of extra-parliamentary insurrection in Bolivia between 2000 and 2005. It draws from Marxist and indigenous-liberationist theory to challenge the central presuppositions of liberal-institutionalist understandings of contemporary indigenous politics in Latin America, as well as the core tenets of mainstream social movement studies. The central argument is that a specific combination of elaborate infrastructures of class struggle and social-movement unionism, historical traditions of indigenous and working-class radicalism, combined oppositional consciousness, and fierce but insufficient state repression, explain the depth, breadth, and radical character of recent left-indigenous mobilizations in Bolivia. The coalition of insurrectionary social forces in the Gas Wars of 2003 and 2005 was led by indigenous informal workers, acting in concert with formal workers, peasants, and to a smaller degree, middle-class actors. The indigenous informal working classes of the city of El Alto, in particular, utilized an elaborate infrastructure of class struggle in order to overcome structural barriers to collective action and to take up their leading role. The supportive part played by the formal working class was made possible by the political orientation toward social-movement unionism adopted by leading trade-union federations. Radicalized peasants mobilized within the broader alliance through their own rural infrastructure of class struggle. The whole array of worker and peasant social forces drew on longstanding popular cultures of indigenous liberation and revolutionary Marxism which they adapted to the novel context of the twenty-first century. These popular cultures ultimately congealed in a new combined oppositional consciousness, rooted simultaneously in the politics of indigenous resistance and class struggle. This collective consciousness, in turn, strengthened the mobilizing capacities of the popular classes and reinforced the radical character of protest. At key junctures, social movement leaders were able to synthesize oppositional consciousness into a focused collective action frame of nationalizing the natural gas industry. Finally, throughout the left-indigenous cycle, ruthless state repression was nonetheless insufficiently powerful to wipe out opposition altogether and therefore acted only to intensify the scale of protests and radicalize demands still further. The legitimacy of the neoliberal social order and the coercive power required to reproduce it were increasingly called into question as violence against civilians increased.	PhD	institution, rural, cities, industr, infrastructure, worker	8, 9, 11, 16
Weber, Nadya	Mundy, Karen	A Comparative Study of the Shifting Nature of International Non-governmental Organization Global Education Programming in Canada and the United Kingdom	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2012-11	International development non-governmental organizations (INGOs) in the United Kingdom and Canada have demonstrated a distinct withdrawal from education programming towards campaigns and fundraising. This study explores how the nature of INGO global education programming has shifted over time. The purpose of this research is to gain a better understanding of a) the place of INGO-produced global education within the context of international development and the field of global education, and b) what type of role (if any) INGOs have to play in future global education programming. The shifts in INGO global education over time are identified through a comparative historical analysis of the socio-political and funding conditions affecting INGO-produced global education programming in Canada and the UK including the embedded case studies of two sister organizations, Save the Children UK and Save the Children Canada. This study looks broadly at the fifty year history of INGO global education, then focuses on the current experiences of two INGOs that are representative of conditions of INGO dependency within their country contexts. A conceptual framework based on the work on the educational typologies of Askew and Carnell (1998) and the ethical positionings of Barnett and Weiss (2008) is used to analyze, evaluate, explore, and describe the global education programming mechanisms prioritized by INGOs. The trend of INGO global education programming as fundraising campaigns lacks the commitment to relationship building, and the acquisition of the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that are important for developing informed and capable constituencies who would understand systemic inequalities. This begs the question as to whether INGOs are satisfied with the short-term, socially regulatory outcome of fundraising when they have the potential to facilitate the dialogical, equitable relationships that can increase the possibilities for social transformation.	PhD	equitable	4
Weinberg, Brenda J.	Conle, Carola	Visual and Verbal Narratives of Older Women Who Identify Themselves as Lifelong Learners	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2009-11	Abstract: My inquiry, involving participant-observation and self-study, explores the stories of four older women through verbal and visual narratives. Showing how two specific types of visual narratives—sandpictures and collages—stimulate experiential story-telling and promote understanding about life experiences, I also illustrate how engagement with images extends learning and meaning-making. Effective in carrying life stories and integrating experience, the visual narratives also reveal archetypal imagery that is sustained and sustaining. Considering how visual narratives may be understood independently, I describe multiple strategies that worked for me for entering deeply into the images. I also elaborate on the relationship of visual narratives to accompanying verbal narratives, describing how tacit knowing may evolve. Through this process, I offer a framework for a curricular approach to visual narratives that involves feeling and seeing aesthetically and associatively and that provides a space for learners to express their individual stories and make meaning of significant life events. Salient narrative themes include confrontation with life-death issues, the experience of “creating a new life,” an avid early interest in books and learning, and a vital connection to the natural world. New professions after mid-life, creative expression, and volunteerism provide fulfillment and challenge as life changes promote attempts to marry relationships with self and others to work and service. My therapy practice room was the setting for five sessions, including an introduction, three experiential sandplay sessions, and a conclusion. Data derive from transcripts from free-flowing conversations, written narratives, photographs of sandpictures, and field notes written throughout the various phases of my doctoral process. This study of older women, with its emphasis on lifelong learning, visual narratives, and development of tacit knowing, will contribute to the field of narrative inquiry already strongly grounded in verbal narrative and teacher education/development. It may also promote in-depth investigations of male learners at a life stage of making meaning of, and integrating, their life experiences. New inquirers may note what I did and how it worked for me, and find their unique ways of extending the study of visual narratives while venturing into the broad field of diverse narrative forms.	EDD	women	5
Weinrib, Jacob	Ripstein, Arthur	Authority, Justice, and Public Law: A Unified Theory	Philosophy	2013-11	In articulating the juridical relationship between the individual and the state, a theory of public law must confront a fundamental problem. The practice of public law involves appeals to ideas of both authority and justice, but these ideas appear to be antagonistic rather than complementary. On the one hand, persons must act in conformity with legal obligations enacted through the contingent exercise of public authority. On the other, persons must act in conformity with timeless ideals of public justice. The theoretical puzzle at the core of public law stems from the incompatibility of these convictions. Because enacted laws are often unjust and just laws are rarely enacted, persons often find themselves simultaneously pulled in one direction by the demands of public authority and pulled in another by the demands of public justice. To escape this tension, the leading theories invariably fragment their subject matter by reducing the whole of public law to one of its aspects, authority in abstraction from justice or justice in abstraction from authority. The purpose of this project is to articulate a unified theory of public law that integrates the distinctive claims of authority and justice into a common framework. My central claim is that once authority and justice are appropriately conceived and justified, they are neither antithetical virtues of opposing theoretical frameworks nor isolated notions. Instead, authority and justice are the mutually implicating principles of a legal system: the right of rulers to exercise public authority is always accompanied by a duty to govern justly; the right of the ruled to just governance presupposes the presence of publicly authoritative institutions. By setting out the character and interrelation of the fundamental components of a legal system, the unified theory illuminates the general practice of public law from the legal systems of the ancient world to the inner workings of modern constitutional states.	PhD	institution, justice	16
Weinrib, Julian	Hayhoe, Ruth	South-South-North Research Partnerships: A Transformative Development Modality?	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2012-11	This thesis investigates development assistance programming in the research activities of higher education institutions by studying the case of the Norwegian Programme for Education, Research and Development (NUFU) and its activities in two sub-Saharan African (SSA) nations. In this thesis, North-South Research Partnerships (NSRPs) are conceptualized through the construction of an ideal-type based on the historical record of NSRP progrmaming. A conceptual framework and analytical tool are developed in order to present the dominant norms associated with mainstream North-South research programming over the past sixty years, as firmly embedded in exploitative core-periphery dynamics. The main research questions ask to what extent the NUFU model differs from other NSRP programs, including South-South collaborative opportunities, and to what extent the program creates spaces for endogenous research needs and priorities to take precedent over exogenous demands and targets. A qualitative investigation is used to gather data from textual analysis, participant observation and key informant interviews in order to investigate how the NUFU program establishes demand-driven programs in Southern universities while negotiating the Norwegian and global political economies. A case study of a single NUFU North-South-South project demonstrates how the program framework influences the construction of the partnership modality. The findings indicate that the North-South component of the model presents significant opportunities for demand-driven research, but that changing trends in Norway are placing pressure on the program and researchers. With regard to the South-South component, the study concludes that the modality is under-conceptualized, lacks clarity of purpose and has failed to generate sustainable collaboration within the SSA region. The implications of these findings for NSRP programming, the NUFU program in particular, are that historical asymmetries remain firmly entrenched; without a radical reconstitution of the economic and political relations between Northern and Southern states, the most powerful international actors, be they states, private entities or multilateral agencies, will continue to dominate and determine knowledge production capacities and outputs. The study concludes by suggesting opportunities for NSRP programs to augment their support of Southern universities and by reflecting on how ongoing changes in current geo-political configurations could open new spaces for alternative development trajectories.	PhD	institution, cities	11, 16
Weisman, Alanna	Hawker, Gillian A	Associations between Allopurinol and Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes in Diabetes	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2020-06	Diabetes is a leading cause of cardiovascular and kidney disease, and novel therapies to reduce these adverse diabetes outcomes are urgently required. Allopurinol, a uric acid-lowering therapy traditionally used for the treatment of gout, may reduce mortality and cardiovascular and kidney disease through reductions in oxidative stress and improved endothelial function, but this has not been well-studied in diabetes. Through three related projects, this thesis examines the associations between allopurinol and all-cause mortality, cardiovascular and renal outcomes in individuals with diabetes using population-based administrative health care data in Ontario, Canada. The first project examined patterns of allopurinol use and their predictors, to inform the design of subsequent studies. In 38,416 individuals with diabetes newly prescribed allopurinol, discontinuation and interruption of allopurinol were common. Female sex and greater severity of gout were associated with worse adherence. The second project evaluated the association between allopurinol-exposed time and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in 38,416 new allopurinol users with diabetes. Allopurinol-exposed time was associated with a reduced risk of the primary composite outcome of all-cause mortality, atherothrombotic cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, revascularization, stroke), or heart failure, which was primarily driven by a reduction in all-cause mortality. However, healthy user bias could not be completely excluded. The third project evaluated the association between allopurinol use and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) or development of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In 5937 individuals with a gout flare and Stages 1 to 3 CKD at baseline (1911 with diabetes), renal outcomes did not differ between allopurinol users and non-users after weighting by the inverse probability of treatment. Based on the thesis results, allopurinol may reduce mortality and atherothrombotic cardiovascular events in individuals with diabetes, but does not appear to reduce heart failure, CKD progression, or development of ESRD. Defining allopurinol exposure in pharmacoepidemiology studies is challenging due to frequent interruptions and discontinuation. Thus, study designs incorporating time-varying exposure and time-varying confounders may be more robust. A clinical trial designed to evaluate the effect of allopurinol on atherothrombotic cardiovascular events in individuals with diabetes and hyperuricemia is strongly justified.	Ph.D.	health	3
Wellen, Christopher Charles	Arhonditsis, George ||Conway, Tenley	Quantifying Urban and Agricultural Nonpoint Source Total Phosphorus Fluxes Using Distributed Watershed Models and Bayesian Inference	Geography	2013-11	Despite decades of research, the water quality of many lakes is impaired by excess total phosphorus loading. Four studies were undertaken using watershed models to understand the temporal and spatial variability of diffuse urban and agricultural total phosphorus pollution to Hamilton Harbour, Ontario, Canada. In the first study, a novel Bayesian framework was introduced to apply Spatially Referenced Regressions on Watershed Attributes (SPARROW) to catchments with few long term load monitoring sites but many sporadic monitoring sites. The results included reasonable estimates of whole-basin total phosphorus load and recommendations to optimize future monitoring. In the second study, the static SPARROW model was extended to allow annual time series estimates of watershed loads and the attendant source-sink processes. Results suggest that total phosphorus loads and source areas vary significantly at annual timescales. Further, the total phosphorus export rate of agricultural areas was estimated to be nearly twice that of urban areas. The third study presents a novel Bayesian framework that postulates that the watershed response to precipitation occurs in distinct states, which in turn are characterized by different model parameterizations. This framework is applied to Soil-Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) models of an urban creek (Redhill Creek) and an agricultural creek (Grindstone Creek) near Hamilton. The results suggest that during the limnological growing season (May – September), urban areas are responsible for the bulk of overland flow in both Creeks: In Redhill Creek, between 90% and 98% of all surface runoff, and in Grindstone Creek, between 95% and 99% of all surface runoff. In the fourth chapter, suspended sediment is used as a surrogate for total phosphorus. Despite disagreements regarding sediment source apportionment between three model applications, Bayesian model averaging allows an unambiguous identification of urban land uses as the main source of suspended sediments during the growing season. Taken together, these results suggest that multiple models must be used to arrive at a comprehensive understanding of total phosphorus loading. Further, while urban land uses may not be the primary source of sediment (and total phosphorus) loading annually, their source strength is increased relative to agricultural land uses during the growing season.	PhD	water, urban. Pollut, land use	5, 10, 12, 14
Wellum, Caleb	Brown, Elspeth	Energizing the Right: Economy, Ecology, and Culture in the 1970s US Energy Crisis	History	2017-11	Taking up Janet Roitman’s charge to think critically about the epistemology of crises, this dissertation is an interdisciplinary cultural history of the 1970s “energy crisis” in the United States. It asks how a crisis of energy came to be, how different experts and interests interpreted its meaning, and how it has shaped US political culture. My central claim is that the energy crisis fostered neoliberalism in the United States by cultivating speculative discourses about energy futures that ultimately supported free market trade and energy policies by the early 1980s. Indeed, the energy crisis itself was always largely speculative, concerned with the possibility of greater scarcity in the future, and it generated competing visions of the future that ultimately moved the country further to the economic right. But this story is not just about the market. It is also about the ecological critiques of carbon capitalism that the energy crisis inspired and the ways in which they both challenged and overlapped with neoliberal formations. I first explore the evolution of the energy crisis as a historically specific assemblage that was only possible in the 1970s. I then consider the political flexibility of the crisis by tracing competing interpretations of its meaning. This theme continues in a chapter on the conservation ethic – a widely proposed solution to the energy crisis that excoriated the waste inherent in the American “way of life,” but for competing ends. Neoliberalism enters the story in my final chapters, which consider how “car films” valorized the white neoliberal subject through unfettered auto-mobility, and the establishment of oil futures contracts as a free market solution to the energy crisis. My interdisciplinary approach broadens the historiography of the energy crisis to consider the concepts, meanings, affects, and practices that comprised it, providing deeper context for the policy and geopolitical concerns that other scholars explore. I conclude that the articulation of a “crisis” was an insufficient foundation upon which to build a large scale energy transition.	Ph.D.	energy, trade, waste, conserv	7, 10, 12, 14
Wentworth, Gregory Ross	Murphy, Jennifer G	Ammonia in Rural and Remote Environments	Chemistry	2016-11	Ammonia (NH3) can harm ecosystems through deposition and react in the atmosphere to increase fine particulate (PM2.5) levels which impact climate and degrade air quality. Despite an abundance of field studies and modelling efforts there are still large uncertainties regarding the sources, sinks, and transport of NH3. These uncertainties are magnified in rural and remote regions where measurements are sparse. The Ambient Ion Monitor – Ion Chromatograph (AIM-IC) was deployed on three separate occasions to measure hourly averages of ambient NH3, SO2, and HNO3 as well as PM2.5 constituents (NH4+, SO42-, NO3-). AIM-IC measurements at a rural field in Ontario, in conjunction with soil measurements, revealed that a non-fertilized grassland exhibits bi-directional soil-atmosphere NH3 exchange. A “morning spike” of NH3 was occasionally observed around 7:00 to 9:00 local time and was investigated in a subsequent study at a remote park in Colorado. Simultaneous observations of dew composition, dew amount and NH3 suggested that the frequently observed, yet currently unexplained, morning spike is caused by NH3 released from evaporating dew. The AIM-IC was operated aboard a research icebreaker throughout the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. NH3 ranged between 30-650 ng m-3 and was usually sufficient to fully neutralize SO42-. Low values of NH4+ in the Arctic Ocean and melt ponds revealed they were always a net NH3 sink. Decomposing seabird guano and wildfires were identified as the primary NH3 sources through the use of a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) and particle dispersion model (FLEXPART-WRF). Lastly, AIM-IC measurements from a campaign in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region showed that air masses that had recently passed over bitumen upgrading facilities were enriched in NH3, SO2, HNO3, NH4+ SO42-, and NO3-. Comparison of observed NH3 to that predicted by the Extended – Aerosol Inorganics Model (E-AIM) implies that the aerosol system was in disequilibrium in polluted airmasses.	Ph.D.	rural, climate, ocean, pollut	11, 13, 14
Wessels, Anne Elizabeth	Kathleen, M Gallagher	Three Performances of the Postmetropolis: Youth, Drama, Theatre, and Pedagogy	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2014-11	Three Performances of the Postmetropolis: Youth, Drama, Theatre, and PedagogyAnne Elizabeth WesselsOntario Institute for Studies in Education,University of Toronto2014ABSTRACTThis Canadian arts-infused ethnography inquires into youth and their social relations in a Mississauga secondary school and in the rehearsals of a production of Concord Floral at Theatre Passe Muraille in Toronto. This study analyzes three performances of the suburb for what they suggest regarding the lives of youth, drama, and theatre pedagogy and the changing geography of the suburb. The first performance is a production of Concord Floral by Jordan Tannahill enacted by eight youth from the suburbs. The second set of performances is composed of place-based rituals of schooling presented by students in the spaces of the school where they originally occurred. The final performance takes place on the same school grounds where I conduct walking interviews with youth. Our walks are interrupted and we become spectators to a third performance of the suburb orchestrated by the nonhuman. The social relations observed in this study suggest both normalized privilege and reaction against it. Drama and theatre are used methodologically to produce data rich with affect, including pleasure in rehearsal and the frustrations of a tension-ridden class. Drama and theatre, however, are analyzed for more than their methodological use. This research offers aesthetic approaches that open notions of both drama and theatre pedagogy as they are practiced with youth as ethical, social and environmental art forms Social geographers Edward Soja (2011) and Doreen Massey's (2005) spatial theory and Gilles Deleuze's concepts of the "minor" (1997) and "difference" (1968/94) frame the study theoretically (1997, p. 141). The findings suggest multiple diversities ranging from artists-in-the-making to the nonhuman. Methodologically, doing drama enhances focus groups and conducting the interviews while walking results in the creation of hybridized methods. The analysis attempts to find what Patti Lather (2013) calls a "difference driven analytic" (p. 639). This study analyzes theatre rehearsal, school, and suburban spaces for their potential to become increasingly heterogeneous and equitable (Sibley, 2011, p.131). It closes with an analysis of the school grounds and its potential as a place for socially-engaged artistic practices working with, and alongside, the community to address issues of inadequate infrastructure, environmental concerns, and the quandaries associated with being young in the contemporary suburb.	Ph.D.	environment, production, infrastructure, urban, equitable	4, 9, 11, 12, 13
Whaley, Cynthia	Kimberly, Strong	Improvements to our Understanding of Toronto-area Atmospheric Composition	Physics	2014-11	Using eleven years of trace gas column measurements at the University of Toronto Atmospheric Observatory (TAO), along with data from complementary sources, such as satellites, surface in situ measurements, and nearby rural column measurements, thisthesis aims to improve our understanding of the sources of air pollution and the causes of variability in atmospheric composition over the Toronto area.The relative influence of chemical production and direct emissions on Toronto-area O3 and CO were determined using GEOS-Chem model simulations. 28 pollution events (defined as enhanced O3 or CO lower-tropospheric (0-5 km) columns that coincided with surface O3 exceedances) were found in the TAO dataset between 2002 and 2010. O3 columns over Toronto during pollution events are influenced by urban and industrial anthropogenic NOx emissions, biogenic isoprene emissions from the eastern United States, and soil NOx emissions from the mid- and western United States. During pollution events, Toronto CO columns are greatly influenced by nearby fossil fuel emissions and isoprene oxidation. C2H6 columns are often enhanced during pollution events, as the sources of C2H6 are similar to those of O3 and CO. HCN columns are assumed to be enhanced in biomass burning plumes, and thus, aid in identifying transport of biomass burning emissions over Toronto. Sensitivity to meteorological conditions was examined as well, and five case studies were presented in detail.Passage of the polar vortex over the Toronto area was determined by increases in scaled potential vorticity (PV) that coincide with outliers in the HF stratospheric time series. Confirmed with polar PV maps and reductions in N2O stratospheric columns, 53 polar intrusion events were identified in the 2002 to 2013 TAO time series. The effect on HF, HCl, O3, and N2O was studied, and we found these events caused a significant increase in HF-column winter/spring variability, and a small increase (on average) in stratospheric O3 columns.The results of this thesis have contributed to improving our understanding of the causes and variability of ozone air quality and stratospheric ozone over a major metropolitan area.	Ph.D.	industr, urban, rural, production, pollut	9, 11, 12, 13
Wheeler, Glenn Frederick	Sanderson, Douglas||Lemmens, Trudo	Duty, Breach and Remedy: A Fiduciary Argument for Government Funding of Aboriginal Health	Law	2015-06	This thesis argues that there is a fiduciary duty on the Government of Canada to provide extended health benefits to Aboriginal peoples. These benefits are the legal remedy for the Crown's multiple breaches of its fiduciary duty to Aboriginal peoples. The duty is rooted in the status of Aboriginal peoples as original inhabitants of Canada and who never ceded their sovereignty, which included a right to maintain traditional ways of life. The Crown acknowledged this duty in the Royal Proclamation of 1763, whose protective language is evocative of fiduciary obligations. The Crown breached its obligation through sharp practice in the negotiation of and failure to implement treaties, introduction of the Indian Act, and in the establishment of the residential schools system. These acts of omission or commission led to a dispossession of Aboriginal peoples from traditional lands and to the appalling levels of health in Aboriginal communities today.	LL.M.	health	3
White, Heather Lynn	Glazier, Richard H	Assessing the Prevalence, Penetration and Performance of Hospital Physicians in Ontario: Implications for the Quality and Efficiency of Inpatient Care	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2016-03	Hospitalist physicians have emerged over the past two decades to become dominant providers of inpatient care in North American hospitals. Despite their widespread adoption, quantitative data characterizing the penetration of Canadian hospitalists or their influence on the quality of inpatient care within the Canadian context has not been explored. The primary objectives of this dissertation were to synthesize the existing findings on hospitalist performance, to describe the prevalence and penetration of hospital physicians working in the province of Ontario, and to assess the current performance of physicians practicing general hospital medicine within the province with regards to their clinical effectiveness and operating efficiency. The three papers included in the dissertation demonstrated clear trends that hospital-based physicians are increasingly prevalent in Ontario hospitals and deliver a sizable proportion of the province’s inpatient medical care. Increased inpatient workloads amongst these physicians translated to lower mortality, fewer readmissions and longer lengths of stay for patients under their care. There is a pressing need in Canadian healthcare to improve the processes of acute care provision in order to reduce unnecessary utilization, improve patient safety, and enhance patient experience. Findings in this dissertation provide support for the practice of hospital medicine and concentrated hospital care in Canada, suggesting that high-volume physicians practicing general hospital medicine, including hospitalists, could have a pivotal impact on quality improvement. Research can now turn to understanding the specific practice characteristics and processes of care that differentiate hospital generalists from their colleagues.	Ph.D.	health	3
White, Lisa	Margaret, Schneider	Lesbian and Gay Career Development and Super's Life-span, Life-space Theory	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2014-11	Abstract The primary goal of the present study was to examine the influence of sexual minority identity on the career decision and trajectory of 15 lesbian women and 14 gay men, between the ages of 18-57. Next, the phase of career development and the social context of these participants were examined through the lens of Super's (1990) life-span, life-space theory of career development. Three main findings emerged from this study. First, although oppressive forces, such as heterosexism, homophobia, and discrimination pervasively influence the career development of sexual minorities, there is evidence of a process by which they mediate the impact of these influences on career development, namely, by minimizing exposure to homophobia, maximizing exposure to affirming professional and personal supports, and by capitalizing on strength and resilience gained over the course of developing a sexual minority identity. Next, although participants' phase of career development was consistent with what Super's (1990) life-span theory would predict, factors related to sexual orientation and homophobia influenced how they maneuvered within and between these phases. Finally, the situational determinants-portion of life-span theory were determined to have limited efficacy for describing the social context within which sexual minorities choose and pursue careers, as it does not take into consideration the systemic heterosexism and homophobia that qualify the life-space of sexual minority persons. The addition of oppression as an over-arching influence on the life-space of marginalized persons in general, and sexual minority persons in particular, is proposed. Limitations of the present study, as well as implications for research and counselling practice are presented.	Ph.D.	women	5
Whitehead, Krista	Taylor, Judith ||Fox, Bonnie	Great Expectations: Maternal Ideation, Injustice and Entitlement in the Online Infertility Community	Sociology	2013-11	Motherhood is one of the most enduring and consequential rites of passage to adult femininity for women. Indeed "motherhood changes everything" (Nelson 2009, p. 3, Fox 2009). However, not all women have access to motherhood. What happens then when women do not have access to the gender ideal of motherhood or to the cultural spaces that define it? How do women deal with this exclusion? In the course of this research I answer these two questions through an examination of women’s blogging in the online infertility community. Women in the online infertility community characterize their fertility challenges as unfair and unjust, wherein their expressions of desire to become mothers are made in direct relation to, and in comparison with, the women around them who are on their way to becoming mothers (i.e., pregnant) or have already become mothers. In characterizing their experience as an injustice, I argue that women begin to lay claim to motherhood as an entitlement. They do so by drawing on, engaging with, and seeking out a multiplicity of cultural and scientific discourses associated with motherhood and women’s bodies. Through an examination of these discourses, I argue that the pursuit of motherhood is a journey that is relational and comparative, and one that happens in a single-gender, homo-social environment. Conceptualizing motherhood as a gendered entitlement, rather than a gender identity achievement allows us to recognize that women’s relationality and sociality are central to how women negotiate gender norms and expectations more broadly. In the face of infertility women in the online community express incredulity about the prospect of never having a biological child of their own and become industrious in navigating their circumstances. Their industrious responses help us locate infertility as a gendered penalty in the larger context of misfortune, which is often overlooked by sociologists.	PhD	gender, women, justice	5, 16
Whyte, Tanya	Skogstad, Grace||Cochrane, Christopher	Quantitative Measurement of Parliamentary Accountability using Text as Data: the Canadian House of Commons, 1945-2015	Political Science	2019-11	How accountable is Canada’s Westminster-style parliamentary system? Are minority parliaments more accountable than majorities, as contemporary critics assert? This dissertation develops a quantitative measurement approach to investigate parliamentary accountability using the text of speeches in Hansard, the historical record of proceedings in the Canadian House of Commons, from 1945-2015. The analysis makes a theoretical and methodological contribution to the comparative literature on legislative debate, as well as an empirical contribution to the Canadian literature on Parliament. I propose a trade-off model in which parties balance communication about goals of office-seeking (accountability) or policy-seeking (ideology) in their speeches. Assuming a constant context of speech, I argue that lexical similarity between government and opposition speeches is a valid measure of parliamentary accountability, while semantic similarity is an appropriate measure of ideological polarization. I develop a computational approach for measuring lexical and semantic similarity using word vectors and the doc2vec algorithm for word embeddings. To validate my measurement approach, I perform a qualitative case study of the 38th and 39th Parliaments, two successive minority governments with alternating governing parties. I find that similarity scores are positively related with the substantive quality of opposition questions and government responses. In the quantitative analysis phase, I study Question Periods from 1975-2010 and daily debates from 1945-2015 using the lexical similarity measurement. I find that minority parliaments are more account- able than majority governments since the 30th Parliament, but find no significant relationship between government seat percentage and parliamentary accountability. I show that Parliament becomes more accountable as a government’s popularity decreases. However, the data more strongly support a non-linear model. A structural break analysis yields one significant break at 33%: below this critical value, polling popularity and parliamentary accountability are positively related, and above, are negatively related. Finally, I confirm that the correlation between measures of lexical and semantic similarity varies in strength and direction across parliamentary sessions, suggesting two distinct generative processes are indeed at work.	Ph.D.	institution	16
Widdifield, Jessica	Bombardier, Claire	Accuracy of Ontario Health Administrative Databases in Identifying Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2013-06	Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, destructive, inflammatory arthritis that places significant burden on the individual and society. This thesis represents the most comprehensive effort to date to determine the accuracy of administrative data for detecting RA patients; and describes the development and validation of an administrative data algorithm to establish a province-wide RA database. Beginning with a systematic review to guide the conduct of this research, two independent, multicentre, retrospective chart abstraction studies were performed amongst two random samples of patients from rheumatology and primary care family physician practices, respectively. While a diagnosis by a rheumatologist remains the gold standard for establishing a RA diagnosis, the high prevalence of RA in rheumatology clinics can falsely elevate positive predictive values. It was therefore important we also perform a validation study in a primary care setting where prevalence of RA would more closely approximate that observed in the general population. The algorithm of [1 hospitalization RA code] OR [3 physician RA diagnosis codes (claims) with ≥1 by a specialist in a 2 year period)] demonstrated a high degree of accuracy in terms of minimizing both the number of false positives (moderately good PPV; 78%) and true negatives (high specificity: 100%). Moreover, this algorithm has excellent sensitivity at capturing contemporary RA patients under active rheumatology care (>96%). Application of this algorithm to Ontario health administrative data to establish the Ontario RA administrative Database (ORAD) identified 97,499 Ontarians with RA as of 2010, yielding a cumulative prevalence of (0.9%). Age/sex-standardized RA prevalence has doubled from 473 per 100,000 in 1996 to 784 per 100,000 in 2010, with approximately 50 new cases of RA emerging per 100,000 Ontarians each year. Our findings will inform future population-based research and will serve to improve arthritis surveillance activities across Canada and abroad.	PhD	health	3
Widger, Kimberley Ann	Tourangeau, Ann	Development and Testing of an Instrument to Measure the Quality of Children’s End-of-life Care from the Parents’ Perspective	Nursing Science	2012-06	Background: The Senate of Canada asserts that quality end-of-life care is the right of every Canadian. Yet, little is known about the quality of end-of-life care for dying children and their families. Purpose: The study purpose was to develop and test an instrument to measure parents’ perspectives on the quality of care provided to families before, at the time of, and following the death of a child. Methods: In study Phase I, key components of quality pediatric end-of-life care were synthesized through a systematic review of research literature then validated and extended through focus groups with bereaved parents. In Phase II, instrument items were developed to assess structures, processes, and outcomes important to quality end-of-life care, then tested for content and face validity by health professionals and bereaved parents. In Phase III, the instrument was administered to bereaved mothers from across Canada and psychometric testing conducted. Results: Instrument items were developed based on review of 67 manuscripts and 3 focus groups with 10 parents. The Content Validity Index for the instrument was 0.84 as assessed by 7 health professionals. The instrument was assessed by 6 bereaved parents for face and content validity as well as their cognitive understanding of the items. In the final phase, 128 mothers completed the instrument and 31 of those completed it twice. Initial evidence for test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and construct validity was demonstrated for 7 subscales: Connect with Families, Involve Parents, Share Information with Parents, Share Information among Health Professionals, Support Parents, Provide Care at Death, and Provide Bereavement Follow-up. Additional items with demonstrated content validity only were grouped into three domains: Support the Child, Support Siblings, and Structures of Care. Implications: This study is a significant step forward in comprehensive measurement of the quality of children’s end-of-life care. The instrument provides a mechanism for feedback to health professionals, health systems, and policy makers to improve care provided to families facing the death of a child.	PhD	health	3
Wigdor, Ernest Mitchell	Trebilcock, Michael	Inside the Black Box: Understanding the Role of Institutions in Bridging the Digital Divide	Law	2010-11	This dissertation is about the role of institutions in bridging the Digital Divide. Its thesis is that governments must encourage the consistently increased use of information and communications technology (“ICT”) if they hope to foster sustained economic growth. Superficially, the Digital Divide describes differences in ICT usage between rich and poor nations, but it is more profoundly concerned with poor nations’ integration into a global economy. Intensive academic study demonstrates that four factors are critical to the relationship between ICT usage and economic growth: institutions; telecommunications infrastructure; investment in ICT; and human capital. The dissertation addresses three perceived shortcomings in the literature. First, proponents of institutions’ importance use the term vaguely, often obscuring important distinctions between policies, laws and institutions, thereby inhibiting detailed analysis. Second, many writers see the institutional reform needed for growth as an exceedingly slow process due to factors beyond governments’ control. Third, the literature does not adequately address which institutions are salient to the relationship between ICT usage and economic growth or how to create them. The dissertation attributes more precise meanings to key terms and contests the view that institutional reform can only proceed at a glacial pace. Its primary goal, however, is to identify specific institutions that help mediate the relationship and to suggest how they might be built relatively quickly. Good institutions can create the enabling environment that allows for the building of telecommunications infrastructure, investment in ICT goods and services and the development of human capital to lead to economic growth. The analysis of institutions identifies several salient institutions and concludes that the manner in which they are designed often determines their effectiveness. Case studies of Singapore and Malaysia examine their successful, but divergent, development paths. Their different rates of development can be attributed, in part, to the quality of their institutions.	SJD	economic growth, infrastructure, institution	8, 9, 16
Wijeysundera, Duminda	Laupacis, Andreas	Preoperative Internal Medicine Consultation for Elective Intermediate-to-high Risk Noncardiac Surgery in Ontario	Health Policy, Management and Evaluation	2010-11	This dissertation uses population-based administrative healthcare data to evaluate the outcomes, processes-of-care and practice variation associated with preoperative medical consultation in Ontario, Canada. First, a multicentre cross-sectional study was conducted to develop a novel algorithm for identifying preoperative medical consultations using administrative data. The optimal claims-based algorithm was a physician service claim for a consultation by a cardiologist, general internist, endocrinologist, geriatrician, or nephrologist within 120 days before the index surgery. This algorithm had a sensitivity of 90% (95% confidence interval [CI], 86 to 93) and specificity of 92% (95% CI, 88 to 95). Second, we conducted a population-based cohort study to evaluate the association of preoperative medical consultation with outcomes and processes-of-care. After adjustment for measured confounders using propensity-score methods, consultation was associated with increased preoperative testing, preoperative pharmacological interventions, 30-day mortality [relative risk (RR) 1.16; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.25], 1-year mortality (RR 1.08; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.12), and mean hospital stay (difference 0.67 days; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.76). These findings were stable across subgroups, as well as sensitivity analyses that tested for unmeasured confounding. Third, temporal trends and practice variation in consultation were evaluated within the population-based cohort. The proportion of patients undergoing consultation remained relatively stable over the study period, at approximately 39%. Although patient-level and surgery-level factors did predict consultation use, they explained only 6.8% of variation in consultation rates. By comparison, inter-hospital differences in rates were substantial (range, 1.9% to 86.8%), were not explained by surgical volume or teaching status, and persisted after adjustment for patient-level and surgery-level factors. Overall, this dissertation highlights the need for research to identify interventions for safely decreasing perioperative risk, define mechanisms by which consultation influences outcomes, examine factors that influence practice variation in medical consultation, and identify patients who benefit most from preoperative medical consultation.	PhD	health	3
Wilczak, Jessica	Boland, Alana	Reconstructing Rural Chengdu: Urbanization as Development in the Post-Quake Context	Geography	2017-11	On 12 May 2008 Western China was struck by an 8.0-magnitude earthquake (the Wenchuan Earthquake) that left over 87,000 people dead or missing, and destroyed nearly 8 million homes. The epicenter of the quake lay less than 100 km away from Chengdu, the capital city of Sichuan Province. Although the central city itself was not damaged by the quake, many settlements in Chengdu’s rural periphery had to be completely rebuilt. This dissertation examines how the Chengdu government used post-quake reconstruction as an opportunity to urbanize rural areas in the metropolitan region under the policy of “urban-rural integration”. But urban-rural integration was not merely urbanization in the sense of an expansion of the built-up urban core; it was a far more comprehensive project that was framed as a means of developing the rural economy, improving living environments, and bolstering peasants’ rights. I argue that Chengdu’s urbanization is best understood as a developmental project—a form of “development qua urbanization”—and as a form of governmental power in the Foucauldian sense. I further interpret the underlying logics of urban-rural integration—that rural areas are best developed through urbanization—in the context of China’s current historical conjuncture. In doing so, I turn to Polanyi’s description of the transition to a market society, and Lefebvre’s prediction of the transition to an urban society. Drawing on media and policy analysis, academic debates on Chengdu’s urban-rural integration project, and participant observation work and in-depth interviews conducted in peri-urban Chengdu over a period of nearly two years, I examine the multiple forms that post-quake urbanization in Chengdu took, including rationalizing land use throughout the metropolitan region, building concentrated villages, assigning individual titles to rural collective land, developing markets for rural property rights, encouraging large-scale agribusiness, extending social services to rural areas, reforming rural governance institutions, and transforming peasants into self-managing citizens.	Ph.D.	urban, rural, environment, land use, governance	11, 13, 15, 16
Wilder, Matt	Skogstad, Grace	Canadian Industrial Policy in Comparative Perspective	Political Science	2019-06	This thesis utilizes an institutional theory of economic organization and technological innovation called regime theory to explain the origins, operation, and outcomes of industrial policy in Canada. The first part of the thesis elaborates the theory using formal logic, spatial modelling techniques, and game theory. The second part evaluates cross-national quantitative evidence in support of the theory and undertakes three detailed case studies involving shipbuilding, agricultural biotechnology, and green energy manufacturing. Consistent with the varieties of capitalism literature, it is demonstrated that liberal political economies are institutionally-poised toward radical innovation but struggle with late innovation. The introductory chapter defines industrial policy, explains why the study of industrial policy is important, details the argument of the thesis, summarizes the methods used, and lays out how the thesis is organized. The second chapter engages with the literature on collective action and entrepreneurship to advance three components of regime theory: a theory of regime origins, a theory of regime operation, and a theory of regime outcomes. The third chapter introduces the structure of the economy and state of technological development as situational variables, consideration of which yields four archetypical models of industrial policy and ten predictive hypotheses about the causes and consequences of industrial policy coordination. Chapter 3 concludes with a summary of the propositions and implications of the theory. The fourth chapter analyzes three cases studies —aluminum shipbuilding industrial policy in British Columbia; federal-provincial biotechnology policy in support of the canola industry; and Ontario’s green energy industrial strategy— and evaluates the ability of regime theory to explain industrial policy in Canada. The fifth and final chapter summarizes the theory and evidence presented in the thesis and discusses the inferences that can be drawn from the findings.	Ph.D.	energy, innovation, industr, institution	7, 9, 16
Wilkinson, Amy Ann	Taylor, Margot J	Attention and Inhibitory Control in Children with Traumatic Brain Injury: Outcomes and Prediction Using Biomarkers	Psychology	2016-11	Children with traumatic brain injury (TBI) have a range of cognitive problems, notably in the domain of executive functioning and attention. Previous studies have attempted to relate performance on measures of executive function and attention in groups of children with TBI to pre-injury variables and measures of TBI severity, to predict outcome, but clear relations have not emerged. This is likely due to variability in both patient and injury characteristics. Prior studies also have not found consistent results as to why these cognitive difficulties are so frequently seen as sequelae to TBI in children. This thesis evaluated a variety of patient variables, along with serum biomarkers (proposed objective measures of brain injury), as predictors of long-term (one to six years) attention and executive function outcome in children following TBI. A secondary aim of this thesis was to investigate performance monitoring through the use of the stop signal task (SST) in children following TBI compared to age-matched controls. Significant relations were found between serum biomarkers (such as neuron specific enolase [NSE] and soluble neuron cell adhesion molecule [sNCAM]), pre-injury functioning, and persistent attention and executive function difficulties at long-term follow-up time points. Other standard clinical measures (Glasgow Coma Scale, age) were not reliable predictors. During performance monitoring, children with TBI did not show the expected slowing in reaction time following an error on the SST that was observed in an age-matched healthy control group, but the group differences were not significant. When validated in future research studies, the findings of the predictive value of certain serum biomarkers and pre-injury measures could contribute to acute clinical and long-term rehabilitation decisions, with the expectation of improving the quality of life in survivors of paediatric TBI.	Ph.D.	health	3
Wilkinson, Jeffrey J.	Goldstein, Tara	Israel/Palestine Experience and Engagement: A Multidirectional Study of Collective Memory Through an Analysis of Trauma, Identity and Victim Beliefs	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2017-06	Abstract The ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict has sparked a debate in Canada (and elsewhere) that is as intractable as the conflict itself. This study looks at two Diasporas, Palestinian and Jewish, in the Toronto area, as typical of the challenges within these communities worldwide when it comes to deeply understanding the Other. Collective memory, a representation of the past shared by a group, is viewed in this study as a prime factor in how conflicts become intractable, insulating the groups from deeply acknowledging the Other and the Other’s history. I look at three primary catalysts that concretize memory within groups: identity, trauma and victim beliefs. This study engages in the experiences and memories of these experiences in the eight participants who I have interviewed for this study. The participants engaged in two interviews, a narrative interview where they shared their stories with me and an interaction interview where they responded to the stories of the Other. This research is not a peace plan or even a path towards peace, but is a process of unraveling. As the researcher I unravel my own victimhood as a Jew from a family of the Shoah. I am also unraveling two seemingly disparate realities, the ways in which collective memory has become ensconced within the two groups and the reality that the two groups’ situations today are starkly different. While both groups have experienced very traumatic histories, the trauma of Occupation is ongoing for Palestinians. This research offers an alternative to typical “dialogue”, acknowledging the importance of hearing the Other’s stories within a framework of social justice and human rights. While recognizing the importance of sharing in the experiences of the Other, the Jewish community has a greater responsibility to alter the situation on the ground for those living in the Occupied territories.	Ph.D.	justice, peace, rights	16
Williams, Dinsie	Kohler, Jillian C	Facilitating Sustainable Access to Medical Devices in Sierra Leone and Ghana through Transnational Funders: Challenges and Opportunities	Pharmaceutical Sciences	2018-06	Background Transnational funders provide up to 80% of funds for medical devices in resource-limited settings where an estimated 72% of medical devices are reportedly abandoned. This means that for every dollar that funders spend on medical devices, 65 to 90 cents are wasted. The objective of this study was to inform public health care policy reform to facilitate sustainable access to medical devices by characterizing current transnational funding policies and practices from the perspectives of recipients and funders. Methods A case study was developed in March 2016 involving a review of policy documents; semi-structured interviews of frontline and administrative public health care staff, and representatives of funding organizations; and direct observation of medical devices in Sierra Leone. Subsequently, case study was conducted in Ghana between January and April 2017 using the same research instruments. Following thematic analysis, the data from the interviews were cross-referenced with information from the document reviews and direct observations. Results The national governments of Sierra Leone and Ghana have guidelines on donating medical devices; however, neither are linked to enforceable regulations nor are they promoted among frontline health care staff. Study participants in Sierra Leone underscored the importance of communication and collaboration; quality, functionality and appropriateness of medical devices. In Ghana, interviews revealed that donation guidelines were obscure and that there were technical leadership gaps in government hospitals. Conclusion To ensure sustainable access to medical devices, the national governments of Sierra Leone and Ghana, must establish coherent and enforceable policies that foster the development of a cohesive network of funders, medical device manufacturers and distributors, and service providers; mandate purposive funding of medical devices; foster technical leadership on hospital management teams; and establish a comprehensive device acquisition and management framework. To complement the efforts of recipient governments, funders should proactively incorporate principles of good governance such as collaboration, transparence, and accountability into their practices. By being more purposive, funders may finally achieve a worthwhile mission of sustainably enhancing the medical device capacity of health care providers in government-owned facilities in Sierra Leone and Ghana.	Ph.D.	health, governance	3, 16
Williams, Siobhan	Halfar, Jochen	Testing the Use of the Proxy Archive Clathromorphum compactum for Climate Reconstructions	Earth Sciences	2018-11	The coralline alga Clathromorphum compactum is an important annual to sub-annual resolution archive of Arctic and Subarctic environmental conditions. Annual Mg/Ca cycles and growth measured in C. compactum’s high Mg calcite growth increments have been used as proxies for past sea surface temperatures (SST) and sea ice off North America going back more than 600 years. However, uncertainties remain with respect to environmental controls influencing growth and elemental incorporation in C. compactum. Furthermore, proxy capabilities of C. compactum crusts have never been compared to other coralline algal genera or growth morphologies or tested in Arctic regions outside North America. Following an assessment of advantages and disadvantages of different techniques used for analyzing coralline algal Mg/Ca ratios for paleoclimate reconstructions, I here compare two different growth morphologies of coralline algae: massive crusts and free-living branching algal nodules, known as rhodoliths. I tested whether either of these growth morphologies is more suitable for proxy reconstructions by comparing Mg/Ca ratios in rhodoliths of Lithothamnion glaciale and in rhodoliths as well as encrusting specimens of C. compactum. Mg/Ca ratios derived from both coralline algal growth forms can yield SST information, however, massive encrusting forms yield higher correlations to SST than rhodoliths, which only allowed for the generation of short time series due to frequent growth irregularities. To achieve a better understanding of environmental controls influencing coralline algae, I processed the data of an 11-month microcosm experiment comparing specimens of C. compactum grown under a range of temperature and light conditions. I show that both light and temperature significantly affect MgCO3 in C. compactum. For specimens grown at low temperature (2°C), the effects of light are smaller, than at higher (10°C) temperature. Finally, I demonstrate the ability of C. compactum Mg/Ca to act as a proxy for SST and glacial runoff in Greenland.	Ph.D.	climate, environment	13
Willis, Megan Drake	Jonathan, Abbatt PD	Natural and Anthropogenic Influences on High Arctic Aerosol	Chemistry	2018-03	The Arctic is a harbinger of global change, and is warming at a rate twice the global average. While Arctic warming is driven by increased greenhouse gases, short-lived climate forcers such as tropospheric ozone and aerosol are important drivers of Arctic climate. Aerosol impacts on Arctic climate are insufficiently understood, largely owing to poor constraints on the physical and chemical processes controlling aerosol. This thesis presents observations of sub-micron aerosol in Arctic summer and spring, which capture different regimes of the Arctic aerosol seasonal cycle. Aircraft-based observations of aerosol physical and chemical properties address various aspects of Arctic aerosol sources, removal and chemical processing. Under chronic Arctic Haze conditions in spring, we observed evidence for vertical variations in both aerosol sources and removal mechanisms. We show evidence for sources of partially neutralized aerosol with higher organic aerosol (OA) and black carbon content in the mid-troposphere and sources of acidic sulfate in the lower troposphere. With support from model calculations, we demonstrate that mid-tropospheric air influences the Arctic Boundary Layer (ABL) on ~1-week time scales. We observed evidence for aerosol depletion relative to carbon monoxide, both in the mid-to-upper troposphere and within the ABL. Dry deposition, with low removal efficiency, contributed to aerosol removal in the ABL while precipitation scavenging contributed to efficient aerosol removal during transport at higher altitudes. Under clean Arctic background conditions in summer, we observed evidence for marine influenced secondary OA formation. We demonstrated a relationship between methansulfonic acid and OA with the residence time of air over open water. Sea salt aerosol was externally mixed from a larger number fraction of OA, sulfate and amine-containing particles. High OA fractions coincided with elevated cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations, suggesting a role for secondary OA formation in growing particles to CCN-active sizes. A case study of aerosol growth over open water supports these observations. This work contributes to our understanding of aerosol vertical variability and its connection to observations made at the surface in Arctic spring and, to our understanding of aerosol sources and composition in Arctic summer.	Ph.D.	water, marine, greenhouse gas, climate	13, 14
Willison, Kevin Donald	Myers, Ted	Massage Therapy Visits By The Aged: Testing a Modified Andersen Model	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2009-11	Growing evidence suggests that chronic health conditions and disability act as reliable predictors of complementary/ alternative medicine (CAM) use. Such use may have the potential for some to increase independence and quality of life. Moreover, research indicates that older people are significant consumers of CAM services. Yet, understanding profiles of older individuals of these services continues to remain under researched. Here, a widely used type of CAM was considered – massage therapy (MT). Towards better understanding MT user profiles, this study tested a modified version of the Andersen Health Behavior Model to help ascertain if it is useful towards understanding factors associated with massage therapy (MT) utilization. Respondents represented an elderly sample (aged 60+) that resided within a large urban city in Ontario Canada (Toronto). Eligible respondents at the time of the study were non-institutionalized and self-reported having one of more current chronic illness conditions which they have had for six months or more, and had been diagnosed by a medical doctor. Using a quantitative method, retrospective data were gathered using a pre-tested English-only mail questionnaire, developed specifically for this study. Data were gathered over a period of 6 months, between late 2000 to mid 2001. Bivariate analysis suggests that inequity exists whereby the ability to access massage therapy varies according to one’s socioeconomic status. This is further supported using backwards step-wise regression analysis, whereby one’s total annual household income was a strong predictor of MT use status. One’s CAM-related health and social network as well as having back problems also emerged as strong predictors of MT use. Overall findings suggest that a modified Andersen model as used in this study does have utility in relation to helping to identify potential factors associated with the utilization of massage therapy. Based on regression analysis, findings here suggest, for example, that those with higher incomes are 1.5 times more likely to use MT. This provides support that there are existing inequities regarding access to rehabilitation-oriented health care services. With population aging and rising numbers of people needing restorative and rehabilitation services, study findings will increasingly have important public health as well as health care policy related implications.	PhD	socioeconomic, health, urban	1, 3, 11
Wilmot, Sheila	Mojab, Shahrzad	The Social Organization of the Ontario Minimum Wage Campaign	Adult Education and Counselling Psychology	2011-11	My dissertation research is interdisciplinary in nature, at the nexus of three areas of scholarly work and actual practices: union renewal and non-unionized workers-rights organizing in Canada and the US; feminist, anti-racist Marxian approaches to class relations as being racialized, gendered and bureaucratic; and, the institutional ethnographic method of inquiry into social reality. My empirical focus is on the Ontario Minimum Wage Campaign (OMWC). The OMWC was a Toronto-based labour-community project to raise the minimum wage to $10 per hour. It was started in 2001 by Justice for Workers (J4W), was carried on by the Ontario Needs a Raise coalition (ONR) from 2003 to 2006, and was re-launched in 2007 by the Toronto and York Region Labour Council (TYRLC) in association with some community groups. The OMWC brought together across time and space activist groups, community agencies and labour organizations, all of whose volunteers, members, clients, educators, officials and staff were the agents and/or targets of the campaign. The apparent victory of the OMWC is quite contested. Local campaign realities were compartmentalized in numerous ways and OMWC involvement met different institutionally specific and coordinated needs. And while coalitions generally arise as vehicles to transcend such institutional separation, the campaign was challenged to materially bridge such compartmentalization. The fragmentation of reality amongst institutions and how it was managed in practice affected how collaboration, participation, and decision-making happened and appeared to have happened in organizing and educational activities. While there were at times transformative intentions, there was generally a pragmatic anti-racist organizing practice and effect. I contend that the complexity of contemporary society poses great challenges for the possibilities for human-agency based labour-community workers-rights organizing with a broad-based, political capacity for movement building orientation. I suggest that this is largely so because the social coordination of what we do and what we understand about what we do turns on at least three components of social reality: an institution-based organization of multi-layered social relations that is generally locally circumscribed but extralocally driven; a conditioned individually-driven orientation to meeting human needs; and an ideological orientation to both the content of ideas and thought, and the process of that reasoning.	PhD	educat, gender, labour, worker, wage, rights	4, 5, 8, 16
Wilson, Kinsley Rose	Kohler, Jillian Clare	A Manufactured Solution? The Transfer of Technology for the Local Production of Affordable Antiretrovirals: Case Studies from Tanzania and South Africa	Pharmaceutical Sciences	2009-06	Statement of the issue: Facing large HIV-infected populations, Sub-Saharan African countries are producing antiretroviral (ARV) drugs under provisions of the World Trade Organization’s Agreement on the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS). Article 7 states that the protection of intellectual property should increase technology transfer to developing countries. This clause and the debate over domestic manufacturers’ ability to provide low-cost ARVs need examination. Methods: Case studies from ARV manufacturing initiatives in Tanzania and South Africa analyzed conditions affecting two outcomes: the type of technology transfer arrangement entered (voluntary license or imitation) and the affordability of ARVs. Data were collected and analyzed from documents, key-informant interviews, and observation. Chi-squared and phi correlation statistics were then conducted across developing countries to test the association of voluntary ARV licensure with TRIPS-compliant patents and domestic firm ownership (state or private). Results: Tanzania’s weak patent system and poorly-financed, partially state-owned firm dissuaded industry investment, but attracted a non-government organization to transfer technology through imitation. Donor-financed ARV tenders, however, restrict competition to international quality-accredited products not produced by the firm. Without large volumes and manufacturing capacity, it cannot achieve economies of scale to reduce prices below imported ARVs. In South Africa, civil society challenged the strong patent system and poor government commitment that inhibited an ARV rollout. This and a well-financed, publicly-traded firm leveraged voluntary licenses. With international quality approval, the firm increased first-line ARV affordability; however, limited domestic competition keeps treatment prices above those of neighbouring countries. A multi-country analysis found 321 generic ARV manufacturing initiatives in 86 firms across 25 developing countries. Voluntary ARV licenses had a strong positive association with TRIPS-patent compliance (ф=.56, p<.0001) and a weak negative association with state-ownership (ф=.19, p<.0001). Firms in South Africa and India were granted 77% of licenses and accounted for most quality accredited generic ARVs. Conclusion: Despite positive association, technology transfer does not readily result from patent protection, particularly to state-owned firms. Developing countries must enact policies to enable affordable ARVs; yet, they must be cautious using local production to increase ARV access, as most initiatives cannot compete with high-volume generic manufacturers.	PhD	industr, production	9, 12
Winsborough, Carolyn Louise	Basiliko, Nathan	Soil Nutrient and Greenhouse Gas Cycles in Managed Mixed Deciduous Ontario Forests: The Role of Elevated Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition and Nutrient and Biochar Amendments	Geography	2015-11	Canada’s temperate forests are experiencing an environmental disturbance in the form of atmospheric nitrogen deposition arising from fossil fuel burning and agricultural practices. Nitrogen, a major nutrient required for plants and soil microorganisms, is normally in short supply in temperate forest ecosystems. However, when soil nitrogen is in excess, various negative impacts can result such as nutrient leaching, increased nitrous oxide emissions and disturbances to carbon cycling, including reduced soil methane uptake. Research has revealed a shift from nitrogen to phosphorus limitation in forests in central Ontario where chronic nitrogen deposition rates are high, and introducing soil amendments might have the potential to mitigate these negative effects. Before management strategies can be devised, it is important to characterize the degree of nitrogen excess, and how soil nutrient cycling and fluxes of greenhouse gases are being influenced, which may offset carbon gains from increased primary productivity. In an assessment of ambient soil characteristics representing natural topographic heterogeneity at Haliburton Forest, high inorganic nitrogen pools did not result in elevated nitrous oxide effluxes in upland soils, though hot spots and hot moments of nitrous oxide efflux occurred in wet depression areas where ammonium concentrations and moisture were high. Rapid methane efflux was also observed including what appear to be the highest rates in forest systems reported to date. A reduction in longer- (>5 year) and shorter-term (0-3 year) inorganic nitrogen pools in upland phosphorous-amended sites does support that the forest is phosphorous limited, however, there was no evidence of increased nitrous oxide emissions, even in nitrogen-amended sites that would be expected under nitrogen saturated conditions. Phosphorous limitation may be ameliorated by amending soils with biochar, which resulted in increased soil phosphorus, pH, and cation retention. The results of this research reveal that soils in temperate forests in Ontario are at a stage of nitrogen excess relative to ecosystem demands, but do not appear to have reached nitrogen saturation. However, with elevated exchangeable nitrogen pools and increasing nitrogen deposition, denitrification and methanogenic potentials, particularly under predicted increasing moisture regimes, may substantially impact and offset the overall carbon sink at this forest.	Ph.D.	forest, environment, greenhouse gas, urban	11, 13, 15
Wiseman-Hakes, Catherine	Colantonio, Angela	Sleep and Wake Disorders Following Traumatic Brain Injury: Impact on Recovery of Cognition and Communication	Rehabilitation Science	2012-11	Objective: To examine sleep and wake disorders following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and their impact on recovery of cognition, communication and mood. Research Design: This three-manuscript thesis comprises an introduction to sleep in the context of human function and development. It is followed by a systematic review of the literature pertaining to sleep and wake disorders following TBI, and then explores the relationship between sleep and arousal disturbance and functional recovery of cognitive-communication through a single case study, pre–post intervention. Finally, a larger study longitudinally explores the impact of treatment to optimize sleep and wakefulness on recovery of cognition, communication and mood through objective and subjective measures, pre-post intervention. The thesis concludes with a chapter that addresses the implications of findings for rehabilitation from the perspective of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), and a presentation of future research directions for the field Methods: The first manuscript involved a systematic review and rating of the quality of evidence. The second manuscript involved the evaluation of sleep and wakefulness by objective measures, and longitudinally by self-report through the Daily Cognitive-Communication and Sleep Profile (DCCASP, © Wiseman-Hakes 2008, see Appendix S). Cognitive-communication abilities were also measured by the DCCASP. The third manuscript utilized a single case series and cohort design to evaluate sleep and wakefulness, and to examine cognition, communication and mood at baseline and following optimization of sleep and wakefulness. Results: For Manuscript One, 43 articles were reviewed for levels and quality of evidence across 5 domains: epidemiology, pathophysiology, neuropsychological implications, intervention and paediatrics. In Manuscript Two, we showed that there was a statistically and functionally significant relationship between perceived quality of sleep and language processing, attention and memory, seen across the phases of the intervention. In Manuscript Three, we showed that there were statistically and functionally significant improvements across several domains of cognition, communication and mood in response to treatment. Conclusions: Sleep and wake disorders after TBI are pervasive, and can negatively impact rehabilitation and recovery. There is a need for systematic evaluation and intervention for these disorders in all persons with TBI.	PhD	health	3
Witherow, Katherine	Levin, Ben	Research Use and the Impact in Secondary Schools	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2011-06	The purpose of this research was to learn more about the ways that school and system leaders, access, engage with, share, and use research in their work. This research began with a framework developed by Levin (2004) and similar framing by Nutley et al (2007) suggesting that knowledge and use of research in schools depends on characteristics of the research itself (such as accessibility and perceived quality), characteristics of the educators and context (research background, interest level, supporting processes and structures) and the role of third party facilitators (such as professional media, experts, professional development providers) as distributors of knowledge. This study is meant to add to our understanding of the way research is taken up in secondary schools and districts by replicating and extending the recent work by Levin et al (2009) in a research study conducted with the Canadian Education Association (CEA) and the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE) entitled, “Research Use and its Impact in Secondary Education”. In general, educators, like other professionals, have relatively limited direct knowledge of current research and rely on versions of research findings that they encounter in their daily work or from colleagues (Levin et al, 2009). This study examined the processes and practices in place within secondary schools and across a district school board to determine the facilitators and barriers to research use. The study addressed the following research questions: 1. How do secondary school leaders access and use relevant research findings? 2. What are the main perceived barriers to the use of research by secondary school leaders? 3. In what ways does the school district support or hinder the use of research? These questions were designed to focus on the dynamics at the district level and the organizational capacity for knowledge mobilization. Data were collected through an online anonymous survey and semi-structured interviews. The online survey suggests that educators have a high regard for research in their professional practice, and that there is an array of opportunities for teachers and school administrators to engage with research. And, according to the respondents, the greatest challenge is finding the time to access the research. The findings also reveal that the although there is a high regard for research, research is generally not a priority in secondary schools and practice is based more on knowledge gained from colleagues or personal experience than from evidence-based research. The thesis concluded that there are many factors that both enable and hinder engagement with research and research use. Findings include the importance of culture and context of the school, the relationship between leaders’ actions and expectations and practice, relevancy of research to practice, the role of facilitation, the use of technology, and starting small to build a critical mass of teachers engaging with and using research in their practice.	EDD	educat	4
Withrow, Diana Robin	Marrett, Loraine D||Pole, Jason D	Cancer Survival in First Nation and Métis Adults in Canada: Follow-up of the 1991 Census Mortality Cohort	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2016-06	Internationally, Indigenous persons tend to have poorer cancer survival than their non-Indigenous peers. Measuring cancer survival among Indigenous populations presents a particular set of challenges owing largely to their small share of the population and a lack of reliable and valid ethnic identifiers in cancer registries and vital statistics registries. The objectives of this thesis were to explore these challenges and how they are or are not overcome internationally, to produce the first Canada-wide estimates of cancer survival for First Nations and MĂŠtis, and to estimate the extent to which different methods of measuring cancer survival yield different results in this application. The systematic review conducted to achieve the first objective revealed that the majority of studies of this topic internationally use a cause-specific approach to measuring survival and that despite common threats to validity posed by information biases, rarely discussed these risks or their potential consequences. Data from the 1991 Census Mortality Cohort, a linkage of the 1991 Long Form Census to the Canadian Cancer Registry and the Canadian Mortality Database through to 2009, were used to accomplish the second and third objectives. Compared to non-Aboriginal cohort members, First Nation and MĂŠtis people had poorer survival for nearly all of the most common cancers and the disparity remained after taking differences in income and rurality into account. The differences in results yielded by common methods for survival analysis were shown to vary depending on the population, the type of cancer and whether survival itself or survival disparities were being measured. Taken together, this work advances our knowledge of cancer disparities between First Nation, MĂŠtis and non-Aboriginal people in Canada and our understanding of how the data and methods we use impact the magnitude of disparities we measure.	Ph.D.	rural	11
Wonch, Kathleen Elizabeth	Fleming, Alison S	Responsiveness to Infant Cues in Postpartum Depressed and Non-Depressed Mothers: Functional Neural Correlates and Their Relation to Behaviour	Psychology	2017-06	Postpartum depression (PPD) is the most common maternal birth complication, affecting approximately 5-20% of women. PPD disrupts the normal repertoire of parenting abilities and is thought to have long-term consequences for the developing infant, even after the mothers’ depression remits. Despite its prevalence and potentially enduring effects, we understand very little about the neural correlates of PPD. Recent evidence suggests that postpartum depression (PPD) is associated with reduced amygdala (AMY) response to negative stimuli. However, given the anhedonic features of PPD, it is also important to consider the brain response of depressed mothers specifically to positive infant stimuli and to other positively valenced stimuli. In the current work, mothers with clinically determined PPD (n=31) and without PPD (n=23) viewed smiling pictures of infants (both their own and other), and positive non-infant stimuli during an fMRI. Four studies were completed which examined: 1) multidimensional measures such as current parenting stress, early experiences (e.g., being parented themselves as well as experiences of trauma), current mood and anxiety levels, and relationship satisfaction to better characterize our sample of mothers with and without PPD, 2) PPD and Non-PPD mothers’ response to infants and other positive non-infant stimuli, using AMY region-of-interest as well as amygdala connectivity analyses, 3) subregion-level differences in AMY response and connectivity during the viewing of infant and non-infant stimuli 4) whether and/or how behavioural measures of maternal sensitivity and responsiveness (quality of mother-infant interaction) relate to brain response in the AMY as a whole as well as at the subregion level. Knowing how a depressed mother’s brain responds to her own and other infants is critical as many of the symptoms of PPD focus on the mother-infant dyad and involve a subjective evaluation of one’s parenting abilities. This work adds to the existing literature that examines the brain response of mothers with PPD to various stimuli. Furthermore, it has the long-term potential to inform treatment and intervention programs designed for PPD.	Ph.D.	women	5
Wong, Alan	Rini, James	Receptor Binding Domains and Coronavirus Adaptation and Evolution	Biochemistry	2018-06	Coronaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses that cause respiratory diseases in humans and other animals. The continued circulation of human coronaviruses and the large reservoir of non-human coronaviruses that have the potential to infect humans represent a significant health concern. Similar to other RNA viruses, coronaviruses are characterized by a high mutation rate, and evolution and adaptation has accompanied the diversification of coronaviruses. The coronavirus spike protein is a viral membrane protein involved in host receptor binding and fusion of the viral and host cell membranes. Reported here is work performed on the spike proteins of two human common cold causing coronaviruses: HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43. Specifically, the X-ray crystal structures of the following were determined: i) the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the S-protein of HCoV-229E in complex with human aminopeptidase N (hAPN) and ii) the carbohydrate binding domain (CBD) of the S-protein of HCoV-OC43 in complex with 9-O-Acetyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac2). In addition, viral sequence analysis, binding studies, and comparative sequence and structural analysis among closely related coronaviruses were performed. The observation that the greatest variability shown by natural viral isolates of HCoV-229E is located in the receptor binding loops is quite surprising from a receptor binding standpoint. However, this observation suggests that the receptor binding region is changing due to viral selection. Indeed, our results indicate that the optimization of receptor binding affinity and/or immune evasion, two known determinants of viral fitness, are operative in the emergence of new viral isolates. Although less well characterized at this point, natural viral sequence variation at or near the carbohydrate binding site of HCoV-OC43 is also observed, an indication that similar selection pressures are operative. Together, our results provide mechanistic insights into coronavirus adaptation and evolution.	Ph.D.	health	3
Wong, Anson Sze Tat	Park, Chul B.	In Situ Observation of Plastic Foaming under Static Condition, Extensional Flow and Shear Flow	Mechanical and Industrial Engineering	2012-06	Traditional blowing agents (e.g., hydrochlorofluorocarbons) in plastic foaming processes has been phasing out due to environmental regulations. Plastic foaming industry is forced to employ greener alternatives (e.g., carbon dioxide, nitrogen), but their foaming processes are technologically challenging. Moreover, to improve the competitiveness of the foaming industry, it is imperative to develop a new generation of value-added plastic foams with cell structures that can be tailored to different applications. In this context, the objective of this thesis is to achieve a thorough understanding on cell nucleation and growth phenomena that determine cell structures in plastic foaming processes. The core research strategy is to develop innovative visualization systems to capture and study these phenomena. A system with accurate heating and cooling control has been developed to observe and study crystallization-induced foaming behaviors of polymers under static conditions. The cell nucleation and initial growth behavior of polymers blown with different blowing agents (nitrogen, argon and helium, and carbon dioxide-nitrogen mixtures) have also been investigated in great detail. Furthermore, two innovative systems have been developed to simulate the dynamic conditions in industrial foaming processes: one system captures a foaming process under an easily adjustable and uniform extensional strain in a high temperature and pressure environment, while the other achieves the same target, but with shear strain. Using these systems, the extensional and shear effects on bubble nucleation and initial growth processes has been investigated independently in an isolated manner, which has never been achieved previously. The effectiveness of cell nucleating agents has also been evaluated under dynamic conditions, which have led to the identification of new foaming mechanisms based on polymer-chain alignment and generation of microvoids under stress. Knowledge generated from these researches and the wide range of future studies made possible by the visualization systems will be valuable to the development of innovative plastic foaming technologies and foams.	PhD	industr, environment	9, 13
Wong, Christina	L'Abbe, Mary R	The Prevalence and Consumer Attitudes and Understanding of Nutrient Content and Disease Risk Reduction Claims: Evaluating the Implementation of Nutrition-related Claims on Foods in Canada	Nutritional Sciences	2015-06	An amendment to the Food and Drugs Regulations in 2002 made nutrition labelling mandatory (i.e. the Nutrition Facts table, NFt), formally regulated nutrient content (NC) claims and permitted the first five disease risk reduction (DRR) claims to be used on food labels in Canada. These changes were presented as a population-wide public health intervention to help consumers make healthier food choices. To this date, the implementation of nutrition-related claims has received little evaluation compared to the NFt. This thesis comprises four studies aimed at evaluating the implementation of Canadian regulations on nutrition-related claims. Study 1 uses the largest national database of Canadian food label information to estimate the prevalence of NC and DRR claims in Canada. Studies 2 to 4 evaluate consumer attitudes and understanding of a variety of permitted Canadian nutrition-related claims, including NC and DRR claims on sodium, plant sterols and oat fibre. Results show that consumers are exposed most often to NC claims that only describe the level of the nutrient and do not mention health. Therefore, the onus is on the consumer to know the claimed nutrient's health benefits. The consumer studies demonstrate that consumers respond more positively to any nutrition-related claim (NC, function and DRR) compared to a control claim on taste. The manner in which consumers respond to different types of nutrition-related claims depends highly on contextual factors, such as familiarity of the claim and the product carrier, and therefore attitudes and understanding of claims are not generalizable. Depending on familiarity, NC claims can perform as well as DRR claims or less so, but the criteria to carry these claims differ substantially. These studies demonstrate that the current implementation of nutrition-related claims in Canada is not optimized to help Canadians identify healthier food choices. Based on the study results, potential recommendations to improve implementation are discussed.	Ph.D.	consum	12
Wong, Fiona	Wania, Frank ||Bidleman, Terry F.	Air-Surface Exchange of Persistent Organic Pollutants in North America	Chemistry	2010-11	This thesis examines the air-soil and air-water gas exchange of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) with emphasis on organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The current status of net exchange, factors which influence the exchange process, and different approaches used to estimate the surface exchange were explored. The net exchange of chemicals was evaluated using the fugacity approach, with the aid of chemical tracers (congener profiles of complex mixtures and enantiomer proportions of chiral chemicals) to infer current use vs. legacy sources to the atmosphere. DDT in southern Mexico was undergoing net deposition from air to soil. Occurrence of fresher DDT residues in the south was indicated by a higher proportion of p,p’-DDT relative to p,p’-DDE and racemic o,p’-DDT in air and soils. Congener profiles of toxaphene suggested soil emissions as the source to air. The influence of chemical aging on soil-air exchange and bioaccessibility was studied in a high organic soil. The use of nonexhaustive extraction with hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPCD) to predict bioaccessibility was optimized for OCPs and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Reduced volatility of spiked chemicals correlated with reduced HPCD extractability for soil that had been aged under indoor and outdoor conditions for 730 d and infers volatility could be used as a surrogate for bioaccessibility. Measured soil-air partition coefficients (Ksa) were lower than those predicted from the Karickhoff relationship, which considers octanol as a surrogate for soil organic matter. The role of soil moisture, organic carbon, temperature, depth of soil surface horizon and dissolved organic carbon in the fate of organic contaminants in soil were assessed using chemical partitioning space maps. These maps allow instant visual prediction of the phase distribution and transport process of a chemical among the three major phases in soil; i.e., air, water and solid. Net volatilization of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane from water to air was found in the southern Beaufort Sea using fugacity calculations and flux measurements. The influence of ice cover on volatilization was indicated by a winter-summer shift from racemic to nonracemic alpha-HCH in boundary layer air.	PhD	water, pollut	6, 13
Wong, Jenny Pui Shan	Abbatt, Jonathan P. D.	Role of Water in the Formation, Transformation and Fate of Secondary Organic Aerosol	Chemistry	2015-06	Particle-phase water is the most abundant atmospheric aerosol constituent, yet the importance of water for the formation, transformation and fate of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) remains not fully characterized. In order to address this knowledge gap, this thesis explores the role of water in SOA formation, chemical aging and fate as cloud condensation nuclei. The formation of SOA from the photooxidation of isoprene in the presence of various sulfate seed particles was investigated using a flow tube reactor. Under constant environmental conditions, particle-phase water was found to have the largest effect on the amount of SOA formed where this additional organic material was highly oxidized, likely arising from enhanced uptake of organic acids due to their high water solubility. The amount of high molecular weight compounds increases with acidity, suggesting the role of acidity in governing organic composition. The relative humidity (RH) dependence of SOA aging by photolysis was examined using particles containing water-soluble α-pinene SOA material in an environmental chamber at three RH conditions (5, 45 and 85 %). Photolysis led to substantial mass loss where the rate of mass loss increased with increasing RH, suggesting that moisture-induced changes in SOA phase have implications to particle reactivity. Aging of ambient SOA sampled at Whistler, British Columbia found that aging by both gas and aqueous-phase OH increased the degree of oxygenation and CCN activity of the organic material, confirming the hypothesis that there is a simple relationship between the hygroscopicity of organic aerosol and its oxygen-to-carbon ratio. Addition of various types of organic material onto sulfate particles resulted in the suppression of water uptake during droplet growth. Experiments using sulfate particles with different acidity suggest that high molecular weight compounds, formed via acid-catalyzed condensed phase reactions, are the species affecting water uptake kinetics.	Ph.D.	water, pollut	6, 13
Wong, Josephine Pui-Hing	Poland, Blake ||McDonough, Peggy ||Fusco, Caroline	Being-doing-becoming Manly Men: A Bourdieusian Exploration of the Construction of Masculine Identities and Sexual Practices of Young Men	Dalla Lana School of Public Health	2011-06	Dominant discourses on youth sexual health construct young people as at-risk subjects who engage in risky behaviours due to ignorance or poor decision-making. This dissertation challenges the prevailing assumption embedded in these discourses that young people’s sexual behaviours are based on individual rational choices. Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of practice and R. W. Connell’s notion of hegemonic masculinity, this dissertation uses an interpretive approach to analyze the narratives and resonant texts of 24 young men in Toronto. It explores how young men construct and perform their masculine identities in the context of their socio-spatial environment; it also examines the strategies that young men use to compete for cultural capital and dominant positions in the homosocial and (hetero)erotic fields. The analysis yields a number of findings. First, it shows that gender identity is a state of being-doing-becoming. Guided by their gender-class-race habituses, young men engage in an unceasing process of defining, affirming, declaring, and validating not only their sense of who they are (self-identity) and where they belong (collective identity), but also the boundary that differentiates the ‘Self’ from the ‘Other’. Second, there is a dialectical relationship between the young men’s masculine habituses and their sexual practices. While all the young men engaged in hegemonic masculine practices to gain ‘respect’ from their peers, their practices varied according to their classes and ethnoracial backgrounds. At the same time, their (hetero)erotic practices are intricately intertwined with their homosocial practices, whereby the intra-group masculine expectations coupled with the broad hegemonic masculine discourses assert significant influences on their interactions with both young women and other young men. Finally, hetero-guy-talk constitutes an important everyday social interaction in which young men actively engage in the (re)production and/or resistance of hegemonic masculine discourses and practices. These results suggest that effective sexual health promotion (SHP) must go beyond the focus on individual sexual behaviours to address the historical, cultural, economic, and political contexts that shape the collective sexual health practices of young men. Furthermore, it may be useful to explore ‘hetero-guy-talk’ as an important ‘third’ space where young men are invited to interrogate and resist misogynist, masculinist, and homophobic practices and be supported to engage in humanizing sexual practices.	PhD	health, gender, women	3, 5
Wong, Julia Man Wai	Jenkins, David J. A.	Colonic Fermentation, Equol Status and the Hypocholesterolemic Effect of Soy	Nutritional Sciences	2009-11	Background: The value of soy, as an effective component of a cholesterol lowering diet, is currently questioned due to smaller lipid reductions than previously reported for the currently approved US FDA health claim for soy. Nevertheless, intrinsic and extrinsic factors may exist that influence the effectiveness of soy, but little research has been done in this area. Such factors include the soy isoflavone content, dietary components that alter colonic fermentation and the colon’s ability to biotransform isoflavones (i.e. equol status). Objective: To determine if specific factors, such as dose of soy isoflavones and those that alter colonic fermentation, influence the hypocholesterolemic effect of soy. Furthermore, whether cholesterol reductions differ depending on the interindividual variation in isoflavone biotransformation (i.e. equol status), when soy is consumed under different dietary conditions (i.e. with specific factors). Methods: 85 men and postmenopausal women (42M, 43F) with hyperlipidemia participated in one of three substudies where soy foods, containing 30-52g/d of soy protein, were provided over a one-month period under the following conditions: 1) high-normal (73mg/d) or low (10mg/d) soy isoflavones (N=41); 2) with or without a prebiotic (10g/d polyfructans) to increase colonic fermentation (N=22); or 3) with a reduced carbohydrate diet (26% of calories) to decrease colonic fermentation (N=22). Results: Unmodified soy foods significantly reduced LDL-C by 5.1%±2.0% (P=0.016). LDL-C reductions were not altered with increased soy isoflavone content nor were the effects dampened with reduced carbohydrate. However, coingestion of soy with a prebiotic improved the cholesterol lowering effect of soy. Equol producers (N=30) showed a relative increase of 5.3±2.5% in HDL-C (P=0.035) after soy compared to nonproducers (N=55), but no significant differences were observed for LDL-C or other lipids. Equol excretion was increased with increased soy isoflavone content, but not with the addition of a prebiotic. Conclusion: The effectiveness of soy, as a cholesterol lowering food, may be improved with the addition of prebiotics, but not with decreased carbohydrate or increased isoflavones. Equol status appears to alter the HDL-C, but not the LDL-C response. These data support the continued use of soy foods as part of the dietary approach to coronary heart disease risk reduction.	PhD	consum, nutrition, health	2, 3, 12
Woo, Gloria	Krahn, Murray	Evolving Paradigms in the Treatment of Hepatitis B	Pharmaceutical Sciences	2010-11	Hepatitis B is a serious global health problem with over 2 billion people infected worldwide and 350 million suffering from chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection. Infection can lead to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounting for 320,000 deaths per year. Numerous treatments are available, but with a growing number of therapies each with considerable trade-offs, the optimal treatment strategy is not transparent. This dissertation investigates the relative efficacy of treatments for CHB and estimates the health related quality of life (HRQOL) and health utilities of mild to advanced CHB patients. A systematic review of published randomized controlled trials comparing surrogate outcomes for the first year of treatment was performed. Bayesian mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis was used to synthesize odds ratios, including 95% credible intervals and predicted probabilities of each outcome comparing all currently available treatments in HBeAg-positive and/or HBeAg-negative CHB patients. Among HBeAg-positive patients, tenofovir and entecavir were most effective, while in HBeAg-negative patients, tenofovir was the treatment of choice. Health state utilities and HRQOL for patients with CHB stratified by disease stage were elicited from patients attending tertiary care clinics at the University Health Network in Toronto. Respondents completed the standard gamble, EQ5D, Health Utilities Index Mark 3 (HUI3), Short-Form 36 version-2 and a demographics survey in their preferred language of English, Cantonese or Mandarin. Patient charts were accessed to determine disease stage and co-morbidities. The study included 433 patients of which: 294 had no cirrhosis, 79 had compensated cirrhosis, 7 had decompensated cirrhosis, 23 had HCC and 30 had received liver transplants. Mean standard gamble utilities were 0.89, 0.87, 0.82, 0.84 and 0.86 for the respective disease stages. HRQOL in CHB patients was only impaired at later stages of disease. Neither chronic infection nor antiviral treatment lowered HRQOL. Patients with CHB do not experience lower HRQOL as seen in patients with hepatitis C. The next step in this area of research is to incorporate the estimates synthesized by the current studies into a decision model evaluating the cost-effectiveness of treatment to provide guidance on the optimal therapy for patients with HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative CHB.	PhD	health	3
Wood, Peter	Balsillie, David	Public Forests, Private Governance: The Role of Provincial Governments in FSC Forest Certification	Forestry	2009-06	This dissertation examines changes that companies made in order to obtain Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification in the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario and Quebec, and the role that provincial governments have played in the implementation of this emerging market-based form of governance. It analyzes the indirect roles that governments have played in either encouraging or inhibiting the adoption of certification through their policies, as well as the direct roles played in response to particular certification attempts that occurred on public land. Through the use of case studies of individual operations in each province, the interaction between state and non-state authority is explored, as well as the role that forest tenure played in each operation’s ability to obtain certification. The results reveal that the changes required to obtain certification were substantial but associated with only a small subset of the FSC’s Principles and Criteria, heavily weighted towards environmental issues. While corrective action requests are issued to the company pursuing certification, the results show that non-exclusive tenure limits a company’s ability to respond to these requests without the cooperation of the provincial government and resource users with overlapping tenure rights. However, limited duration of forest tenure does not preclude certification, and for the most part, provincial governments are found to play important facilitative roles in certification, both through their policies and regulations, and as providers of information and technical support. Further, the majority of the corrective actions were not required to be implemented prior to certification being awarded, but within the five year term of the certificate. This appears to have acted as a flexibility mechanism, allowing the certification system to secure the participation of companies in the short term, with the hope of leveraging greater change in the long term from the company, the government in question, and other resource users with overlapping tenure rights.	PhD	environment, forest, governance	13, 15, 16
Woodall, Lora	Hewitt, James	Transitioning to Online Education in the Caribbean: The UWI Open Campus	Curriculum, Teaching and Learning	2011-06	As a result of the increasing demand for tertiary education in many developing countries, institutions are seeking ways to increase educational access in difficult economic times. This paper describes the development of the University of the West Indies Open Campus as the mechanism for online distance education delivery to students across sixteen islands in the Caribbean region. The shift from the use of print based distance education to online education was examined from the perspectives of the administration, the instructors and the students in order to determine which factors were important for a successful transition. Factors examined included institutional context, vision, curriculum, organizational structure, finances, leadership, stakeholder attitudes towards online courses, staff training, student support and programme quality. The study also examined whether online education could promote a regional cultural identity. The research design used was a qualitative single case study with multiple data sources including archival records, semi-structured interviews and online surveys. Research findings indicate that implementing online education requires a deep understanding of the institutional context, clear vision, effective leadership, understanding attitudes towards online education and the provision of effective student support mechanisms. Context and aspects of culture (specifically communication) emerged as important factors that strongly influenced the transition, both pedagogically and in terms of the organizational culture and structure required to support online education. A lack of communication resulted in staff resistance both internally and externally. Communication was also the major stumbling block in the pedagogical changes required for online teaching and learning. Both students and instructors found teaching and learning online more difficult than in traditional classes as a result of the differences in communication modes between online classes and the wider culture. Students in online classes specifically desired the immediate feedback available in face-to-face classes and indicated a strong preference for blended learning. The study presents some suggestions for successful transitions and provides support for institutions preparing to use online education as a mode of distance education delivery, especially in the Caribbean context.	PhD	educat	4
Woods, Gwen	Simpson, Andre	Structural Characterization of Freshwater Dissolved Organic Matter from Arctic and Temperate Climates Using Novel Analytical Approaches	Chemistry	2012-03	Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is comprised of a complex array of molecular constituents that are linked to many globally-relevant processes and yet this material is still largely molecularly uncharacterized. Research presented here attempted to probe the molecular complexity of this material from both Arctic and temperate climates via multifaceted and novel approaches. DOM collected from remote Arctic watersheds provided evidence to suggest that permafrost-disturbed systems contain more photochemically- and biologically-labile material than undisturbed systems. These results have large implications for predicted increasing temperatures where widespread permafrost melt would significantly impact stores of organic carbon in polar environments. In attempting to address the complexities and reactivity of DOM within global environments, more information at the molecular-level is necessary. Further research sought to unravel the molecularly uncharacterized fraction via use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in conjunction with hyphenated and varied analytical techniques. Directly hyphenated high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) with NMR was explored. This hyphenation was found to separate DOM into structurally distinct fractions but proved limited at reducing DOM heterogeneity. Of the many high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques tested, hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) was found the most effective at simplifying DOM. HILIC separations utilizing a sample from Florida resulted in fractions with highly resolved NMR signals and substantial reduction in heterogeneity. Further development with a 2D-HILIC/HILIC system to achieve additional fractionation was employed. This method produced fractions of DOM that were homogenous enough to produce excellent resolution and spectral dispersion, permitting 2D and 3D NMR experiments to be performed. Extensive NMR analyses of these fractions demonstrated strong evidence for the presence of highly oxidized sterols. All fractions, however, provided 2D NMR spectra consistent with oxidized polycyclic structures and support emerging data and hypotheses suggesting that cyclic structures, likely derived from terpenoids, are an abundant, refractory and major component of DOM. Research presented within this thesis demonstrates that HILIC and NMR are excellent co-techniques for the analysis of DOM as well as that oxidized sterols and other cyclic components with significant hydroxyl and carboxyl substituents are major constituents in DOM.	PhD	water, climate, environment	6, 13
Wootten, Sarah E.	Gillis, J. Roy	Correlates of Well-Being Following Anti-LGBT Trauma or Discrimination	Applied Psychology and Human Development	2018-11	Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals continue to experience anti-LGBT trauma and discrimination. However, relatively little is known about the well-being of these individuals despite experiencing anti-LGBT events. Using multiple regression and mediation analyses, this study assessed the correlates and mediators of the following positive psychology character strengths, including coping styles, authenticity of LGBT identity, level of belonging to the LGBT community, perceived levels of available emotional social support, the degree of centrality of an anti-LGBT event to identity, and disclosure and concealment of sexual orientation or gender identity to determine levels of overall well-being. This study also measured the severity of the anti-LGBT event and overall distress. Participants, recruited online, included 168 LGBT-identified individuals who reported having experienced anti-LGBT trauma or discrimination based on their sexual orientation and/or gender identity. Problem-focused coping and emotional support were positive correlates of well-being. Avoidant coping, distress, and centrality were negative correlates of well-being. Further, higher levels of problem-focused coping, lower levels of overall distress, and higher levels of perceived availability of emotional support were all found to be significant partial mediators of the relationship between the centrality of the anti-LGBT event to identity and overall well-being. These findings suggest that by helping individuals (1) gain a greater sense of control over their lives, (2) reconceptualise the anti-LGBT event as less central to their narrative, and (3) create meaning, that mental health providers may help to increase overall well-being of LGBT individuals following anti-LGBT events.	Ph.D.	gender	5
Wray, Heather	Andrews, C Robert	Air Sparging and Pre-coagulation on Ultrafiltration Fouling and Pharmaceutical Retention	Civil Engineering	2014-06	This research examined pre-coagulation and air sparging (surface shear stress) as fouling control strategies for ultrafiltration (UF) membranes during drinking water treatment of natural water matrices. In addition to fouling control, these treatment strategies were also examined with respect to any added benefit for the retention of organic micropollutants. A low coagulant dose (0.5 mg/L) was identified as optimum for biopolymer (foulant) removal, based on a point of diminishing returns analysis in three natural water matrices. This dose resulted in lower or equivalent fouling relative to a dose of 15 mg/L while providing similar retention of organic micropollutants (up to 40%). At pilot-scale, a 0.5 mg/L coagulant dose resulted in lower fouling (up to 77%) when compared to a 6 mg/L dose, while providing a similar reduction (up to 14%) of DBP formation. Shear stress at the membrane surface, associated with varying air sparging conditions, was found to significantly reduce UF fouling for all waters investigated. Fouling reduction was most pronounced in waters with higher concentrations of organics and biopolymers, as shear stress was determined to decrease the fouling rate via back-transport of biopolymers from the membrane surface, preventing or slowing their deposition. The greatest fouling reduction was achieved with shear stress representative of large, pulse bubble (>100 mL) air sparging. With respect to fouling control, the potential for significant cost savings (up to $1 million/year for a 100 MGD treatment plant) was observed with the application of either pulse bubble sparging or low coagulant dose (0.5 mg/L), based on fouling reduction and longer membrane run times between backwashes, leading to increased water production. In addition to fouling control, pulse bubble sparging may also significantly increase the retention of organic micropollutants by UF membranes, by reducing cake-enhanced concentration polarization at the membrane surface.	Ph.D.	water, pollut, production	6, 12, 13
Wu, Chin-Yen	Ruddick, Susan M.	The Spatiality of Social Identities: Taiwanese Migrant Women Practice Everyday Spaces in Toronto	Geography	2008-11	What part does migration play in the construction and reconstruction of social identity? What kind of social relations are produced and reproduced through the migration process? What are the manifestations of power involved in the process of constructing and negotiating social identities through space? These are the central questions in this research. This research not only draws upon current literature on migrant women, but also expands it to address the complexity of construction of social identities and places through migration processes by incorporating critical social theories and feminist geography into the research. I examine embodied geographical experiences and the geography of emotions, by looking at current Taiwanese migrant women’s everyday practices in Toronto. This research provides concrete examples – from a substantial sample of individuals – to support feminist geographers’ arguments on women’s experiences in space. I employ Bourdieu’s concept of habitus to illustrate how personal and private space is constructed and reconstructed by a complex interplay between different discourses and practices, and how new spaces and practices are created for new identity claims. I also examine how the dynamics of habitus shifts through displacement. By looking at the generative aspect of habitus, this research extends the existing scope of the notion of habitus. Collecting more than 125 hours of in-depth interviews with Taiwanese migrant women in Toronto, I examine multidimensional re-configurations of the everyday practices of Taiwanese migrant women in Toronto. Research findings regarding the hidden geography of everyday language practice, the reconstruction of food culture and the exploration of culinary practice, the negotiation of home practice, and the creation of new spaces for new identity claims provide a complicated picture that grasps the contingency and fluidity of identity construction. In addition to concepts of ‘third space’ and ‘paradoxical space,’ my research shows that metaphoric expressions, what I call ‘glass wall’, ‘comfort zone’, ‘unlocked spaces’, ‘dialogical space’ and ‘provocative space’ are important to unveil dynamic pictures of geographical experiences along migration. Indeed, space plays an integral role in the making of social identity.	PhD	women	5
Wu, Gang	Yaffe, Martin	Image Quality of Digital Breast Tomosynthesis: Optimization in Image Acquisition and Reconstruction	Medical Biophysics	2014-06	Breast cancer continues to be the most frequently diagnosed cancer in Canadian women. Currently, mammography is the clinically accepted best modality for breast cancer detection and the regular use of screening has been shown to contribute to the reduced mortality. However, mammography suffers from several drawbacks which limit its sensitivity and specificity. As a potential solution, digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) uses a limited number (typically 10-20) of low-dose x-ray projections to produce a three-dimensional tomographic representation of the breast. The reconstruction of DBT images is challenged by such incomplete sampling. The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the effect of image acquisition parameters on image quality of DBT for various reconstruction techniques and to optimize these, with three specific goals: A) Develop a better power spectrum estimator for detectability calculation as a task-based image quality index; B) Develop a paired-view algorithm for artifact removal in DBT reconstruction; and C) Increase dose efficiency in DBT by reducing random noise. A better power spectrum estimator was developed using a multitaper technique, which yields reduced bias and variance in estimation compared to the conventional moving average method. This gives us an improved detectability measurement with finer frequency steps. The paired-view scheme in DBT reconstruction provides better image quality than the commonly used sequential method. A simple ordering like the “side-to-side” method can achieve less artifact and higher image quality in reconstructed slices. The new denoising algorithm developed was applied to the projection views acquired in DBT before reconstruction. The random noise was markedly removed while the anatomic details were maintained. With the help of this artifact-removal technique used in reconstruction and the denoising method employed on the projection views, the image quality of DBT is enhanced and lesions should be more readily detectable.	PhD	women	5
Wu, Hantian	Hayhoe, Ruth	China's Outward-Oriented Higher Education Internationalization: A Multidimensional Analysis and an Empirical Inquiry into the Views of International Students	Theory and Policy Studies in Education	2017-11	This study investigates China’s present situation of shifting from a mainly inward-oriented higher education internationalization to a more balanced approach, and the existing gaps between China’s goals of using outward-oriented higher education internationalization to enhance its international influence and status in the world knowledge system, also the challenges it faces in the response to this approach. According to a new typology proposed by the author, “outward-oriented higher education internationalization” refers to the process of exporting/introducing domestic knowledge, culture, higher education models and norms, and educational philosophies to the world through higher education internationalization primarily for the sake of enhancing worldwide influence. This study examines the three major dimensions of China’s outward-oriented HE internationalization: 1) Cultural diplomacy based on Sino-foreign higher education collaboration (i.e. the Confucius Institute program), 2) international development aid for higher education in developing countries, and 3) international student recruitment at the higher education level. The theoretical framework of this study is developed based on several interrelated neo-Marxist theories and concepts including dependency theory, the center-periphery model, and world-system theory, as well as the notions of soft power, public diplomacy, and knowledge diplomacy. China’s outward-oriented higher education internationalization can be understood as a reciprocally beneficial instrument used by the Chinese government for enhancing its international status, as it attempts to move from the periphery to the center of the world knowledge system. Using the problem approach in comparative education developed by Brian Holmes, a post-positivist methodology is developed. One part of it constitutes an exploratory survey of international graduate students in English instruction programs in education-related majors in three Chinese universities to explore their attitudes towards China’s related strategies, as well as policy formulation and implementation. This unique population is selected due to their “triple identity” as 1) foreigners in China and thus outsider observers; 2) international students in Chinese universities and thus policy recipients; and 3) graduate students in education-related majors and thus insiders of this research field. Through both quantitative and qualitative data analysis, this study tests and modifies hypothetical policy solutions developed on the basis of a comprehensive review of relevant literature that makes possible an intellectualization of China’s present challenges and opportunities.	Ed.D.	educat	4
Wu, Jiahua	Joseph, Milner	Analysis of Sales Processes with Social Interaction	Management	2014-11	My thesis work focuses on modeling consumers' decision making under various online contexts with social externalities, and studying the optimal policies and strategies for firms in response. Recent innovations in digital economies bring both opportunity and challenges to practitioners. Firms try to leverage innovations, such as online group buying and social media, to improve their profitability. However, without a clear understanding of how the consumers participate in the process, firms are not able to utilize these innovations to their full potential. My research delves into individuals' decision making under various online contexts, investigating how consumers interact under novel sales mechanisms and how this interaction impacts on firms' profitability. Using the proposed demand models, I then study operational and marketing policies and strategies that can improve the management of various sales processes by firms.In particular, my thesis consists of two projects, namely online group buying and social-influence moderated demand process. I study the group-buying project from two perspectives. First, in Chapter 2, I investigate the information management strategy for group-buying mechanisms from an analytical perspective. Second, I study the effect of thresholds on consumers' sign-up behavior from an empirical perspective in Chapter 3. The empirical study is made possible by a real-time dataset extracted from online group-buying firms, such as Groupon and LivingSocial, using a data crawler built on a major cloud platform. Chapter 4 summarizes the results of the second project, where I study how social-influence moderated demand process, often facilitated by internal and external social media, affects the profitability of a newsvendor-type firm.	Ph.D.	consum, innovation	9, 12
Xiong, Hui	Kambourov, Gueorgui||Restuccia, Diego	Human Capital and Occupational Mobility	Economics	2015-03	This thesis contains three chapters. Chapter 1 uses underutilized SIPP to analyze occupational mobility in the U.S. from 1988 to 2003. I propose two additional mobility rates to do robustness check, with careful treatment of the coding error. I classify all occupational switches into three categories: horizontal, vertical and special. I find horizontal switches dominate the other two in shares; aging decreases mobility while education's role ambiguous. I examine the interaction between occupational mobility and labor market status. Developing an algorithm to extract nonemployment information from SIPP, I find most occupational switchers do not experience nonemployment between jobs, similar to job-changing occupational stayers, but duration variation is less for the former. As time goes by, the job-job mobility fraction declines for both.Chapter 2 utilizes SIPP to uncover additional occupational mobility facts. I find occupational behavior exhibits strong persistence among nonemployed as well as employed workers; occupational switchers do not always switch to an occupation similar to previous one; and average length of transition duration between jobs varies with previous occupation. Motivated by these facts I build a directed search model that includes aggregate and idiosyncratic shocks, occupational human capital and search frictions. The model can account for the bulk of data. I use the model to study relative importance of idiosyncratic vs. aggregate shocks, and barriers to occupational mobility. I find idiosyncratic shocks are much more important than aggregate ones in generating mobility; fixed mobility costs and search frictions constitute significant barriers to mobility while transfer loss of occupational human capital does not.Chapter 3 studies returns to occupational human capital assuming all occupations are distinct and occupational human capital is partially transferable. I name the associated tenure variable "General Occupational Tenure" and propose an empirical Transfer Rate function that relates its transferable portion with occupation distance. Combining SIPP and DOT, I perform a generalized wage regression under 1-, 2-, and 3-digit occupational classifications and find three patterns: returns to General Occupational Tenure demonstrate great variation across occupations; fixed returns generally dominate variable returns; and they are negatively correlated. Finally I generalize the result to a larger family of Transfer Rate functions.	Ph.D.	labour, employment	8
Xiong, Yan	Yang, Liyan	Essays in Financial Economics	Management	2019-11	This thesis consists of three essays on financial markets, product markets, information markets, and their interaction. Chapter 1 offers an introduction of the essays and summarizes the main findings. Chapter 2 studies how product markets shape managerial short-termism (myopia). It shows that under market competition, managerial short-termism may arise endogenously as a means for firms to commit to competing aggressively. Such managerial short-termism is facilitated by financial markets as firms tie their managers' pay to the short-term stock prices. The following two chapters focus on the interaction between financial markets and information markets; both chapters demonstrate that information markets are crucial in determining asset prices and market quality in financial markets. Chapter 3 develops an information-sales model in which investors acquire uncertain skills to interpret purchased data, thereby changing the behavior of data sellers. It leads to several novel results (e.g., price informativeness increases with skill-acquisition costs), which help clarify certain empirical regularities. Chapter 4 examines sales of financial market information in an economy with two information sellers. In equilibrium, the two sellers form either orthogonal or overlapping clientele, depending on the similarity of the information to be sold. When the two sellers' information is very distinct and the sellers have relatively large bargaining power in sharing trading profits, investors' information purchase behavior exhibits complementarity, leading to the possibility of multiple equilibria.	Ph.D.	financial market	10
Xiu, Lin	Gunderson, Morley	Three Essays on Employment and Compensation in China	Industrial Relations and Human Resources	2010-11	The three essays in this dissertation address two prominent labour market and human resource management issues in contemporary China: gender pay differentials; and pay-performance relationship in managerial compensation. Using three unique data sets, this dissertation examines three areas: the managerial gender pay gap in top corporate jobs; the effect of state ownership and managerial power on CEO compensation; and the gender pay compensation differentials in base pay, performance pay and total pay.	PhD	labour	8
Xu, Haoyu	Christoffersen, Susan	Two Essays on Financial Markets and Institutional Investors	Management	2016-11	My thesis consists two studies on financial markets and institutional investors. In Chapter 2, I study the trades immediately after the market open and immediately before the market close. The trades in the morning positively predict future returns and cause price continuation. The trades in the afternoon negatively predict future returns and cause price reversals. The momentum trading strategies based on morning returns and the reversal trading strategies based on afternoon returns generate significant abnormal returns, which cannot be explained by standard risk factors including momentum and reversal factors. The results provide strong evidence that trades in the morning are mostly information driven and trades in the afternoon are mostly liquidity driven. In Chapter 3, we explore the properties of equity mutual funds that experience a loss of assets after poor performance. We document that both inflows and outflows are less sensitive to performance because performance-sensitive investors leave or decide not to invest after bad performance. Consistent with the idea that attrition measures the sorting of performance-sensitive investors, we find that attrition has less of an impact on the fundâ s flow-performance sensitivity for institutional funds where there is less dispersion in investor performance-sensitivity. Also, attrition has no effect on the flow- performance sensitivity when attrition arises after good performance or investors invest for non-performance reasons.	Ph.D.	trade, financial market	10
Xu, Huilan	Shi, Xianwen	Essays on Experimentation	Economics	2019-06	This thesis studies different directions of experimentation in contests (Chapter 1), experimentation in a principal-agent environment (Chapter 2), and information acquisition during the experimentation process (Chapter 3). While Chapter 1 and Chapter 3 focus on how players choose between different risky arms in different environments, Chapter 2 analyzes how to induce the agent to conduct the efficient amount of experimentation using retention policies. Chapter 1 studies firm innovation in terms of different directions of experimentation, where directions that expedite innovation success are often more costly. In a winner-takes-all contest where player action choices are public, players choose the faster but socially less efficient arms, leading to over-investment in inefficient directions of experimentation. We find that a social planner can restore full efficiency by setting a dynamic reward structure that offers a relatively small share of the prize to the winner initially, when players are still optimistic, and gradually increases the winner's prize share as beliefs drop over time in absence of a success. Finally, while information disclosure makes no difference in a two-armed bandit model winner-takes-all contest, we find that concealing player action choices in a three-armed bandit model improves efficiency. Chapter 2 studies a dynamic principal-agent problem where a principal hires an agent to experiment. We study how the principal can employ a retention policy to induce the agent to make the optimal decision in strategic experimentation, and show that, if the principal cannot commit to a retention policy, efficient experimentation cannot be achieved. However, when the principal can commit to a retention policy upfront, with probationary periods followed by infinite tenure, efficient experimentation can often be achieved. Chapter 3 builds an exponential bandit model with an experimentation arm and an information arm, where the information arm provides positive but inconclusive evidence about the state of the world, to study whether and when an agent would benefit from acquiring information. We find that a pessimistic agent often chooses the information arm as a last-ditch effort before he quits. Moreover, the presence of the information arm induces the agent to experiment more than what he would have otherwise.	Ph.D.	innovation	9
XU, JIELAN	Sorensen, André||Hess, Paul	A Good Place to Age in Place? Exploring the relationships between the built environment, activity participation and healthy aging	Geography	2018-06	The concept of aging-in-place has gained growing popularity in public policy. Integrating a planning perspective on this interdisciplinary research topic, this dissertation focuses on the place where people age in place. This dissertation analyzes aging-in-place with a planning perspective, by exploring relationships between the built environment, activity participation and healthy aging in Canada. The first section analyzes spatial patterns and neighborhood contexts of aging-in-place with census data. It categorizes neighborhoods by their age structures, and compares the built environment and housing characteristics between neighborhoods with distinct age-structure types. The second section takes a closer look at aging in a car dependent built environment. By pooling multiple time-use cycles from the General Social Survey, it examines the changing travel behaviors by gender and cohorts, and the differentiated activity participation between car-users and non-car-users over the life course. Results suggest that a large percentage of neighborhoods in Canada are at the mature-stage (characterized by a high percentage of residents in the baby boomer cohorts). These neighborhoods tend to age steadily and have highly car-dependent built environments. Automobility remains important over the life course for each generations of Canadians, yet older females are more likely to travel by active modes and by transit than are their male counterparts in each cohort. Increased participation gaps (in shopping and obtaining services, active sports, socializing and social participation) are found between car users and non-car-users in older age. Shopping and obtaining services stands out as the most car-dependent activity for older Canadians. Examining the existing neighbourhood contexts of aging-in-place and the current patterns of activity participation among the aging populations is important for developing practical planning visions of a good place for aging-in-place. This dissertation is a preliminary exploration on this interdisciplinary research topic. With extensive analysis of survey data across Canada, this study integrates a planning perceptive and provides original insights on the academic discussion of aging-in-place.	Ph.D.	health	3
XU, Jixian	Sargent, Edward H	Materials interface engineering in perovskite photovoltaics	Electrical and Computer Engineering	2017-06	Solar photovoltaics (PV) offer a sustainable solution to the daunting challenge of meeting the global energy demand. Perovskite solar cells, whose high efficiencies are attainable via low-cost and high-throughput solution processing, are an emerging technology that has captivated the PV research community. Further advances in efficiency are limited by the abundant interfaces that make up these polycrystalline devices. Important issues in perovskite device operation, such as instability and hysteresis, arise from perovskitesâ ionic nature, and need to be addressed for this technology to fulfill its potential. In this thesis, I explore interfaces within perovskite devices: grain boundaries, and electron- and hole-extraction junctions. With the aid of density functional theory (DFT) simulations and nano-probe characterization, I provide insight into the origins of defect formation and hysteresis. By leveraging these findings, I demonstrate control of film growth conditions and interface materials chemistry to create new device architectures with improved performance. The DFT-based analysis of defect formation energies identifies the key defects (Pb atom substituted by I, known as antisites) and indicates that films grown under iodine-rich conditions are prone to forming deep electronic traps. This finding motivated my exploration of a new precursor (anhydrate lead acetate) for device-quality films. I then report the first perovskite-PCBM hybrid solid. Here, I find that PCBM, when it infiltrates throughout the grain boundaries and electron-extraction interfaces, suppresses hysteresis in devices. Materials characterization and DFT simulations reveal the PCBM-perovskite interaction: the PCBM passivates the key defects during the perovskite self-assembly. Using conductive AFM, I reveal the memristive properties of perovskite films and identify the major origin of hysteresis as ion, especially halide, migration. I close by developing the first crosslinked hole-extraction top contact with the goal of obviating degradation of the underlying perovskite. A remote-doping strategy introduces the needed hole conductivity. The new top contact produces an insoluble and heat-resistant protecting interlayer that is band-aligned with the perovskite. The resultant family of devices is hysteresis-free, with fill factors exceeding 80% and resilience to thermal stresses that exceed 100Ë C, conditions under which conventionally-contacted devices fail. This top contact methodology also paves the way for building multi-junction devices on top of the perovskite cell. I close this work by offering a roadmap for future improvements in perovskite photovoltaics.	Ph.D.	resilien, solar, energy	7
Xu, Junshi	Hatzopoulou, Marianne	Individual and Environmental Determinants of Traffic Emissions and Near-road Air Quality	Civil Engineering	2020-06	On-road motor vehicles are responsible for a considerable proportion of near-road air pollution. While background levels of air pollutants are continuously tracked by regional monitoring networks, assessing near-road air quality remains a challenge in urban areas with complex built environments, traffic composition, and meteorological variation, leading to significant spatiotemporal variability in air pollution. This research addresses current gaps in the literature on local traffic emissions and near-road air quality. This thesis first investigates the effect of traffic volume and speed data on the simulation of vehicle emissions and hotspot analysis. Traffic emissions are estimated using radar data as well as simulated traffic based on various speed aggregation methods. It provides recommendations for project-level analysis and particulate matter (PM) hotspot analysis. We further compare fleet averaged emission factors (EFs) derived from a traffic emission model, the Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator (MOVES), with EFs using plume-based measurements. This second module stresses the need to collect local traffic information for a better understanding of on-road traffic emissions. Besides, we validate default drive cycles in MOVES against representative drive cycles derived based on real-world GPS data. The validation results are helpful for transportation planners to quantify uncertainties in emission estimation and employ appropriate methods to improve the estimation of on-road emission inventories. The third module develops eco-score models and evaluates the effect of various factors such as driver and trip characteristics on emission intensities. The results shed light on the impact of driving style on emissions and identify the most important factors affecting the amount of emissions generated by every individual driver. The fourth module focuses on the impact of traffic emissions on near-road air quality and presents the results of two different experiments. First, it explores the effect of various factors on near-road ultrafine particle (UFP) concentrations based on short-term fixed monitoring, which stresses the significance of using local traffic characteristics to improve near-road air quality prediction. In addition, it captures the distribution of truck movements in urban environments and investigates the impacts of land-use variables and detailed traffic information on near-road Black Carbon (BC) concentrations.	Ph.D.	environment, pollut	13
Xu, Yiming	Aivazian, Varouj A.||Cziraki, Peter	Essays on Capital Structure and Firm Investment	Economics	2019-06	In this thesis, I study the interactions between firms' capital structure and real decisions. First, I investigate how a firm's financial leverage will impact its investment contingent on whether future growth opportunities are anticipated. Second, I test the under and over investment hypothesis related to debt financing contingent on whether the firm is likely to under or over invest. Last, I investigate how a firm's production technology can impact its production and capital structure decisions. In Chapter 1, I investigate the impact of anticipations of future growth opportunities on leverage-investment interactions. I show that when growth opportunities are unanticipated, the negative impact of leverage on investment is up to two times larger than when they are anticipated. The presence of institutional stockholdings significantly reduces the under investment problem. An instrumental variable analysis reveals that the leverage-investment relationship is weak when the problem of endogeneity is controlled. The results provide strong evidence that Canadian firms take ex ante leverage adjustments to mitigate the debt overhang problem. Chapter 2 studies the extent to which leverage-investment interactions depend on the level of initial investment as well future investment opportunities in US firms. I find a strong negative relationship between leverage and investment for firms with low levels of (initial) investment and high investment opportunities. I also find a positive relationship between leverage and investment for firms with high levels of (initial) investment and low growth opportunities. I distinguish between Tobin's Average Q and Marginal Q as proxies for firms' investment opportunities and propose a novel method to estimate Marginal Q. Chapter 3 is a joint work with Varouj Aivazian. In this chapter, we investigate the interactions between the flexibility of a firm's production and its financial structure. This chapter shows that production flexibility is an important factor explaining the cross sectional variations in financial leverage among U.S. firms. Alternative empirical measures of production flexibility are all shown to be positively associated with financial leverage. This chapter also develops a novel measure of inter-temporal production flexibility and identifies important linkages between production and financing decisions.	Ph.D.	production	12
Xuereb, Amanda	Fortin, Marie-Josée	Dispersal, Connectivity, and Population Genetic Structure in the Sea	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology	2018-11	The spatial distribution of genetic variation across landscapes is influenced by physical features that facilitate or restrict movement and natural selection driven by environmental heterogeneity. Many marine organisms undergo a pelagic larval stage, during which time ocean currents influence dispersal and the degree of gene flow. Furthermore, gradients in temperature, salinity, and other environmental conditions produce spatially varying selection pressures across species ranges. In the first part of my thesis, I offer a novel perspective for marine conservation that emphasizes the importance of considering both connectivity (where connectivity is maintained by dispersal) and the potential for marine populations to adapt to their environment. To do so, I highlight how genomic data can be used to infer population connectivity (i.e. based on neutral genetic variation) and environmental selection (i.e. based on putatively adaptive genetic variation) in the context of marine reserve networks. Next, using a genomic dataset derived from restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq), I investigated the impact of ocean currents and environmental variables on spatial patterns of neutral and adaptive genetic variation in the commercially harvested giant California sea cucumber (P. californicus) along the northeastern Pacific coast. The results showed evidence for population structure despite the potential for widespread gene flow, and demonstrated that accounting for directionality of ocean currents explained genetic variation better than between-site geographic distances. Strong associations between sea bottom temperature and putatively adaptive loci were identified at a broad spatial scale, as well as moderate evidence that surface salinity and bottom current velocities contribute to regional patterns of adaptive differentiation. In a study using simulations of larval dispersal coupled with demo-genetic simulations, I found that potential dispersal was spatially restricted with shorter pelagic larval duration (PLD), but there was no difference between a model of diffusive (isotropic) larval transport and oceanographic (anisotropic) transport. However, several important caveats were highlighted that should be addressed in future work. Collectively, my thesis integrates genomic, environmental, and oceanographic data to understand the role of seascape features on connectivity and adaptation, with implications for marine conservation plans that aim to connect marine populations and support adaptive responses to environmental change.	Ph.D.	cities, environment, ocean, marine, conserv	11, 13, 14
Yahyaie, Farhad	Lehn, Peter W	Examination of Harmonics in Power Systems with Embedded Power Electronic Converters during Transients and Steady State	Electrical and Computer Engineering	2016-06	Rapid growth in the renewable energy sector and the upcoming growth of the electrical energy storage sector are resulting in an ever-growing number of grid-connected power converters. These converters inject harmonic currents into the grid that can lead to unacceptable levels of harmonic pollution during both transients and steady state. To study transient harmonics of power converters, the concept of generalized averaging has recently attracted considerable interest. Two distinct approaches have been employed in the literature to obtain dynamic harmonics. However, embedded in these approaches are restricting assumptions that have been overlooked by some researchers. This has resulted in several misconceptions and misapplications of models. This thesis determines implicit underlying assumptions and identifies appropriate and inappropriate areas of applications for these two approaches. A simple circuit is employed to clearly communicate ideas. To study steady state harmonics of power converters, few pragmatic tools presently exist for utilities to predict the impact of grid-connecting a new power converter or to assess the potential grid impact of one converter versus another. Converter data sheets contain insufficient information to make such determinations. It is generally known that the amount of harmonic injection depends not only on the background voltage harmonics, but also on the interactions that occur between the grid harmonic impedance and the converter. The thesis proposes new pragmatic techniques based on the frequency coupling matrix concept that permit accurate modeling and analysis of power converters, without requiring detailed information about the internal parameters of the converters. An online technique for identification of the frequency coupling matrix model of grid-connected converters is also proposed. Proposed techniques are verified through experimental measurements on a commercial, three phase, photovoltaic inverter.	Ph.D.	pollut, renewable, energy	7, 13
Yan, Ruoyu	Master, Emma R	Characterization of novel GH115 Îą-glucuronidases for enzymatic tailoring of xylans	Chemical Engineering Applied Chemistry	2017-11	Xylans represent abundant renewable resources for developing applications ranging from prebiotics to plastic-replacing packaging materials. Accessory hemicellulases can be used to tailor the side-group chemistry of xylans to thereby control properties such as nutrient value, rheology, solubility, adsorption behavior, as well as barrier characteristics of xylan-based films and coatings. Glucopyranosyluronic acid (GlcA) and (methyl)-glucopyranosyluronic acid (MeGlcA) are common substituents of the major forms of xylan in hardwood and coniferous softwoods as well as many cereal grains. α-Glucuronidases from glycoside hydrolase family GH115 have the potential to tailor high-molecular-weight xylans, because they are the only known enzymes that can target GlcA/MeGlcA from both internally and terminally substituted regions of xylans. Two family GH115 enzymes (SdeAgu115A from the marine bacterium Saccharophagus degradans 2-40T and AxyAgu115A from alkaliphilic bacterium Amphilbacillus xylanus) were selected for characterization. Both enzymes demonstrated activity towards glucuronoxylans and oligomers thereof with preference towards internally substituted residues. The first five-domain crystal structure of a GH115 enzyme was also reported, which comprised an additional insertion C+ domain likely to participate in substrate binding. Consistent with the natural habitats of the source organisms, AxyAgu115A demonstrated better performance in alkaline condition compared to other reported GH115 α-glucuronidases, whereas salt activation was only observed for SdeAgu115A. Unlike SdeAgu115A, AxyAgu115A displayed similar activity towards beechwood glucuronoxylan and the more highly branched spruce arabinoglucuronoxylan. The ability of AxyAgu115A to accommodate comparatively complex xylans was consistent with conclusions that could be drawn through docking analysis. Synergistic action between SdeAu115A and AxyAgu115A, and two α-arabinofuranosidases from families GH51 (E-AFASE) and GH62 (SthAbf62A) towards spruce arabinoglucuronoxylan was identified, suggesting that MeGlcA and Araf could sterically hinder α-arabinofuranosidase and/or α-glucuronidase activity. Finally, AxyAgu115A was applied herein to recover xylan-derived oligosaccharides extracted from mixed hardwood chips through liquid hot water extraction. As part of this study, an LC-MS/MS method was developed to facilitate label-free characterization of diverse xylooligosaccharides.	Ph.D.	water, marine, renewable, water	7, 14
Yanar, Basak	Gunz, Hugh P.	Facing the Glass Wall: The Effects of Perceived Characteristics of Career Boundaries on Immigrant Professional Identity Salience and Career Outcomes	Management	2011-11	The present study examines the effects of characteristics of perceived career boundaries (permeability, stability, legitimacy) on immigrant professionals’ subjective career outcomes in a longitudinal design. Based on social identity theory framework, I propose a model that examines how immigrant professionals’ perceptions of career boundaries influence two important areas for establishing a satisfying career and successful social integration in Canada: (1) perceptions of career-based success (career satisfaction and career anxiety) and (2) subjective well-being (life satisfaction and regret for immigrating to Canada). I further propose that perceptions of career boundaries act on subjective career outcomes through the quality of employment individuals obtained and the salience of immigrant professional identity. Perceived characteristics were assessed (N = 227) at Time 1, and measures of subjective career outcomes, employment quality, and immigrant professional identity salience were obtained (N = 101) at Time 2, six months later. In addition to the survey study, 12 immigrant professionals were interviewed for an in-depth understanding of the career experiences of immigrant professionals and immigrant professional identity salience. The longitudinal design of the study provides support for the temporal dimension of perceived characteristics; immigrant professionals’ initial perceptions about the career boundaries still predicted their beliefs about career-based success and subjective well-being six months later. Also, the findings provided some support for the mediating effects of employment quality and immigrant professional identity salience on the relationship between perceived characteristics and subjective career outcomes. This study sheds light on the relationship between the perceptions formed by immigrant professionals of the obstacles that they face in integrating into their new labour market, the employment decisions they take, and the impact this has on their sense of career and life well-being. It also reveals the way in which subjects invoke the intersectional identity of “immigrant professional” as a result of their experiences, and of the effect that this has on them. The findings can inform the practice of the various parties assisti